Peddler

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"Peddle" redirects here. For the surname, see Peddle (surname).
"Peddlers" redirects here. For the pop trio, see The Peddlers. For the 2012 film, see Peddlers
(film).
"Mongers" redirects here. For other uses, see Monger (disambiguation).

A Peking fruit seller, c. 1869

Peddler in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

A peddler, in British English pedlar, also known as a canvasser, chapman, cheapjack,

hawker, higler, huckster, monger, or solicitor, is a traveling vendor of goods. In England, the
term was mostly used for travellers hawking goods in the countryside to small towns and
villages; they might also be called tinkers or gypsies. In London more specific terms were used,
such as costermonger.

Peddlers have a long and colourful history. From antiquity, peddlers filled the gaps in the formal
market economy by providing consumers with the convenience of door-to-door service. They
operated alongside town markets and fairs where they often purchased surplus stocks which were
subsequently resold to consumers. Peddlers were able to distribute goods to the more
geographically isolated communities such as those who lived in mountainous regions of Europe.
They also called on consumers, who for whatever reason, found it difficult to attend town
markets. Thus, peddlers played an important role in linking these consumers and regions to wider
trade routes. Some peddlers worked as agents or travelling salesmen for larger manufacturers,
thus were the precursor to the modern travelling salesman.

Images of peddlers feature in literature and art from as early as the 12th-century. Such images
were very popular with the genre and Orientalist painters and photographers of the 18th and 19th
centuries. Some imagery depicts peddlers in a perjorative manner, while others portray idealised,
Romantic visions of peddlers at work.

Contents
 [hide] 

 1 Etymology and definitions

 2 History
 3 Life of a peddler
 4 Modes of transport
 5 Legislation and regulation
 6 Types and names
 7 In literature and art
 8 Sources
 9 References
 10 Further reading

Etymology and definitions[edit]

The origin of the word, known in English since 1225, is uncertain, but is possibly an Anglicised
version of the French pied, Latin pes, pedis "foot", referring to a petty trader travelling on foot.

A peddler, under English law, is defined as: “any hawker, pedlar, petty chapman, tinker, caster of
metals, mender of chairs, or other person who, without any horse or other beast bearing or
drawing burden, travels and trades on foot and goes from town to town or to other men’s houses,
carrying to sell or exposing for sale any goods, wares, or merchandise immediately to be
delivered, or selling or offering for sale his skill in handicraft."[1] The main distinction between
peddlers and other types of street vendor is that peddlers travel as they trade, rather than travel to
a fixed place of trade. Peddlers travel around and approach potential customers directly whereas
street traders set up a pitch or a stall and wait for customers to approach them. When not actually
engaged in selling, peddlers are required to keep moving. Although peddlers may stop to make a
sale, they are precluded from setting up a pitch or remaining in the same place for lengthy
periods. Although peddlers normally travel by foot, there is no reason why they cannot use some
means of assistance, such as a cart or a trolley, to assist in the transportation of goods.

History[edit]
Ribbon seller at the entrance to the Butter Market, engraving by J.J. Eeckhout, 1884

Peddlers have been known since antiquity and possibly earlier. They were known by a variety of
names throughout the ages, including Arabber, hawker, costermonger (English), chapman
(medieval English), huckster, itinerant vendor or street vendor. According to marketing historian,
Eric Shaw, the peddler is "perhaps the only substantiated type of retail marketing practice that
evolved from Neolithic times to the present."[2] The political philosopher, John Stuart Mill wrote
that "even before the resources of society permitted the establishment of shops, the supply of
[consumer] wants fell universally into the hands of itinerant dealers, the pedlars who might
appear once a month, being preferred to the fair, which only returned once a year."[3]

Typically, peddlers operated door-to-door, plied the streets or stationed themselves at the fringes
of formal trade venues such as open air markets or fairs. In the Greco-Roman world, open-air
markets served urban customers, while peddlers filled in the gaps in distribution by selling to
rural or geographically distant customers.[4]

Biblical illustration. At the Arab fair, the peddlers open their packages of tempting fabrics; the
jeweler is there with his trinkets; the tailor with his ready-made garments; the shoe-maker with
his stock, from rough, hairy sandals to yellow and red morocco boots; the farrier is there with
his tools,nails, and flat iron shoes, and drives a prosperous business for a few hours; and so
does the saddler, with his coarsesacks and his gayly-trimmed cloths.

In the Bible the term 'peddler' was used to describe those who spread the word of God for profit.
The book of Corinthians has the following phrase, "For we are not as so many, peddling the
word of God." (Corinthians 2:17). The Greek term translated "peddling" referred to small-scale
merchant who profited from acting as a middleman between others.[5] The Apocrypha has the
following, "A merchant shall hardly keep himself from doing wrong ; and an huckster shall not
be freed from sin" (Ecclesiasticus 26:29).

In some economies the work of itinerant selling was left to nomadic minorities, such as gypsies,
travellers, or Yeniche who offered a varied assortment of goods and services, both evergreens
and (notoriously suspicious) novelties. In 19th century USA, peddling was often the occupation
of immigrant communities including Italians, Greeks and Jews.[6] The more colourful peddlers
were those that doubled as performers, healers, or fortune-tellers.[7]

Historically, peddlers used a variety of different transport modes: they travelled by foot, carrying
their wares; by means of a person or animal-drawn cart or wagon or used improvised carrying
devices. Abram Goodman, who took to peddling in the US in the 1840s, reports that he travelled
by foot, used a sleigh when roads were snowbound and also travelled, with his pack, by boat
when traversing longer distances.[8]

As market towns flourished in medieval Europe, peddlers found a role operating on the fringes of
the formal economy. They called directly on homes, delivering produce to the door thereby
saving customers time travelling to markets or fairs. However, customers paid a higher price for
this convenience. Some peddlers operated out of inns or taverns, where they often acted as an
agent rather than a reseller. Peddlers played an important role providing services to
geographically isolated districts, such as in the mountainous regions of Europe, thereby linking
these districts with wider trading routes.[9]

A 16th-century commentator wrote of the:

“many pedlars and chapmen, that from fair to fair, from markett to markett, carieth it to
sell in horspakks and fote pakks, in basketts and budgelts, sitting on holydays and sondais
in chirche porchis and abbeys dayly to sell all such trifells.”[10]

By the 18th-century, some peddlers worked for industrial producers, where they acted as a type
of travelling sales representative. In England, these peddlers were known as “Manchester men.”
Employed by a factory or entrepreneur, they sold goods from shop to shop rather than door to
door and were thus operating as a type of wholesaler or distribution intermediary.[11] They were
the precursors to the modern sales representative.

Fruit peddlers with draft horses and covered wagon, Saint Paul, Minnesota, c. 1928

In the United States, there was an upsurge in the number of peddlers in the late 18th century and
this may have peaked decades just before the American Civil War.[12] However, their numbers
began to decline by the 19th-century. Advances in industrial mass production and freight
transportation as a result of the war laid the groundwork for the beginnings of modern retail and
distribution networks, which gradually eroded much of the need for travelling salesmen. The rise
of popular mail order catalogues (e.g. Montgomery Ward began in 1872) offered another way for
people in rural or other remote areas to obtain items not readily available in local stores or
markets. A relatively short-lived upsurge in the number of peddlers was witnessed in the period
following the second World War, when the wartime manufacturing boom came to an abrupt end,
and returning soldiers finding themselves unable to secure suitable work, turned to peddling
which generally offered a decent income.[13]

In the United States, the travelling salesman became a stock character in countless jokes. Such
jokes are typically bawdy, and usually feature small town rubes, farmers and other country folk,
and frequently another stock character, the farmer's daughter.[14]

Throughout much of Europe, suspicions of dishonest or petty criminal activity was long
associated with peddlers and travellers.[15][16] Regulations to discourage small-scale retailing by
hawkers and peddlers, promulgated by English authorities in the 15th and 16th centuries and
reinforced by the Church, did much to encourage stereotypical and negative attitudes towards
peddlers. From the 16th century, peddlers were often associated with pejorative perceptions,
many of which persisted until well into the 19th and 20th centuries.[17]

In the modern economy a new breed of peddler, generally encouraged to dress respectably to
inspire confidence with the general public, has been sent into the field as an aggressive form of
direct marketing by companies pushing their specific products, sometimes to help launch
novelties, sometimes on a permanent basis. In a few cases this has even been used as the core of
a business.

Life of a peddler[edit]

Belgian milk peddlers, c. 1890-1900

Very few peddlers left written records. Many were illiterate and diaries are rare.[18] Most peddlers
handled cash transactions leaving behind few or no accounting records such as receipts, invoices
or day- books. However, a very small number of peddlers kept diaries and these can be used to
provide an insight into the daily life of a peddler. Ephraim Lisitzky (1885-1962), an immigrant
from Russia, arrived in the US in 1900 and took up peddling for a brief period following his
arrival. His autobiography, published in 1959 under the title, In the Grip of the Cross-Currents,
describes his various encounters with householders and the difficulties he experienced making a
sale as door after door was slammed in his face.[19]

After arriving in America in 1842, Abram Vossen Goodman also maintained a diary of his
experiences and that diary has been published by the American Jewish Archives.[20] Extracts from
the diary detail his experiences and thoughts about the life of a peddler. When, Goodman's initial
attempts to find employment as a clerk were unsuccessful, on September 29, he wrote, "I had to
do as all the others; with a bundle on my back I had to go out into the country, peddling various
articles." (p. 95) In the first few weeks, he found the lifestyle onerous, uncertain and solitary.

"Can a man, in fact, be said to be "living" as he plods through the vast, remote country,
uncertain even as to which farmer will provide him shelter for the coming night? In such
an existence the single man gets along far better than the father of a family. Such fools as
are married not only suffer themselves, but bring suffering to their women. How must an
educated woman feel when, after a brief stay at home, her supporter and shelterer leaves
with his pack on his back, not knowing where he will find lodging on the next night or
the night after?" (p.96)
"Last week in the vicinity of Plymouth I met two peddlers, Lehman and Marx. Marx
knew me from Furth, and that night we stayed together at a farmer's house. After supper
we started singing, and I sat at the fireplace, thinking of all my past and of my family."
(p.100)
[By October,1842 Goodman is travelling with a brother] "Not far from [Lunenburg] we
were forced to stop on Wednesday because of the heavy snow. We sought to spend the
night with a cooper, a Mr. Spaulding, but his wife did not wish to take us in. She was
afraid of strangers, she might not sleep well; we should go our way. And outside there
raged the worst blizzard I have ever seen... After we had talked to this woman for half an
hour, after repeatedly pointing out that to turn us forth into the blizzard would be sinful,
we were allowed to stay." (p.101)
"On Monday morning, December 5th, we set out for Groton in a sleigh and at night
stayed with an old farmer, about two miles from that place. It was a very satisfactory
business day, and we took in about fifteen dollars... After spending Wednesday in
Milford, we traveled beyond on Thursday and Friday, spending Saturday at Amherst and
Sunday at the home of Mr. Kendall in Mount Vernon. Business, thanks be to God, is
satisfactory, and this week we took in more than forty-five dollars. (p. 103)
"It is hard, very hard indeed, to make a living this way. Sweat runs down my body in
great drops and my back seems to be breaking, but I cannot stop; I must go on and on,
however far my way lies...Times are bad; everywhere there is no money. This increases
the hardship of life so that I am sometimes tempted to return to New York and to start all
over again. (pp 107-108)

Modes of transport[edit]
Today, peddlers continue to travel by foot, but also use bicycle, hand-held carts, horse-drawn
carts or drays and motorized vehicles such as motor-bikes as transport modes. To carry their
wares, peddlers use purpose-built back-packs, barrows, hand-carts or improvised carrying
baskets. Rickshaw peddlers are a relatively common sight across Asia.


Vegetable peddler, Japan, 19th-century

Cycle-mounted Breton onion salesmen are a familiar sight across southern England and
Wales

"Mush-Fakers" and Ginger-Beer Makers, London, circa 1877

 Fruit peddler and barrow, Sydney, circa 1885

A door-to-door peddler in Holland, 1905



David and Harry Silverman in their fruit peddling cart, Saint Paul, Minnesota, c. 1920

Mandalay rickshaw peddler

The Produce Peddler, Fez, Morocco

Street vendor in Maracaibo with improvised carry container


 Banana vendor, Uganda

Balloon Salesman

Food peddlers are the mainstay of the floating markets in Thailand

Ice cream seller in Paris, France 2010

Goat wagon peddler, late 19th century

Legislation and regulation[edit]

A number of countries have enacted laws to protect the rights of peddlers, and also to protect the
public from the sale of inferior goods. In many states of the USA, peddlers are required to apply
for a license.[21] India has special laws enacted, by the efforts of planners which give mongers
higher rights as compared to other businessmen. For example, mongers have a right of way over
motorized vehicles.

In Britain, peddling is still governed by the Pedlars Act, 1871, which provides for a "pedlar's
certificate". Application is usually made to the police. In the late 20th century, the use of such
certificates became rare as other civic legislation including the Civic Government (Scotland) Act
1982 and the Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1982 for England & Wales
introduced a street trader's licence. As of 2008 the pedlar's certificates remain legal and in use,
although several local councils have sought to eradicate peddlers by way of local bylaws or
enforcement mechanisms such as making them apply for a street trader's licence.

Types and names[edit]

A typical door-to-door vendor in rural Zhangpu County, Fujian, China.

A peddler woman in Nishapur.

Peddlers in the street, Boston, c. 1915

Peddling fruit, Turkey, 1872-1885

Literal compounds formed from these synonyms are:

 Cheesemonger (cheese)
 Costermonger (apples)
 Fishmonger (seafood)
 Ironmonger (iron wares)
 Upholsterer monger (a peddler of fabrics and stitching)

Metaphoric compounds, since the 16th century mostly pejorative, formed from these synonyms
are:

 Disease mongering
 Flesh monger, procurer for prostitution
 Gossip monger (a quidnunc)
 Merit-monger, in the 18th century a "do-gooder"
 Power monger
 Rumor monger
 Scandal monger
 Scare monger
 Warmonger, recorded since 1590 (Spenser's "Faerie Queene"), likely more widespread
than any of the literal uses[clarification needed][citation needed]

Names, most archaic, of product- or industry-specific types of peddlers include:

 Chandler (ship's stores)

 Collier (coal)
 Milliner (hats)
 Lanier (now only a surname, formerly a peddler of wool)
 Cooper (barrels)

Names, some pejorative, of other sub- or supertypes or close relatives of peddlers include:

 Arabber
 Costermonger
  Door-to-door salesman
 Haberdasher
 Hawker
 Huckster
 Pusher
 Merchant
 Seller
 Tout
 Travelling salesman
 Rag-and-bone man
 Street vendor

Individual peddlers (of myth and history)

 Pedlar of Swaffham 1699

 James Macfarlan (1832-1862) Scottish poet and peddler

Although there are basic similarities between the activities in the Old World and the New World
there are also significant differences. In Britain the word was more specific to an individual
selling small items of household goods from door to door. It was not usually applied to Gypsies.

 Food traders were normally badgers

 Sellers of chapbooks were chapmen; compare the term stationer which described a
bookseller (usually near a university) whose shop was fixed and permanent.
 In Russia a Khodebshchik (Russian: ходебщик) was a person carrying a billboard
advertising a product or service, a street hawker or peddler of wares, or house-to-house
salesman in the 16th–19th centuries.

In literature and art[edit]

The Pedlar by Hieronymous Bosch, c. 1500

Peddlers have been the subject of numerous paintings, sketches and watercolours in both
Western art and in the Orient, where they depict familiar scenes of every day life. Some of the
earliest paintings of peddlers were made in China. The 12th century Chinese artist, Su Hanchen
made several paintings of peddlers as did one of his contemporaries, Li Song, both of whom
painted The Knick knack Peddler.

The Peddlar by Hieronymous Bosch is perhaps the most icononic image of a peddler. Painted in
about 1500, the peddler in this painting wears a costume almost identical to thieves in other
Bosch paintings.[22] From the 18th-century, engravings featuring peddlers and street vendors
featured in numerous volumes dedicated to representations of street life.[23] One of the first of
such publications was a French publication, Etudes Prises Dans let Bas Peuple, Ou Les Cris de
Paris (1737) (roughly translated as Studies Taken of the Lower People, Or The Cries of Paris).[24]
In 1757, the first English publication in this genre was The Cries of London Calculated to
Entertain the Minds of Old and Young; illustrated in variety of copper plates neatly engrav'd
with an emblematical description of each subject, was published.[25] and followed by Cries of
London (1775)[26] These were followed by numerous illustrated works which continued into the
twentieth century.

Bonnie Young has pointed out that the theme of the monkey and the peddler was relatively
common in Medieval art across Europe. These scenes, which appear in books and on silverware,
often depict bands of monkeys robbing the peddler while he sleeps. Such images may have been
popular in medieval society, because the peddler shared many of the same vices as a monkey; he
was seen as a "a showman, a bit of a trickster and not always acquiring his wares by honest
means and plying them without too much regard for the quality of the merchandise."[27]

The Cheap Jack stereotype appears often in 19th century literature. The most famous example is
probably Charles Dickens' ‟Doctor Marigold‟. A short story it was originally written for one of
his Christmas editions of All the Year Round. In collected editions of Dickens' works, it appears
in the volume Christmas Stories.

Russian lubok prints (popular prints) also feature peddlers along with other popular stereotypes.
Some scholars suggest that the origin of the term, lubok, may have come from the word lubki - a
type of basket typically carried by peddlers as they carried a myriad of different wares into
villages in old Russia.[28] Korobeiniki is a Russian folk song that describes a meeting between a
peddler and a girl. Their haggling is a metaphor for their courtship.

The Lady and the Peddler, (1947) is an American play by Yosefa Even Shoshan and adapted
from a story by S.Y. Agnon. The plot concerns a Jewish peddler who takes up residence with a
mysterious gentile woman. Residing in a forest setting, the situation is idyllic for the travelling
salesman, as the woman provides for all his needs and never asks for anything in return. Soon,
however, he comes to realise that the woman is an evil spirit in disguise. The story is thought to
be a metaphor for the dislocation and destruction of European Jews.[29] St Patrick and the Peddler
by Margaret Hodges is a novel about a peddler who is visited by St Patrick in his dreams and
through a circuitous route uncovers great riches.
Robin Hood and the Peddler is a ballad that now forms part of the collection at the American
Folklife Center, Library of Congress.[30]

The Tin Men (1987), a feature film directed by Barry Levinson and starring Richard Dreyfuss
and Danny De Vito, is a comedy set in 1963, concerning two aluminium salesmen and the dirty
tricks they use to make a sale as they try to out-compete each other.

The Knick-knack Peddler by Su Hanchen, 12th Century

The Pedlar by Hans Holbein 1538 Pedlar

 The spectacle-pedlar, Rembrandt van Rijn, c. 1624–1625

Coffee Peddler, engraving from Etudes Prises Dans let Bas Peuple, Ou Les Cris de
Paris, 1737

Broom Peddler, by François Joullain, Etching, 1737



Cherry peddler in Bucharest, painting by Amadeo Preziosi, c. 1869

The Shrimp Girl by William Hogarth, 1740

Portuguese peddler by Henry L'Evêque, 1814

Fawcett as Autolycus by Thomas Wageman, 1828


 Poultry seller by Jean Davillier, 1874

Pedlar by Carl Spitzweg, 1875

London Pedlar by Gustave Doré, late 19th century

Russian peddler by Emile Francois Dessain, 1882

Basket Pedlar by Victor Fournel, 1887



Slovak peddler by Antonin Hölper, 1888

Punch, 1892

Brandy Peddler from Paul Clacquesin, Histoire de la Communauté des Distillateurs,

1900

Sbitenshchik and Khodebshchik, a "lubok print," 19th century


 The Peddler, US, 1903, chalk drawing, unknown artist

Venetian fish seller by Giuseppe Barison, 1906

Sources[edit]
1. Jump up ^ The Pedlars Act, 1871, Section 3
2. Jump up ^ Shaw, E. H. "Ancient and medieval marketing" in Jones, D.G. Brian and
Tadajewski, Mark, The Routledge Companion to Marketing History, London, Routledge, p. 24.
ISBN 9781134688685
3. Jump up ^ Mill, J.S., Principles of a Political Economy, London, Longman, 1909,
Bk.I,Ch.II
4. Jump up ^ Braudel, F. and Reynold, S., The Wheels of Commerce: Civilization and
Capitalism, 15th to 18th Century, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1992
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meaning in archaic Greece. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 72. ISBN 0-691-
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William J. Hausman, German Historical Institute, 2014,
<Online:http://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/entry.php?rec=191>
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1842-43, American Jewish Archives, p. 101,
<Online:http://americanjewisharchives.org/publications/journal/PDF/1951_03_03_00_doc_koh
n_goodman.pdf>
9. Jump up ^ Casson, M. and Lee, J., "The Origin and Development of Markets: A
Business History Perspective," Business History Review, Vol 85, Spring, 2011,
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10. Jump up ^ Tudor Documents cited in Casson, M. and Lee, J., "The Origin and
Development of Markets: A Business History Perspective," Business History Review, Vol 85,
Spring, 2011, doi:10.1017/S0007680511000018, p. 32
11. Jump up ^ Casson, M. and Lee, J., "The Origin and Development of Markets: A
Business History Perspective," Business History Review, Vol 85, Spring, 2011,
doi:10.1017/S0007680511000018, p. 33
12. Jump up ^ Malcolm Keir, R., "The Tin-Peddler," Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 21,
No. 3, March, 1913, pp. 255-258 <Online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1819807>
13. Jump up ^ Buck, D.S., Deaf Peddler: Confessions of an Inside Man, Washington,
Gallaudet University Press, 2000 pp 4-5
 14. Jump up ^ Buck, D.S., Deaf Peddler: Confessions of an Inside Man, Washington,
Gallaudet University Press, 2000 pp 5-8
15. Jump up ^ Mayhew, Henry, London Labour and the London Poor. Researched and
written, variously, with J. Binny, B. Hemyng and A. Halliday.
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and quasi-criminal activity in countryside and city.
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Markets and the Informal Supply Lines of Urban Modernity," The London Journal, Vol 41, No.
1, 2006, pp 63–64
18. Jump up ^ Brown, D., The Autobiography of a Pedlar: John Lomas of Hollinsclough,
Staffordshire (1747-1823), Midland History, 1996
19. Jump up ^ Lisistzky's story is recounted in Rubin, S.J. (ed), Writing Out Lives:
Autobiographies of American Jews, 1890-1990, Jewish Publication Society
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1842-43, American Jewish Archives,
<Online:http://americanjewisharchives.org/publications/journal/PDF/1951_03_03_00_doc_koh
n_goodman.pdf>
21. Jump up ^ Massachusetts, Consumer Affairs,
http://www.mass.gov/ocabr/government/oca-agencies/dos-lp/dos-licensing/hawker-and-peddler-
license/information.html; Michigan State Liceses,
http://www.michigan.gov/statelicensesearch/0,1607,7-180-24786_24828-81612--,00.html;
Denver State Business,https://www.denvergov.org/content/denvergov/en/denver-business-
licensing-center/business-licenses/peddler.html
22. Jump up ^ Gilchrist, S.F., "The Good Thief Imagined as a Peddler," Notes in the History
of Art, Vol. 17, No. 2, 1998
23. Jump up ^ Shesgreen, S., Images of the Outcast: The Urban Poor in the Cries of
London, New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers University Press, 2002, especially Chapter 1; Harms, R.,
Raymond, J. and Salman, J., Not Dead Things: The Dissemination of Popular Print in England
and Wales, Brill, 2013
24. Jump up ^ Bouchardon, Edmé, Etudes Prises Dans let Bas Peuple, Ou Les Cris de
Paris Paris, E. Fessard, 1737.
25. Jump up ^ The Cries of London Calculated to Entertain the Minds of Old and Young;
illustrated in variety of copper plates neatly engrav'd with an emblematical description of each
subject, Vol. III. London, H. Roberts, c.1760 was published
26. Jump up ^ Cries of London, London, I. Kirk, 1757
27. Jump up ^ Young, Bonnie, “The Monkeys & the Peddler,” The Metropolitan Museum
of Art Bulletin, 26.10, 1968, pp 441–454. <Online:
https://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3258815.pdf.bannered.pdf>
28. Jump up ^ Watstein, J., "Ivan Sytin: An Old Russia Success Story," The Russian
Review, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 43-53, DOI: 10.2307/127474, Stable URL:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/127474
29. Jump up ^ Sheward, D., "Gimpel the Fool & The Lady and the Peddler," [Off-Off-
Broadway Review], Backstage, 20 January 2012, <Online:
https://www.backstage.com/review/ny-theater/off-off-broadway/gimpel-the-fool-the-lady-and-
the-peddler>
30. Jump up ^ Library of Congress, Catalogue,
https://www.loc.gov/item/afc9999005.34318/

References[edit]
 Look up peddle, peddler, monger, canvasser, or cheapjack in Wiktionary, the free
dictionary.

  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm,

Hugh, ed. (1911). "article name needed". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).
Cambridge University Press.
 Dolan, J.R. (1964), Yankee Peddlers of Early America.
 Spufford, M. (1981), Small Books and Pleasant Histories: Popular Fiction and its
Readership in seventeenth Century England.
 Spufford, M. (1984), The Great Reclothing of Rural England: Petty Chapmen and their
Wares in the Seventeenth Century.
 Wright, R.L. (1927), Hawkers and Walkers in Early America.
 Station Chief at Etymonline.com
 Peddler at Etymonline.com

Further reading[edit]
Brown, D., The Autobiography of a Pedlar: John Lomas of Hollinsclough, Staffordshire (1747-
1823), Midland History, 1996

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