DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY EM 1110-1-4001

US Army Corps of Engineers

Manual
No. 1110-1-4001 3 June 2002
Engineering and Design
SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION AND BIOVENTING

Table of Contents

Subject Paragraph Page

Chapter 1
Introduction
Purpose.......................................................................................................1.1 1-1
Applicability .................................................................................................1.2 1-1
References..................................................................................................1.3 1-1
Background .................................................................................................1.4 1-4
Scope ..........................................................................................................1.5 1-5
Organization ................................................................................................1.6 1-6
Tools and Resources ..................................................................................1.7 1-6

Chapter 2
Strategy for Using SVE/BV
Introduction..................................................................................................2.1 2-1
SVE/BV Application Strategy ......................................................................2.2 2-1
Fundamental Principles...............................................................................2.3 2-1
Fundamentals of Vapor Flow in Porous Media ...........................................2.4 2-11
Biodegradation Kinetics...............................................................................2.5 2-22
Use of Models in SVE/BV Strategy .............................................................2.6 2-24

Chapter 3 Site
Characterization and Technology Screening
Introduction..................................................................................................3.1 3 -1
SVE/BV Technology Options ......................................................................3.2 3-1
Pre-Design Data Requirements and Technology Screening Strategy ........3.3 3-16
Examples of Screening-Level Evaluations of SVE/BV ...............................3.4 3-36

Chapter 4
Bench- and Pilot-Scale Testing for SVE and BV
Introduction..................................................................................................4.1 4-1
Uses of Bench- and Pilot-Scale Testing in Remedial Design......................4.2 4-1
Bench- and Pilot-Scale Testing Strategy.....................................................4.3 4-10
Work Plan....................................................................................................4.4 4-11
Test Performance and Data Analysis..........................................................4.5 4-16
Minimum Test Report Outline......................................................................4.6 4-36
Examples of Bench- and Pilot-Scale Test Reports .....................................4.7 4-39
Field Criteria for Estimating SVE Feasibility ................................................4.8 4-47

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Table of Contents

Subject Paragraph Page

Chapter 5
Design of Full-Scale SVE and BV Systems
Introduction..................................................................................................5.1 5-1
SVE and BV Design Strategy......................................................................5.2 5-1
Well Locations .............................................................................................5.3 5-7
Overall Pneumatic Considerations. .............................................................5.4 5-24
Well/Trench Construction ............................................................................5.5 5-35
Piping, Valves, and Manifold System ..........................................................5.6 5-45
Condensate Control ....................................................................................5.7 5-48
Particulate Filters.........................................................................................5.8 5-51
Blower Silencers and Acoustics ..................................................................5.9 5-51
Blowers and Vacuum Pumps ......................................................................5.10 5-51
Instrumentation and Process Controls ........................................................5.11 5-56
Electrical Systems Planning ........................................................................5.12 5-59
Summary of Offgas Treatment Methods .....................................................5.13 5-66
Summary of Condensate Treatment and Disposal Methods.......................5.14 5-74
SVE/BV System Housing ............................................................................5.15 5-75
Surface Covers............................................................................................5.16 5-75
Design Considerations for Aboveground Soil Piles.....................................5.17 5-76
Process Safety Review ...............................................................................5.18 5-78
Examples of SVE/BV System Designs .......................................................5.19 5-82

Chapter 6
Documents for Design and Construction of SVE/BV Systems
Introduction..................................................................................................6.1 6-1
Applicable USACE Design Policy and Requirements .................................6.2 6-1
Design Document Components ..................................................................6.3 6-1
System Construction and Construction Oversight.......................................6.4 6-5

Chapter 7
Commissioning and Start-up
Introduction..................................................................................................7.1 7-1
Collection of Baseline Data .........................................................................7.2 7-2
Equipment Shakedown and Testing ...........................................................7.3 7-3
System Start-Up/Full-Scale Demonstration.................................................7.4 7-10
Data Evaluation and Start-Up Report..........................................................7.5 7-20

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Table of Contents

Subject Paragraph Page

Chapter 8
Operations and Maintenance
Introduction..................................................................................................8.1 8-1
O&M Strategy..............................................................................................8.2 8-1
Monitoring....................................................................................................8.3 8-4
Venting Well Maintenance...........................................................................8.4 8-15
Vapor Collection System OM&M Considerations........................................8.5 8-16
System Operation Schedule........................................................................8.6 8-17
Recordkeeping ............................................................................................8.7 8-17
System Evaluation/Modifications/Optimization............................................8.8 8-18
Troubleshooting...........................................................................................8.9 8-19
OM&M Protocols .........................................................................................8.10 8-20

Chapter 9
System Shutdown and Confirmation of Cleanup
Introduction..................................................................................................9.1 9-1
Shutdown Strategy......................................................................................9.2 9-1
Sampling and Analysis ................................................................................9.3 9-3
Typical Data Trends ....................................................................................9.4 9-3
Evaluation of Results...................................................................................9.5 9-5
System Shutdown Checklist........................................................................9.6 9-8
Closure Report ............................................................................................9.7 9-9
Long-Term Monitoring Requirements..........................................................9.8 9-9
Rebound......................................................................................................9.9 9-10

Chapter 10
Cost Estimating
Introduction..................................................................................................10.1 10-1
Cost Estimating Strategy.............................................................................10.2 10-1
Cost Estimating Approaches.......................................................................10.3 10-2
Cost Estimating Checklist............................................................................10.4 10-3

Chapter 11
Other Considerations
Regulatory Issues........................................................................................11.1 11-1
Patent Issues...............................................................................................11.2 11-1
Safety ..........................................................................................................11.3 11-4
Contracting ..................................................................................................11.4 11-4

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APPENDICES
A REFERENCES A-1
B PROPERTIES OF COMMON ORGANIC POLLUTANTS B-1
C MODELING C-1
D RECOMMENDED ESTIMATION METHODS FOR AIR PERMEABILITY D-1
E ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW TO A WELL E-1
F OVERVIEW OF REBOUND TEST PROCEDURES AND DATA EVALUATION F-1
INDEX 1

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