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ISAAC CASAUBON
ISAAC CASAUBON
1559-1614
O DOCTIORUM QUICQUID EST ASSURGITE

HUIC TAM COLENDO NOMINI ,
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MARK PATTISON
LATE RECTOR OF LINCOLN COLLEGE
SECOND EDITION
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AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

1892
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PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
The first edition of Mr. Pattison's Isaac Casaubon,

published by Messrs. Longman in 1875, has for some
years been out of print, and, in response to the expression
of a widely felt desire, the Clarendon Press now offers
a second edition to the public. In the preparation of

this, use has been made of some additions and corrections
left in manuscript by the author himself, as well as of
suggestions communicated to him by various friends.
A few trifling errors have been silently corrected, and

some additional notes inserted. These notes are almost
entirely from the hands of Mr. R. C. Christie and
Mr. I. Bjrwater, and are in all cases indicated by square
brackets [ ].
The twelfth section, on the Descendants of
Isaac Casaubon, is written by Mr. Christie ; the index is
the work of Mr. C. E. Doble.

For the general editorial superintendence of this reprint
the present writer is responsible. His thanks are due
to Mr. F. W. Pattison, for the loan of his brother's various
papers and notes bearing on the subject; to Professor
J. E. B. Mayor, for communications and references;
and especially to Mr. Christie, Mr. Bywater, and
Mr. Doble, for their assistance in reading the sheets
as they passed through the press.
HENRY NETTLESHIP.
Oxford :
December 14, 1891.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION PACE
I. Parentage and education. 1559 — 1578 3
....
.
II. Geneva. 1578—1596 . 8
III. Montpellier. 1596—1599 ... 76
IV. Paris. 1600—1610 . .... 134
V. London. 1610—1614 .262

....
.
VI. Casaubon on Baronius 322
VII. London; Ely; Cambridge. 1610 — IGl-l . 342
VIII. Visit to Oxford. 1613 . . 354
IX. London. 1610—1614 {continued) . . . 373
X. Last illness; death; characteristic. 1614 . 412
XI. Chronological list of works by Isaac

Casaubon 475
XII. On the descendants of Isaac Casaubon . 485
Index 487
The sources for the biography of Isaac Casaubon are
unusually numerous and detailed. Indeed, no other
personage, eminent in letters, of the sixteenth century,
can be mentioned, for whose history' there exist materials
equally rich.
These sources are partly manuscript, partly printed.
I. MSS.
1. Advers. —
Sixty volumes of Adversaria preserved in the
Bodleian Library.
2. BuRNEY MSS. — Seven volumes of letters addressed to Casau-
bon by his numerous correspondents preserved ;
in the
Burney collection in the British Museum.
3. BiBL. Nat. —The National Library in Paris contains : (i)

The series of letters from Casaubon to de Thou, some
confidential portions of which were omitted purposely in
Van Almeloveen's edition. (2) Two independent sets of
notes, taken by hearers, of his lectures on Herodotus.
(3) Other notes on the Anthology, etc.
4. —
Geneva mss. The archives of the city of Geneva contain
(i) The register of births, deaths, and marriages. (2) The
minute books of the Petit Conseil. The city of Geneva has
had the singular good fortune of never having been taken,
sacked, or burnt. The series of order books of the Coun-
cil is complete. For the period of Casaubon's residence
these books form our principal authority. The entries
relating to the Academy and its professors are not nu-
merous, but they are significant, and enable us to form
a tolerably accurate conception of Casaubon's position,
occupations, and share in the general misery of the citizens
B
of Geneva. I take this opportunity of acknowledging my
great obligations to M. Theophile Dufour, who not only

guided my researches in this register, but most hand-
somely put into my hands the whole of the extracts from
it, which he had himself made with a view to illustrate
the history of Casaubon.
2. PRINTED DOCUMENTS.
Eph. — Ephemerides Isaaci Casauboni, ed. J. Russell, 2 vols.
8vo, Oxon. e Typographeo Academico, 1850.
Of this diary a full account will be given in the course
of the narrative.
Ep. = Isaaci Casauboni Epistolae cur. Th. Janson ab Almeloveen,
fol. Rot. 1709.
This volume contains mo
letters written by Casaubon
to his friends and correspondents, and 50 replies by them.
Mer. Cas. PiETAS=Merici Casauboni . . . Pietas contra male-
dicos patrii nominis, 4to, Lond. 1621, also reprinted in the
volume of Epistolse 1709.
BuRM. SYLL. = Sylloge Epistolarum a viris illustribus scriptarum,
etc.,5 vols. 4to, Leid. 1727.
Single letters of Casaubon are to be found scattered about
in various published volumes of correspondence. The valu-
able series of Scaliger's letters to Casaubon is printed in
ScAL. Ep. = Scaligeri Epistolae, 8vo, Lugd. Bat. 1637.
Bull. Soc. de l'Hist. Prot. = Bulletin de la Socidt6 de I'Histoire
Protestante de la France, 17 vols. 8vo.
Mem. Soc. GEN. = M6moires et Documens publics par la Soci6te
d'Histoire et d'Archdologie de Geneve, 18 vols. 8vo.
Both these series contain original documents which are
of use in completing our knowledge of the affairs of the
Protestants in the latter end of the i6th century.
Gr^nus— Fragmens biographiques et historiques extraits des

Registres du Conseil d'Etat de la Repubhque de Geneve des
1535 a 1793, Gen. 1815.
Other references will probably be sufficiently full to ex-
plain themselves.
I.
PARENTAGE AND EDUCATION.

1559— 1578.
Isaac Casaubon was born at Geneva, February 18,

(8 O.S.), 1559, being thus younger than Joseph ScaHger
by eighteen years.
He was the son of Arnold Casaubon and Jehanne
Mergine [nee) Rousseau^- They were emigrants who
had to fly for their Hves from Gascony^, where Arnold
had a narrow escape from being burnt alive. The per-
secuting edict of Chateaubriand (1551) was outstripped
' Geneva mss. Reg. de baptesmes : Ce lo febvrier fut baptise Isaac fils de
'
Arnaud Casaubon et de Mergine sa femme presente par Francois Masdres

(Eglise de St. Gervais).' But the certificate of this entry in Advers. 9. 415 has
Me«gine, and the entry of the baptism of Sara, December 8, 1556, gives
MjMgine. [The late M. H. Bordier, in the article on Casaubon in the second
edition of Z.« France Protestante (1882), gives the name of Arnold Casaubon's
wife as Mengine. ' Mengine,' he virrites, 'est le feminin de Menge, et S. Menge
ou S. Minge, traduction romane de Memmius (on dit aussi saint Memmie) fut le
premi* apotre chretien de la Champagne.' For the other children of Arnold
and Mengine Casaubon, see note appended at the end of this section.]
^ Ep.
453; Je nasquis I'an 1559, 8 F^vrier dans Geneve, ou mes bons p6re
'
et m^re s'etoient retirez de Gascongne, ayant failli d'estre bruslez a Bourdeaux.'

Cf. ep. 879: 'ex Aquitania.' Notwithstanding these explicit passages, M.
Nisard (Triumvirat Litt. p. 310), and tie biographical compilations generally,
make Arnold Casaubon fly from Bourdeaux in Dauphine. The source of the
error is the Latin life by the usually accurate Van Almeloveen, prefixed to his
Epistolae 1709. Isaac's own statement, sufficiently explicit, is confirmed by
the Registre d'habitation,' Geneva mss., in which Arnold's name stands as
'
'
Arnaud Casaubon de Montfort, diocese Dax en Gascogne.' The entry is dated
II janv. 1557. Montfort is conjectured by M. Th. Dufour, to whom I owe this
extract (L'lnterm^diaire, 3. 76), to be Montfort-en-Chalosse, chef-lieu de canton,
d^p. Landes.
B 2
4 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sec*.
by the fanaticism of the religious mob,who called for a

constant supply of new victims. The Huguenots were
flying in every direction, and Arnold Casaubon had found
shelter at Geneva. He had reached this city of refuge
before December when
his first child was baptized.
1556,
The was of old gascon stock in
family of Casaubon ;
some of its branches noble ^. The name is probably to be

traced to the town of Cazaubon, on the Douze (dep. Gers),
a few miles from Mont de Marsan. Arnold Casaubon
was received as 'habitant' of Geneva, January 11, 1557,
and at some later period he must have been admitted
'bourgeois,' as his son Isaacis afterwards described as
'
In the old Genevese constitution the sons and
citoien.'
descendants of one who had been admitted 'bourgeois'

were entitled to full civic rights. Arnold did not stay
long at Geneva. A protestant congregation was organising
itself at Crest, Drome (dep. Drome),
a small town on the
a few leagues above the confluence of that river with the
Rhone. As Mad^ Casaubon was from that part of
Dauphine, her husband was probably known to the re-
formed party in the neighbourhood. He accepted a call
to be pastor of the church of Crest, in 1561. The child-
hood of Isaac was passed in the valleys of Dauphine,
amid the hardships and perils incident to the hfe of a
Huguenot minister during the wars of religion. His
fatherwas his only instructor till he was nineteen. Arnold
had scholarship, and some reading. He had been
brought
up in a celebrated school, the College of Guienne, at
Bourdeaux. He must have been there in 1547, at which
time Muretus, with a brilliant staff of
colleagues, was
teacher there. The man who could recommend s'trabo
as instructive reading to his son^ must
have known more
than the rudiments of greek. But the
father's time was
' Bertrand de Vignolles Sieur
de Casaubon Marquis de Vignolles,
wrote Memoires des choses passees en b 1.6,
:
Guienne.
" Strabo, 1586, praef.
Optimi parentis hortatu.'
:
'
I.] PARENTAGE AND EDUCATION. 1559-1578. 5
engrossed by his flock. His talent and experience drew

upon him much of the afifairs of the scattered congre-
gations of Dauphine in those critical years. He was able
to be but home. And, even when he was with his
little at
family, it might be but to fly with them to the hills.

When Isaac was nine years old, he was able to speak and
write latin. Just then, his was called away to
father
attend the contingent, which Dauphine had to furnish
to the general levy of the Huguenots. The monstrous
edict of Saint-Maur, September 28, 1563, in which the
government unblushingly declared that former edicts of
toleration had been intended to be revoked as soon as it
was safe to do so, had shown the protestants of France
that they had to choose between civil war and extermina-
tion, and they were once more under arms. Casaubon,
the father, was absent this time three years. When he
returned to Crest, Isaac was found to have forgotten all
he had learnt. If what Meric Casaubon relates of his
father's precocity be true, perhaps it was as well that
lessons were suspended for the three years from nine to
twelve. For when the lessons were resumed, Meric
relates ^, the boy threw himself into study with such
'
ardour, that if he had not been checked by his father, his

health, if not his life, would have been endangered.' He
had got as far as greek grammar, and was having his
first exercises in parsing, in Isocrates ad Demonicum,' '
when the news of the S. Bartholomew (August, 1572)

drove them into the hills again. The greek lessons were
continued in the cave where they sheltered; 'in silvis
miseri, ingenti tamen animo,' says Meric.

When they could return to their home again, Arnold
Casaubon was too much engrossed by the urgent affairs
of that dreadful crisis to have time for teaching his son.

Isaac, however, was launched, and struggled on for him-
self For five years, from. his 14th to his 19th year, he
' M. Casaubon, '
Pietas,' p. 72.
6 ISAAC CASA UBON. [Sect. I.
had no teacher, and but few books. As an example of

piety and severe hfe, he owed much to his father, whose
memory he ever cherished with affection ^. Writing to a
friend in 1613, twenty-seven years after his father's death,
he says :
—
To my father I owe all I have since learnt.
'
Could you know the story of his life, you would know
how unworthy I am to bear the name of a man so wise
and experienced.' But the want of regular training Isaac
always considered to have been a disadvantage to him.
In 1605 he writes to Vertunien^; 'As to what Mr.
Scaliger has said to you of my age and of my learning, I
must be fain to confess that, on the first point, he is not
far wrong. Having been born in 1559, I am now (1605)
on the verge of being an old man, if not one already.
But as to the second head, I am sorry to say that I
cannot appropriate the thousandth part of what he has
been pleased to say of me. I was taught by my father, a
man of great capacity, but wholly absorbed in the affairs
of the church; sometimes absent from his family for
whole years together nearly every year turned out of
;
his house, to find it sacked on his return. So "that I

cannot say that I began my studies till I was twenty,
when I was sent by him to Geneva ^. I am a self-taught
man 6î\i,aQT]s and avTohCbaKTos. Instead of the learning
;
which Mons. de I'Escale's goodness credits me with, I

can only console myself that I lost the best part of my
early years in persecution for the truth, a memory which
issweeter to me than honey or sugar.'
I At the age of nineteen he was sent by his father to
Geneva (1578), where he remained, first as a student, and
i afterwards as professor, for the next eighteen years.
' Ep. 908 Ingratus sim erga Deum, nisi illi gratias agam, eo patre esse me
:
'
natum, cujus vita speculum est omnium virtutum. Illi ego debeo quicquid
in
Uteris didici.'
' Ep. 453.
Ep. 453 :
' Je puis dire avoir commente mes etudes lors que age de vingt
ans je fus par envoye a Geneve,'
lui
[APPENDIX TO I.
The following particulars as to the children of Arnold and

Mengine Casaubon are taken from M. Bordier's article quoted
on page 3 (note^) :
' Elle (Mengine) avait eu 9 enfants dont quatre seulement

depasserent le jeune age : (i) Isaac ; (2) un frere rest6 inconnu
qui v6cut aussi a Bourdeaux ; (3) Sara Tainê de tous, qui
epousa un habitant de Bourdeaux nomm6 Pierre Chabanne et
mourut le 23 oct. 1601 (son mari lui surv^cut Elle lui laissa ;
trois fils, Pierre, Isaac et Charles) enfin (4) Anne, marine en

;
1594, a Geneve, avec Jean Rigot ou Rigotti, maitre d'artillerie

de I'armê royale en France, et qui est inscrite au reg. des
inhumations du cimetiere de la Trinity a Paris, reg. de Charen-
ton, en ces termes "Anne de Casaubon, veuve de feu Jehan
:
Rigoti, grand maitre d'artillerie a Geneve, enterre a Paris le 18

janv. 1641 a I'age de 73 ans." Cette inscription est singuliere,
car la dame Rigotti 6tait devenue veuve presque de suite, et
Ton croit qu'elle se remaria en 1603 avec Pierre Perillau,
ministre de I'lle Bouchard en Touraine or, cependant son
;
frere, lorsqu'il parle d'elle dans ses Ephemerides, jusqu'en

1607 et 1608, continue de I'appeler Anna Rigotia ou soror
Rigotia.']
II.
GENEVA.
1578-1596-
The name of Casaubon is not to be found in the

matriculation book, or '
Livre du Recteur,' which is still
extant in the archives of Geneva. The register is perfect,
but the entry of names appears to have been neglected

for the two years 1577, 8. Of his student's years no
account is preserved. It appears probable that he was
intended to become and that the destination
a minister,
of his after hfe was due to accident. He had the
advantage of learning greek under a fairly competent
scholar, Franciscus Portus, a native greek (he was of
Crete), who had taught greek at Geneva ever since
1562. Casaubon had hardly completed his third aca-
demical year, when Portus died (aet. 71), having suggested
Casaubon as qualified to succeed to his place. Portus
was not only an accomplished scholar, but a man
who had seen much of the world, and of the cultivated
society of the time. Leaving his native country as a
child,he had lived so long in Italy at Venice, at Modena, —
—
and Ferrara that Italian had become his mother tongue.
He had forgotten romaic, according to the testimony of
Scaliger^, and his letter in reply to Crusius is written in
classical greek ^. His discerning eye picked out the
young Casaubon as the one of all his pupils competent to
' Scaligerana 2". p. 193. ^ Crusius, Turcograecia, p. 517,
Sect. II.] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 9
succeed him. Franciscus Portus deserves commemora-

tion in the history of learning, if for no other reason, for
this, that he turned Isaac Casaubon to the study of greek.
Though Casaubon was only eminent pupil. not his
Portus had taught Sigonius, and Sigonius, then aet. 22,
had succeeded Portus as teacher of greek at Modena, in
1546 ^
The
council took a year to make the appointment, and
on the unanimous recommendation of the Venerable
then,
Company and the Professors, received Casaubon as
Professor of greek.
The entry in the register runs thus ^ :—
'
M. Isaac, fils de Arnaud Casabon, citoien de Geneve, a
este presente par M. de La Faie, recteur, pour estre pro-
fesseur de la langue grecque, suyvant I'advis de tous les
ministres et professeurs. A este arreste quon le regoyve,
et suyvant ce a prest6 serment.'
The title '
Professor of greek ' has an imposing sound.
But on closer inspection the reality is very simple, and
more than humble. There is no room to infer with the
biographers an unnatural precocity in Casaubon. When
the age of the wandering native greek teachers was past
Franciscus Portus was one of the last of them, —men who
knew greek at all were scarce, and men who knew it
profoundly were not to be found. Young men fresh from
the schools had at least not forgotten the rudiments. So
Xylander (Holtzmann) became 'Professor' of greek at
Heidelberg, set. 26, and Daniel Heinsius lectured on it at
Leyden, aet. 18. The Academy of Geneva was far enough
' [Of his studies in civil law and philosophy under the celebrated Pacius,
Pacio de Beriga —
Casaubon writes (Ep. 879) :
' Ego interim juri civili et philosophise operam dabam cupidus redeundi
in Galliam. Tres annos impendi iis studiis publice et privatim usus doctore
Pacio, cujus Organon et alia scripta philosophica, opinor, vidisti. Scito ilium
ingentem commentarium in Organon mihi et duobus amicis scriptum esse, cum
ille nos domi suae doceret raercede ingenti; sed parens mens nuUi pecuniae
parcebat ut meis studiis consuleretur.']

^ Geneva mss. Registre du petit conseil, fo.
109, 5 juin, 158a.
lO ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
from ranking with the University of Heidelberg, and still

less with that of Leyden.
Modern historians of Geneva, having before them what
Geneva became in the eighteenth century, maybe forgiven
for having transported this picture to an earlier

period.
Had Calvin conceived the idea, which is attributed to him,

of a school of general education, neither time nor place
would have permitted its realisation. The Geneva of
Voltaire and Rousseau, the cosmopolitan centre, its inde-
pendence guaranteed by the strength of the Swiss cantons

at its back, and the mutual jealousy of the great powers,
was ina very different position from the Geneva of Calvin.
The merit of Calvin consists not in largeness of mind, but
in the judgment which perceived exactly what was wanted.
It is in vain that Calvin's panegyrists persist in attributing
to him views, which he could not have had, without
—
ceasing to be the man he was the man of his age and
place. Haag would represent^ him as designing un grand '
etablissement d'instruction publique dont I'enseignement

devait embrasser I'ensemble de toutes les connoissances
humaines.' Fine phrase disguising the bare fact ! Calvin
planned for Geneva that which the reformed church of the
french tongue wanted in 1559. An elementary school,
—
and a seminary for ministers this was what was wanted,
and this was what Calvin supplied. A grand Academy of
letters or science, such as the historians find in his
scheme, was as little in Calvin's thoughts as the steamboats
which now ply on the lake Leman. In this, as in all
his undertakings, Calvin projected what was required, and
what could be effected, with a distinctness of purpose and
practical sense, which made him what he was, the head of
his party in a struggle for life against fearful odds.
Each of the cantons, on embracing the reform, had
found the necessity of some institution for the training of
its own ministers. Bale had already, three generations
' La France Protestante, art. Calvin.
"•] GENEVA. 1578-1596. II
old, a university with papal privileges (founded 1460).

Zurich, Berne, and Lausanne, erected their own academies.
Geneva required its own, not less. The preamble to the
statutes of the academy of Geneva (1559), drawn doubtless
by Calvin's hand, does not go beyond this intention.
'
Verily hath God heretofore endowed our commonwealth
with many and notable adornments, yet hath it, to this
day, had to seek abroad, for instruction in good arts and
disciplines for its youth, with many lets and hindrances ^.'
Note, in the whole composition, the tone of measured
soHdity, which says less than it means to perform. This
self-contained power, this suppressed moral force, which is
characteristic, not of Calvin alone, but of the whole of the
French reform, stands in noble contrast to the vain-glorious
style which Europe now is apt to ascribe to France as
catholicised by Louis XIV. Perhaps at the time that Calvin
gave utterance to this simple proposal, he foresaw that his
new school might have a higher destiny. A seminary of
ministers for Geneva and Dauphine, that was the first
thing. That it might become the seminary for the whole
of the French reform, nay beyond the French tongue, that
the genevan academy would be the heart of the whole
presbyterian system throughout Europe, this hope may
have presented itself to Calvin's imagination. He was not
blind to the peculiar advantages, political, geographical,
ethnical, of Geneva. Ten years before, in 1549, he had
written to Bullinger, '
when I consider what aptitude this
little corner has for promoting Christ's kingdom, I am
naturally solicitous to keep my hold of it ^.'
But the idea
of a metropolitan university, a nursery of the arts and
sciences, had no place in the mind of Calvin, nor even
in that of the more cultivated Beza. The first object was
to train pastors, and the education given bore, in all its
parts, the stamp of the ecclesiastical seminary.
^ Promulgatio legura Academise Genevensis ; Fick's reprint, 1859.

^ Ep. ad Bullinger.
12 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
The Academy (so-called) at Geneva was the latest, and

not the least valuable of Calvin's institutions ^ It was not
till after the final humiliation of the republican party (1555),
and the satisfactory understanding with Berne (1558) that
he was able to organise it. A town school, indeed, there
had been ever since the beginning of the independence of
Geneva (1536). But it had only given the rudiments of
learning. A genevan youth, who wished to complete his
education, was obliged to go abroad to do so ^.
The new institution was composed of two schools. One
for boys, a gymnasium, college, or grammar-school, consist-
ing, according to the universally received division, of seven
classes. In the sixth and seventh classes the rudiments
were taught. From the fifth class upwards, the instruction
was in the classics. The other part of the institution was
one for higher education, and was intended to carry on
those pupils, who had passed through the school. But it
was not confined to them, it was open to any who chose to
enter their names as students. In the latin statutes, this
part of the institution was called the Schola Publica, and the
lower part, or college, is styled the Schola Privata. When
the term 'academy of Geneva' is used, the upper, or schola
publica of professors and students is usually intended,
though academy'
' is sometimes loosely said of the whole
institution taken together. The academy consisted at
first of three hebrew, greek, and Arts.
chairs, The
department of Theology, which was the capital considera-
tion, was taught by Calvin (afterwards by Beza) as pastor,
without the title of professor. After a time, chairs in Law
and Medicine were added. Both schools, the upper and
the lower, were under the control of a rector chosen every
two years, but re-eligible. How entirely the education of
See note A in Appendix.
'
Leges Academic, 1559

"^
Quum ad eum usque diem coacta fuisset civitas
:
Genevensis, maximis cum incommodis ac difficultatibus, ab iis urbibus et

gentibus petere suae juventuti bonarum artium ac disciplinarum cognitionem
quibus ipsa . . . syncerffi religionis scientiam de suo quodammodo largiebatur.'
n.] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 13
Geneva was in the hands of the clergy may be judged

from the fact that rector, professors, head-master, and all
the masters in the lower school were appointed by the

Venerable Company of pastors, and only confirmed by the
Council.
In entering their names in the '
rector's book ' the
students of the academy subscribed not only the statutes,
but also a lengthened confession of calvinistic orthodoxy.
Considering the rigidity of everything else, it may seem
surprising that as early as 1576, in less than twenty
years from its establishment, this subscription had to be
abolished. Still more surprising is the tolerant motive
recorded in the register, that 'lutherans and papists
may be no longer hindered from coming to study here
and that, further, it does not seem right to press a young
conscience which is unresolved to sign what it doth not
as yet understandand further that they of Saxony
;
have taken occasion herefrom to compel those who go

from hence to them to sign the confession of Augsburg 1.'
Charles Perrot, one of the pastors, was put forward as
the mover of this liberal step. But there can be no
doubt that it had the approbation of Beza, without
which nothing was done, at that period. For 200
years no further step was taken in that direction.
Though subscription was abolished for students, yet
down to 1796, no dissident, not even a lutheran, could
be a teacher in the academy, or even a citizen of
Geneva. Beza, and the sixteenth century, were, if not
more tolerant, more enlightened than the seventeenth
century. It was policy, not indifference to dogma.
The policy of the State of Geneva, its open-armed

hospitality, was extended to its school and university.
Originally designed for natives, the academy of Geneva

became very early a great resort of foreign students.
They flocked in from all parts of protestant Europe, even
^ Registre du conseil, ap. Gabarel, a. 12a.
from lutheran countries. That the disciphne main-

tained was rigorous, and that it had a strictly church
character— both these facts contributed to accredit the
school, throughout the reformed countries. In the school
the hour of opening was six in summer, seven in winter.
The boys brought and ate it on

their breakfast with them,
the benches of the schoolroom. They might not bring
anything but the simplest food, the same for rich and poor.
The classrooms were open to all the rigours of the seasons.
In November 1564, a master having petitioned that the
windows might be glazed, the council took it into its con-
sideration. The decision arrived at was, that ' the children
might, if they hked, paste paper over the openings next
their seats ^,' There was a charcoal brazier in each class-
room in the very cold weather, at which, when the fingers
refused their office, they might be thawed for a few
seconds. All the pupils had to attend in their place at
church, the Wednesday morning sermon, on Sunday three
times,morning and afternoon sermon and catechism.
Absence without a valid excuse was followed by punish-
ment.
The students of the public school
'
or academy being in
'
great part strangers, gave more trouble— especially the

Germans. Accustomed to the licence of the universities
of the fatherland, they thought to carry the privileges of
the Bursch with them. They were soon undeceived.
Certain families, '
vivans selon Dieu,' were selected, and
the scholars not allowed to lodge elsewhere. The severity
of its discipline recommended Geneva as much as the
theological celebrity of Calvin. Pious parents throughout
Europe gladly accepted the risks of the distance, and the
dangerous neighbourhood, to bring their sons under the
shadow of such a training.
On the numbers of the students the statements in
' Goethe (Italienische Reise, Werke, 19. 23), found, in 1787, papered windows
at Torbole.
II.] GENEVA. 1578-1596, 15
the histories are vague, and marked with the tendency to

ampHfy. The which the modern writers,
figure of 1000 in
Henry, Gaberel, Stahehn, seem so unanimous, is not
traceable beyond an anonymous letter quoted by Sayous ^,
'
C'est merveille des auditeurs des legons de M. Calvin
j'estime qu'ils sont journellement plus de mille.' Even if
this unauthenticated statement be accepted, it must be
understood of the whole affluence to Calvin's lectures,
which were doubtless open to the public. We know from
the documentary evidence of the Leges academiae,' that '
on the day of opening there were present 600 scholars.' '
But this includes the boys in the lower school with its
seven classes, comprising doubtless the whole of those
between seven and fifteen, who were of a rank to receive
grammar-school education. There remains the undeniable
evidence of the matriculation, book or livre du recteur.' '
From this we find that, throwing out the exceptional years

of the plague, the Saint-Bartholomew, and the worst years
of the religious war, the average of entries was about forty
per annum. Tholuck has proved that for the univer-
sities of Germany, at this period, we may assume four
years as the average duration of a student's residence. If
this average were applicable to Geneva, we should have
160 as the total number of students— the '
Frequenz,' as
the Germans call it. But for various reasons it is probable
that the average stay of a student at Geneva did not reach
four years. We shall
be nearer the mark, if we assume the
number of students, residing in any one year, at from 100 to
120. In the exceptional years above named, the actual

numbers were much below this average. In 1572 (Saint-
Bartholomew) there were only three matriculations. On
the other hand, in 1597 (Edict of Nantes) they amounted to
120. When this is clear to us, we understand how it was
possible to get on with so few professors. There were at
first but three literary professors two more were added
;
• Etudes litt^raires, p. 71.
afterwards. There were besides the two theological

professors; but their lectures were, in fact, doctrinal
sermons, pastoral rather than professorial. Calvin never
would take the title of professor. These lecture-sermons,
though doctrinal, were in the form of exegesis they were ;
commentaries on books of the bible. Scientific Dogmatik '
was an invention of the 17th century.

The day opened with a service or sermon at 5 a.m. in
summer, 6 a.m. in winter. This, not for the students,
but for the congregation. This lasted an hour. Im-
mediately after the sermon followed the lecture of the
hebrew professor. This lecture was also exegetical. He
was also followed by the professor of greek, who explained
an author, of philosophy or ethics, Aristotle, Plato,
Plutarch, or some christian writer. Ten was the dinner
hour. After dinner the greek professor had a second hour,
when he read some greek poet, orator, or historian. Latin
authors were considered to belong to the province of the
professor of But only on three days of the week did
arts.
the greek professor lecture twice. On Wednesday and

Friday he had no morning lectures on Saturday none at
;
all. But on Friday every professor had to attend the

weekly consistory, or conference of ministers. The
Sunday was spent in hearing the sermons. The actual
lecturing of the greek professor was thus only eight hours
per week.
But then his were not mere grammar, or
lectures
construing lessons to learners. Greek was learnt in the
school. The boy began greek in the fourth class, i. e. at
ten or eleven years old. By the time he quitted the first
class he had read through some of the principal authors.
The greek professor, therefore, was not doomed, hke the
Scottish professor, to teach the elements. He had before
him an advanced class, in whom he might assume a
knowledge, not of the language only, but of the ordinary
school cycle of greek history and antiquities. shall We
"•] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 17
give some account below of the subjects which Casaubon

taught at Geneva.
High work did not mean high pay. 'The salaries of
the professors,' writes Calvin, are not at the magnificent '
rate usual in Germany, but are on a par with those of the

pastors, barely sufficient for support 1.' They were fixed
at 280 genevese florins. Something could be added to
this scanty pay by boarding students, as the professors
usually did. Ninety florins were considered sufficient
allowance for board and lodging, out of which there could
be little profit, even though, as we are told in the life of S.
Francis de Sales, Savoy is the country in all the world
'
where one can live the cheapest ^' A Professor of Law

or Medicine it was necessary, then as now, to pay more
highly and we read of their having 600, 700, and even

;
800 genevese florins. With 800 florins, Hotoman, in 1577,

found it impossible to live but then he had a family of ;
nine children.
It is true, that this period, and the 17th century also,
echo with the complaints of the poverty of professors.

But, in Geneva, this economy was not niggardliness, it
was bare poverty. Indeed, in the circumstances of the
republic, it is more surprising
that the schools should
have continued to exist at all, than that the teachers
should have shared in a misery which was common to all.
The struggle of Geneva against the Dukes of Savoy was
not that of an affluent bourgeoisie ambitious of political
independence; it was a struggle for existence. Geneva
was not only a burgher aristocracy, hateful in the eyes of
sovereign princes ^, but an outpost of protestantism,
encamped as it were within the very territory of Savoy.
' Epp. ap. Henry, Leben Calvin's, 3. 390.

'^
MarsoUier, Vie de S. Franjois, 1. 433.
' Zurich Letters, and ser. p. 275 :
' As for Geneva, they not only hate, but
execrate it.' Cf. the representations of S. Francis de Sales to the Duke of
Savoy, ap. MarsoUier, i. 246 Que les calvinistes dtojent naturellement
:
'
rSpublicains, et ennemis de I'dtat monarchique,' etc.
Charles that 'he would have

Emmanuel had sworn
Geneva if it cost Twice in one year (1584)
him a million.'
well concerted plots, favoured by traitors within, were

detected when ripe for execution. Nor was it only
liberty, political and religious, which was at stake. The
savage cruelty, which was thought praiseworthy in ca-
tholic soldiers dealing with Calvinists, told the Genevese

what to expect if the mercenaries once got within the
walls ^ In 1589 the of Savoy brought up an army
Duke
of 18,000 regular troops, with the determination to destroy
the nest of heretics once for all. The little repubhc,
deserted at the critical moment by Berne, and hated by
the lutheran princes of Germany, as much as by
fanatically catholic France, could only muster 2186 men
capable of bearing arms. History has not a more gallant
struggle against odds to record. Before it was released
by the peace of Vervins (1598), Geneva had lost 1500 men
out of its total levy of 2186. The importance of destroying
the city was fully understood by the catholic party. It
was especially urged by .S. Francis de Sales memorial

in a
presented to the Duke of Savoy. The schools and the
printing-presses are particularly pointed out, by the ca-
tholic saint, as the instruments of mischief ^
The misery suffered within the walls during this siege, or
eTTtretxto-ts, was frightful. The population of Geneva before
the troubles in France is estimated at 12,000^. During

' A bishop
of Geneva writes in 1534 Jussie, Levain du Calvinisme, p. 84
;
' Que on trouverait des Luth^riens on les pouvoit prendre, tuer, ou pendre
la oil
Si un arbre, sans nuUe difficulte ou doute.'
^ Aug. Sales, Vita S. Francisci de Sales, p. '

Quid dicam de prelis qu^
99 :
habent amplissima et munitissima, unde in omnem terram pestiferos libros

spargunt accedunt ad haec scholae ad quas plerique nobili sanguine orti
. . .
juvenes advolant a Francia.'

The protestants were equally aware that the printing-press had been a great
engine of the success of the reformation in the towns where it was free.
GryniEus, Epp. p. 26 Turn solide doctorum virorum voce viva et scriptis
:
'
editis; turn officinarum typographicarum, quse maximo illis adjumento

. . .
fuerunt.'
' Bonivard, Chronique, 2. 385.
U.] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 19
the troubles hundreds of French families immigrated;

the foreigners almost outnumbered the native towns-
men In 1558, 279 foreigners were admitted citizens in
^.
one day. Yet in 1589 the population was only 13,000^.

Such had been the ravages of famine, pestilence, misery,
and war. Poverty and overcrowding made the plague
more than ordinarily deadly in Geneva. In 1615, more
than 4000 died of it —a fourth of the population. The
refugees, have escaped with their lives, brought
happy to
little capital with them. The town had no trade, could
have none, with an enemy permanently encamped just
outside the walls ''. It was at the hazard of life that
travellers arrived or left the city. Its fair had been long
before transferred to Lyon. The only industry was
printing, mostly little remunerative, as the example of
Henri Estienne shows. '
This commonwealth and church,'
says Beza*, '
may be truly called a nursery of poverty'
paupertatis officina. One resource it had in the sympathy
of foreign churches, kindled by returned students, who
carried back reports of privation heroically endured. The
registers of the council, and the correspondence of the
acknowledgments of such aid. England,
period, are full of
and English bishops, were not among the most backward.
Cox, Sandys, Grindal, never send a letter to Zurich with-
out enclosing a remembrance ®. The bishop of Ely sends
Gualter five crowns. The bishop of London sends
Bullinger enough cloth to make a gown. This was to
Ed. Mallet, M6m. et Documens de la Social de I'Hist. de Genfeve, 8. 453.

1
Registre du conseil, ap. Gr^nus, p. 68.

"^
' The system of the Duke of Savoy was to erect two forts, Santa Catarina
and Mommelianum,' a short distance from the city, on his own territory,
'
the
of which commanded the roads on the side of Savoy and Franche

garrison
Comte. These were not destroyed till the campaign of 1600, Burney mss.
' Extat etiamnum, quod mirere,
365. 59, Lect to-Casaubon, 13 Nov. 1600:
Catharina tamen, dedito superioribus diebus Mommeliano, finem malorum
. . .
speramus ab exempto.' Cf. Thuanus, Hist. 125. 13.
* Vita Calvini.
» Zurich Letters (publication of Parker Society), passim.
C 2
Ziirich. 1583 the bishops procured a royal brief

But in
for a collection through the churches of England in aid
of Geneva. It produced .^5039. Two public quetes made
in Holland raised considerable sums, though the United
Provinces were then engaged in their death struggle with
Philip 11. The maintenance of the schools at Geneva
was a special object of these subsidies. Many of the
reformed churches, too, maintained students at Geneva.
So Arminius was sent there at the charge of the city of
Amsterdam, and Utenbogaert at the charge of Utrecht.
Till the rise in credit of Leyden (founded 1575), Holland,
excluded from Louvain, was compelled to seek education
for its youth in foreign countries. But Heidelberg, or
Herborn in Nassau, being more conveniently situated
than Geneva, received most of the Dutch students ^-
Casaubon had received his appointment.

In June, 1582,
To one whose boyhood had been a school of hardship,
a fixed stipend of £1.0 a year, and rooms in the college,
may have seemed provision for a family. Under Calvin's
rigid police early marriage was the
and the strength
rule ;
of numbers must have been an object with any govern-

ment of Geneva. Besides, there was the consideration of
boarders. Accordingly, in September, 1583, Casaubon
married. His wife, Mary, though, like himself, a native
of Geneva, was, like himself, the child of refugee parents.
Her family was from Bourdeaux in Dauphine. The union
was of short duration *. She died in April, 1585, leaving
one child, a daughter.
Meanwhile, distress inside the walls and terror without,
were slowly enveloping the little repubhc and threatening
it with extinction. The protestant cause was lost in
France, and was now a question not of Hberty of con-
it
science, but of life. Every one who had anywhere else to

go made his escape from the doomed city. Bonaventure
' Schotel, Studenten Oproer in 1594. * See note B in Appendix.
"•] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 31
Bertram, professor of hebrew, escaped to Frankenthal,

Hotoman to Bale. Hotoman writes to Heidelberg: 'In
the whole of France there is no good man who is not
suffering severely. In our Savoy a large part of the
population has actually perished of famine, and now
pestilence is attacking those that have survived 1.'
The
assassination of the Prince of Orange, the repeated at-
tempts on the life of Elizabeth, and on that of the King
of Navarre, the growing fury of the League, the armament
of Philip against England, the savage massacres which
II
broke out from time to time in the French towns, intimated

that the policy of S.
Bartholomew, the extinction of protes-
tantism by the extermination of the protestants, was the
aim of the triumphant party. The desperate position of
Geneva was such that foreign students ceased to come at
all, and the greek class, as was natural, was the- first to
drop. In November, 1585, we find ^ that Casaubon was
left with hardly any auditors. The council amalgamated
the professorship of greek with that of history, and ap-
pointed Casaubon to the double charge. But in 1586
things were worse, and it was resolved to give up the
academy. The council, with many expressions of regret,
intimated to the professors —the two theological professors
excepted —that their functions must cease In junc- ^. this
ture the Ven. company of pastors came forward (October 7)
and petitioned the council that such a public calamity as
the suppression of the academy might be averted, and
that their own salaries might be applied to the payment
of the professors. The petition was refused. But at the
' Hotom. Epp. ep. 147.

^ Geneva mss. Registre du pet. cons. f". 160. 22 nov. 1585 : ' D'aultant que
M. Casaubon n'a presque point d'auditeur.'
^ Geneva mss. Registre du pet. cons. f°. 226, 7 octob. 1586 :
'
Suyvant ce qui
a est6 cy devant parl^ de las casser a cause des charges que la ville supporte
qui sont grandes, a estd arrests qu'en ceste consideration, et d'aultant qu'ils
n'ont a prfeent des auditeurs, qu'on les congedie, et qu'on retienne leur mande-
ment de ce quartier.'
%% ISAAC CASAUBON. [sect.
next weekly meeting of the council the Ven. company

make a fresh proposal (October 14). They offer to raise
among themselves 1000 crowns, and lend it to the treasury,
present
of course without interest, for the relief of the
'As for closing the college,' says their me-
necessity.
morial, 'our academy is now regarded as the seminary
of the churches of France ; the school of La Rochelle
being the only one now left in that kingdom. The repu-
tation of our school is so widely spread that even
England
sends us students. The honour of your lordships is in-
volved in the maintenance of this precious establishment.
The classical languages and philosophy are indispensable
for theology. Now, more than ever, ought we to cherish
the study of the sciences, when the Jesuits have founded
such a quantity of schools both in Switzerland and Savoy.
It is said that the number of students in our academy is
become insignificant. This is not so, seeing that at the

last "promotions" twenty-three passed from the lower
school to the public lectures. And as for the attendance
at these lectures, no one can say that M'. Casaubon wants
for auditors ^. If the Council persists in its resolution,
our city will suffer in character and the foreign students;
once diverted from us will not find their way back when
better times come.'
Men, who were prepared to make such sacrifices, were
not altogether unworthy to exercise even the despotic
power which these ministers wielded. The council did
not, for the present, think proper to grant this request,
and the lectures were suspended^. We do not exactly
know how long the suspension of the schools continued.
But, as Casaubon made a journey to Frankfort in 1590,
without applying for leave of absence, it may be con-
' The lectures on Persius were delivered 'magna frequentia,' Burmann, Syll.
J., ep. 362; 'frequenti auditorio.' Schultze, epp. inedd. p. 14.
^ Tholuck, Geschichte des Rationalismus, quotes a private letter of a law student
in 1586, which says, all the professors here have resigned for want of hearers.'
'
"•] GENEVA. 1578-1596. »3
jectured that he did not resume before that year. These

two or three years, 1586-88, were the darkest period. In
1587 the plague was at its worst. It made havoc in the
unventilated dweUings and close streets, in which were
crowded a half-famished population. The splendid quay,
on which now rise the magnificent hotels and warehouses,
was then an unwholesome marsh. The marauding parties
of the mercenary troops of Savoy made escape into the
fresh air of the mountains impossible. Duty on the walls
was incessant, day and night. 'The exhaustion of the
public treasury,' writes Casaubon\ 'is complete. Our
burghers are entirely impoverished. The city is filled
with paupers and beggars. large part of the population A
ison the verge of starvation.'
We catch one authentic glimpse which shows the grow-
ing esteem which he had conquered, even in this time of
general suffering. the more weighty as it is embodied
It is
in the official proceedings of the council. In August,

1591, the ministers return to the charge 2. The academy
appears, at this date, to be in exercise again, but to be
poorly supported. The ministers apply on behalf of the
professors. Beza and Perrot were deputed to wait on
'
my Lords,' and to represent to them ^:
That this school is a treasure which God has blessed
'
in such sort, that there have issued from it instruments of

' Ep. 969 (to Stuck) :
' Ingens pauperum et mendicorum turba, vere dico tibi,
plerique nostrum aegre se et suos defendant ab illo M\x5i . .

.'
^ Hotoman writes
to Tossanus at Heidelberg to use his influence with Beza
'to restore as soon as possible the professors of greek and of philosophy, by
whose suspension this State has incurred a heavy, perhaps incurable wound.'
Hotomann. Epp. ep. 145.
^ Geneva Mss. Reg. du pet. cons. 11 aout,
1591, f". 149: II ya le sieur Casau- '
bon, qui sera un trfes rare personage si Dieu luy fait la grace de vivre, est tres
humble et paisible, mais la necessite le presse ... II est recherche et pratique
d'ailleurs, car il escript tres bien. M''. du Fresne I'a recherche pour I'avoir pres
de luy en Allemayne, et pour le gagner luy a envoye 50!, mais il a tout son
coeur a ce public, mais qu'il puisse vivoter, prient de luy faire quelque present de
I'argent . .
.' The expression '
a ce public ' is peculiar. An inhabitant of
Geneva could not speak of his country. Geneva was a city of refuge filled with
foreigners, whose patrie was France.
'
'
his glory. The ministers do not doubt that the council

intend to maintain the school in being, but they would
particularly recommend the case of M. Chevalier, who
discharges very well his duties as professor, though it
may be he has not many pupils. . . . There is further

the sieur Casaubon, who will become a very rare person-
age, if God of his mercy grant him to live ; he being very
humble and peaceable ; but he is in great necessity, not-
withstanding that they, the ministers, have succoured him
to the best of their ability. He is already sought for and
courted by persons abroad, for his excellent writings;
M. de Fresne has desired to attach him to himself in
Germany, and has sent him fifty crowns with this object.
Notwithstanding he has his whole heart in the service of
this public and that he may be able to support bare life,
;
they pray the council to make him a present of money

out of the unappropriated funds of the college, e. g. fifty
crowns, adding thereto some wheat for the relief of his

present wants.'
Hereupon the council ordered that
fifty crowns and six
bolls of wheat be delivered to Casaubon. In the year

following, 1592, he also receives, by order of the council,
a present of red wine, along with the ministers ^. It was
an exceptional favour, as the other professors are not
mentioned.
The republic came through the ordeal- reduced to the
lowest ebb of fortune, but unbroken in spirit. Each pious
bosom felt that no human arm, but that of Providence
alone,had interposed to save the bulwark of the church.

History, perhaps, has never crowded into two years a
greater number of surprising events impossible to predict.
The gleam of hope came from the side of France.
first
The signal victory of Coutras, October 20, 1587, where

the jeunesse doree of the party of massacre went down
'
'
' Geneva mss. Reg. du pet. cons. 4 dec. 1592, f". 235, v». . . .
'
Compre-
nan: avec les dites ministres le S'. Casaubon professeur en grec'
"•] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 25
number of poor and despised huguenots,

before half their
gave immediate rehef. Then the execution of Mary Stuart,
the annihilation of the Arfnada, the assassination of the
Guises, the union of the two Henrys against the catholic
League, and finally, the accession of Henri iv, all these
great events on the European theatre were felt at Geneva,
relaxing the tension put upon its strength —a strain which,
had it been continued, must have ended in breaking. In
April, 1590, Casaubon can write, '
Our affairs are, by the
mercy of almighty God, in not a little better condition
than they were when I received your letter, about five
months back.'
How Casaubon himself struggled through these dismal
years we are left to conjecture. It must be remembered
that we have, for this period, neither his diary nor his
letters— by the aid of which we shall be able, in the later
years of his life, to follow his fortunes with minuteness
and accuracy. The principal events of his life during the
years of distress are, —the course of his studies ; his father's
death ; his second marriage.
His father, Arnold, was attacked with low fever on
January i, His physician pronounced the symptoms
1586.
favourable, and foretold a speedy recovery. But the patient
himself was convinced he should never rise from his sick
bed. It proved so. On February i he died, not of age,
he was only 63, but worn out with the sufferings and
anxieties of the '25 years of persecution. His death took
place at Die in Dauphine, and his funeral was attended by
all the notables of the town, and many nobles of the
province, it so happening that a synod was being held

at the time. 'Î alone of his children,' writes Isaac
' Isaac's own account of his father Arnold's death is given in ep. 893 to Lin-
gelsheim in 1613. He repeats it again, with fuller detail, in Exercitt. ad

'
Baron.' 1614, reproduced in Prideaux, Castigatio, p. 224. The shorter accounts

in M. Casaubon, Pietas, p. 74, and Abbot, Antilogia, ep. ad lect., are not indepen-
dent testimony, being both communicated by Isaac,
Casaubon, 'had the misfortune to be absent.' Isaac re-

ceived the intelligence while he was writing his notes on
the beginning of the fifth book of Strabo. He confides
his sorrow tocommentary, as to a companion and
his
friend. The reader of Strabo to this day is called upon
to sympathise with Casaubon in his bereavement, in the
middle of a difficulty which he leaves unexplained for that
cause ^ It is not only filial affection lacerated by death,
premature and unexpected. It is disgust with his own

occupation at the moment, when brought into sudden
contrast with the memory of a parent, whose every thought
and every hour had been given to sacred things and the
cause of God. 'There is a difficulty here' in Strabo's —
account of the southern shore of the Italian peninsula^
'which I leave to others who have more leisure for such
work. I have neither time nor spirit for the discussion of
such things. My mind, overwhelmed by the intelligence
no more
just received, has taste for these classical studies,
and demands a different strain to soothe and heal it.'
Years afterwards, when it became necessary for the Jesuit

party to defame Casaubon, they put in circulation a story
that his father had been hanged. Gross as was the fabri-
cation, it wounded Casaubon's sensitive nature, and, at the
distance of twenty-five years, harrowed up the pang with
which he had first received the intelligence of his parent's
death, himself, alone of his children, away from his bed
side.
His father died on February i in April Casaubon ;
married a second wife. Prudent it cannot have been in

the middle of the pubHc calamities, when even his poor
£\Q a year was precarious, to marry a girl of eighteen
without fortune. But in times of distress men seek con-
solation, not welfare, and prudence is in abeyance. And
there were many things to recommend the match. The
' Comm. in Strabon. p. 211 [ed. i6ao].
"•] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 27
lady had beauty, sense, worth, and her grandfather's gen-

tleness of disposition. Above all, Florence Estienne was
the daughter of the great printer, Henri Estienne (Henricus
Stephanus 11). Casaubon was naturally attracted to the
editor of the Thesaurus, and had probably fallen in love
with Estienne's manuscript collections, before he began to
pay his court to the daughter.
But there was a difficulty in the way, over and above
the moody and fitful temper, which was growing upon
Estienne with his failing fortunes. The special difficulty
was a literary offence. In 1566 Henri Estienne brought
out one of his most magnificent volumes, his Poetae '
the cost of producing which must have been very

grasci,'
heavy. But no sooner was it out, than Crespin put out

a pocket volume of poets, containing the Bucohc and
Gnomic poets, who had formed a part of Estienne's
'
Corpus ' (1569). Estienne replied by a pocket edition
of the Idyllic poets (1579). Vignon, Crespin's successor,
retorted in 1584 with a new edition of the book of 1569,
on cheaper paper. He solicited, and obtained, in an evil
hour, from Casaubon, a few pages of criticism to enliven
and recommend The rival books are, in
his volume.
externals, precisely alike. And, as Estienne flourished on
his title page Observationes Henrici Stephani in Theo-
'
critum,' Vignon has upon his Isaaci Hortiboni Theocri- '
ticarum lectionum libellus.' Henri Estienne, whose profits

on his Greek books were, to say the least, doubtful,
naturally resented the rivalry in his own domain, especially
if, as is almost always the case, to competition was added
underselling. But this was not the worst. Estienne had,
in each of his editions, given emendations of the text of
Theocritus. To correct over the irascible veteran's head
was and Casaubon felt it to be so. He tried
indiscreet,
to mitigate the storm by inscribing his Lectiones Theo- '
criticas to Estienne himself, and apologising most humbly

'
for their appearance at all. He had allowed Vignon to

'
28 ISAAC CASAVBON. [Seci-.
get a promise from him in an unguarded moment. He

had tried to be off it Vignon held him to
afterwards, but
his pledge. It was difficult for him even to glean after
Estienne's harvest. His poor production consisted merely
of notes jotted down some time before, for his own use,
and without any view to print.' '

Should you ever con-
descend to go through them, you will greatly oblige me
if you will mark all you disapprove with a red pencil.
Nothing will satisfy me, but what I find to be satisfactory

to you.' In later years Casaubon learned to estimate
better the value of Estienne's red pencil.' This abject
'
sentence disappeared from the dedication when it was

reprinted by Commelin in 1596.
Besides this offence, the youth of Florence and the
poverty of Casaubon were grounds on which the father
might justly disapprove the match. But he did not inter-
fere to prevent it, perhaps because he was occupied with
a suit on his own account. Immediately on the expiry
of his year's widowhood, April 24, 1586, Casaubon and
Florence Estienne were married, in S. Peter's, and on
May 9, Henri Estienne espoused his third wife, Abigail
Pouppart.
How tenderly Casaubon was attached to his wife is
evident throughout his diary. Even the moments of

impatience, consigned to the pages of that secret record,
may be taken to prove affection and general harmony.
He certainly complains bitterlyon one occasion of her
interrupting him*. But over and above Casaubon's con-
stitutional fretfulness, we must make allowance for the
irritability engendered by a life of hard reading against
time. Casaubon thought every moment lost in which

he was not acquiring knowledge. He resented intrusion
as a cruel injury. To take up his time was to rob him
of his only property. Casaubon's imagination was im-
'^
See note C in Appendix.
JI.] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 39
pressed in a painful degree with the truth of the dictum

'ars longa, vita brevis.' As though with a presentiment
that the end would come to him early, he struggles, all
through a life of harass, to have his time for himself.
To his wife struggling also, in her way, with the cares
of a large household and narrow means, he may naturally
have seemed at times apathetic to her difficulties, and
selfishly '
burying himself in his books.' This is the true
interpretation of the exceptional allusions in the diary.
Its general tone is that of true affection. When she is
away from him he writes to her by every post, and some-

times cannot give his attention to his books owing to the
pain he suffers at her absence. June 1599, '
curae domes-
ticae molestissimae et dolor ex uxoris absentia studia mea
impediverunt.' To-day I got two letters from my wife.
'
When will the day come that I shall see her again?'
Every illness of hers is recorded, and his time, of which
he is avaricious, is devoted to waiting upon her. Except
in being too prolific^, — they
had eighteen children, she —
proved an excellent scholar's wife, according to the model
which is still traditional in Germany. She did not enter
into her husband's pursuits, but she encouraged and
sustained his temper naturally given to despondency.
She is his '
steady partner in all his vexations,' ep. 750.
She relieves him of all domestic cares, so that, as he

complains to archbishop Spotswood, 'when she is absent
from him, he finds himself lost and helpless.^' She is
sure to find, if it can be found, a valuable volume belong-
ing to Lingelsheim because whatever she knows I have
'
at heart, she has at heart.' In 1613 he writes, 'Î know

by experience what a great help in our studies is an
agreeable and dearly-beloved wife.' There is something
1 Geneva mss. Reg. du pet. cons. 17 oct. 1595, f 184 ' Sur la n^cessitd de
. :
sa faraille qui s'augmente annuellement^ says the order in council, not without a
touch of humour.
2 Kp. 1047. ' Ep. 853.
touchingly simple in Florence's entry in the Ephemerides,

the solitary entry in her handwriting, February 23, 1601.
Casaubon had gone out of Paris for the night, to attend
the protestant worship, a journey not without risk from
the fanatical and ferocious cathohc mob of Paris. Mad^
Casaubon takes the volume and writes 'ce jour dit,
M. Casaubon a este absent, que Dieu garde, et moi, at
les nostres avec lui.' Her economical talent comes out in
the birthday present she brought her husband in 1604
a purse of more than 100 gold crowns, the saving of her
thrift out of their scanty income.
In other respects the connection with the Estienne
family brought with it nothing but vexation. Henri's
fortunes were brought to the lowest ebb, and that by
his own neglect. it was that
Florence's dower, whatever
was promised, remained unpaid at her father's death.
'^To hope to get my wife's dower paid by Estienne,'
Casaubon writes in 1596, would be to hope for water
'
from the rock.' Nor was it only loss of fortune that he

had to suffer. He had the mortification of seeing one,
who bore a name honoured through Christendom, and
who had achieved so much for learning, losing daily the
respect of others and his own, and lowering himself to
become a sycophant and a beggar at the doors of bishops
and princes. Estienne was a perfect dragon in the close
keeping of his books and mss. So far from marriage
with his daughter opening to Casaubon the father-in-law's
library, Casaubon was more rigidly excluded from it after
than before his marriage. Though Estienne was absent
—
on his wanderings for months even years— at a time
Casaubon never saw the inside of the library, except on
the one memorable occasion on which he and Florence
summoned courage to break it open. Speaking of a
new book of Camerarius, Casaubon writes to Bongars^
' Ep. loio. 8 Ep. 21.
"•] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 31
'Read it I have not seen it I have but it was in the

; ;
hands of Henri Estienne, who would not so much as

allow me to touch, much less read it, while he is every
day using, or abusing, my books as if they were his own/
Richard Thomson applied to Casaubon to get him the
loan of the ms. of Sextus Empiricus. The greek text
of Sextus was not yet printed in 1594, but Estienne had
a Florence transcript, which he had bought in Italy in
1555. Casaubon is obliged to reply to Thomson: 'ÂU
that have is yours. But the ms. of Empiricus belongs
I
to (Henri Estienne). You know the man and his

peculiarities. I have no influence with him whatever.
He seems to have entered into a conspiracy for his own

ruin. Indeed he is not here (Geneva) as your letter
assumes. For the last nine months he has been on his
wanderings about Germany, settling nowhere.' Casaubon
had been allowed the use of this greek Sextus, and
had quoted a long passage from it in the notes on Dio- '
genes,' 1593, brandishing it in the reader's eyes as '

noster
codex.' He is now driven to confess to Thomson, that
he had gone too far. It was not only not his, but he
could not even have the use of it.
It will surprise no proprietor of mss. that Estienne

should have been jealous of his treasures, and that he
should have preferred to retain the power of producing
the Editio princeps of Sextus Empiricus to himself In
our own day, Cardinal Mai wished to monopolise the
whole of the greek mss. in the Vatican. And Casaubon
was specially dangerous, as being ready and able to cor-
rect and pubUsh any greek he could lay his hands on.
Sylburgius knew this, and would not trust his transcript
t)f Scylax (then, 1594, unprinted) for an hour in his hands.
And the same instinct was latent in Casaubon himself.

At a later period when his own books and papers had
' Ep. la.
become he leaves the strictest orders, on sailing

valuable,
for England, that '^no one in the world be allowed to
touch or handle them.' And Casaubon exaggerates the
facts when he says Estienne would lend him no books.
Both in the Strabo and in the Athenaeus he derived
material assistance from collations which Henri Estienne
had made in Italy. His expression about the Strabo seems
indeed to intimate that it had been obtained with difficulty.
'^ Postquam codicem suum optime de literis meritus socer
Henricus Stephanus nobis concessit.'

But the regard and respect which Casaubon entertained
for the veteran, whose enthusiasm for greek learning
had been his ruin, was proof against Estienne's jealousy,
and, what he must have felt keenly, the old man's self-
exposure of garrulous senility through his press. Casau-
bon contributed to his editions, deteriorating from year
to year, to the Thucydides of 1588, the latin Dionysius
of the same year, the Plinius of 1591, and to the Diogenes
Laertius of 1593. He was jealously excluded from all
share in the text and translation, or from any control
of the contents of the volumes. What he gave was ex-
torted from his good nature, that the title page of a badly
edited book might be decorated by the name of Casaubon.
Anger was lost in pity. Gruter sends Casaubon his
Seneca, 1593, in which were some sharp reflections on
Estienne. Casaubon, who knew how just they were,
expostulates with Gruter. '^
There was but one draw-
back to the pleasure had
reading your book you
I in
—
know what. I could not but feel pain at your strictures
on one so nearly related to me. Believe me, my friend,
when I you only knew the man himself and
say that, if
his ways, even now you could not help loving him.'
All grievances were forgotten when the melancholy end
came in 1598. In lamenting the 'charissimum caput'
' Burney Mss. 367. p. 66 :
'
Personne du monde ne les manie ni touche.'
^ Comm. in Strab. p. 161. s
Ep. 979,
"•] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 33
in his diary,Casaubon was only thinking of the better

days of Henri's youth, and hopes that he himself may
imitate his father-in-law's unwearied industry in learning.
As his family increased, Casaubon began to feel the
pressure of distress. His wife's portion was not to be
had, and in the disturbed state of France it was impossible
to reahse his father's estate. Besides, the widow still
lived, and had to be provided for. Casaubon was obliged
to appeal to the council. The treasury of the republic
was in no better plight than that of its citizens.
But,
necessitous as they were, they did not refuse to help
Casaubon. October bonus of 300 florins
28, 1594, a
(genevese) voted 'âu sieur Isaac Casaubon qui sert
is
cette academie avec beaucoup d'honneur, qui est dans

la necessite, et qui se plaint de ne pouvoir vivre de ses
gages.' This indulgence to Casaubon must be ascribed,
not so much to personal esteem, as to the circumstance
that his classical lectures were the mainstay of the
academy. This we may from the general
infer not only
distress of the treasury, which must have precluded all
sentimental largesses, but from the fact that, two years
later, one of the law professors, Jacques Lect, was dis-
missed altogether. And Lect was a more considerable

person in the city than Casaubon, and was, at the time
that he was cashiered, member of the council. But he
was not indispensable. For he was one of two law pro-
fessors, and could, therefore, be regarded as a superfluity.
Lect remonstrated, pleading that he had embarked his
prospects in the career of law teacher, and had besides
hurt his fortune by buying the large quantity of books
which was necessary. But his appeal was in vain. We
may hazard the conjecture, though the historians are
silent, that there was a jealousy between the two gowns,
between church and law. At any rate we find that the
' Registre du conseil, Gr^nus, p. 76.
faculty of law was introduced into the academy, by the

council, in the teeth of a remonstrance from the pastors.
In this remonstrance they allege, amongst other objec-
tions to the study of law, '^that those, who apply them-
selves to this faculty, are for the most part of dissolute
habits, being young men of quality, whose humour would
not admit of their being subject to the discipline of this
church.' It may be that Lect was thus punished by the
ministers' party for opposition in the council, where an
able lawyer, '^gentil personage,' like Lect, might make
himself troublesome.
We may certainly infer from the fact of an augmenta-
tion being granted to Casaubon, at a moment when the
treasury was empty, that his means were confessedly
straitened. At the same time, it is difficult to reconcile
with his indigence his collection of books. The valuable
library he left at his death in 1614 must have been, in
great part, the acquisition of later years. Yet we know
that before 1597 he was in possession of a fund of books,
rich both as to number and selection. The handlist
which he made when he shipped his books for Mont-
peUier is preserved ^ They made thirteen bales, and
amount to 450 articles — not volumes. Many authors,
such as S. Augustine, fill several volumes folio. Not
a few Mss. are among them.
From Casaubon's commentaries we see that the style
of his work demanded nothing less than a complete col-
lection of the classical remains. He wants to found his
remarks, not on this or that passage, but on a complete
induction. It seems easy for Bentley* to say, Astypaltea '
of Crete does not once occur in ancient authors.' But

a lifetime is behind this negation. It is noticeable, how
early in his career Casaubon had begun to transcend
' Reg. du conseil, Grtnus, p. 46. = Scaligerana 2». p. 138.

' Adversaria, torn. 22. * Diss, upon Phalaris, Works, i. 368.
"•] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 35
the sphere of printed greek. In the '

Notes on Diogenes,'
aet. we find that he had managed to beg, borrow, or
25,
buy many anecdota— Polyaenus Photius; a fi-agment of ;
Theocritus a Theodoret De servandis affectibus,' lent

;
'
him by Pacius; Scholia on Euripides, given him by

Galesius^ It must not be supposed that Casaubon could
at this, or any time, buy ancient greek mss. What he
bought were transcripts made for sale. These were manu-
factured by Darmarius ^- Darmarius was one of the last
of the calligraphs, a race who long survived the invention
of printing. Darmarius—' homo Casaubon, graecus,' says
with a tinge of bitterness at the recollection of some of
his bargains— had, it should seem, access to the library
at Venice, and went about Europe to sell his copies.
His transcripts are no
de luxe,' Hke the produc-
'livres
tions of the pen of a Vergecio or a Rhosus true works —
of art, made to adorn the collections of princes and cardi-
nals. Darmarius' books are hasty transcripts, on poor
paper, of any inedita he could get hold of in Bessarion's
library. Casaubon may naturally have preferred, with
S. Jerome ^, correct books to ornamental books, but this
he did not get from Darmarius. The transcripts of
Darmarius do not make up for their want of external
beauty by accuracy of text; for the transcriber does
not seem to have known even the grammar of classical
greek. For these wretched copies he was able to extract
'Notae in Diogenem, pp. 3, 14, 16, 79 120.

'On Darmarius, see Ignatius Hardt, Prsefat. in Julii Pollucis Chronicon,
Monachii 1792. Hardt calls him Andreas Darmarius Epidaurius, and quotes
his own statement that he transcribed this Chronicon from a codex in the
'bibliotheca regia Hispana.' [See also Gardthausen, 'Griechische Palao-
graphie,' p. 312.]
^ S. Hieronym. prsef. in Job Habeant qui volunt veteres libros, vel in
:
'
membranis purpureis auro argentoque descriptos, vel uncialibus, ut vulgo aiunt,

litteris,onera magis exarata quam codices, dummodo mihi meisque permittant
pauperes habere schedulas, et non tam pulchros codices quam emendatos.'
Mindful of the precept of Plinius, fateri per quos profeceris,' I must confess to
'
owe this passage, so important for the history of palaeography, to Cobet's Varr.
Lectt. p. 5, note. Cobet derived it from Eckhel, Doctr. Numm. v. 4.
D2
sums For the Polysenus Casaubon had given

really vast.
a great sum — 'magno
£ere.' A Julius Africanus was sold
to him, by the same vendor, for 300 crowns, 'âlmost
its weight in silver.' But Polyaenus and Africanus were
not then in print, and Casaubon must have them. But
of his printed books many, the greek and hebrew espe-
cially,were not books to be found in the shops. Even
new books, though their prices seem to us low, were
not cheaper in relation to the means of subsistence, then
than now. And then, as now, if you wanted to make
a book come specially for yourself from a distance, you
were obliged to pay for it. We find Casaubon, in his
earhest correspondence, setting his friends to hunt for
books difficult to procure. In 1596, when Sylburgius'
library is to be sold at Heidelberg, Casaubon writes
to Commehn, '
if there is anything scarce in it ^ to secure
it, that it may
not get into hands that can do nothing
with it.' He
had commissioned the Genevan bookseller
to get him the Roman Septuagint of 1587, at any cost '
— quovis pretio.' When Richard Thomson was in Italy,

'
he offered to look out books for Casaubon 3. Casaubon

writes in reply * I need send you no list of desiderata.
'
My little stock of books is well known to you, and since

you were here, I have not acquired anything fresh. Be-
sides, knowing as I do your forwardness to do anything
for me, I cannot think of thus abusing your generosity.
However, if you should come across anything which I
have not seen, hebrew, greek, or latin, it will be very
welcome.' With the same independent feeling, he writes,
on another occasion, to Lambert Canter^ that he shall
only ask him to procure books, on the condition that
he (Casaubon) is to pay for them. Later, in 1608, we
^ Ep. S27Psene contra aurum.' ^n. Tact. p. 220, Sueton. p. 47, ed. 1611.
;
'
Ep. 1004
^ Si distrahatur Sylburgii supellex, et sit aliquid rari, id qu^so
:
'
vel tibi, vel mihi compara.'

» Burney mss. 366. p. 225. • Ep. 79, August 1596. « Ep. 881.
"•] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 37
find Biondi having a standing commission to send books

^
from Venice to Casaubon.

How the means of this outlay were obtained we do
not know, while he was at the same time supplicating
the council for bare subsistence. Some may have been
paid in kind. He
Commelin^ that he 'will settle"
tells
his debt to him either by exchanging books with him,

or in some other way.' Both publishers and authors
were always forward to send him copies of their learned
publications. But then this had to be met, either by a
return of copies of Casaubon's books, or by some service
e.g. Sebastian Henrici-Petri of Bale^ sends him two
copies of his second edition of Homer, one for the king,
and one for himself, but with the request that he would
get him a copyright privilege for France. Besides new
publications, presents of rarities were sometimes made
him by wealthy friends or patrons. He seems to have*
begged books of Canaye de Fresne, who responded to
the appeal with great liberality. Bongars, especially, is
thanked for various gifts,' some of which were books.

^ '
Thomson, though not wealthy, had sent him at least

three parcels of books before 1596. Loans of great value
were not seldom made him for the purposes of his various
editions. These loans either became by lapse of time
property, Casaubon being tacitly suffered to retain them,
or, if he were still intending to use them, were never
returned. Certain it is that, at his death, in 1614, many

such were found in his possession, and never reverted to
the owners. Among these may be identified a ms. Poly-
aenus which belonged to Bongars, having been a present

from the court physician, Superville. Hoeschel of Augs-
burg had lent a valuable ms. of the epitome of Athenaeus.
' Burney mss. 365. p. 285.

^ Ep. 81 : '
Contractum apud te ses alienum, vel pifiXla avrl fii0\ioiv rependens,
vel alia ratione expungam.'
2 Burney mss. 364. p. 250.
•*
Ep. 972. ^ Ep. 1008.
Hoeschel outlived Casaubon, but never got his Athenaeus

again, both it and the Polyaenus having been impounded,
for the king's library. Another ms. of Hoeschel's, an
Excerpta of Polybius, and another Polybius which had
been lent by de Mesmes, remained in England, and getting
into Selden's hands, became part of his collection by this
process of adhesion. The same account is probably to
be given of a ms. Porphyrius de Prosodia, which had
been part of Corbinelli's collection, and was found among
Casaubon's books at his death.
All these forms of supply were insufficient to feed his
reading. He writes to deNo want, and
Thou (1595),
' ^
I have many, is so sensibly felt by me as the want of

—
books books absolutely necessary for what I am writing.
The old martyrologies e.g. among others. And there
are other books which are indispensable for the elucida-
tion of antiquity, which I have not as yet been able to
procure here (Geneva), and perhaps never shall.'
On the whole we may conclude that Casaubon had
strained his narrow means in this one direction of ex-
pense. Pinched everywhere else, he spent all he could
save on books 2. Book-buying was to him not the indul-
gence of a taste or a passion, it was the acquisition of tools.
While mere bibliomania is insatiable, the books wanted
for a given investigation are an assignable quantity. At
the present day, when the book-trade is organised, a
collection complete enough to work with,
of classics,
may be made in no long time. But at the period of
which we write, when there were no advertisements, no
booksellers' catalogues, and hardly any booksellers (as
distinct from printers), this was not possible. Your only
means of knowing what new books were being published
was to attend the half-yearly fair at Frankfort. Even
1 Ep. 28.
Ep. 972
' Reculas psene omnes meas in aliis omne genus
'
:
libris absumsi.'
Ep. 225 He sold books he had read, to buy others with.
:
"] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 39
then you would only see the books of those printers

who attended the fair, and the stock they brought with
them. Each printer only troubled himself about the sale
of his own publications, and in very rare cases consented
to sell those of another firm. In 1595, Casaubon writes
to CommeHn at Heidelberg, 'Îf I ask you to send me
direct all that issues from your press, it is not, believe

me dearest Commelin, because I am unwilling to buy
them, but because I am unable. Our booksellers here
(Geneva) are a blind sort who don't care to bring back
(from Frankfort) what they think will not pay. I except
Favre, who is From him I
not so stupid as the rest. _
bought such of yours as I have got. You will have to

write to de Tournes (a genevan printer) to order him to
deliver me the Chrysostom, as he refuses to do so, till
he has your express commands.' From Rostock the
lawyer Hanniel writes to Scaliger (1607), 'Î have not
been lucky enough to see your Eusebius yet. The in-
I say greed, of our booksellers is
difference, or shall
such that they give themselves no trouble about good
books, but only think of their profits.'
Nor was the limitation of a private collection made
good, as in our day, by a great public library. It is true
that Geneva, even then, had a public which con-
library,
tained many valuable books. It was a legacy from

Bonivard. Here Casaubon found the Apuleius of 1469
and the Suetonius of 1470 and ; it is probable that it was
the possession of these books that determined him to

become the editor of those authors ^ But the collection,
though valuable, was small. Happy they,' writes Casau-

'
bon to Pithou, 'who enjoy such libraries as yours and

that of your brother. Here (Geneva) there is no one
who can assist me with the loan of so much as a single
' ' Burmann, Syll. 2. 743.

Ep. 44.
' On Casaubon's Suetonius, see F. A. Wolf in his preface to Suetonii Opera,
Leipzig, 1802.
old book. As for Estienne ... he guards his books as

the Indian griffins do their gold; he lets them go to
rack and ruin ; but what he has or what he has not got,
I am entirely ignorant ' (ep. 41). And again :
' ^ It has
been my ill-fortune not to be able to come by any books
but common ones. So that the learned should make
allowances for me, if in my writings they find no traces,
or but few, of that more recondite learning which is only

to be gathered from worm-eaten pages.' The expression
used here, 'blattarii libri,' would include both mss. and
early editions, of the importance of which in formmg a
textCasaubon had lately become aware. This cry for
more books was not the mere craving of a gluttonous
reader, but a demand for materials for projected works.
We shall therefore not be surprised to find this necessity
among the causes inducing him to leave Geneva ^
As illustrating Casaubon's circumstances, may be related
the episode of his acquaintance with Sir Henry Wotton.
On June 22, 1593, young Henry Wotton, then in his
twenty-fifth year, arrived at Geneva, in the course of a
prolonged tour which had been extended over Germany,
Austria, Italy, and Switzerland.
was rather a residenceIt
on the continent than a tour, for he was nine years absent

from England altogether, acquiring that knowledge of
foreign languages, which afterwards qualified him for the
Venetian embassy. At the time of his arrival at Geneva
he was poor and unknown. It so chanced that he took
up his lodging in the house of Casaubon, to whom he
was recommended by Richard Thomson. Wotton's first
impressions of Geneva are, though only a glimpse, a
graphic picture of its interior in those years.
Aug. 22, 1593, to Lord Zouch s.— Here ' I am placed, to
' Ep. 76.

" Cf. Ep. 980 :
' Nos, in
eo terrarum angulo positi, ubi scripta ejus generis
non facile reperiuntur, quaedam nulla diligentia consequi adhuc possumus.'
This was in 1594. 3 Reliquiae Wottoniana, p. 710.
"•] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 41
my very great contentment, in the house of Mr. Isaac

Casaubon, a person of sober condition among the French.
. Concerning news, your honour knows we are here
. .
rather scholars than politicians, and sooner good than

wise. Yet thus much I must say, that the state of the
town is undone with war, even in manners, for certainly
I have not seen worse temptations in Italy. Not to let
your honour be melancholy, I cannot abstain to tell you,
that since the dayes began to shorten, the women, before
seeming to have digested certain humors with walking,
do now shell hemp till an hour or two in the night, upon
the bankes (benches) in the street, and fires before them
made of those shales, a custom drawing with it many
pretty examples and opportunities. In short, it was three
days since forbidden with the sound of the trumpet ^
Some accuse the war, and lay the fault upon the Dutch
(Germans) as having brought into the town intemperance
and ebriety, and such other evils as follow them.'
Casaubon was charmed with his inmate. Wotton
according to Walton (Life) was 'of a choice shape, tall
of stature, and of a most persuasive behaviour, which was

so mixed with sweet discourse and civilities, as gained
him much love from all he entered
persons with whom
into an acquaintance.' Against such winning qualities
Casaubon was not proof, and allowed the gay English-
man to run in debt to him for part of his year's board
and lodging. The usual tariff for board and lodging was,
as we have seen, about ninety florins. Wotton, when at
Vienna, paid two florins a week for chamber, stove and '
table,' at which rate he reckoned that it cost him more

by ;^5 4s. yearly than it would cost a 'good careful
Ordinances or proclamations of the council were by ancient custom so made

'
known in the Swiss towns, Jussie, Levain, etc. p. 21 'A son trompette and
; ' ;
Gaullieur, Etudes sur la Typographic Genevoise, p. 96, quotes the Registre du

conseil, 9 mai, 1539 Arrets qu'on fasse publier a voix de trompe, que nul n'aye
r
'
a imprimer chose que soit sans hcence de Messieurs.'

. . .
4% ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect,
scholar in the universities of England.' If rhenish florins

are meant, this rate would be about £q.o sterling per
annum, of that day^. Wotton had no attendant with him,
and was in other respects very economical. Indeed he
had need to be so, if his whole fortune was the rent
charge of loo marks, which had been left him by his
father. Be this as it may, from failure of remittances,
he was not able to pay his bill when he wanted to leave.
The sum of 33 gold crowns would have been a serious
loss to Casaubon. But this was not the worst. Wotton
had prevailed on Casaubon to become surety for a much
larger sum, which he had borrowed from a banker, 124
gold crowns. And another creditor of Wotton's, who
had him a further sum of 106 crowns, being himself
lent
about to leave Geneva, came upon Casaubon to repay
him. Even the very horse, on which he had ridden
away, Wotton had taken on credit— Casaubon's credit
— and the dealer might come any day to Casaubon to be
paid. All was to be settled by remittances from Frank-
fort. The autumn fair came on, the merchants returned
from Frankfort, and there was not only no cash, but not
even a line from Wotton. Casaubon was in the depths
of despair. He could do nothing and think of nothing
but his loss. Two hundred and sixty-three crowns,
besides the horse It was impossible for him to raise
!
the sum. He wrote to Wotton in England, to Thomson,

to Scaliger to interest himself in his behalf with the
French ambassador at the Hague. It was Christmas
before Wotton paid. But he did so at last in full.
Though we may acquit Wotton of dishonesty, we must
condemn him for culpable neglect.
Poor as the provision made for Casaubon by the city
was, it was not compensated by leisure. Casaubon, in
' From Grynaeus' epistles (Norimb.

1720) we learn that the usual tariff at
Bale, at this period, in a professor's house, was 26 to 30 batzen per week. A
rhenish florin contained 21 batzen.
"•] GENEVA. 1578-1595. 43
these years, complains of poverty, he complains much

more of want of time. This complaint may seem incon-
sistent with the fact, that his statute only bound him to
eight hours a week But he had now added
of lecture.
latin to his greek lecturing, and for a time supplied the
place of the hebrew lecturer^. And it is probable that
he was driven by necessity to give private instruction,
or at least that he did so to the young men who lodged
in his house, or who came to Geneva, as many now began
to do, with special recommendation to him. And the
demand on his time^ occasioned by lectures must not be
measured by the hours of delivery, but by those of pre-
paration.
We have the means in our hands of measuring, with
some exactness, what the level of the greek and latin
classes at Geneva, in these years, was. Three, at least,
of Casaubon's published commentaries are, in substance,
reproductions of his courses dictated to his class at
Geneva. Of
Notes on Persius are of uncer-
these, the
tain date those on Theophrastus are not later than
;
1590 those on the second book of Suetonius are of 1592.

;
As the Notes on Diogenes Laertius give us the measure

of Casaubon's own acquirement set. 25, so these three
commentaries enable us to form a fair notion of what was
the character of the instruction expected, and given, in
the academy of Geneva in the closing years of the i6th
century ^ Not that the printed commentary is the lecture
as delivered. Casaubon's lectures were not written out,
they were extempore. But they were from the notes he
1 Ep.
879 Vixi annos 14 Genevse, professor primo Grascarum literarum,
:
'
deinde etiam Latinarum, aliquando etiam Hebraearum.' The Latin professor-'

'
ship is that which is called in the order in council, Geneva mss, Registre du pet.
cons. 22 nov. 1585, f". 160, Ung professeur en eloquence pour lire I'histoire.'
'
^ Ep. 972 : Docendi munere laboriosissimo fungor assidue.'

'
^ Schultze, Epp. inedd. p. 14 Olim cum Genevse essera et frequenti audi-

:
'
torio poetam ilium publice exponerem, id serio agebam, ut etiam rudiorum

rationem haberem. Hinc ilia KemoKo'îiimTa, quae doctos offendere non debent,
quia illis scripta non sunt.'
took into the class-room. These notes were chiefly refer-

ences to the relevant passages in other books. The same
nucleus of memoranda received a different development,
when the shape of a commentary for
written out in
readers,and when addressed orally to a class of pupils.
But the substance and character of the illustration re-
mained the same. Nor is it difficult in the commentary,
e.g. on Theophrastus, to pick out passages, the tone of
which stamps them as portions of a lecture. A lecturer
will not go where his class cannot follow. That Casaubon
did not, we know from the success and popularity of his
teaching. But we might infer it also from the different
character of some 'Notes on Aristophanes''- which are
the substance of a course delivered at Paris in 1601. In
that year Casaubon interpreted The Knights' to a circle
'
of friends in his own house^. Here we find the lecturer

judiciously adapting himself to an audience composed of
older persons, but manifestly less advanced in knowledge
of the language than the younger class, with whom he
had read Theophrastus ten years before at Geneva^.
Casaubon had been transferred, almost without interval,
from the bench of the learner to the chair of the teacher.
What he had learned under Portus, he was to teach to
others. We cannot suppose that he raised, at one stroke,
the standard of the whole school, or changed its character.
What he did, Portus must have been doing, though per-
haps not so thoroughly, before him.
Weighing all these facts, we can arrive at a tolerably
near estimate of the range and compass of classical in-
struction in the academy of Geneva. We find a width of
reading possessed by the teacher, and a level of philo-
logical curiosity assumed in the learner, which it would
' First printed by L. KUster in his Aristophanes, Amstel. 1710.

° Ephem. p. 384.
' Kuster accordingly finds the Notes 'non aeque elaboratae ac aha, quse
habemus, eruditissimi illius viri opera, prselectiones enim potius fuisse videntur
in tironum usum conscriptse.'
"•] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 45
not be easy to find surpassed in the most celebrated

lecture-rooms of our time. may safely affirm, that We
such teaching could neither have been given nor appre-
ciated without the most unremitting effort on the part
both of teacher and taught. Of himself the Professor has
told us, that it taxed all his energies to master the Roman
history of the first century, a. d., in a way which was
adequate to the demands of his class ^ The time de-
manded of the Professor, eight hours per week, is not
heavy; but his every hour was required to obtain the
mastery of the period, and the survey of the whole of the
authorities, without which he was not content to pro-
nounce an opinion on a single passage. He does not
content himself with the bare explanation of the text of
his author. He would grapple with all the difficulties
which emerge, not only in the text, but in the matter.
And these difficulties he will meet, not by retailing solu-
tions ready made by previous commentators; he offers
one founded on his own reading and comparison of
passages. And this comparison is not one instituted for
the particular occasion by inspection of an isolated text
or paragraph. The whole of each author is read and
possessed, and it is with this complete feeling, that the
citation required is brought up as illustration. The sense
of thoroughness, thus conveyed by a lecturer's method,
renders a wrong solution more valuable than a right
one arrived at by superficial reading, or taken upon the
authority of another expositor.
Besides the books already named, we find him taking
as his text-book, Arrianus' Diatribae, and Polybius. Poly-
bius was chosen with a view to catch the interest of
the military men. The lecturer went into the constitution
of the Roman army, and that portion of the text [De militia
'
Ded. in Sueton. :
'
In quo negotio ut ea fide versarer, quam et muneris raei
ratio postulabat, et alacritas honestissimorum adolescentium qui mihi assiduam
operam navabant . , .'
Romano) was printed separately in Greek and Latin by

Chouet in 1596. The Arrianus, as afterwards Persius,
was selected with a view to edification. The printed
commentaries on Persius retain traces of thismoral pur-
pose which had inspired the lecturer. It was a sentiment
which dominated the academy, nay, the state. It was
its moral intensity more than its pure orthodoxy, which
gave Geneva the lead of the calvinistic churches, and

caused its school to be sought from all parts. A few
years after Casaubon left, Valentin Andreas was struck
with the contrast between the religious earnestness of
Geneva, and the dogmatic scholasticism of German luther-
anism. Vice and luxury were here criminal offences ^.
Casaubon's lectures are coloured, without being cor-
rupted, by the same tone. He never shirks difficulties
under the cover of moral reflection. But he aims to
vivify classical literature, and to read a stoical book in
the spirit in which it was written. It becomes not a
mere grammatical amusement, but an education of charac-

ter for the young, an instruction in life and manners for
persons of all ages. The affinity which this temper felt
for stoical literature —for Arrianus, or Persius — is easily
understood. It is characteristic of Beza, the able nego-
tiator and man of affairs, that he should have recom-
mended Cicero's letters to Atticus as a text-book. And
when Casaubon wished to gratify his own antiquarian
taste by reading on Tertullianus De Pallio, the 'coetus
pastorum' vetoed the book, as unedifying. Though his
preferencewas for prose, the tragic poets were not omitted,
and Euripides was often in hand.
These are all the authors mentioned by name as having
been taken for text-books by Casaubon. But in the
course of fourteen years' professorship many others must
have had their turn. He can hardly have altogether
'
J. v. Andreas, Vita ab ipso conscripta, p. 24.
II.] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 47
ignored the requirements of his statute, which names

'Aristotle, Plato, or Plutarch' expressly as books for
Yet two inferences from this fragmen-
the greek reader.
seem to be warranted. First, that Casau-
tary information
bon dwelt more fondly on the historical, antiquarian,
and learned literature of Greece, than on the poets and
philosophers of the best period. Secondly, that there
did not exist in the academy of Geneva anything like
a prescribed curriculum of classical study, through which
each student must necessarily pass. Indeed if this fixed
'
cursus ' was not laid down in theology, as it was not,
it was much less likely that the literae humaniores should
have been methodised. The German universities even
seem, at this period, to have left their professors very
much to their own choice of subject, in the philosophical
faculty. Much more was this the case at Geneva, where
edification and piety were the first or sole concern.
Moral and religious discipline was severe, and rigidly
enforced ; intellectual discipline had not come into exist-
ence.
This latitude of choice, both as to text-book and as
to treatment, should have mitigated to Casaubon the griev-
ance of lecturing. For he could thus read before his
class the book on which he was employed himself.
Yet there were bounds to this freedom. First, it was
limited by the approbation of the 'coetus pastorum.'
The ministers exercised a strict surveillance over the
teaching, not only in the school, but in the academy.
When Casaubon proposed to lecture on Tertullianus
De Pallio, it was vetoed. A professor could not even
publish without first submitting his book to their censor-
ship. For^ leave to print his innocent Notes on Diogenes
1 Geneva mss. 12 f6vr. 1583, f". 25 ': M^ Isaac Casaubon, professeur, qui a
'
pr^sentd requeste tendant a luy permettre d'imprimer deux livres qu'il a com-
liber, qui ont
poses, I'ung intitule NotEe in Laertium, le second Observationum
este vus par M'. de Bfeze et M. Rotan, a est6 arrests qu'on
luy ouctroie sa
Laertius, Casaubon was compelled to get a special permit

from the council.
The was also obliged to have some regard
lecturer
to the students. There were, it is true, no examinations,
no curriculum, nor even any established authors imposed
by opinion. But then the greek class in the academy
was not compulsory, and it was necessary to carry your
hearers with you. The kind of books on which Casaubon
would have willingly worked himself were impossible.
Theocritus would have been vetoed by the censors
Athenseus would have been beyond the reach of the class.
Thus the work of editing and the work of lecturing
were incompatible. In the conflict between the two,
there could be no doubt that the former would ultimately
carry the day. Casaubon does not share the disgust
which Scaliger expressed for professorial teaching^. Even
in 1596 he declares himself^ ready to exert all his power '
to be of use to his auditors,' but his interest now centres

elsewhere. His ambition is fired. He has extended his
horizon beyond the class-room to the republic of letters.
He has found that he can write, on classical antiquity,
what attracts the attention of the learned what Scaliger ;
does not disdain. He is now wild with eagerness to

prefix his name to some edition of a capital work^. What
he has hitherto done is mere prelude, juvenile production,
hurried scribblement. What he has written, on Diogenes
requeste.' Why Casaubon was required to obtain an order for publication on
this occasion, I am unable to say.
does not appear that other Genevan
It
authors did so, nor did Casaubon do so for his later publications. The Obser- '
vationum liber,' which is said to have been submitted to the two ministers, was
never published, nor does any such ms. appear among the 'Adversaria.' Casaubon,
ep- 433> tells Bongars that he had kept back 'librum unum observationum nos-
trarum in sacros et ecclesiasticos scriptores.'
1 Scaligerana i". p. 18 Si vitam Josepho Scahgero Deus longiorem conces-
:
'
serit, nuUus auctor futurus est, primaries dico, quem non emendaturus sit ad id ;
enim aptus natus est, non a caqueter en chaire et pedanter.' The words, thus
reported by Vertunien, are doubtless those which Scaliger himself used.
^ Ep. 50 Vires ingenii contendere.'
:
'
' Ep. 74 :
• Insanus quidam Eestus rei literarise juvandas.'
II.] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 49
Laertius and Theocritus, is 'ôf that sort that he will not

acknowledge it for his.' The notes on the Gospels and
Acts 'were extorted from him by the publishers.' He
is more than usually emphatic in depreciating their value,
and in promising what he '
will do in the same field here-
after, if God shall give him leisure' (Notse in N. T. fin.).
The Strabo is '^no legitimate offspring of his, a mere

abortion.' He will show what he can do by attacking the
desperate chaos of the great storehouse of classical wit
and learning Athenaeus. —
This literary ardour was, however, liable to be checked
by a controlling religious sentiment, which was continually
pushing Casaubon in the direction of theological reading.
This divine instinct was ever suggesting the futility of
worldly knowledge, and the superior value of religious
studies. This impression may be traced to the early
years of the son of the Huguenot pastor who had to fly
to the hills in the Reign of Terror. When in 1583 Isaac
presented his literary first-born, the Observations on
Diogenes Laertius, to his father, and laid before him the
schemes of publication with which at twenty-four his
brain was teeming, the good man smiled, commended
his zeal for learning, but said, 'he had rather have a
single observation on the sacred volume than all the fine
things he was concocting ^.' And this was not altogether
the contempt of ignorance, the dictum of a man who
prizes the Bible, because he knows no other book. The
man who had emphatically recommended Strabo to his
son* as useful reading could not have been a mere
ignorant zealot.
The sentiment thus implanted in early life was nour-
ished by the atmosphere of Geneva. The pupil and
admirer of Beza, who thought life scarce tolerable away
from Beza's side^, was not likely to be allowed to regard
' ' M. Casaubon, Pietas, p. 98. * See

'
Ep. 4. Ep. II. p. 5.
' Ep. 114 :Vivendi omnes causas mihi periisse puto.'
'
classical learning as a worthy life-pursuit. Beyond again

these influences of early impression and later environ-
ment, religious awe was constitutional in Casaubon, and
connected with his depressed nervous organism. Hence
it was most potent in his seasons of illness. Such an
impulse came over him when, aet. 28, prostrated by the
tension of overwork, he abandoned the study of the law
and betook himself to theology. Law was left for ever;
but theology soon gave place to Strabo. Ten years later,
aet. 38, he writes to Sibrand Lubbert, professor of theo-

logy at Franequer, ^ You invite me to take up some
'
portion of the history of the' primitive church. How

willingly would I, if I might ! Believe me that if I have
hitherto lived for studies of another kind, it has been
chance, not choice, that has determined
it so. Yet I have
never so far forgotten myself as to form a deliberate
resolve of resigning myself to literature. Circumstances
forced me in early youth into
and I this line of reading,
have been kept dreaming on the rocks of the Sirens ever
since. So the best part of my life has been passed in
studies very different from what I should have chosen for
myself.' This is in September
1596, and he immediately
plunges into his greatest classical effort the edition of —
Athenaeus. While he is working at Athenaeus, he is
wishing, all the while, that he was reading the Fathers.
'Ôh! when day come,' sighs the diary of March
will the
13, 1598, 'when it shall be God's will that I shall have

done with this editing, and be free to give myself to better
studies.' In 1595 he writes to Bongars^ 'That learning
which was, in former days, my highest ambition, has now
small charms for me; amid all this public misery one's
mind requires somewhat on which it can stay and repose
' Ep. 77. 2 Ephem. p. 77.

Ep. 42 ' Ilia quam tantopere olim ambiimus noKvuliSfm
: . . . nunc
minus grata qu^rit enim animus,
; in his publicis miseriis aliud nescio quid, in
quo acquiescat.'
1I-] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 51
itself.' From the first there were in Casaubon two men,

the theologian and the scholar. He never rose to the
point of union, where theology falls into its place, as a
branch of learning. He was continually oscillating be-
tween the two, as rival, and incompatible, claimants. The
age, with its predominant theological interests, was too
much for him. After seeming for a while to emancipate
his mind, and give it undivided to classical research, we
shall see him, in his later years, falling back again into
the attitude of the vulgar theological polemic.
If we recall the situation of Geneva during the fourteen
years of Casaubon's professorate, we shall see, that this
highly charged devotional atmosphere was nourished, if
not created, by the pressure of external peril. Exposed

to the incessant assaults of a powerful neighbour, the city
was almost perpetually in a state of siege, and all its
able-bodied citizens were under arms. Its only hope of
support was from the Swiss confederation and the Pro- ;
testant cantons, secure themselves, seem to have looked

upon the struggles of Geneva with apathy. Grynaeus
writes calmly to a friend (October 26, 1586), '^Dom. Beza
makes many complaints of the public miseries and straits
of the city of Geneva.' The moral result on a generation,
growing up under such training, might well have been
military barbarism. But another counteracting influence
came into play. The aggression of the Duke of Savoy
was a war, not of ambition and aggrandisement, but of
religious passion. To root out heresy was the paramount
motive. The fury of the catholic exterminator encoun-
tered an equal religious exaltation in the calvinistic resist-
ance. '
Lord had not been on our side was the
If the '
heartfelt ejaculation of the Genevan citizen as he wit-

nessed the repeated and miraculous escapes of his
republic from treacherous surprise, or the constant
pressure of superior force. '^Whatever has been
1 Gryn. Epp. ep. 47. " Ep; 5.
E 2
52, ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
achieved against the enemy,' Casaubon writes in 1590,

'
has been done by God's own hand, which we have
seen, I may say, with our eyes.' Piety became not a
personal sentiment, but a pubhc creed. The moral force
thus inspired into that generation — Beza's generation
was more favourable to learning, than the external
security of the half-century which followed 1601. Learn-
ing was not encouraged by the administration as such,
but it was not interfered with. Under the literal (calvin-
istic) orthodoxy of the 17th century it became impossible
for it to exist. But as long as Beza lived, it received

toleration, if not respect. well be surprised,
' ^ You may
but so it is,' have enjoyed, through all,
says Casaubon, '
I
more leisure than ever I had, and I have divided my time

between the recension of the text of Aristotle, and looking
on at the wonders the Lord hath wrought for us.' The
enthusiasm of private study alternates with fits of dejec-
tion when the student looks on the world without. ' ^ You
have been rightly informed,' he tells Joachim Camerarius,
1594 ; I am deep in Athenaeus, and I hope my labour on
'
the edition will not be altogether in vain. But one's in-

dustry is sadly damped by the reflection how greek is
now neglected and despised.Looking to posterity, or

the next generation, what motive has one for devotion to
study?'
If it is the general law of nature that genius is evoked
and nourished by its environment, Casaubon is a singular
exception. Neither in Geneva, nor among his wider circle
of correspondents, if we except Scaliger, whom he only
came to know in 1594, had he
example, or encour-
rivalry,
agement. In Geneva nothing that could be called literary
interest existed. A
poor and starved seminary for pious
training ; a trading printing press for the sale of school-
books, and sermons; a theology not formal, but inter-
fused through every day's life and thinking. An armed
> Ep. s
5. 1590. Ep. 996.
11.] GENEVA. 1578-1596, 53
enemy crouched at their gates, watching his opportunity

for the death-spring; each day bringing news of some
fresh outrage on their corehgionists, in the countries
where the cathohc reaction was in its full tide. On this
ungenial soil, Casaubon developed out of his own instincts
the true idea of classical learning. Not an idea of scien-
tific philology as we conceive it, but that of a complete
mastery of the ancient world by exhaustive reading; a
reconstruction of Greek and Roman antiquity out of the
extant remains of the literature. Instead of wondering
that he allowed this ideal to be obscured to him by the
clouds of party polemics, what is surprising is that he
should ever have been able, an untaught and unfriended
man, struggling himself with chill penury, to rise to it.
The depreciation of his own performance, which was

one of Casaubon's mental habits, was founded on the dis-
paragement of secular knowledge in comparison of piety,
which was the intellectual atmosphere he had to breathe.
But was further connected with that oppression of
it
mind, which the infinity of knowledge lays upon its

votaries. The man of science is often drawn as stand-
ing on a proud pinnacle, from which he surveys his
conquests, and sees the universe, whose secret he has
wrested, spread at his feet. It is otherwise with the man
of learning. He may joy in pursuit, but he can never
exult in possession. The thought 'quantum est quod
nescimus '
— Heinsius' motto— keeps him not only humble,
but despondent. Even in science, some of the greatest
men have shared the sense of baffled endeavour. New-
ton's pebbles on the sea-shore are become proverbial.
La Place's dyingwords were, I'homme ne poursuit que
'
des chimeres.' But it is the scholar who is, more than

other investigators, subject to these periods of darkness
and gloom. The hopelessness of the task, which Casau-
bon had set himself, imparts a hurry and restlessness to
his day.
The constant complaint of want of time reiterated by

Casaubon in every preface, in his commentaries, in his
letters
— '
^ I am
I have hardly time to draw
so busy that
breath,' are not the mere apology for imperfection, hke
the in haste often added at the bottom of a bad letter.
'
'
They are indicative of a settled habit of mind. Casaubon

is oppressed not by hours of teaching, but by his own
studies. Research is infinite; it can never be finished.

The speculative philosopher, who has exhausted thought,
may sit with his head in the clouds, and feed himself on
contemplation. But the commentator on a classical
author can never make an end. He is never sure that
the very passage which would explain his difficulty may
not have escaped him. '
The author alludes,' Casaubon
notes on Diogenes Laertius, 'to a practice of that day,
which I do not remember
have seen noticed by any to
other author or annotatorl' But the allusion may turn
up. If he had but a little more time to read! Casaubon
is always ill at ease, unless he is acquiring, and acquisi-
tion does but give him a glimpse of the untravelled world

beyond. He will do better things in time, with more —
—
time that is the cry of these years of the Genevan pro-
fessorate. Bongars ventured to expostulate with him on
the shghtness of so many of the things he put his name
to. Casaubon is thankful for the reproof, and promises
in future ^ to digest with thorough
'
care and diligence
what I may prepare for editing.' But he is not cured.
In 1605 we hear :
' * I am so distracted with engagements
that I swear to you that
I print goes to press almost what
before have thought it out.'
I
His aim is always far ahead of his achievement. His

repeated engagement that he will some day do better is
an illusion. But it is not the illusion of presumption.
He grounds his confidence not on his own ability, but
' Ep. 14, 1594. 2 Note in Diog, p. 66.
= Ep. 18. 1594. 1 Ep. 457.
II.] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 55
on the hope of leisure— that leisure which is always pro-

mised, but never comes to the student. He knows the
limitation of his own talent. He tells Scaliger, '^The
disposition has never been wanting, but I have lacked all
helps, even the most indispensable. I have never had

time of my own. And I have no talent. I mean natural
gifts, not learning, if I may call that learning which is
possessed by men like me. Ambition is always impelling

me to greater aims, but the "frigidus circum praecordia
sanguis " paralyses me. I never take up your books, or
those of your great father, but I lay them down in despair
at my own progress, and resolve to adopt for my motto
Hence he is anxious for the good opinion of others

but only for that of those who are able to judge. All
writing, at least all publication, is an appeal to the verdict
of the competent. When Newton wrote (February 18,
1670), 'You have my leave to insert the solution of the

annuity problem in the " Philosophical Transactions," so
it be without my name
for I see not what there is
to it ;
desirable in public esteem, were I able to acquire and

maintain it,' it is not morbid temperament as De
'
'
Morgan ^ would call it. It is contempt for the unfounded

plaudits of the uninstructed, a contempt which implies
respect for the appreciation of experts. Towards the
close of his Genevan period, Casaubon is ever ready to
enlarge his circle of friends, yet not by making pro-
miscuous acquaintance, but by cultivating the hkeminded,
wherever they could be found. Before he left Geneva,
and before the publication of his Athenaeus, he was be-
coming known, not only by name, but personally, to the
reading world. The greek scholars who formed a select
company within the general body of the reading public,
had now their attention fixed on Casaubon as the rising

light, from which illumination was to be looked for. They
1
Ep. 17. 1594.
' Budget of Paradoxes, p. 456.
court his notice, or he seeks their acquaintance, by letter.
The area of his correspondence extends rapidly each

year. By-and-by his letters will come to constitute a new
demand on his time. In April 1590, he undertakes a
journey to the Frankfort fair, for the purpose of meeting
Lipsius. He is disappointed. Lipsius does not come
Casaubon is obliged to be content with writing to Lipsius
from Frankfort, to say that if he had leisure, he would go
all the way to Belgium to make his acquaintance.
Casaubon's earlier friends, so far as they were learned

—we should say literary, all literature was then learned
were among his colleagues in the academy. Among these
the first place is due to the venerable Beza. To the aged
Beza, by forty years his senior, Casaubon looked up as a
son to a parent. Years after Beza's death, Casaubon
writes to Prideaux (April 7, 1613) :
' ^ During the fourteen
years of my Genevan professorship, the whole company
of pastors and professors at Geneva regarded me, as they
still regard me, with sincere affection. To Beza, above
the rest, was I very dear, he treating me as his son, while
I respected him as a parent. Were I boastingly inclined,
I might boast of having been for so many years Beza's
colleague. But from him I learnt to think humbly of
myself, and if I have been able to do aught in letters
to ascribe all the glory to God.' Beza's time and thought
had, indeed, for many
years been absorbed by the public
affairs of the reformed churches or by those of his pas-
But Beza was a man of no vulgar learning.
toral office.
Though he had long relinquished the classics himself, he
knew the value of greek. Casaubon preservêd among his
papers two pages of conjectures on the text of Plutarch,
which had been given him by Beza, 'manus suae moni-
mentum,' as an autograph 2. Beza's own attainments ^
' Ep. 879. 2 Adversaria, torn. ii.

Though we must not adopt the exaggerating assertion of Dieterici, Antiq.
Bibl. prolegg p. i8, that Beza, before he began his notes on the N. T., had ' gone
through (evolverit) all the Greek authors, sacred and profane.'
"•] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 57
were considerable; he knew, what few did, how far

ScaHger's went beyond those of any other Hving man.
On Beza's death, Casaubon writes to Scaliger (November,
1605), I may tell you what I know, that in him you have
'
lost one of the few who know how rightly to esteem you.
I was seldom with him, but we spoke of you, and I do
not know if there was any one else in all that country,
except Beza, who thoroughly understood your position
in the repubhc of letters \' It is to Casaubon that we
owe one of the last gHmpses of the Genevan reformer^.
On a visit to Geneva in June 1603, he spent a day in the
company of Beza, then aged 84, who entertained him at
supper in the evening. Though his memory for the facts
of the day was gone, so that he could not remember that
Elizabeth had ceased to be Queen of England, yet when
the talk was of religion or theology, he spoke with all his
usual verve, and was ready to quote the words of the
New Testament, either in latin or in the original.
Of all Casaubon's Genevan friends— for his relation to
Beza was filial rather than friendly Lect was the dearest —
and most intimate. Jacques Lect was law professor till
poverty obliged the council to cashier him. He was of

Casaubon's own age, and no mere lawyer, but occupied
himself with the classics, at least in his leisure hours.
Thus, while his professorship was suspended, he pub-
Hshed an edition of "Symmachus^. In 1585 the council
» Ep. 479.
^ Ephem. 493p. Hoc die:
'
Beza etiam coena nos accepit, me, inquam,
. . . . . .
uxorem, amicissimum Pinaldum.

et Deus bone qui vir quse pietas quae ! ! !
doctrina !o vere magnum virum,' etc. Compare with L'Estoile, Registre-

journal, 25 aug. 1603 M. Casaubon, revenu de son voyage de Dauphine, ayant
:
'
passe par Geneve, me conta, qu'il y avoit vu M. de Beze, age pour le pr&ent de
85 ans, et qu'ayant long-tems communique avec lui, il n'y avoit apperfu aucune
diminution d'esprit et de memoire pour le regard de sa th6ologie et des bonnes
lettres; mais pour les affaires du monde, qu'il en avoit perdu du tout la me-
moire et la connoissance demandait a tout le monde comme se portait la reine
;
d'Angleterre ne lui avoit jamais pu persuader d'ecrire au roi d'Angleterre,

;
disant qu'il 6toit mort au monde, et qu'il lui falloit songer de mourir, et non
d'ecrire aux rois et aux reines.'
^ In 1587. See Symm. Epp. ded. :
'
Per id temporis dum a publica juris inter-
pretatione vaco.'
had voted him a gratuity of loo florins, '^vu le grand

norabre des Uvres qu'il est obHge d'avoir.' He was the
only man in Geneva who could give any sympathy to
Casaubon in his classical studies. When Casaubon re-
moved to Montpellier, Lect felt himself alone in his

native city^. 'Would we could be again together,
that
down, as we used writes Casaubon
!
and see the suns '
to him 8- My dearest wish is either to have you here

'
(Montpelher) or to be there (Geneva) with you, so that

we may spend together what remains of life. Without
you hfe to me is no hfe.'
With Pacius, the other law-professor, Casaubon was on
friendly but not intimate terms. Pacius was a reader and
editor of Aristotle, and Casaubon had been his pupil in
civil law and philosophy *. Pacius always impressed upon
his pupils the importance of classical reading, and in a
letter to Casaubon ^, regrets the tendency of the law stu-
dents to neglect the classics. '
I wish,' he writes, you had '
not quitted Montpellier before my arrival. I flatter myself
you never would have done so. Our professions, though

different, are allied, and aid each other.'
Next to his colleagues came his pupils, among whom a
few could value his vast acquirements, and none could be
insensible to his amiable and affectionate disposition.
Besides, the metropolis of Calvinism drew pilgrims, ' religi-
onis ergo,' from all the reformed countries. And travellers,

without religious objects, already began to take Geneva as
a desirable halting-place en route from Italy. Others,
' Registre du conseil, ap. GrSnus, 1585.
^ Burney mss. Dolens mcerensque vixi ego postquam sine te,
365, p. 52 :
'
;
mi Casaubone ... in hac solitudine.'

' Ep. 112 Utinam, mi Lecti, iterum utinam vel tu hie mecum, vel ego istic
:
'
tecum vitee quod superest degere, unaque soles, ut eramus soliti, condere
aliquando possimus.'
* [See supra, p. 9, note ''.j
' Burney mss. 365, p. 284 ' Ego humaniores istas literas, in quibus excel-
;
lis, plurimi facie, doleo autem plerosque studiosos vel aversari, vel negligere,
qui cum juri dent operam, quicquid . . . auctoritatis habeo, totum in id in-
sumpsissem ut tibi essent addicti, quod et ipsis et reipublicae utilissimum
arbitror.'
II.] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 59
who came not to Geneva, men of rank and influence, began

to offer him their friendship or their patronage.
Of these last the most distinguished were de Thou
(Thuanus), Bongars, and de Fresne. These three eminent
men served France in important diplomatic missions, and
the first two were devoted to ancient learning, and col-
lectors of greek books.
Jacques Auguste de Thou was the last, and most illus-
trious, example of those public men who were formed to

affairs upon the study of greek and roman history. Instead
of composing his memoirs, hke his contemporaries, in
French, he chose Latin, not because it was the language
of diplomacy, but because it alone was capable of classical
handling. Thrust into employment against his will, drag-
ged perpetually from the retirement he loved to undertake
difficult or dangerous negotiations, his heart was in his
library, and his historical work. The history of 'Thuanus

was long the manual of statesmen all over Europe. It is
now wholly neglected, even in the country of its author.
The cause of this neglect is not merely the language, a
difficulty which might have been overcome by translation.
It is because it is too minute. Even
and before
in 1733,
the revolution of '89 had opened a new and absorbing
page of history. Lord Carteret pointed to the extent of the
work as fatal to its popularity. Containing the history of

only sixty-four years, it has been calculated ^ that de Thou's
folios would require twelve months, at four hours a day,
for their perusal. The world has now too long a history
for us to afford time to know it ! Thus the very merit of
de Thou's Historia,' its completeness, is the cause of
'
its being left unread. De Thou was a catholic, but a

'politique,' and would gladly have secured Casaubon
for France, without attempting to convert him.
Jacques Bongars ^ was a calvinist, and a calvinist who
' Legendre, i. 56.
' [On Bongars see H. Hagen, '
Zur Geschichte der Philologie,' Berlin, 1879.]
6o TSAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
would not allow his faith to be tampered with, but he was

of the moderate school, who, under the cant name of
'
moyenneurs,' were odious to the zealots. Casaubon never
mentions Bongars, but he couples a reference to his piety' '
with praise of his love forletters. Bongars was much

reliedon by Henri iv. in his negotiations with South
Germany and the Swiss cantons, by reason of the thorough
knowledge he possessed of their affairs. He was chiefly
stationed at Strassburg, which, as the frontier city of the
empire, and at the same time a free town, was a convenient
post of observation for a French envoy. Bongars had
made Casaubon's acquaintance when he was on his hasty
visit to Frankfort in 1590, and was attracted at once by
his enthusiasm for learning, and by religious sympathy.

Bongars, hke de Thou, had prepared himself for a diplo-
matic career, by the study of the roman law and of the
classics. In 1581, when only in his twenty-third year, he
had published an edition of Justin, which earned for him
\'
from Niebuhr the praise of 'distinguished interpreter
The text, which Bongars constructed from a real collation
of Mss, however faulty, had remained untouched at the time
when Niebuhr spoke. But Bongars studied the classics
with the aims of a man of the world. He thus indicates
his early studies in a letter to a friend ^ : 'It is not the
travelled man only who has seen life ; he may be said to
have seen it too, who has made himself acquainted with
the revolutions of states, the geography of countries, and
the manners of different nations. This knowledge we may
acquire from the writings of historians. So, while you
linger in Italy to enjoy the conversation of learned men, its
I have been running over a great portion of the greek and

latin historians.' His letters, as giving the thread of the
South-German politics, were, though written by a protes-
tant, reprinted by permission of Louis xiv, for the use of
the Dauphin, but with characteristic omissions.
' Vortrage ub. alte Gesch. p. 13. ^ Bongars to Rose, 1581.
".] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 61
Neither the pressure of public employments, nor the

corrupting example of the French court, extinguished
Bongars' love for learning and learned books. In 1604 he
writes to a friend :
'
You will smile at my folly,— I, who
though a courtier, and not wealthy, when all are flocking
about the king, to get out of him what they can, turn my
back on it all, and post off into the country to waste my
substance in buying up worm-eaten books (i. e. at the sale
of Cujas' library). My court is paid to my
books oh ;
could I only sit down in quiet to enjoy them, I would not

envy either the Persians, or Sully, their wealth!' The
books which Bongars thus loved were nowhere collected
together, but were at his death found dispersed, like the
library of Richard Heber, in several places. As he was
liberal in lending them, many never returned to him at all.
So generous was he, to Casaubon in particular, that
Casaubon seems to have ceased to distinguish between
those books which were given, and those which were only
lent him. The British Museum now possesses more than
one of Bongars' greek mss., which passed to it along with
the other books of Casaubon which have found their
resting-place there.
Philip Canaye, the sieur de Fresne, had also been bred
up on the civil law and classical books. He had trans-
lated, into French, extracts from Aristotle's Organon
(Paris, 1589), a translation made, perhaps with Casaubon's
aid, at Lausanne, where he resided as representative of
the king of France. After being employed in various
negotiations by Henri iv, among others one in England
he was named president of the chambre mipartie
(1590),
'
in the Parlement of Languedoc, which sate at Castres.

At the conference of Fontainebleau (1600) he was con-
vinced by the arguments of Du Perron, or rather quali-
fied himself for the Venetian embassy, by declaring himself
a catholic.
These three personages, de Thou, Bongars, and de
6a ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
Fresne, were, along with Pierre PithoUj at this period,

Casaubon's most influential friends and well-wishers on
the French side. They made it their common object to
secure him for France. And it was through de Fresne's
influence that his removal to Montpellier was brought
about. Before we come to this event in his life we may
finish the survey of his circle of friends.
We
have said that some of the learned, or lovers of
learning, sought Casaubon's acquaintance by writing to
him directly, or by sending him a polite message through
a common friend. The acquaintance of others Casaubon
challenged, by writing to them to propose friendship.
This was not always a safe proceeding. Casaubon had, in
this way, solicited Leunclavius in a letter charged to the
muzzle with gratifying compliments. He ascertained that
the letter reached Leunclavius, and his irritation at get-
ting no response sharpened the language of some (other-
wise just) censure of Leunclavius' Dio Cassius (1592), as
Casaubon himself confesses, not without some remorse ^.
He was more successful in a quarter of much more
consequence. Casaubon must naturally have wished for
a word of approbation or encouragement from the dictator
of letters. But none came. Scaliger^ had been, 1593,
settled some months at Leyden, had bidden farewefl to
France, and seemed thus to be removed to a distance,
from which Casaubon could hardly hope to be visible to
his eye. After much hesitation Casaubon plucked up
courage to send a greeting to Scahger, by Richard
Thomson, the young m.a. of Clare hall, who was return-
ing to England, via Leyden. Having gone so far, he
'
Ep. 994.
" The
first mention of Casaubon by Scaliger is in a letter dated Nov. i6,
1588 (Larroque, p. 270) :Je n'ay rien veu de ce garcon dont m'escrivds
'
nommg Casaubonus, sauf q'un jeune homme venant de ce quartier la me dit

dernierement qu'il estoit professeur au dit lieu.' For Scaliger's commendation
of Casaubon, see Larroque, p. 302, note. [The reference is to Tamizey de
Larroque's Lettres In^dites de J. J. Scaliger,' Apen and Paris, 1879.]
'
II.] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 63
went a step further, and followed up his message by a

letter, in which he introduced himself in terms, which
were certainly humble, but not more so than became

their respective age and position. To the letter came no
answer. Casaubon began to feel the awkwardness of a
man who has made unacceptable advances, when Thom-
son, who was making some stay at Leyden, wrote to
inform him that his message had been graciously
accepted, and that the archcritic had uttered an emphatic
commendation of Casaubon. The Theophrastus had just
reached Leyden, and Scaliger, who may not have been
greatly struck with such of Casaubon's books as he had
previously seen, had instantly recognised the merits of this
commentary, replete with knowledge. Thomson further
hinted that the reason why Casaubon had never been
noticed before, was, that he had not sent Scaliger any
of his pubhcations. On the receipt of this message,
Casaubon wrote again, prostrating himself at the feet of
the prince of letters, in terms which we should call extra-
vagant, if they were not so obviously sincere. He apol-

ogised for not having offered any of his books, because
none of them had been worthy of Scaliger's notice. He
promised to send the Strabo (1587), but not till he had
gone through it again, and purged it of a few of its many
errors ^. This was March 4. Still no reply. On April 25,
Casaubon wrote again, announcing his being at work on
Suetonius, and asking help. The explanation came at last
in the course of the summer of '94. It had not been
disdain on Scaliger's part, it was simply non-delivery of

letters. Casaubon's letters had been so slow in reaching
Leyden, that the first two had been delivered together.
And Scaliger's reply to the two, though written at once,
had been entrusted Thomson to forward to Geneva, via
to
England. Scaliger's answer to Casaubon's third he had
given to Commelin, the Heidelberg publisher, who had

'
Ep. II : 'Ex raendis foedissimis quibus totus scatebat.'
64 ISAAC CASA [/SON. [Sect.
lost it along with a presentation copy of the Cyclometrica.

But when the Scaliger letter arrived, Casaubon must have
feltthat it was worth waiting for. Scaliger, who was con-
temptuous towards pretenders, and concealed his contempt
too little for his own peace, was no niggard of praise for
true learning. If he bestowed iiis praise rarely, it was
because he rarely had occasion. He must have under-
stood from Thomson, that Casaubon's dejected tempera-
ment and isolated position required encouragement. He
gave it in no measured terms. 'Casaubon was not to
suppose that his merits were now for the first time revealed
to ScaHger. Scaliger's eye had been on him long, and his
voice had never been wanting to proclaim them.' From
this time till Scaliger's death (1609) their correspondence
was uninterrupted. After the first exchange of letters in
1594 its tone becomes that of intimate friendship and
sympathy. They never met, yet esteem and sympathy
grew up into affection. Scaliger's last letter to Casaubon,
dated August 28, 1608, on his narrow escape from drown-
ing in the Seine, is an expression of heartfelt thankfulness
for the providential deliverance. Casaubon's entry in his
diary, when the news reaches Paris of Scaliger's death,
says, that he has lost '
the guide of his studies, the incom-
parable friend, the sweet patron of his life.' What other
men say to each other as complimentary forms of speech,
these two sincerely said of each other in private. Not in his
letters, but in his private journal, Scaliger is to Casaubon
'lumen literarum, saeculi nostri lampas, ornamentum unicum

Europae.' In more discriminating style, Scaliger always
spoke to his young friends of Casaubon as '
doctissimus.'
'
He is the greatest man we have now in greek. There I
yield the pas to him. I am his pupil ; Ihave a sense of
things, but not learning. Casaubon is the most learned
man now living. His latin style is excellent; terse, not
diffuse Italian latin. I keep all his letters ^'
' Scaligerana, 2\ p. 45.
".] GENEVA. 1578-1596. eî
Casaubon always regarded Scaliger as the 'author of

his reputation,' 'autorem famse\' Scaliger would have
gladly served his fortunes. As early as 1594 he began to
sound the feeling in Leyden about getting him invited
thither^. Theodore Dousa was being educated at Geneva,
and served as a channel of communication. Thomson, too,
coming fresh from the same place, might report, as Black-
burn did of Butler, that Casaubon was not dead but buried.
The idea, from whatever cause, was not taken up by the
curators of Leyden. Scaliger had not given Casaubon
any hint of his attempt to serve him. But Thomson had
not been so prudent. And though Casaubon did not
venture to hope for such an honour as a call to Leyden,
he began, from this time, to be restless, and to seek an
opportunity of getting away from Geneva. If Leyden
was beyond his reach, there remained the choice between
Germany and France. In Germany, Strassburg and
Tubingen were closed to him by their lutheran orthodoxy.
But there was Heidelberg to which he might aspire.
The university of Heidelberg was, at this time, enjoying
its golden age, too soon to be exchanged for the miseries
of the thirty years' war, in which the Palatinate had so
large a share. The elector, Frederick iv, 1592-1610, was
himself not without acquirements. Portus could write to
him in greek ^. Though fond of the vanities and amuse-
ments of a court, he took a lively interest in his university.
At fourteen he had acted the part of rector, and, when he
came to his majority, he continued occasionally to preside
at the acts and disputations. He had a pride in collecting
eminent men. Toleration indeed was not thought of A
profession of Calvinism was required of all who entered.
But Calvinism, intolerant as it was, was not so narrow, nor
had it so cramping an effect on the mind, as the contem-
porary lutheranism. At the neighbouring universities, on
' Scaligerana, s°. p. 47.
'^
Pithou to Seal. ep. 80.
'
Ap. Schelhorn, Vita Camer, p. 195.
either side the Rhine, theological disputationwas in full

vogue. At Strassburg the work of Sturm had been de-
stroyed, in a generation, by the lutheran preachers. At
Tubingen all heads were busy with the question of the
ubiquity of the body of Christ. At Heidelberg, the prin-
ciple of liberality was already germinating. Though
Pareus' Irenicum did not appear till 1615, it was the
'
'
expression of a tendency which had been growing up in

the university, for the previous twenty-five years. A
paternal, but economical, patronage of learning had created
a new interest. Science and learning were drawing to
themselves which were elsewhere wasted on theo-
talents,
logical controversy. Heidelberg could show, at one
moment, a list of names which might almost rival that of
Leyden, if Scaliger were excepted from the comparison.
Pareus, Pacius, Denis Godefroy, Freher, Gruterus, Smets,
Obsopoeus, Christmann, were among the professors;
Sylburg was librarian of the university, Schede (Melissus)
of the Palatine library, as yet unplundered of its manuscript
treasures.
Nothing could be more in the course of nature than
that Casaubon, a calvinist, and the rising greek scholar
of his generation, should have been thought of for Hei-
delberg. We must suppose that Casaubon had thought
of it for himself, when his uneasiness at Geneva had risen
to a point, which made him catch at a faint hint even of
a call to Franequer. In 1596 a place in the faculty of arts
at Heidelberg was actually vacant by the death of Pitho-
poeus in January of that year. Casaubon does not stir.
The place was
by iEmilius Portus (son of Casaubon's
filled
own teacher), a man much below Casaubon, both in the

repute and the reality of learning, and who has earned
from Bentley the title of ' homo futihssimus.' And Portus
was backed by Casaubon's patron,Canaye de Fresne, who
had before endeavoured to get him placed at Altdorf.
Denis Godefroy, who had formerly taught at Geneva, was
11.] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 67
called to Heidelberg in 1598 (or according to Hautz in

1600). Yet no trace, at this time, either of Casaubon
I find
seeking Heidelberg, or of his being sought for it. At a
later period ^ a chair was offered him there, but the time
was gone by. And he himself knew the attractions of
Heidelberg. He had visited it twice ^, en route to Frank-
fort, had made acquaintance with the men and manners.
, It is true, that the salaries at Heidelberg were on the most
economical scale. But then they were better than the

starvation pay of Geneva the necessaries of life were far
;
cheaper^, and there was the Palatine library to set against

the absolute dearth of books at Geneva.
One reason why Casaubon did not turn towards Hei-
delberg may have been that his wishes and hopes were
strongly directed towards the French side. Though a
native of Geneva, Casaubon was a Frenchman, and always
speaks of himself as such. Language, manners, and con-
nection all drew him that way. And about the very time
when his dissatisfaction with Geneva began, a prospect
was held out to him of removal, on advantageous terms,
into France.
His anxiety to get away from Geneva begins to
show itself in May 1594, and gradually becomes the
dominant feeling. The motive has been variously sought
by the biographers, in a constitutional fretfulness of
temperament, or in personal disagreement with his col-
leagues, or with the members of the government of

the republic.
This last supposition is founded upon Casaubon's many
bitter utterances against the authorities of Geneva. Ca-
saubon had, in his letters, brought so heavy charges of
dishonest dealing against his compatriots, that Grotius
thought* that Rivet, the editor of the letters, would not
venture, even in Holland, and in 1636, to print passages
1 1608. See Ephem. p. 571. ^ See note D in Appendix.
3
Ep. .52.
' Grot. Epp. App. ep. 37a.
F 2
68 ISAAC CASAVBON. [Sect,
which could be so Uttle to the taste of the Genevese

(' minus ad Genevalem stomachum'). But the transaction
which raised Casaubon's anger was of a date much
posterior to his quitting Geneva in 1596. That affair
was as follows. When Henri Estienne died in 1598,
Madame Casaubon's marriage portion was still unpaid.

When Casaubon proceeded to claim it, he found he was
only one among a number of creditors, of whom the
was Nicolas Leclerc, for 400 crowns. A judg-
principal
ment was obtained, and the estate of the intestate was
ordered to be realised for the settlement of his debts.
The widow of Henri had died shortly after her husband.
Leclerc obtained only 50 per cent, of his debt, viz. 200
crowns, but he retained ample security for the remaining
half. The other creditors likewise got a dividend, on
principal and interest. Madame Casaubon and the three
other surviving children of Henri claimed the residue.
But Casaubon got nothing. His claim was disallowed
by the Genevese tribunal on the ground of Robert
Estienne's will. This had provided that his printing
establishment should never be removed from Geneva
under penalty of forfeiture to the State. It was accord-
ingly decided that Casaubon's part of the liquidation
could not be removed from the city, but had lapsed to
the exchequer. Casaubon speaks of himself as having
'
lost 1300 crowns,' but this must be considered an excited
statement. He must mean that 1300 crowns was the
whole value of the estate of which he lost his share.
This is the ground for his passionate denunciations, in
his diary and letters, of the Genevese. Swindlers ras- ;
cally brigands; humbugging pharisees; diabolical hypo-

crites, with their mock piety! The intelligence reached
him at Paris in the autumn of 1607, and disturbed him
so as to distract him for weeks from his books. His
equanimity was gone for a time, and his day was en-
croached upon by the necessity of urging his remon-
"•] GENEVA. 1578-1596. . 69
strances at Geneva, or endeavouring to obtain redress

by the intervention of the French government.
This grievance, which did not arise till had then
1607,
nothing to do with his discontent at Geneva, which began
in 1594.
Nor was it mere love of change that instigated his
projects of removal. The cause is not obscure. It was
the pressure of positive evil. The disadvantages he
laboured under at Geneva may be shortly enumerated.
An insufficient salary i; high prices caused by the blockade
on the side of Savoy; the want of books; the want of
leisure. A minor evil was the narrow accommodation
of his apartments in the college, where his only study
looked upon the court, in which the boys of the school
disturbed him with their games during play hours. The
first of these evils it might be thought was remediable.
A small augmentation might have enabled him to exist.

But the republic was not only poor, but exhausted. And
letters were of small, rather of no, account in Geneva.
For the purposes of their academy, they did not want
anything so good as Casaubon. If Casaubon was valued
at all, it was only because he attracted pupils. Except
for this any young regent could do all the teaching
required. In Geneva there was no prospect for him in
the future, and even the present scanty stipend was not
secure. The council that had dismissed Lect might, any
day, tell Casaubon that they could pay him no longer.
He had exhausted the classical books he had been able
to procure his father-in-law's library was closed against
;
him. But the aid of books was indispensable if he was

to produce anything exhaustive of a subject. Above
all he sighed for leisure, and to be set free from the
drudgery of teaching. He would gladly have passed

the rest of his days at Geneva, were these difficulties
[' On Casaubon's salary at Geneva from 1590-1594, see note E in Appendix,
P- 75-]
;o ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
removable. But they were not. He must leave. When

he moves, it must be into France. Books, leisure,
necessaries— these are the conditions. Where can they

be found?
In 1594 a proposal was made to him from MontpelUer.
The conditions were not tempting. Montpelher was
almost as poor as Geneva, and the protestants in Langue-
doc were not more secure than those in Geneva. Sarrasin
and Bongars dissuade. Casaubon is wiUing, but refuses
in compliance with their advice. De Fresne, however,
who had secretly prompted the first offer, continues to
press the municipal council at Montpelher, and obtains
better terms'. In October, 1595, a formal request from
the city of Montpelher is made to the council of Geneva,
to send them, either on loan or permanently, Simon
Goulart and Isaac Casaubon Vtant pour conserver parmi
eux la pure et vraye religion, que pour instruire leur
jeunesse es lettres humaines.' The council refuse. The
two are 'men who cannot be done without' But the
principals had not been consulted in the transaction.
When they are told of it, they are found to be wilhng
to leave. Goulart, after some resistance, at last consents
to remain at Geneva^. But Casaubon will not. He can-
' De Fresne was instigating the municipality of MontpelUer. But behind

de Fresne was de Thou, who was the first person to urge the acquisition of
Casaubon for France. See ep. 785 :
'
Prime tibi venit in mentem traducendum
me esse in Galliam.'
^ Geneva Mss. Reg. du pet. cons. 15 octob. 1595, f". 183 : '. ont este
. .
venues lettres escrites a Mess"^'. par le Sieur des Fresnes en juin dernier, et
autres du 24 de 'f'''^
dernier par les consuls conseil et consistoire de la ville de
Montpelher, et de leur mandement, priant les favoriser de tant que de leur
accorder lesd. S'". Goulard et Casaubon, tant pour conserver parmi eux la pure
et vraye religion, que pour instruire leur jeunesse es lettres humaines, a este
arreste qu'on s'en excuse envers eux, par lettres, le plus doucement et honor-
ablement que faire se pourra sur la nScessite de tels personnages.'
' Geneva mss. Reg. du pet. cons. 17 octob. 1595, f". 184 '. led. Sr. : . .
Goulard aprfes quelque difBculte faite a finalement consenti de continuer icy sa

charge mais led. sieur Casaubon s'est tellement excuse sur la ndcessite de sa
;
famille, qui s'augmente annuellement, qu'il les a resolus de ne pouvoir plus

servir a si petits gages, ayant d'ailleurs des longtemps propose de faire un
"•] GENEVA. 1578-1596. 71
not maintain himself on his Genevan pay. But the Council

are in earnest. They are aware what profit and honour
'
the learning and renown of the sieur Casaubon confer

upon Geneva/ they will double his pay for this year, and
will do the same year by year. Only this last intention
is not to be made public, in order not to rouse the jealousy
of the other professors.

But it is now of no use. Casaubon wishes to visit his
mother; he has long designed a journey to MontpeUier
to see de Fresne. In short, he is determined to settle
in France. He has outgrown Geneva; he is become,
as was afterwards said of Madame de Stael :
'
trop grand
poisson pour notre lac;' he will migrate into more
spacious waters.
voiage aud. MontpeUier pour visiter sa mfere, prians les d. sr. ministres, que
Messeigneurs p^sent comme il honeur qu'aporte en ceste ville
faut le profit et
la doctrine et le renom dud. sieur Casaubon, pour y avoir tel esgard que de
raison, a estS arrests qu'on luy augmente ses gages pour ce coup de trois cent
florins, et qu'on advise de le gratifier d'an en an de mesme somme, sans neant-
raoins qu'on le luy die, afin d'eviter toute jalousie des autres professeurs.'
APPENDIX TO SECTION II.
Note A. p. 13.
While every university, almost every school, in Germany

has its history, there is no special monograph on the Academy
of Geneva. Materials are not wânting. Professor Cellerier
has traced an outline only of what might be vs^ritten Bulletin :
de la Society de I'Histoire protest, tome 4. M. Crottet has

printed a journal of one Merlin, who must have been a student
along with Isaac Casaubon. The accounts in the current lives
of Calvin are very loose and inexact, e. g. they mostly speak
of the academy' as distinct from the school.' But the statutes
' '
— —
'Leges' of 1559 call the whole institution 'Academia,' and
distinguish the lower section of it as gymnasium.' The con-
'
temporary writers generally speak of 'the schools,' 'les escholes.'

As to the number of the students, the number 1000 has estab-
lished itself, doubtless permanently, in the modern histories.
Henry, Leben Calvin's, 3. 391, 'more than a thousand daily,'
followed by Dyer, Life of Calvin, p. 459. The authority for
this figure is an anonymous letter, quoted in Sayous, Etudes,
I. 107, 'c'est merveille des auditeurs des le9ons de M. Calvin;
j'estime qu'ils sont journellement plus de mille.' But these are

the congregation who followed Calvin's doctrinal sermons, of
which he preached 2025. Stahelin, however, Johannes Calvin,
Leben, i. 494, will have '900 regular students,' 'nicht weniger
als neunhundert junge Manner,' a blunder apparently arising
from mistranslating Gaberel's 'cent neuf Gaberel, i. 338,
gives the number of students exactly, from the livre du rec- '
teur,' as 109, and distinguishes them from the auditors of Calvin,

whom he reckons at 800. The total number of scholars, includ-
ing the boys in the lower school, was 600 (Leges Academise,
APPENDIX TO SECT. II. 73
p. i). Beza Farel ap. Baum. Leben, &c. i. 519) says the
(to
' scholastici Lausanne, in 1558, were 'nearly 700.'
' at The
foreign students formed the larger part of the whole ; cf. Dos-
chius, Vita Hotoman. 'cum propter urbis et doctorum celebri-
:
tatem undique confluerent auditores, interque eos e Germania

aliquot adolescentes principum filii.' Tossanus, writing to
Hotoman, in 1586 (Hotoman. Epp. ep. 143), names, among the
German nobles, two Counts Witgenstein, Count Karl von
Ortemburg, with his tutor Theodor Clement. Cf. Goldasti,
Epp. p. 118. The existence of the academy was still precarious
in 1611, and it was occasionally subvented by the reformed
churches throughout France. M6m. et Corresp. de Du Plessis-
Mornay, 11. 296. sept. 1611: 'J'ai reprdsentd le m^rite de
vostre seigneurie, 6glise, et acad^mie la ndcessitd aussi a
;
laquelle tant de mis^rables affaires avaient reduict vostre ville ;
telle que vostre dicte academic, qui en faict une bonne partie,
estoit en danger de d6perir s'il n'y estoit d'ailleurs pourveu.'
Note B. p. 20.
Theevidence for this fact is three documents printed by

M. Th. Dufour, L'Intermed. 3. 81. i. The minute-book of a
notary, Jean Jovenon, preserved at Geneva, has, under date
24 aout, 1583, a contract of marriage between 'Spect. Isaac
Cazaubon, prof, en grec, fils de Spect. Arnault Casaubon,
ministre du saint evangile en I'eglise refformê de Crest et
Verre en Daulphinê d'une part, et honn. fille Marye Prolyot,
fille de feu honn. M. Pierre Prolyot, en son vivant maistre
chirurgien, et de Dame Jehanne Buret, de la ville de Bour-

deaux, habitant a Geneve, d'autre (part).' 2. The second
document is the Registre des ddces, in which the entry is

'
Marye, femme de Isac Casaubon, bourgeois, est morte d'une
apoplexie, ag6e d'environ 25 ans, ce 27 may, 1585, au collayge.'
3. Theregister of baptisms contains the entry of the baptism
of their daughter, called Jeanne, after Isaac's mother, 7 jan.
1585-
We must suppose that this daughter, Jeanne, died young, as
no mention, that I am aware of, is made of her anywhere in
Casaubon's papers. It must have been before 1598, as the

daughter born in that year received the name Jeanne. That
74 APPENDIX TO SECT. II.
there should have been no allusion to the first wife would not
have been surprising, as we have hardly any memoranda which

go back as far as 1585. But it is very probable, as M. Dufour
conjectures, that Cas. ep. 3, date August 23, 1585, where he
speaks of a great misfortune which has suddenly overtaken
him, is to be understood of his wife's death. The words are,
'
Dum discessum parat, ecce repentina calamitate, ceu fluctu
ille
decumano aliquo, ita totus obruor, ut omnem continue et scri-

bendi et aliud quidvis agendi curam omitterem. sic factum est,
ut ille ad vos sine meis literis rediret; ac nunc quoque quo-
minus pluribus ad te scribam, idem me casus tristissimus
impedit/
Note C. p. 28.
Ephemerides, p. 57. 9 kal. jan, 1597: 'Studium, non sine

dolore animi ob internam, et tibi, o Deus, notam caussam.
Domine, fateor maritam esse meam ut quae alleviationi et
ita
auxilio esse debet, sit interdum studiis nostris impedimento.
scis tamen, o Pater, quantam morositatem quo animo feram,

dum illud unice vereor, ne semel principium aliquod discordise
in utriusque mentem penetret.' Ibid, p. 41 Tu scis, mi :
'
Deus, mei doloris caussam domesticam. vel igitur medere huic

incommodo studiorum meorum, si ita placet, o Pater, aut ei
ferendo da vires.' Complaints of this sort, besides that they
are found only in the earlier pages of the diary, are greatly
overbalanced by the far more numerous passages which testify
not only to intense affection, but to helpless dependence on
Florence's watchful care ; e. g. ep. 603, to Cappell :
'
Quotidie
videtur dolor crescere, nunc utique absente uxore, in qua una
ex humanis rebus, curarum mearum est solatium ac levamen.'
Eph. p. 131 Deum O. M. supplex veneror regat uxorem
:
'
liberosque meos. non est ilia quidem dimidia pars animae mese,
sed tota quasi anima.'
Note D. p. 67.
There were two Germany. The first was in April,

visits to
1590. On Casaubon was at Frankfort and Heidel-
this occasion
berg. Ep. 5, to Theodore Canter, was written from Frankfort.
A letter to Lipsius (Burmann, Syll. i. 348) is dated 20 April,
o. s. 1590, from the shop of Le Preux, as he is on the point of
APPENDIX TO SECT. II. >]$
setting out for Heidelberg. This was the visit on which he

must have made the excerpta from the 'Fasti Siculi,' in the
Palatine library, spoken of ep. 252, and possibly inspected the
Palatine Athenaeus, which he afterwards obtained on loan,
ep. 229.
The second visit was in Jan.For this journey he
1593.
obtained leave of absence from the Council. Geneva mss. Reg.
du pet. cons. 15 decemb. 1592. fo.' 242 S"". Isaac Casaubon
:
'
. . .
ayant estd ordonng de luy bailler des gages aultant qu'a ung
de la ville, a estd raportd qu'il desire faire ung voyage j usque
a Francfort vers de Fresne, ayant promis de revenir au
M'.
service de la Seigneurie, arrests qu'on luy donne congg a ceste
condition.' Ded. of Suetonius to Canaye de Fresne, p. 2 'In :
Germaniam tuo accitu veni.' I do not find that he went further

than Strassburg. Adversaria, torn. 23 Itinere meo Ger-
:
'
manico.' Ibid. In Aristophane observata, 0800 iviipfpya, Argen-

:
'
tinae, a. d. kal. feb. 1593.'
[Note E. p. 69.
A letter from M. Thdophile Dufour to Mr. Pattison, dated

December 1874, communicates the following facts with regard
5,
to Casaubon's salary at Geneva. In 1590 he was in receipt of
500 florins (=1250 francs) a year, his lodging, with the presents
of corn and wine, making the whole sum up to 2500 francs or
£100. This was the same salary as that of the ministers. In
1592 (December 4) this sum was increased by an addition of
300 florins (750 francs) a year. In 1594 (28 October) a fresh
addition of 300 florins was made, which was made annual on
October 17, 1595. Evidemment,' adds M. Dufour, le Conseil
' '
faisait tout ce qu'il pouvait pour conserver Casaubon a notre

Academic.']
III.
MONTPELLIER.
159&— 1599-
MoNTPELLiER ^, during the sovereignty of the kings of
Majorca, had been a flourishing entrepot of commerce.
Nominally dependent, it had enjoyed real self-government,
and, as in the case of the free cities of the empire, this
independence had led to wealth. Incorporation with
France had begun its decline. It was a decaying town
before the wars of religion came, at the close of the i6th
century, to desolate Languedoc.
In 1596, the city, though saved by its fortifications from
the worst extremities, had lost its commerce in the troubles.
Though still the second city in Languedoc, its treasury
was empty, and in the general depreciation of property it
could scarcely support the weight of the general taxation.

The university, having no independent endowments, was
sharing the depression of the town. The university was
an old foundation, its medical school having existed long
beforeit received a charter by papal bull in 1289. It rose
upon the ruins of Cordova, destroyed by catholic fana-
' On the Academy of Montpellier, I have had recourse to Faucillon, ap.

MSmoires de I'academie des sciences de Montpellier, 3. 500 Germain, in Mem.
;
de la Soc. archSologique de Montp. for 1856, p. 247, seq. Hist, de la Commune

;
de Montpellier, 1851 ; Academia Monspeliensis a Jacobo Primirosio Mons-

peliensi et Oxoniensi doctore descripta, Oxon. 1631 Astruc, M^moires pour
;
servir a I'histoire de la Faculte de m^decine a Montpellier, Paris, 1867. A

paper in Mem. de I'Acad. d. Sciences de Montp. 1872, tome 5, p. 207, seq. by
M. Germain, with the promising title, Isaac Casaubon a Montpellier,' is com-
'
piled only from printed sources, and adds nothing to our information.
MONTPELLIER. 1596-1599. 77
ticism, to be the first medical school out of Italy. Padua

—where our Harvey was now (1598) following the lectures
of Fabricius ab Acquapendente, had, for a century, held
the first place. But the flourishing period of Montpellier
was now over. Its throngs of students had disappeared,
and the six regius readers of physic alone represented the
numerous readers and demonstrators of anatomy, whom
the fees of the students had once sufficed to maintain.
Yet the spirit of better days was not wholly lost in these
years of distress. The school of Montpellier was not
saved by its endowments. The salary of the royal readers
remained at its old figure, 50 livres —a mere nominal
stipend, even if it had been regularly paid. It was saved
by the tradition of science. Thirty years, a whole gener-

ation, of religious war,had not extinguished this tradition
in the medical school. As soon as the breathing time
came, after the accession of Henry iv, the old habits and
usages revived of themselves. The salaries of the pro-
fessors were raised, by royal ordinance, and the strict
requirements which had contributed to the former celebrity

of the school were spontaneously restored. These were
principally four.
The examinations for the degree of m.d. were more
severe than an3rwhere else, not only in France, but in
Europe, more severe even than Padua. First and last,
sixteen of them had to be passed before the doctor's hood
could be assumed. Numbers of students would come to
follow the lectures at Montpellier, and go away to get
the degree at other universities, where it could be had on

easier terms.
The was adhered to as the
old practice of disputation
form in which the exercises for degrees were chiefly
exacted, instead of the more convenient and otiose
practice of written thesis. Disputations were going on
most days week, so often indeed, as to leave scant
in the
time for lectures. In the course of a year there was
scarce any medical theorem but would be debated in
public, '
to the great profit of the students.'
The professorial chairs were awarded by competition.
An instance is recorded inwhich this was carried to an
unreasonable excess, when eleven candidates disputed a
chair for thirteen months, each maintaining twelve theses.
Lastly, besides the six salaried, or royal, readers the
old custom was not wholly disused that any doctor of
medicine might teach.
The consequence of this revival was, in a very few
years, the recovery of the celebrity of the school. A
throng of medical pupils from all nations was be found
to
there. Dr. Primrose, who studied at MontpelHer in the

early part of the 17th century, found there Spaniards,
Germans, Poles, Danes, Swedes, Swiss, and Scotch,
besides the French students. He himself was the only
Englishman though born and educated in France, he
:
was the son of Dr. Primrose, canon of Windsor. From

his notes the above account has been chiefly derived.
The faculty of Law was wholly provincial, and as there
was another faculty in exercise at Toulouse, it could at
best divide the province of Languedoc with its rival. But
the law schools, both of Toulouse and Montpellier, had
been reduced to the lowest condition during the troubles.
The rector of the university of Toulouse, in July 1598,
complains of the decay of the school: declares that it
cannot subsist much longer : that the youth of Languedoc

will have to be sent to other universities to get that legal
training which they cannot find at home and reminds :
his audience that Cujas and Gregoire would neither of

them stay to teach in their native town, because of the
miserable poverty of the stipends ^. The school of
' Mege, Hist, de Languedoc, Malenfont, in 1617 (in Cousin, Fragm.
4. 625.
Philos. 3. 79), reckons the number of persons who spoke latin in Toulouse at
6000. But far the larger part of these must have been monks and other eccle-
siastics.Richeome, Expost. Apol. p. 54, says that the number of students at
Toulouse had sunk to 300.
in.] MONTPELLIER. 1596-1599. 79
Montpellier was in no better condition. It had indeed

four royal or salaried regents of civil law. But during
the catholic reaction law was out of favour; the
civil
salary was and not made up by pupils' fees.
insignificant,
We are not surprised to hear that in 1590 there were only
two of these four readers remaining, and these threatening
to resign unless something were done for them.
The lowest place was held by the faculty of arts.
There had, indeed, from ancient times existed a school of
arts which was elevated into a faculty in the 15th century.
But while the medical and law faculties enjoyed, each of
them separately and independently of the other, the title
of a university,' and were governed by their own statutes,
'
the faculty of arts was only known as the Ecole-mage '
(majeure). It was not till a much later time (1723) that the
three faculties were incorporated into one university.

During the civil wars, the ecole-mage ceased to function.
The building in which it was held became a ruin, and the
commune was unable to pay the salary even of a single
regent. As soon as there began to be a prospect of a
settled government in the province, one of the first cares
of the consuls of Montpellier was the restoration of their
school. In 1594 they obtained a royal ordinance for
restoring the law readers, and augmenting their
civil
stipends to 300 livres. Two new professors were chosen

by public competition, and the faculty of law entered upon
a new and brilliant period. It only remained to place the
school of arts on a level with the two superior faculties.
The appointment of the regent in this school was in the
hands of the consuls. For MontpelHer, having become
almost entirely calvinist, had chasse its bishop, who had
hitherto exercised the function of chancellor of the uni-
versity. And though the parlement of Languedoc, sitting
at Toulouse, had arrogated to itself a right of interference
in the affairs of the university, it was not able to enforce
its claim upon a protestant population protected by their
8o ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
walls. The constant intercourse between the church of

Montpellier and that of Geneva might have naturally led
the consuls to fix upon Casaubon but they
their eyes ;
were besides prompted by de Fresne, who was bent upon

getting Casaubon into France. De Fresne, who was located
at Castres, worked through Ranchin. William Ranchin
was of an old legal family at MontpeUier. He had suc-
ceeded his father one of the regius readerships of law,
in
an office which he continued to hold after he was trans-

ferred (1601) to the 'chambre de I'edit,' performing the
duties of reader by deputy. He was a man of reputation
and weight, and is spoken of by Casaubon as doctis- '
simus,' and that in the private diary. In 1594, though

only 34 years of age, he was chosen first consul of his
native town, as his father had been before him, and his
brother became after him.
In that year (1594), and through Ranchin, came the first
proposal to Casaubon. The conditions are not stated, but
they were such that Casaubon rejected them at once, not
without expressing some surprise that de Fresne, so
much his friend, should have sanctioned such an offer.
We may conjecture that it was the precariousness of the

position that deterred Casaubon. For the regents in
medicine and law had a salary secured by patent, partly
upon the revenues of the university, and partly upon the
general taxes of Languedoc. Of the 300 livres— the
—
amount of the annual stipend a sixth part was charged
upon the university revenues, which consisted wholly in
fees, and was payable by the faculty the remainder was
;
secured on the gabelle, and was payable by the officers of

the revenue. Small as the stipend was, it was at any rate
a certainty. But the faculty of arts had no such resources
indeed the faculty had no existence for there were not
;
only no regents, but no graduates. It was necessary to

recreate the faculty, and to place its professor upon the
same permanent footing as those in the superior faculties.
A fresh application was made to the government of

Henry Notwithstanding the frightful anarchy of the
iv.
whole realm, the embarrassment of the finances, and the

foreign invasion on the northern frontier, the application
was immediately met. The restoration of the decayed
educational establishments was a primary object with the
council of state. At this very time a commission was
engaged in reforming the statutes of the university of
Paris. July 9, 1596, letters patent were issued, providing
for the restoration of the college which used to be at
Montpellier. The patent sets out the general views of
the government for the restoration of schools, and, pro-
ceeds ;
'
seeing that our city of Montpellier is the second
city of our province of Languedoc, that it hath in its
neighbourhood several and

other towns, boroughs,
villages, in the which a number of young persons, from
want of a college, occupy their time in unprofitable
courses to the damage of our state and further seeing ;
that there arrive and abide in the aforesaid city many

learned and sufficient personages, who continue of no use
to the public and without occupation, we ordain and
enjoin, &c.' The patent goes on to direct the consuls of
Montpellier to restore the school of arts, and to provide it
with a sufficient number of regents for instruction in the
liberal arts, humane letters, and the greek and latin
^
languages, such sort as to render youth capable of
' in
learning the other sciences.' The cost may be charged
on the gabelle, and an additional tax of 12 deniers on each
quintal of salt is specially affected to this service.
On the strength of this appropriation of funds, the
town-council of Montpellier proceeded to appoint a dele-
gacy of eight persons (octumviri) to prepare a scheme for
the college of Arts. As the school was to be mixed, the
' The letters patent are printed in Mdm. de la Soci^te archdologique de

Montp. I. 276. The deed of appointment of March 12, 1597, is printed in
appendix, note A, from the original in Bumey mss. 367. 12^.
commission was '

mipartie,' four protestants, and four
catholics, one of the calvinist ministers, Gigord, being a
member of it, but no catholic ecclesiastic. This commis-
sion having now an authorised position to offer, soon
concluded an arrangement with Casaubon. He was to

^
have the titles of '
conseiller du roi,' and ' professeur
stipendie aux langues et bonnes lettres.' The '
stipendie,'
though in writing to Scaliger ^ Casaubon omits it, signals
same rank with the medical and law
his position as of the
readers. He was
have 266 ecus, in money, with
to
lodging, fuel, and some other small perquisites in kind.
The 266 ecus were, twelve months later, raised to 1000
livres, nearly £tcx) sterling. '
Honestissimae conditiones,'
Casaubon calls these terms, implying that they were very
respectable, but not brilliant. They were at least a great
improvement upon Geneva. And he was besides promised
that he would find at Montpellier no lack of lovers of
classical letters, who were longing for the arrival of a
teacher, and who would welcome him with open arms.
Behind these positive advantages, there was a secret
suggestion which came from de Fresne, and which prob-
ably worked more powerfully than all the rest, a sug-
gestion of further promotion in the distance. What the
promotion might be, or what must be its indispensable
condition, were considerations too remote for immediate
computation. The libraries and book-resources of Paris
were all that Casaubon saw on the distant horizon.
He was allowed to depart from Geneva, where he had
represented classical learning as it never was represented
there before or since, without any effort to detain him,
without any recognition of his services. Goulart indeed
wrote to Scaliger that ^ notre escole est maigre, surtout
'
^ So the letters patent.This proves Casaubon's exactitude in writing to

Seal. ep. 117, where he calls his professorship 'linguarum et huraaniorum
literarum professio.'
^ Ep. 117.
* Ep. fran9. p. 265.
III.] MONTPELLIER. 1596-1599. 83
depuis le depart de Mons'. Casaubon, fort respecte, en

Languedoc' But Goulart was an exception. The public
opinion of Geneva, which did not care to retain him,
charged love of money as his motive. He wanted to '
raise his price upon his native city, which would show
him that it could do without him.' Casaubon's amiable
heart consented to ascribe these sneers only to the excess
of the love his friends bore him, making them unjust to
him. ^
What have
' I not tried,' he writes,
be allowed '
to
to be here! God is my have sought
witness that I
nothing more than such a small increase, as should allow

me to give all my mind to my studies, by setting me free
from anxiety about the means of life. Wealth I have
not desired ; but it was high time that I should at last
make some provision for myself, my wife, and children,
a provision which is denied me here.'
On September 23, 1596, he closed with the Montpellier
offer. On November 20 he obtained his conge from the
Genevan Council. At Lyon he took boat down the river,
and arrived at Montpellier on the last day of the year.
Casaubon's entry into Montpellier was a triumphant
procession. A mile beyond the gates he was met by a
cortege composed of his own friends, of the regents of the
faculties, and at their head more than one of the consuls
—
of the year, though not the first consul. A few months
later, when the bishop made his entry, none of the regents
would join the procession, not, as they said, on account

of religion, but because they would not yield the prece-
dence claimed by the juge-mage. Casaubon's welcome
was unanimous. He was conducted by this troop of
honour to the abode prepared for him. Several days were
spent in receiving the calls of ceremony or friendship.
But he was less impatient of this sacrifice of time, as it
seemed to him, because his books, which were to follow
him by water from Lyon, had not yet arrived. Seventy
^ Cas. epp. 109 and 115.
G 2
years later, Edward Browne, son of Sir Thomas, de-

scribed the population of MontpelHer as prepossessing
in their manner towards strangers. He writes (1664)
'This place is the most dehghtful of all France, being
seated upon a hill in by a people
sight of the sea, inhabited
the most handsome world the meanest of them
in the ;
going neatly drest every day, and their carriage so free,

that the merest stranger hath acquaintance with those of
the best rank of the town immediately.' In 1597, just
emerging from the passions and sufferings of a religious
war, there may Yet we find
well have been less
civility.
a hint in Casaubon's letters that he felt he was no longer

in the rigid atmosphere of Geneva. Though he declares ^
that this church is indeed flourishing in piety and good
'
works if any is so in France,' yet he writes to Beza, My '
wife, I assure you, arranges her life in such a way that all
may easily see that she was born at Geneva, and brought
up in the church there. ^ The style of living is very
different here.'
What gratifies him more than the attentions paid him, is
the discovery that the city furnished no small number of

men with a taste for classical letters. True, civil disorder
and religious exaltation had been unfavourable to study,
and the standard of attainment might not be generally
high. But the professional study of medicine and law
was not then pursued in the technical spirit in which it is
now. The study of medicine included the reading of
Hippocrates and Galen, in a latin version, even if not in
the original greek. Where a civil lawyer is, there the
traditions of the Roman empire can never be wholly
extinguished. In the question which divided the legal
profession at this time, viz. whether a lawyer should be
"^
Ap. Sir Thos. Browne, Works, i. 70. The reader of Rabelais will recall
Pantagruel's experience of Montpellier, Pantag. a. 5 : '
Oil il trouva fort bons
vins de Mirevaulx, et joyeuse compagnie.'
" Ep. 134.
' Ep. 114 :
' Nam hie quidem aliter vivitur.'
I"-] MONTPELLIER. 1596-1599. 85
liberally or professionally educated, the bar at Montpellier

was on the side of liberality as against the Bartholists.
At Geneva, what zeal there was was all theological. Beza
had not ceased to value classics, but had ceased to read
them. The Genevese had let Pacius and Hotoman go,
and Lect, having no pupils and no salary any longer, had
gone in for council business. At Montpellier, Casaubon
is delighted to find not only a number of students desirous
to learn, but public officers, civil servants, practising
^
lawyers, ' taking an interest in our literature.' ^ '
Here we
have to do not with boys, no, not with youths, but with
men of mature age.' There is no allusion to the clerical
order as furnishing aspirants of classical studies. The
catholic clergy were engaged in a struggle for existence,
the bishop being altogether excluded from the town, and
they being allowed only one church, la canourge,' for the '
catholic culte ^. When the bishop did succeed in edging

himself into the November
of this year, and before
city, in
he was formally restored by the Edict of Nantes, he was

on terms of civility with Casaubon. Guitard de Ratte
was not altogether without a taste for letters, and had
books dedicated to him, but by men of a bad stamp, e.g.
Theodorus MarciUus, and John a Wouveren. The cal-
vinist ministers of Montpellier, however respectable for
their piety, had as little taste for secular learning as those
of Geneva. Jean Gigord was the principal pastor, and is
called by Casaubon '*a genuine theologian.' He lectured
on theology in the calvinist provincial seminary. And the
synod of Languedoc, which had met at Montpellier in the
preceding August, had voted him a small sum for the for-
mation of a library^. But the books were theological.
' Ep. Ill : ' Nostrarum literarum percupidi.' ^ Ep. 123.
^ M^m. de I'Acad. des Sciences de Montp. 3.
* 'yvijaios theologus,' Ephem. p. 130.
' Gigord writes to Casaubon to lay out part of his money for him at Geneva.
Burney mss. 376. p. 125 Je vous prie sur tout de me faire reconvrer les livres,
:
'
desquels vous verrez le roUe et aviser au prix.' Even the ordi:i:'i'y theological
books were not to be got at Montpellier.
Gigord was also one of the eight members of the board of

studies. But he was there to represent the church, not
learning. It would have been thought an impropriety in
a minister of the reformed churches to have been known

to devote any part of his time to secular studies. His
attitude towards them differed from that of the catholic
priest, secular or regular. The priest of this generation
feared and hated learning. The reformed minister
approved it for others, as education, as discipline, but
would have been ashamed to have owned to it himself.
In the course of the next century the tide began to turn
the education of the French priest improved, that of the
average pastor deteriorated. To this contrast certainly
eminent exceptions can be at once quoted. Even in
Casaubon's time, 1597, the other ministers at Montpellier
were of a grade of intellect below Gigord. Casaubon

tells us of a young minister, he does not name him, who
^
inveighed in his sermon against the practice of those

preachers, who uncovered the head whenever they had
occasion to mention the divine name. On coming out
of church, Casaubon ventured to tell the youth that
this was the practice of all the reformed churches in
Germany and Switzerland to which the young zealot
;
replied that he anathematised all those churches.'

'
He '
was one of those,' observes Casaubon, who believe them- '
selves gifted with all wisdom and all knowledge to begin

with.' Such men of the true puritan stamp, divinely en-
lightened, contemners of human learning, might be found
among the ministers of that day. But the management of
the reformed churches was in better hands. Literature
was respected. But the respect paid it was made up
mainly of a sense of its utility in controversy, in a less
degree of a perception, never wholly wanting, of its intrinsic
worth. Casaubon, though not an official deputy, was
invited to be present, as '
amicus curiae,' at the national
' Ephem. pp. 120. 113.
synod held at Montpellier in August, 1598. The ministers

patronised or tolerated him. He did not even assume to
be on equal terms. He writes in 1597 to the synod of
Sauve, excusing himself from attending on account of
illness, but begging the 'fathers' to direct his humble
services to the benefit of the church, and assuring them

that it was his particular wish -to be of use to the students
of theology, i.e. in the calvinist
seminary at MontpelHer^
He once went so far as to say^ but this was to Beza —
after proposing his own interpretation of Matth. 28. 17,
'
but be assured that I shall finally acquiesce in that mean-
ing which you shall decide to be the true meaning.'
That the friends found at Montpellier were numerous, is
evident from the diary, where their visits are recorded, and
lamented. But the names are seldom given. Only three
recur often for mention : W. Ranchin, already spoken of ;
who published Dioscorides

Sarrasin, a medical professor,
in 1598; and Canaye de Fresne, who lived not at Mont-
pellier, but at Carcassonne. To him Casaubon paid his
through the storms and snows of January, and
first visit,
took his advice as to the character he should impress upon

his teaching.
It was on his return from this visit to de Fresne that he
began the Ephemerides.' On his 38th birthday, being

'
February 18 (=8), 1597, he resolved, as many literary men

have resolved, to keep a diary. But he continued to keep
it with the same perseverance which he carried into every-
thing, daily, till within a fortnight of his death in 1614. It
is literally '
nulla dies sine linea.' I recollect but one
other example of such regularity, that of Joseph Priestley,
who began keep a diary of his studies, set. 22, and con-
to
tinued it till within three or four days of his death, set. 71.
Casaubon never omitted in his many illnesses, hardly on
his various journeys, a single day. When he travels, the
current volume accompanies him upon the sumpter-horse,
1 Ep. 136. ^ Ep. 131.
88 ISAAC CASAUBON, [Sect.
and he makes a note, however brief, of the spent day, in

ink, which he takes also with him. On one occasion,
having left it behind him, when he went out of Paris for
the night, his wife makes the entry in his stead 23 fev. :
'
1601 : ce jour dit M. Casaubon a este absent, que Dieu

garde, et moi, et les nostres avec lui, Amen.' The
daughter of Henri Estienne had forgotten the latin once
so familiar in her grandfather's house, and she makes her
entry in the vernacular^. Casaubon himself employs
uniformlylatin, but thickly interspersed with greek words,
even occasionally with greek sentences. He could ex-

press himself with almost equal facility in the one
language as in the other. He was once asked by a Greek,
who professed to be a descendant of Lascaris, to turn a
petition for him from latin into greek. He did it at once,
off hand ^. He never required a lexicon ^. Cardinal du
Perron, the earliest French pulpit orator, said of him,
*
' When
Casaubon talks french, he talks like a peasant
but when latin, he speaks it like his mother tongue. He
has neglected the one, and thrown all his mind into the
other.' The latin of Casaubon in his diary, and his letters,
is the latin of a master of the language in its resources
and its idiom. But it is wanting in character, and though
far above the vapid theme-latin of the Ciceronian imi-
tators, it has not the verve and pungency of Scaliger's
style.
The Ephemerides extend from February 18, 1597, to

June 16, 1614. On July i, 1614, Casaubon died. A
journal so regular is rarely written, and, when written, is
too often lost to history through the jealousy or weakness

of relatives or executors. In Priestley's case the diary
' Isaac's letters to Mad". Casaubon are

always in french. On one occasion
she opened a letter from her son John, which arrived in Isaac's absence, and
could not read it because it was in latin. Ep. 757 Quas ilia pro sue jure
:
'
aperuerat, sed, quia latine erant scripts, parum intellexerat.'

2 Eph. p. 228. 3 Scaligerana a». p. 45.
* Perroniana, p. 128.
shared the fate of

all his collections, and became the
victim of the savages of one of our great cities. owe We

the preservation of this precious record of the seventeenth
century to the piety of Mad^ Casaubon and her son
Meric. Meric, who was prebendary of Canterbury, de-
posited, before his death in 1671, in the chapter library
of that cathedral, the six fasciculi which he had inherited.
For of seven volumes which Isaac had written, one, the
fourth, containing the entries of three years and six
months, viz. from January i, 1604, to July 21, 1607, was
lost, what period is not known ^ The ms. had been

at
consulted where it was deposited by various persons.
Batteley, archdeacon and prebendary of Canterbury,
supplied a copy of the material parts of the Ephemerides
to Janssen Van Almeloveen, who used them in writing the
'Vita Casauboni,' which he prefixed to his magnificent
edition of the letters. At last, Dr. Russell, another pre-
bendary of Canterbury, transcribed the whole ms. and
prevailed upon the managers of the Clarendon press to
print it, in the year 1850. The faithful accuracy of an
editor who religiously gave every word of his ms, where
there was so much temptation to excerpt, deserves com-
memoration. In other respects, Dr. Russell fulfilled none
of the duties of editor. He did not explain one of the
many difficulties, or clear up a single obscurity in the
names mentioned, or the facts alluded to, by the diarist.
He did far less for Casaubon's memory than Almeloveen,
the Dutch editor of the letters, had done 150 years
before.
No form of autobiography is calculated to be more
' Adversaria, torn. 22, has an entry written by James Casaubon at Marie's
dictation, Jan. 9, 1639 ' Ephemerides ab anno vitae 39 incipiente, qui erat a
:
Christo 1597, sunt omnino sex scapi separatim, aut tot saltern penes me sunt,
nam deest quartus, qui tempus annorum 4 ab a.d. 1603 usque ad 1607 com-
plectebatur. Jam et ante statim a patris obitu desideratum fuisse scapum unum,
Joannis epistola super ea re ad
testis est fratris me scripta matris nomine,haud
multo post adventum meum Oxoniam.'
popular than a private journal. But the interest of

Casaubon's Ephemerides suffers a heavy abatement from
three causes. First, it is written in latin; secondly, it
does not concern itself with events of public interest ; and

lastly, it is surcharged with the language of devotion.
A scholar's life is seldom one of incident, and his annals

can have little else to tell than what he reads and writes.
Casaubon records what he read day by day, but does not
mix remarks of his own upon it. These were reserved
for the margins, or blank leaves, of his books, or thrown
upon loose sheets of paper without order. Sixty volumes
of such Adversaria are still kept in existence, which have
been made by binding these sheets together. In a few
instances he has extracted into the Ephemerides a passage
which struck him, and which he wished to dwell upon,
sometimes in greek, occasionally a hebrew text. Such
extracts have mostly a devout, not a philological, purpose.
He does not, like Fynes Clinton, record how many pages,
but how many hours, he read. Besides this timekeeping
of the daily task, the journal notices, but with great
brevity, and as secondary matter, his family affairs, visits,
journeys, letters, conversations, descending even to his
expenditure, — all indicated with the brevity of a time-
saving man, so that an 8vo page of print seldom contains
less than three days, often a week or more. Public events
are Httle noticed, the chief exception being the Fontaine-
bleau conference, which fills seven pages. The assassi-
nation of Henry memorable occurrence of the
iv, the most
period, scarcely takes a page, and that contains no parti-
culars, but is a commonplace lament and prayer on the
occasion. His wife's confinement takes two pages, but
with the same proportion of prayer and thanksgiving. Of
the whole diary it may be computed that no less than one
third is occupied with these Utanies. That such pious
aspirations should continually ascend to heaven, from the
devout soul of Casaubon, can be no matter of regret.
But must be permitted us to wish that he had not

it
thought it necessary to write them down, and so fill his
pages with mere repetition, to the exclusion of more inter-

esting matters. One observation may be made on the
outpourings of prayer and praise. They attest the pure
and simple-minded character of the man. Here is no taint
of cant ; not the faintest suggestion of that unsoundness
or insincerity which seldom fails to attend the pubHc
parade of the language of devotion. We feel that we have
surprised Casaubon on his knees alone in his closet. He
does not write so, not even in his most familiar letters
he did not talk so in his ordinary conversation. Nothing
but a heart overflowing with rehgious feeling could have
prompted a passionate student, so jealous of his moments,
to write and re-write the refrain of the same ejaculation.
If we are tempted to turn away from Casaubon's journal
in disappointment at its barrenness of events, we must
remember that it was undertaken by him with one special
object in view. It was not written, like the contemporary
'
Registre-journal ' of Pierre Lestoile, for the instruction of
posterity ; not even of his own family. Casaubon had no
autobiographical purpose in view. He thus states his
^
own motive in opening the diary. The expenditure of
'
time being the most costly of all those we make, and con-
sidering the truth of what is said by the latin stoic that
"there is one reputable kind of avarice, viz. to be ava-

ricious of our time," I have this day resolved to begin this
record of my time, in order that I may have by me an
account of my spending so precious a commodity. Thus,
when I look back, if any of it hath been well laid out, I
may and give almighty God thanks for his grace
rejoice
if again any of it hath been idle or ill spent, I may be
aware thereof, and know my fault or misfortune therein.'

This purpose of noting how the time goes is the para-
mount purpose of the Ephemerides. If we find them
' Ephem. p. i.
more barren of events than we could wish, we must call

to mind that they were not destined to be a record of
events, but a register of time. Casaubon anxiously com-
pares the hours spent in his study with those bestowed
on any other occupation. Unless the first greatly pre-
ponderate, he is unhappy. When the claims of business
or society have taken up any considerable part of the day,
his outcries are those of a man who is being robbed;
When he has read continuously a whole day, from early
morning till late at night, noctem addens operi,' he enters
'
a satisfactory '
to-day, I have truly lived,' '
hodie vixi.'
Taking some entries of the first period, we have such as

the following :
'
To-day I began my work very early in the morning,
notwithstanding my having kept it up last night till very
late.'
'
Nearly the whole morning, and quite all the afternoon
perished, through writing letters. Oh ! heavy loss, more
lamentable than loss of money !
'To-day I got six hours for study. When shall I get

my whole day ? Whenever, O my Father, it shall be thy
!
will
This morning not to my books till 7 o'clock or after
'
alas me and after that the whole morning lost nay, the
! ;
whole day. O God of my salvation, aid my studies, without

which life is to me not life.'
This morning, reading, but not without interruption.
'
After dinner, however, as if they had conspired the

destruction of my studies, friends came and broke them
off.'
'This morning a good spell of study. After dinner

friends, and trifling talk, but very bothering ; at last got
back to my books.'
'To-day, though far from well, got eight hours for my
books.'
Such is the general character of the entries during the
first period. The simple '

studuimus et viximus ' is the
short expression of the feeling of this time.
The sociable disposition of the people of Montpellier
caused him grievous trials. Morning visiting was the
mode of the place ; not calls of ceremony, but '
dropping
in' to have a chat. Casaubon was liked for himself, as
well as respected for his learning. He, too, could talk,
though were french of Geneva. Serious talk
his french
with well-informed persons he does not regard as time ill
spent. For a tete-a-tfite with Ranchin or de Fresne, with
Sarrasin or Serres, persons more or less behind the
scenes of the public drama to lament the gloomy ;
prospects of the reformed churches, the backsliding of

Henry iv, the rapid strides of the Jesuits, to hear of the last
—
new conversion at court, for this he is ever ready. Nor
was he altogether insensible to the allurements of ordinary
companionship. He is not unwilling to gossip with the
gossips. But these Montpellier neighbours know no
seasons. They come at all hours, they stay, unconscious
of the lapse of minutes. Casaubon sits there fretting,
watching the clock, wishing them gone, with his thoughts
on that 1 last wretched page of his animadversions on
' '
Athenaeus, still unwritten.Oh! 'the friends, how little

friendly
!
'
—amici quam parum amici ^who come between —
him and his books. Is it suggested he might shut them
out? How is out, when he has only two
he to shut them
rooms, an inner and an outer, a sitting-room and a bed-
room ? All his study has to be done in the one room in
which the family live. What a power of abstraction must
be required even to follow a book, and how entirely must
be wanting the blessings of contemplation in that sweet
'
solitariness, which collecteth the mind, as shutting the eyes
does the sight (Bacon). His resource against the plague

!
'
of friends is to take the early morning, and the late night,
' Ephem. p. 69 :
'
Ilia pagina misella.'
hours. But I can find no authority for the statement of

the biographers, that he bathed his eyes with vinegar to
keep them open. The 'legende erudite' has done Httle
to embelhsh Casaubon's Hfe, for this is almost the only
exception ^. He has no space to set out his books on
shelves. In time he gets into a more roomy abode, but
the repeated removals have introduced chaos into his
books and papers. The time lost in searching for a mis-
sing volume is so grievous, that it is matter of entry in
the diary, with thanksgiving when found ^. We cannot
wonder that in such a menage Florence Casaubon should
sometimes lose her good temper, wish that her husband
could find a little time to attend to his affairs, or even hint
that he might be a little more companionable. This was
the severest ofall his trials. For even in his new house,
where he had a private study up-stairs, Mad^ Casaubon
was not to be excluded ^- So tender is Casaubon's feeling,
he does not name her when
that even in his private diary
he alludes to * this domestic hindrance to my studies.'
'
A true and loving helpmate she was to him, as he always

confesses, and on the whole really promoted his studious
abstraction, by relieving him of all household cares.
When she is away from him he is helpless in these
matters as a child. Deliver me, my heavenly Father,
^
'
from these miseries, which the absence of my wife, and

the management of my household, create for me. Not
' I no other authority for this than the latin life of Van Almeloveen,
find
p. Aiunt Casaubonum, ne concubia nocte somno corriperetur, oculis
73: '
infudisse acetum.' Almeloveen gives us himself the source from which he drew
the statement, and the means of refuting it. He quotes Moyse Amyraut '
Morale chretienne.' But what Amyraut says is, not that Casaubon used vinegar
but that some one, unnamed, who wished, like Casaubon, to study through the
night, bathed his eyes with vinegar. ' Celuy
qui, pour imiter Casaubon, qui
estudioit la plus grande partie de la nuit, se mettoit du vinaigre dans las yeux
pour en chasser le sommeil, monstroit bien qu'il avoit de la gdnSrosit^ et une
grande affection pour les lettres.'
^ Ephem. p. 82.
^ Ephem. p. 18 :
' Inter turbas domesticas lectio aliquot horarum.'
* Ephem. p. 42. 5 Ephem. p. 998.
being used to keep our accounts, I am perfectly aghast

when I see the expenditure of this family.'
might have been better if she had disturbed him
It
oftener. His life might have been prolonged some years,

if she had more often routed him from his desk, and driven
him into the air. For in these years he was laying the
seeds of disease, and preparing his early grave. He had
timely warning of his fate. Serious and repeated attacks
prostrated him in 1597 and '98, of relaxation of, and
discharge from, the mucous lining of the air passages.
These attacks were attended with violent fever, and
had for sequel a languor of body and mind, which
occasioned a further wrench, when he dragged himself
back to work in spite of it. They were the first of a
series, which harassed him all the remainder of his life
the beginning of the end.

—
This presentiment that his space of life would be
—
curtailed haunted him already, and served to augment
the fever of work which consumed him. He doles out his
hours as one who knows they are counted, yet he is but
thirty-seven. Six a.m. was a late hour for him to enter
his study is more usual.
; 5 a.m. He is not rarely later.
'
Mane meUor pars,' was his maxim. As with all
diei
persons of weak constitution, his working powers were

freshest in the morning,and flagged as the day went on.
But hours, which seem were the
to us incredibly early,
rule in the schools of France. Henri de Mesmes de-

^
scribes himself as going to school at 5 a.m., with our '
big books under our arms, our portfolios and lanterns in

our hands.'
On reaching his study, his first act is one of devotion on
his knees. Unless specially busied otherwise, he takes
1 Mdm. de Henri de Mesmes, ap. RoUin, Traits des ftudes, i ; Nous etions
'
debout a quatre heures, et ayant prie Dieu, alliens a cinq heures aux estudes,
nos gros livres sous le bras, nos escritoires et nos chandeliers a la main.' This
was at Toulouse, in 1545. Even in Paris, where hours were later, 6 a.m. was
the hour for the greek class in the Jesuit college of Clermont.
g6 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
the first half-hour for religious reading, often of the

hebrew scriptures. Then the author he has in hand
occupies him till the dinner hour. This was in schools,
universities, and burgher life, generally at lo a.m. The

court dined late, at 12, or even as late as i on hunting
days. After dinner, he spends some hours in preparing
for his lecture, which was 4 p.m. An hour, four days

at
per week, is his prescribed duty. But after the end of

the first nine months, he adds, as a voluntary, a greek
elementary class. After lecture, friends, supper, and then
to books again, if friends will only go away in good time.
Saturday was given up to the disputations ; Wednesday
was a holiday. The usual holiday in the schools and uni-
versities was Thursday. In the medical school of Mont-
pellier, exceptionally, the day was Wednesday, dies
Mercurii, there styled 'jour d'Hippocrate,' and the other
faculties conformed to the practice of the leading faculty.
On Sundays, an attendance on two sermons was expected
by public and sanctioned by custom, though it
opinion,
was not a statutable duty. This was the case also with
the Wednesday morning sermon, to which the boys in the
lower school were taken by their regents, and catechised
afterwards. When Gigord or Serres was the preacher,
Casaubon would not find it so hard to quit Chrysostom
or Basil, at 8 and at 12 (these were the hours); but on
ordinary days an hour's discourse must have been a
heavy burden, when the pastors were such as he de-
scribes. ^ One, very aged, and hence, without his own
'
fault, lethargic, the other a mere youth, quite unequal

to the post of first pastor in such a large congregation.'
Heylin, writing in 1625, says of the reformed preachers
^
Their sermons are very plain and home-spun,
' little in
them of the fathers, and less of human learning, it being
concluded in the Synod of Gappe that only the scriptures
should be used in their pulpits. They consist much of
^ Ep. 174. ' Heylin, Travels, p. lao.
exhortation and use, and of nothing in a manner which

concerneth knowledge; a ready way to raise up and
edify the will and affection, but withal to starve the under-
standing.'
Though Sunday is a public holiday, Casaubon does not
allow himself one. He marks it by reading some theo-
logical book, often one of the fathers. But after a spell
of this reading, he turns to his task of every day. This,
too, is his day for writing letters. The Scotch '
sabbath
was unknown to the French reformed churches of the
i6th century, as it was to the catholics. The faculties
kept holiday, but the disputations of the surgeons and
apothecaries, both at Montpellier and Lyon, were held
on the Sunday. Sometimes, but very sparingly, he takes
a walk beyond the walls on a holiday to visit a friend's
country villa, or down to the sea, to look at the ruins of
Maguelonne. There are three regular vacations in the
year of three or four weeks each —at Christmas, at Easter,
and in July-August. In these he makes his more distant
visits. His first was to de Fresne; the summer vacation
of 1597 he devotes to a visit to his mother at Die (dep.
Drome). The summer of 1598 affords a much longer

excursion to Lyon and Paris, after which he is surprised
to find how improved his health is. In November, 1598,
but after he had ceased to act as professor, he goes again
to stay with de Fresne, who is now established at Castres,
(dep. Tarn,) as protestant president of the chambre mi-
partie of Languedoc. He spares an occasional hour to be
present at the medical disputations, or at a dissection. Once
he goes to the disputations of the surgeons. Nor does
he quit Montpellier without having witnessed the sight
of the place— the manufacture of the popular electuary,
kermfes, which, says the German Sincerus, ^'no one
' Jodocus Sincerus, Itinerarium Galliae, 1627, p. 160 :
' Nolim hinc moveas
non visa prius electuarii Alkermes confectione.' The alkermes was a popular
stomachic electuary, prepared from the kermis, an oak-gall gathered in Langue-
doc, Spain, and Portugal.
H
should quit Montpellier without going to see.' He was

appointed rector of the faculty of arts, for the scholar year
1597 held the office again for a short time in 1599 in the
;
absence of the rector, and found it greatly troublesome

and time-devouring.
When rector or not, no one at Montpelher was likely
to interfere with his choice of subjects of lecture. This

choice was guided by the fact already mentioned, that his
audience consisted largely of men past pupilage. Just
about 1597 there was a short reaction against the bar-
barism produced by the civil war. Men turned again with
eagerness to the reopened source of ancient learning.
Even in the worst times there had not wanted lovers of
good books. The tradition of literature still lingered
among the members of the French bar. Toulouse was,
perhaps, the most fanatical city in the kingdom, yet in the
parlement of Languedoc, now again restored to Toulouse,
were not a few men who rose above the political passion
of the day. Pierre Du Faur, Sieur de Sanjorry, first
president, had a fine collection of books, and had written
on law. A catholic, but not a leaguer, he sent Casaubon
a message of civility through de Fresne, to which Casau-
bon replied by claiming his friendship and patronage, and
calling him the Varro of his age, This might pass as a
complimentary flourish, were it not confirmed by Sca-
liger's mention of him as one of France's learned men,
though he adds that his books were only compilations, a

failing not uncommon among book-collectors^. Another
member of the same court, and president a mortier in it,
Ciron, followed, as collector, the footsteps of his chief.
Jacques de Maussac, father of the editor of Harpocration,
makes a third learned library at Toulouse. It is impos-
sible that the example of the supreme court should have
^ Scaliger". 2''. p. 81 :
'
Ce n'est qu'un amasseur, il ne juge rien.' Pierre
Du Faur is cited by Grotius, De Jure Belli, 2. 16. i, as ' eminentissimae erudi-
tionis Petrus Faber.'
been without influence on the province. Accordingly, at

MontpeUier, there was a rush to Casaubon's lecture-room,
not only of younger members of the bar, but even of the
law professors, and more than one of the presiding judges
in the various courts. Men whose heads were grey,
president Philip, 'optimus et doctissimus senex;' M. de
Massilon, '
vere eruditus et nostras litteras callens,' were
occasionally present. If any stranger of distinction
passed by MontpeUier, one of the amusements provided
forhim was to hear Casaubon. The hour assigned to
Casaubon was the hour of honour, 4 p.m., the latest hour
in the academical day, in order to allow this class of pro-
fessional men the opportunity of attending after their
business was over. Grynaeus, writing from Bale, in 1584,
says,
^
' I have been induced by my curators to institute a
lecture on history twice a week. It will be at an hour at
which the professional and business men can spare a
little time for the good of their minds, viz. 4 p.m.' Men
with these tastes were to be found, but it is not to be
supposed that they abounded. The French noblesse,
especially the haute noblesse, were, as a body, illiterate,
and gloried in being so. The constable Montmorency
could not sign his name.
Nor in Italy, where (Rome excepted) culture was more
widely diffused, especially in ecclesiastical circles, than in
France, were things otherwise. Paolo Gualdo, writing
^
in 1604, apologises for his own tastes, ' I know there are
not wanting persons who think these studies ridiculous.'
At Rome ambition had not only extinguished learning,
but created a hatred of it. Seguier writes to de Thou

'Anything composed in classical latin is suspected at
Rome of impiety.'
The chosen by Casaubon for his lectures
subjects
during his profession at MontpeUier were as foUows :
I. An Account of the administration and officers of the

I
Grynsus, Epp. p. loi. " Vita Pinelli, p. 330.
H 2
lOO ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
Roman republic. 2. A Synopsis of Roman history. 3.
The Laws of the xii Tables. 4. The citations in the
Digest from Ulpianus on the subject of dress ^. 5. Persius.
6. Plautus, Captivi. 7. The Physician's oath ("OpKos) of

Hippocrates. 8. Aristotle's Ethics.
These were all the subjects of his pubhc lectures, and

they seem certainly enough to occupy a year and a half at
four days a week, with three months' vacation in the year.
The adaptation of these courses to the audience he
found at Montpelher is unmistakable. There is only one
of them all, viz. the Plautus, which must have been a
purely philological, or language, lecture. And thiswas
the only one which was not chosen by himself, but was
taken at the request of his class ^. In the selection of i,
2, 3, and 4, the men of the robe, whether lawyers or civil
employes, were evidently considered. No. 5, the Persius,

was convenient to himself, as having by him notes of his
Genevan lectures. But his endeavour was to give to the
lecture an ethical cast, as he expressly says in the dedica-
tion, and as is still evident in the published book ^-
Though we have not his notes on the Ethics of Aristotle,

we cannot doubt that this was also treated in the same
practical spirit. mores' was his
'Abeunt studia in
principle. The sentiment him that
is continually escaping
*
the classics were an instrument of moral training I : '
desire to excite myself to the love of virtue and the hatred

of vice, and to aid the studious youth in the same endea-
^ viz. Digest. lib. 34. tit. 2.

^ Ephem. p. 64 :
' Rogatu eorum quorum studiis prodesse tenemur,' i.e. the
students as distinct from the public.
^ Persii Sat. ed. 1605. ded. to Achille de Harlay. Here Casaubon pursues
the theme of the cultivation of the moral nature by the classics, as being their
proper use in education.
' Even greek grammars were composed with the same view.
Chytrseus,
Regula Stud. 1595. p. 100, recommends the syntax of Posselius, on account of
the examples which followed the rules Quae non modo praeceptorum usura
:
'
monstrant, verum etiam utiles admonitiones de Deo, de gubernatione vitse, et

regendis moribus complectuntur.'
III.] MONTPELLIER. 1596-1599. loi
vour, an object which has been too httle regarded by

former commentators.'
Having done thus much for the students, the bar, and
the pubKc, that the doctors might have their turn, he takes
up the Physician's oath of Hippocrates.
These pubHc lectures were in latin they were also all, ;
or nearly all, on latin texts. The Aristotle's Ethics, as it

was meant for edification, must have been a commentary
on the matter, such that it could be easily followed by
those who would not take much interest in questions of
interpretation. The term he employs with respect to the
"Op/cos of Hippocrates (interpretari) seems to imply that he
made the original the text of his lecture,, and some know-
ledge of greek was still exacted for the degree of m.d. at
Montpellier^- Towards the end of his time, Casaubon put
—
on a greek lecture first Homer, then Pindar but these —
were extra and voluntary lectures, intended for a younger
and special class, and were not part of his public duty.
The freedom with which he mixes long greek citations,
and the time he spends on asserting the true meaning of
greek words, in his lectures on Persius, show, however,
that he addressed an audience to whom greek was not
wholly unintelligible, or uninstructing. Yet the fact that
latin was the chosen subject of his public lectures, at the
very time when his private reading was chiefly greek, is
^ The '
Registre des procureurs,' at Montpellier, cited by M. Egger, Hel-
I^nisme, i. 175, has an entry ' Magister Rabelaisius pro suo ordinario elegit
Hbrum " Prognosticorum " Hippocratis quem greece interpretatus est.' But it
seems clear from Rabelais' own account, that he only referred to the Greek
to correct the errors of the Latin version on which he read. Aphorismi
Hippocrat. ded.
[It seems have escaped Mr. Pattison's notice that notes on the Oath of
to
Hippocrates, purporting to be by Casaubon, were afterwards printed by
Franyois Ranchin in Hippocratis Jusjurandum Grmce et Latine, cum Franc.
Ranchini Commentario et Is. Casaubotii notis, Monspel. 1618 (cited by
Hoffmann, Bibl. Lexicon). Francis Ranchin was admitted m.d. at Montpellier
in 1590,and probably attended Casaubon's lectures on the"0/)/tos in 1596.
No doubt the Notce Casauboni would be then taken down by Ranchin at
Casaubon's lectures.]
in conformity with all we know of the character of in-
struction in France at this period.

M. Nisard says^ that after the definitive triumph of
Catholicism in France, greek became offensive as the
language of heresy. This
is perhaps much. to say too
But it is certainly true that more strenuous efforts were
made at this moment to keep up greek and hebrew in
the protestant academies, poor as they were, than in the
cathohc and Jesuit colleges and universities. This was
certainly fromno sympathy on the part of the French
reformed with the true mind of classical Greece, which
was as much out of their reach as out of the reach of a
servile Jesuit. But catholic France felt that affinity for
the christian empire and its language, which has always
been predominant among the romance nationalities.
'Manners,' says M. Nisard, 'would have effected, in the
course of nature, that which religious passion brought
about violently. We are the sons of the latins, and the
latin genius has always had our preference. We have the
practical spirit of Rome, and the roman taste for the uni-
versal, which, in our political history, has shown itself in
our well-known passion to subdue and regulate every-
thing according to our own pattern.'
Casaubon's habit of intermixing greek words and
phrases was not a pedantic affectation, but the natural
language of a man, who spent most of the hours of every
day in the company of greek books. With all his won-
derful command of latin, even for uncommon occasions,
the greek phrase would occurand he takes it without
first,
waiting to think of the latin. Though he wrote out his

inaugural, his daily lectures were delivered from notes.
These notes were chiefly passages from greek authors,
sometimes interpretative of a word, sometimes illustrating
and enforcing his author's statement. With these two
objects— to interpret the author, or to enforce his state-
' Lit. Franf, vol. i. p. 431.
merit he— is exclusively occupied. There is no ad

captandum rhetoric, no original thought, no flourish of
trumpets to awaken the sleepy, or arouse the hstless.
He does not forget that he is there to teach, not to please.
If we ask how lectures which are so unmistakably dull,
which are so thickly sprinkled with greek, which not all
could follow, yet came to be popular, the explanation is,
that the lecturer did what he proposed to do, and the
audience expected no more. He proposed to interpret an
author, and the audience went with their books to have
the interpretation. When he lectured on Aristotle's
Ethics, I conceive his auditors to have followed in the
latin version, and that the lecturer referred to the greek
which was printed on the same page, in critical passages,

and for leading terms. Reading the classics was not a
profession confined to experts. The classics were the
literature of the educated, and they wanted to be helped
to understand that literature. Casaubon, busy on his
point, and keeping to it, was just the man for them. The
completeness of his knowledge unconsciously impressed
even those who were incompetent to appreciate how
complete it was. They felt they were in the hands of a
master of the craft. Medicine and law, it was said, they
had always had at Montpelher, now at last Casaubon had
brought the Muses '.
Casaubon was too modest to be carried away by this

sudden popularity. But he was gratified by tasting
general recognition, and pleased to be able to announce
to his patron de Fresne that his experiment had been
so successful, and to let his friends at Geneva know that
the prophet, who had no honour in his own country,
had found it elsewhere.
One evil this public expectation brought with it. It
was necessary to respond to it. The applause which
^
Ep. IIS ' Multorum opinio est, illatas in hanc provinciam musas adventu
nostrc'
I04 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
attended his course, imposed fresh labour. He was

obliged to devote hours to preparation, hours which he
wanted for his unfinished Athenaeus. His very success
was a hindrance to him. He had sought leisure in
coming to Montpellier, and not found it. ^ Such studies '
as these,' he writes in September 1600, 'require leisure

and profound repose. I have been, by a succession of
various accidents, called away from working at my task,
and may say that I have not had a single month's, hardly
a single day's, perfect quiet among my books.' And again
a little later, ' Leisure is what I desire more than anything,
if might be God's will to give it me. My literary
it
schemes are of such a nature that they demand repose

of mind as an indispensable condition.'
But not all his day was given to his lecture and to pre-
paring his Athenaeus. The diary enables us to trace day
by day his private reading at this period. Besides the
devotional book in the early morning, he looks into a
variety of books in the course of the day, but has always
one author whom he steadily goes on with every day till
he has read him through. The first such achievement in
1597 is Basil, the whole of whom is read between Feb-
ruary ig and March 11. As this must have been Froben's
edition of 1551, which contains 698 folio pages of greek
type packed exceptionally close, we have an average
reading of thirty-five pages per day yet he was ill most ;
of the time, and more than one day out of the twenty was
curtailed or lost altogether by business. Either his own
health or the atmosphere of the place set him next upon
Hippocrates, the whole of which takes him only twenty-
five days, though here he was helped by the Easter
holidays. After this feat it seems disproportionate that

Cedrenus takes thirteen days, but other books were in hand
during the time. We have mention, besides, of Jerome,
^ Ep. 213 :
' Otium et quietem altam studia haec postulant.' Ep. 1023 ; '
Ea
molimur in Uteris, quae animi tranquillitatem desiderant.'
"!•] MONTPELLIER. 1596-1599. 105
Chrysostom, Tertullianus, Menander Rhetor, Philostratus,

Apicius, all between January and July. And yet the
diary omits to mention many readings. This is evident,
not only from citations in his commentaries on authors,
but from the volumes once in his possession still extant.
There is, e. g. in the British Museum, a copy of Calvin's
'
Epistolae,' edition of Hanau 1597, marked throughout by
Casaubon's pen. We have in it a volume of 780 pages,
in small type, and not on a classical subject, read atten-
tively, and yet not noticed in the diary, unless we assume
that a Frankfort book, published in 1597, did not come

into Casaubon's hands till after 1603. In this case it
might have been spoken of in that fascicule of the diary

which is lost. While lectures are proceeding, Athenaeus
is in hand Casaubon is continually ill, has his correspond-
;
ence to keep up, and, worst of all, he is Rector of the

faculty. This is the most vexing distraction of alP. It
involves him, besides the comparatively simple business
of the faculty, in looking after the lower school, and pro-
viding it with regents. This 'hated office' (munus
invisum) was fortunately only for a year. Books of con-
troversy, e. g. Bulenger against Du Plessis, he looks into
in what he calls his leisure hours, 'horae succisivae,'
though it is not easy to see where, in the life we have
described, were any such.
It was whatever else Montpellier could
clear, then, that
give him, had not given him his long desired leisure.
it
He soon began to find that it did not realise even the

expectations he had most certainly formed. Popularity
is from its nature shortlived, nowhere more so than in
France, where it is the course of nature to '

smile, adore,
abuse, discard, forget.' The audiences fell off, the novelty
was gone and the interest abated. The terms of his
engagement, originally '
not brilliant,' were ill performed.
He had been promised six months' back salary towards
'
Ephem. p. 30 : ' Officia a studiis avocantia, et valde inofBciosa.'
I06 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
the expense of moving. He could not get any part of it.
He was to have 150 crowns to furnish with, this was cut

down to 100. A house had been promised. He was
obhged to huddle his family into two rooms. After some
delay, Verchant, one of the elders of the church, offered
a house. But he had to pay ten crowns a year for it, and
one year's rent was deducted from his stipend in advance.
Firewood had been stipulated, a costly article in a part of
the country far from the great forests, and where the cold
in winter is occasionally intense. It was doled out to him
in a niggardly way, not a tenth part given of his con-

sumption. Finally, his salary itself was allowed to fall
into arrear, the two-monthly term, which was in the
contract, was not observed. The poor scholar was driven
to humiliating importunity. His own and his wife's ill-
health, and the death of a daughter, Elisabeth, of fever,
brought back his habitual despondency about his family
affairs. De Fresne and Ranchin were both absent. He
wrote to them to Paris to ask them to use their influence
in his behalf. The effect of their doing so was to produce
civil excuses in reply to fresh applications. The governor,
the Due de Ventadour, was absent ; or one of the consuls
was ill in bed or the salt duties, out of which the stipend
;
was payable, could not be collected because of the

troubles. He had to pay a heavy fee on the royal diploma
conferring his title and his chair. He applied for letters
demanded by the chancery
of naturalisation, but the fee
was so enor-
of Paris, though Ranchin applied personally,
mous, that Casaubon declined to take them out. The
same difficulty was renewed on his applying for a copy-
right protection of his volume of Notes on Athenaeus,
without which no publisher would undertake the expense
of printing. He feels, as Erskine did, his children pulling
the skirts of his coat and crying ^
' get us bread.' He
could not have got along but for help from friends. Jean
' Ephera. p. 74 :
'
Charissimi liberi aurem vellunt.'
Ill-] MONTPELLIER. 1596-1599. 107
de Serres, himself only a poor minister, shared his purse

with Casaubon. A
considerable present was unexpectedly
sent by an admirer, the governor of Rodez, to whom he
was not even personally known. Bongars continued his
donations of valuable books. In time some of his worst
grievances were remedied. He threatened departure to
Bale, or back to Geneva. To see him go back in disgust
to Geneva would have been humiliating to the
council of
Montpellier, which had enjoyed the triumph of alluring
him away. They agreed to raise his salary to 1000 livres,
in lieu of all perquisites payment seems to have been
;
more punctual, and he removed to a better house.

But he could not settle down in Montpellier. Even
before he went there his friends had let fall hints of some-
thing further in store. De Fresne and Ranchin were in
Paris in the autumn of 1597, and their report of Casaubon
had filled the literary set there with desire to get him to
Paris. When they returned to Montpellier, they dropped
hints of a mysterious nature. There was nothing definite
named, perhaps nothing definite conceived. But the
king's name was used. '
It was not unlikely the king
might do something for him.' Casaubon might have been
in the dark as to how little the king could, or would, do.
But still, what was said was enough to unsettle him, in
a place in which he had never become rooted, and to
prevent him from ever trying to make the best of its
vexations. To these were now to be added the loss of a

young daughter, Elisabeth, after a few days' illness, and
the continual aggression of the catholic clergy, who were
pushing to regain their old ascendancy in the university.
This small cloud was big with elements of future dis-
turbance. No sooner was the bishop restored than the
chapter began to claim the college de Mende, the building
in which the classes were held, as their property. The
present bishop, de Ratte, was an antileaguer, a man of
some letters, and on friendly terms with Casaubon. His
Io8 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
was a fanatic, a pupil of S. Frangois

successor, Fenouillet,
de Sales. But even with the politic de Ratte, the restor-
ation of the authority of the church was a paramount
object. The agitation never ceased. Inch by inch the
lost ground was reconquered. In 1600 the clergy re-
covered the college de Mende. By 1613 the victory over

the university was completed, the bishop '
visited ' by his
vicar-general, and new statutes, in a catholic spirit, were

promulgated, which required every member of the uni-
versity to attend mass daily. Of this sap and siege Casau-
bon only saw the commencement, but it was enough to
make it count among the discomforts, which made him
ready to embrace any opening in another quarter.
The immediate occasion of his leaving MontpeUier was
his edition of Athenseus. This he considered the work
on which he first really ventured his reputation, as it
proved to be the work of his life. All previous books he
spoke of as untimely births, the produce of his apprentice
years. He would not own them. To Athenseus he was
about to commit himself
We first find him engaged upon Athenaeus as early as
1590. In that year, in the flush of youthful strength, he
announced ^ to a young friend that he might soon look for
a volume of observations on Athenaeus, of which author he
had been fortunate enough 'to get good mss.' In 1594,
he repeats the announcement to Scaliger, but it is now an
edition of Athenaeus which he contemplates. In 1596,
when he left Geneva, he had completed a recension of the
text, and passed a great part of the sheets through the
press. He had been printing this under his own eye, at

the press of Paul Estienne, though it was published for
him by Jerome Commelin at Heidelberg, in 1597. Being
hurried by his removal, the last sheets of the book were
not so correct as they should have been^; the volume
' Ep. 5.
' Animadw. in Ath, praef.
:
' Migratio
nostra ex Allobrogum finibus in Galliam
fuit in causa ut ea editio inemendatior prodiret.'
ni.] MONTPELLIER. 1596-1599. 109
was without preface or dedication, and it contained not a

single note.The first six months at Montpellier were too
much occupied with their own duties, and it was not till
the summer vacation that he could sit down regularly to
the task. He did not propose to himself to write a com-
mentary on Athenaeus^, but only to attempt some cor-
rection of its most corrupt text, and some explanation of
the many obscurities arising out of that corruption. When
he began the work, June 23, 1597, he had no notion of the
time that it would require. Looking back upon the finished
sheets, he says, It would be impossible to explain to you,
'
reader, unless you had yourself some experience of this

kind of investigation, what a world of labour and vexation
this work has cost me.' He calculated that if he could
revise the original at the rate of four pages per day it
might be done within a few months. As the volume of
text contained 705 pages, six months at this rate of
progress would have sufficed. So much had he under-
rated the peculiar difficulties of this author, and the con-
sumption of time in literary research, that three years and
two months of his herculean labour were required to bring
the Observations to a close, without the prolegomena.
The diary enables us to compute the time —almost the
days and hours — occupied in the undertaking. The
foundation had been and memoranda accumulated,
laid,
during the revision of the text at Geneva. He began to

write the Animadversiones at Montpellier, June 23, 1597,
'
'
he completed them April 16, 1598. This was the first

rough draft of a folio volume, of 648 pages. Within a few
days he commenced a revision of the whole of what he
had written. The remainder of this year was much
broken into by journeys and visits. He began to print
the first sheet March 20, 1599, and corrected the last at
Lyon, August 9, 1600.
Admitted thus behind the scenes to a sixteenth-century
' Prsefat. in Ath. : ' Nee commentarium in A. scribere consilium nobis.'
workshop, we feel that we are now in the age of erudition.

The renaissance, the spring-tide of modern Ufe, with its
genial freshness, is far behind us. The creative period is

past, the accumulative is set in. Genius can now do
nothing, the day is to dull industry. The prophet is de-
parted, and in his place we have the priest of the book.

Casaubon knows so much of ancient lore, that not only
his faculties, but his spirits are oppressed by the know-
ledge. He can neither create nor enjoy; he groans under
his load. The scholar of 1500 gambols in the free air of
classical poetry, as in an atmosphere of joy. The scholar
of 1600 has a century of compilation behind him, and
'
drags at each remove a lengthening chain.' If anyone
thinks that to write and read books is a life of idleness,
let him look at Casaubon's diary. Pope, during his
engagement on Homer, used to be haunted by it in his
dreams, and 'wished to be hanged a hundred times.'
Vergil, having undertaken the .iEneid, said of himself that
'
he thought he must have been out of his senses when he
did so.' But of the blood and sweat, the groans and sighs,
which enter volume of
into the composition of a folio
learned research, no more faithful record has ever been

written than Casaubon's Ephemerides.' Throughout its
'
entire progress, the Animadversiones on Athenseus was

' '
an ungrateful and irksome task, catenati in ergastulo

'
labores.' He can hardly open Athenaeus without disgust,

and he prays God, day by day, that he may get away from
such trifles to better reading.
In some instances the travail pangs and throbs attendant
on composition are repaid by the delight of the parent in
contemplating the offspring. This was not Casaubon's
case. To himself the labour and its result were equally
repulsive and disappointing. He felt most bitterly, on its
termination, how far he had fallen short of his aim,
moderate as his ambition was. For he called his book
'Animadversiones in A. Deipnosophistas,' 'Observations
Ill,] MONTPELLIER. 1596-1599. ill
on Athenaeus/ not a '

Commentary.' He invokes Sca-
liger's aid toemend some passages, whose corruption was
beyond his own skill. To have done with the work was
all the satisfaction it gave him. Nor indeed did he ever
quite finish it. He projected '
Prolegomena,' which were
to give a full, (prolixe,) account of the author, and of the
plan and construction of the Deipnosophists. He shut
himself up '
parturiens,' trying to put these into shape.
But after three days' labour he desisted from the attempt,
being unable to satisfy himself^.
When he was ready with the copy of the Observations,
the next thing was to find a publisher. The city of
Hippocrates contained no greek press in 1600, any more
than it had done seventy years before, when Rabelais
printed at Lyon his edition of the Hippocratic 'Aphorisms.'
The earliest book known as printed at Montpellier is not
earlier than 1597. Prefixed to this — a law-book —are some

twenty lines of greek. So that Jean Gilet, the Montpellier
publisher, had some greek type. When Casaubon says ^
that their only printer had no greek type, he must be taken
to mean not enough for an undertaking such as the
Animadversions on Athenaeus.
'
'
Commelin, the publisher of his former volume, the text,

was dead, and with Casaubon's present prospects it was
desirable that the book should be published in France.
He endeavoured to get a Genevan printer to establish a
press with a greek fount, and a learned corrector, at Mont-
pellier ^. But there was no scope for a learned press even
in a university town. We may remember that Oxford did
not get greek types till 1586, and that Whitgift in 1584,
^ Ephem. p. 289.
^ Ep. 153 : '
Typographum hie habemus, cujus opera utamur, nullum qui
;
adest, graecis literis caret.' [The words surely mean that the printer had no
knowledge of greek.]
' After Casaubon's departure, Fran9ois Chouet, of Geneva, seems to have
acted on his suggestion, and to have opened a branch at Montpellier. See
Cotton, Typogr. Gaz. 2'. series, s. v.
doubted the expediency of allowing a press at all at

Cambridge ^. There was indeed a greek press at Tou-
louse, perhaps now, certainly in 1615, when young
Maussac* edited a tract of Plutarch and Psellus '
De
lapidum virtutibus.' But no heretic could print, or even
be, atToulouse, a city where even the Edict could never
be put in force ^. What Casaubon would have preferred ^
was the splendour of Parisian type and paper — Morel or
Patisson —whose editions, even in degenerate days, were
'
editions de luxe ' when placed by the side of the smudgy
and faded pages, which now issued from the presses of
Geneva or Heidelberg. But when proof sheets could not
be transmitted by a rapid post, you could only print where
you lived. To print in Paris, you must be in Paris. In
1558, Hadrian Junius had thought it necessary to convey
his own MS. copy of his Adagia from Haarlem to Bale,
not considering the ordinary channels safe. And in 1600
when Casaubon sent by '
the ordinary ' a portion of the
15th book of Athenaeus from Paris to Lyon, it was not
without great misgivings *. There remained Lyon.
Lyon was the staple of the French book-trade, such as
that trade had now become. In the middle of the century
the Lyon presses, stimulated by the example of the
Swabian Gryphius, had imitated and rivalled those of
Italy. Sebastian Gryphius died 1556; soon the religious
disturbances began, and Lyon itself fell under the in-
fluence of the catholic epidemic. The Lyonnese presses
took a new direction, and entered upon a rivalry, not with
Aldus, but with Geneva, in the fabrication of wares for
' Whitgift to Burghley, Hejrwood's Transactions, i. 381.
*See note B in Appendix.
^ Toulouse was the scene of the burning alive of Vanini, in 1619. The
ferocious fanaticism of the place was not subdued in 1761, as we find from the
frightful tragedy of Jean Calas.
' Ep. 169.
* Scheltema, Vita Junii, p. 58 :
'
Vix reperias, cui tuto perferendum aliquid
credas.' Cas. Ephem. 247
p. Hodie quod supererat
;
'
libri 15 Athenaei Lugdunura
misi, non sine soUicitudine propter incerta casuum.'
the cheap market. While Geneva supplied bibles and

calvinistic theology, Lyon was equally industrious in the
production of missals and books of hours. And not con-
tent with the monopoly of their respective provinces,
Geneva attempted surreptitious editions of Jesuit publi-
and Lyon
cations, sent Calvinistic hymn-books into the
protestant market. In classical and law books the com-
petition was open and keen. Before Reform was heard
of, a strong commercial jealousy had been entertained by
the oldRoman municipium, towards the rising town on
theLeman lake. Theological antipathy came to embitter
an old grudge. And when the French refugees led
Geneva largely into the printing business, which Lyon
had hitherto practised as a monopoly, and attracted the
Lyonnese compositors by higher wages, the exasperation
at Lyon knew no bounds. The Lyonnese printers availed
themselves of the brand of heretic to get the Genevan' '
books confiscated at the frontier, and thus secure at least

the French market. Protestant countries had no index,
and the Genevan printers could not retahate in kind.
They therefore endeavoured more irritating still to — —
undersell. For the German market, Geneva had the ad-
vantage of being more conveniently situated towards
Frankfort, then the staple of the German book-trade. The
Lyonnese printers, though they continued to frequent the
fairs at Frankfort, did a much smaller business there than
those of Geneva. But the Genevese printers had no idea
of foregoing the French sale, now that it began to revive
at the peace, and they had recourse to various expedients
to evade the prohibition. They omitted from the title the
obnoxious Genevae,' or substituted some other place, e.g.
'
'
Aureliae,' '
Coloniae,' '
St. Gervais,' '
Antwerp.' They
even obtained from Henri iv, in his capacity of protector
of the republic, a patent permitting them to use the imprint
'Colonise Allobrogum' for latin, and 'Cologny- for french
books. Another device was for two members of the same

I
family or firm to have establishments at both places.

This was done by Pesnot, by the Tournes, by Lepreux,
and by Le Maire. The 'Aristotle's Works' of 1590,
which Casaubon had seen through the press, was thus
printed by Le Maire of Geneva, though it had Lyon
(Lugduni) in the title.
While Casaubon was at a loss for a printer, his father-

in-law's death occurred at Lyon (January, 1598). It became
necessary that Casaubon should go to Geneva, to see after
which he had never received. On his
his wife's portion,
way he stopped at Lyon, where, most unexpectedly, a
patron was awaiting him. This was Meric de Vic, who
was now residing at Lyon, in capacity of surintendant de '
la De Vic was himself

justice.' not without classical
instruction Madame de Vic was
^ ; a woman of superior
understanding. They both liked to have about them men
of letters, and questions of even professional erudition
might be heard discussed at their table. Casaubon has
recorded one such occasion, when the talk turned on the
early date of the corruptions found in classical texts. The
instance of the transposition of leaves in the fourth book
of Athenaeus was
by one of the company, no doubt
cited
by Casaubon himself, as he alone would have known of it.
De Vic, in later years the patron of Grotius, became now,
by de Thou's intervention ^, the patron of Casaubon, and
insisted upon his becoming his guest. The plague raging
just then at Geneva, de Vic would not suffer him to
proceed on his journey. Suddenly summoned to Paris
to attend the king, de Vic proposed to Casaubon to go in
his train. Under these favourable auspices he saw Paris
for the first time.
' Of Meric de Vic, Grotius says in 1622, Grotii Epp. ep. 171 : '
Literas
quantum amaret, in Casaubono ostendit, et mihi . . . non obscura dedit
benevolentia; sua; signa.' [On his library see Guigard, '
Armorial du biblio-
phile/ t. ij, p. 466, ed. 2.]
' Ep. 1020.
He found himself received with open arms, and

as one well known to them, by the best set in the
capital.
This circle of men, a society such as even Paris has not

been able to produce again, consisted chiefly of members
of the bar, or magistrature. Their centre of resort was
the house of J. A. de Thou, the historian, president of the
court of parlement. Their presiding genius had been
Pierre Pithou, who wasthem by death, 1596,
just lost to
and at the time of Casaubon's coming to them they were
none of them young. None of them, neither Nicholas
Rapin, nor Passerat, nor Servin, nor Jacques Gillot, nor
even Frangois Pithou, had the solid classical learning of
Pierre. Francois Pithou was a scientific jurist, and was
deeply versed in the old Prankish codes, the Salic,
Ripuarian and the capitulaire ^ Passerat and Rapin were ;
all alike agreed in the love and culti-

elegant versifiers, but
vation of greek and latin letters. Yet they were no mere
literary triflers, witness the 'Historia' of de Thou, the
'Annales Francorum' of Pierre Pithou. Some of them
filled the highest civil or judicial offices all of them had ;
gone through the time of the League, and the Sixteen

some had sate in the parlement of Tours, or been sent to
the Bastille by Bussi-Leclerc. They were catholics, but
of all nuances, from Frangois Pithou, who was devot, and
hung about who was a protestant
the convents, to Pierre,
brought into the catholic fold by terrorism. They were
catholics, but catholics who were united in a veritable
culte of the absent Scaliger, and who sought to locate
Casaubon in Paris. Out of their reunion had issued the
Satyre Menippee, a literary pamphlet, whose surprising
public effect ranks it with the Epistolae obscurorum '
virorum,' the letters of Junius, or the Qu'est ce que le '
1
Scaliger". 2". p. 187 :
' Fran9ois Pithou est le plus docte d'aujourduy en ces
auteurs du dernier temps, comma leges Ripuariorum, Capitularia, etc., aprfes
luy peut estre mis Freherus.'
I 2
Il6 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
Tiers-etat?' All past suffering a possession, and the

is
trials from which they had barely emerged, already old

men, had given firmness to their character, and breadth
and largeness to their views.
Thirty years later the Academic franâise took its rise
in such a reunion of hke-minded men, who desired for

encouragement and stimulus of
their literary activity the
social converse.
^
' In 1629 some private persons, lodged
in remote parts of Paris, finding it highly inconvenient,
by reason of the great extent of the city, to visit each
other with the chance of not meeting, resolved to see each
other one day in each week at the house of M. Conrart,
which was centrally situated.' The assemblages at M.
Conrart's house are remembered because they have given
birth to a celebrated society, the only institution in France
which is more than a century old. The meetings at the
house of de Thou are less famous, yet the men who there
came together were cast in a nobler and more manly
mould than the dilettante critics who founded the academic.
Ecclesiastical terrorism which condemned the history of
de Thou, as unfit reading for good catholics, had made in
one generation sad havoc with the independence and in-
tegrity of the French character. In 1629 we find ourselves
in a salon of men polished, ingenious, and loving letters,
but wanting the more robust constituents both of character
and intellect.
The meetings at de Thou's house, in 1598, were but a
revival of an earlier Sunday-morning assemblage, in a
time before the S. Bartholomew had come to cast a gloom
over Parisian life. In the cloisters of the Cordeliers, from
eight to eleven, or in Christophe de Thou's house, after
dinner, there used to assemble the two Pithous, Claude
du Puy, Le Fevre, Frangois Hotman, the young Scaliger,
with others less famous. J. A. de Thou was but a youth and
^ Pellisson, Hist, de I'acad. franp. i. 8.
a listener. He used to say ^'he had learnt all he knew

from the conversation of. these men, who there discoursed
of letters. It required anyone to be thoroughly well
read to take a part.' To the later period of which we
now write, Rigault's ^ description appHes ;
'
Numerously
attended assemblages house of de Thou maintained
at the
our circle of friends. Hither flocked all the best and most
instructed men of all ranks, from every province of the
kingdom and from foreign parts. There you heard and
discussed everything noteworthy that occurred in the city
or parlement, all the news that sails, oars, posts brought
in from over seas, or the countries beyond the Alps or
Pyrenees.'
The men who have been named, with others, formed
an inner which was comprehended in one wider.
circle
'One secret,' says M. Renan^, 'of the power of french
esprit is the close union which has ever existed among us
between those who write books, and those who read and
appreciate them.' The larger society is known to history as
the party of the politiques,' and consisted, to speak broadly,
'
of all the men of any education in France. The bar, the

magistrature, the lesser noblesse, and even the church,
contributed to this larger circle, which comprehended
calvinistic seigneurs, as well as gallican prelates. It was
not numerically strong, but, like the party of enlightenment
in every period, its influence was greater than its numbers
warranted. It is the policy of such a party to ally itself
with literature, as it is the only party which the press can
really serve. But the 'politique' and galhcan party of
1600 was not only allied with literature, its leading men
themselves were of classical culture and tastes. Such
were still, or had been, Paul de Foix, Henri de Mesmes,
' Thuana, p. 188 La ils communiquoient des lettres, et falloit estre bien
:
'
fonde pour estre de leur compagnie et pour moi, je ne faisois qu'escouter.

;
Cette compagnie se trouvoit cliez moy les festes apr^s disner, oil M. Scaliger
estoit souvent.'
' P. Puteani Vita, p. 24. 'Etudes morales, p. 340.
II ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
Schomberg, d'Ossat, Achille de Harlay, Le Maitre, Du

Vair, the cardinal Joyeuse, Servin, Edouard Mole, men
in whose lives, the camp, the court, or diplomacy, had
whetted the appetite for knowledge, and the desire of
recurring to good books, as the food of the mind. II '
nous faut, si nous esperons de parvenir a quelque gloire,

hanter avec les morts,' the words of Du Vair ^, was the
rule and practice of them all. Paul de Foix ^ had a travel-
ling hbrary, which was unpacked for his use, and that of
his suite, every evening on their arrival at the place where
they were to lodge.
This grave and solid generation, the salt of french
society at that epoch, still moves before us in the
'Memoires' of de Thou, or the 'Voyages en cour' of

Groulart. The weight of these men was "some set-off
against the mass of the noblesse, destitute of culture
and despising it^, and the mass of the town populations,
deprived of all ideas but those which they gathered inside
the walls of the churches. But the men of education by
no means balanced the united weight of the men of the
sword and the clergy. With this latter party sided the
vast majority of the nation, and with it rested the real
force of the government. The
power in France
central
was not strong enough to go against the inert mass of this
catholic majority, on any matter of public policy, which
lay within its apprehension. The small educated section
of which we speak were employed by the government,
but they did not direct it. If the experiment of placing
government in the hands of men of letters has been one
of the misfortunes of France in recent times*, the want of
^ De r^loquence fran9. CEuvr. p. 237.
2 Paul de Foix had been a pupil of Cujas (1584). See Spangenberg,
pp. Ill, 150.
^ Poirson, Hist, du regne de Henri iv.
3, 630. Amelot de la Houssaye, in
Card. d'Ossat. lettr. 195 ' Henri
: iv. disoit qu'avec son chancelier (Sillery)
qui ne savoit point de latin, et son connetable, qui ne savoit ni lire ni ecrire,
il pouvoit venir a bout des affaires les plus difiSciles.'
* Morley, Voltaire, p. 57.
politicalknowledge among the noblesse was most unfor-

tunate for the France of Henri iv. Hence they were at
the mercy of the Jesuits, who were thus enabled to work
France in the interests of an ultramontane policy. The
party of enlightenment were obliged to be content with
the subordinate functions of administration, and with alle-
viating the mischief of a policy which they could not
controul. Their best leverage was found in the personal
character of the king. This was especially the case in
matters connected with public instruction, for it is in these
matters that the personal tastes of the prince are most
influential. The encouragement of science and letters is
almost always a personal influence. Henri iv. had learnt

regularly the usual latin and greek, but he hated men of
any pretensions to learning, for their independent bearing.
Scaliger he honoured with his especial aversion. But his
intelligence was too good, and his views too wide for him
not to feel the advantage which general culture gives in
the handling of affairs. Les lettres ouvrent I'esprit a
'
tout,' he said and, though he disliked the scholar by

;
profession, he preferred to employ and to trust a well-

informed lawyer, rather than an ignorant and arrogant
grand seigneur. He would listen to de Thou, even if
unwilling or unable to act on his suggestions. ^'The
king,' Casaubon writes to Scaliger, though, as you know, '
not greatly given to literature, 3'et promises himself much

credit from patronising my studies. This I owe to your
exaggerated praises of me, which he is fond of re-
peating.' Henri iv, like Francis i, like Louis xiv, had a

royal sense of his duty as patron of learning, and en-
' Ep. 208: Rex, etsi ut scis, oi novaiKdiraros

' illis tuis fidem veri
. . .
excedentibus elogiis adductus, quae sunt illi quotidie in ore, nihil mediocre de
studiis nostris sibi pollicetur.' Christopher Coler writes to Kirchmann In :
'
Gallia summum otium nuntiatur, et literse in novum florem crescunt. Vocavit

rex Casaubonum Lutetiam, et Scaligerum. Scaligero sua manu seripsit. Cum
Casaubono de academia Parisiensi instituenda per tres horas locutus scribitur a
Francisco Pithoeo.'
lightenment enough to understand the lustre such patron-

age could shed upon his country and reign.
Knowing all this of the king's disposition, Casaubon's
friends resolved to venture upon producing their protege
in person at court. The experiment succeeded ; he made
a favourable impression. The king — grand hableur— kept
him three hours talking over the affairs of the university
of Paris, and ended by inviting him to Paris to be pro-
fessor in it. That he might be known to the heir pre-
sumptive, as well as to the reigning sovereign, Nicolas Le
Fevre presented him to the young prince of Conde, who
was being brought up as a catholic, but was fortunate in
an enlightened preceptor. The prince began immediately
to ask about Scaliger ^ Would he return ? Such a man
:
'
ought not to be lost to France In taking Casaubon with '
him to the house of de Thou, de Vic was not introducing

a stranger. Casaubon had been in correspondence with
de Thou for many years, having introduced himself in
1592, by a present of the first edition of his '

Theophrastus.'
He had heard much of de Thou's library, but it surpassed
his expectation ^- When he entered the splendid collection
—
and read the titles authors he had never seen, or even
—
known to exist in print his heart sank at the thought of how
little he knew. De Thou had been employed forty years
in making this collection, which at the time of his death
consisted of 8000 volumes of printed books, and 1000 mss,
all in that sumptuous binding so well known to amateurs.
To Casaubon, to whom friends were another name for

impediments to study, the society of de Thou's salon
might not present much temptation. But the libraries
de Thou's and the royal, with which Queen Catherine's
' Ep. 176: 'Post prima salutationis verba, qusesivit a me princeps, numquid
scirem quid valeret Scaliger? quid nunc ageret? an reditum in Galliam cogi-
taret? tantum virum non debere abesse Gallia.'
'^
Ep. 175: 'Lutetiam, quod felix sit, hodie primum vidi; et statim magni
Thuani museum ingressus, quam multa ignorarem, quam parum aut nihil scirem,
agnovi.
—
had now been united opened to him that supply for
which he had so long thirsted. From this moment his
desire to remove to Paris became paramount.
On October 27, Casaubon returned to Montpellier but ;
not to resume the regular duties of his profession. He

was waiting. The appointment was delayed, but the
king's promise was passed, and there could be no doubt
it would be fulfilled. He even announced his impending
resignation to the consuls. It would have been unbecom-
ing in him, he thought, to quit the service of those, who
on the whole had treated him with much respect, without
requesting his conge in form. Not to be idle\ he gave
a voluntary course of greek, and allowed the duties of
rector, which he detested, to be imposed on him for a
short time. He paid a visit of a fortnight to de Fresne at
Castres. All this while not intermitting his daily study,
which turned, among other things, on Theophrastus' bo-
tanical works, Dionysius of HaHcarnassus, and S. Jerome.
The third volume of the works of S. Jerome brought him
to the close of the year 1598, still the expected nomination
did not arrive.
The long delay seemed ominous; but at last, January
24, 1599, after supper, the expected packet was put into
his hands. But it was no nomination to a professorship,
or to any office whatever. It was simply an order, under
the sign-manual, to leave Montpellier, and to hasten to

Paris, '
where it is our intention to employ you in the pro-
fession of classical letters in the university.' The letter
missive did not even assign any stipend or pension, but

only intimated that such a stipend, as well as the expenses
of removal, would be forthcoming. The original, which
was preserved by Casaubon among his papers, and printed
by Meric in his Pietas,' ran as follows :—
'
Monsieur de Casaubon,
'
'Ayant dehbere de remettre sus I'Universite de Paris,

I
Ephem. p. 102 :
'
Ne otiosi essemus.'
et d'y attirer pour cest effect le plus de savans person-

nages qu'il me sera possible ; sachant le bruit que vous
avez d'estre aujourd'huy des premiers de ce nombre je ;
me suis resolu de me servir de vous, pour la profession

des bonnes Lettres, en laditte Universite, et vous ay, a
ceste fin, ordonne tel appointement, que je m'assure que
vous vous en contenterez. Partant vous ne faudrez incon-

tinent la presente receue de vous preparer a vous ache-
miner par dega, pour vous y rendre le plustost que le
pourrez faire,' &c. &c.
To remove all difficulty with regard to his present
employment, the consuls of MontpelHer were specially
enjoined to release him from his engagement, and to offer
every facility for his departure. On February 26, having
previously sent off his wife, children, and books, he bade
farewell to Montpellier, fromwhich he said he carVied
away nothing but a good character. ^Yet it was not
without regret that he parted from kind friends, and a
flourishing protestant community, to go out into an
unfriendly catholic world.
He deviated from the direct route to Lyon to visit his
mother, who was settled at Bourdeaux in Dauphine. There
^
he found his wife and children, and tasted a ' wonderful
sweetness '
in being again among his family friends. Yet
though only there two days, he managed each day to get
a few hours for study, and read Du Plessis' book on the
'
'
'Eucharist' just published. He saw again Crest, where

he had been brought up, and where, in the Terror, his
father had been minister. On approaching Lyon he met
de Vic, who had come out to meet him, and who would
not suffer him to go to an inn, but received him and his
whole household into his hotel.
He reached Lyon, en route for Paris, March 7, 1599.
' Ephem. p.136: 'Non sine mcErore urbem nostri amantem reliquimus, floren-
tissimam ibi ecclesiam non sine gemitu, tenellam filiolam non sine suspiritibus.'
' Ephem. p. 138 :
'
Mira suavitate.'
Instead of continuing his journey, however, he remained

at Lyon, and chiefly in de Vic's house, nearly twelve
months. It was not till February 28, 1600, that he at
last set out for Paris. Of this delay, in spite of the
urgency of the letter missive, which had ordered him
'immediately on the receipt of these presents' to repair
to Paris, there seems no satisfactory account to be given
in his letters or diary. That de Vic persuaded him to
await the king's visit to Lyon, where he was expected
that he had to make two journeys to Geneva about his
father-in-law's affairs that he resolved upon printing his
:
'
Observations ' at Lyon —these reasons are at different
times alleged, but are insufficient to account for his con-
duct. Besides the contumelious neglect of the royal man-
date, he was incessantly urged by the letters of the Paris
friends, severely blaming his unreasonable procrastina-
tion^, and his indifference to a favour which had cost
them so much solicitation. As for the printing of the
Athenaeus, which he repeatedly assigns as the object of
his stay in Lyon, he would have much preferred to have
had it done was with difficulty that a printer
in Paris. It
was found for it at Lyon, where there were no greek

compositors, and where it was very badly done when it
was done.
The true explanation of Casaubon's seeming wayward-
ness is, I beUeve, that at Lyon it began to dawn upon
him, that a condition was to be attached to the appoint-
ment now held out to him that he was to purchase a pro-
;
fessorship, as Henri iv. had the crown, by abjuration.

It isimpossible to doubt, nor did Scaliger doubt ^ that the
Paris friends acted in good faith, and were quite content
to have Casaubon among them, all calvinist as he was.
But they could only persuade and sohcit. Those who
were nearer the king, those who had the bestowal of royal
1 Ep. 191 : '
Amici nostram moram increpantes Lutetiam conviciis vocant.'
2 Seal. Ep. 50.
favour, were of another sort. Du Perron and the cathoHc

junta would not give gratis. From the first, they resolved
to dangle the professorship before his eyes, but not to
bestow it, till This is the expla-
they had the recantation.
nation of the mysterious language of the mandate, which
calls him to Paris to profess classics, yet does not appoint
him professor. Nor was it only the knavish section of the

party which beset him. De Vic and Madame de Vic, out
of pure concern for his eternal welfare, prevailed upon
him to talk over the disputed points with two capuchins.
Madame de Vic endeavoured to inveigle him into being
present at mass, just out of curiosity, to see a ceremony he
had never seen in his Hfe. She thought, in her goodness
of heart, that it might be blessed to him.
From this time a report began to spread, that Casaubon
was preparing to '
go over.' Conversions were the fashion
of the day. From the great ladies of the court, down to
the meanest monk, good catholics were competing eagerly
for the credit of bringing souls into the church. The
'
convertisseurs' were incessantly at their work. An abun-
dant harvest of success rewarded their efforts. All places
of profit or distinction being reserved for catholics, abjura-
tion became the necessary step to preferment. The skill
of the converter consisted only in humouring the self-
respect of the convert. He heard a solemn dispute, was
overpowered by argument and quotation, submitted him-
self to instruction, went into retreat for a week, and came
out whitewashed. The ascendancy in opinion, and conse-
quent mastery in controversy, which, forty years before,
had been on the side of the protestants, had now passed to
the catholics. Daniel Charaier says^ of pere Coton
'
Reboul had represented to me Coton as not only learned
but modest. And when
to have to do with
in fact, I came
him, I found him more temperate and reasonable than
loyolites in general. Still he too had adopted that attitude,
' Epp. Jesuit. Praef.
in.] MONTPELUER. 1596-1599. 135
which all Jesuits assume in their intercourse with us, that

of laying down the law as a teacher to a pupil, not disputing
with us on equal terms.' For an illustrious heretic a public
conference would be arranged, where bishops and cardi-
nals sat in imposing array. For those of lower degree,
a dispute between a Jesuit and a minister was a sufficient
occasion for the would-be convert to declare that he was
convinced of his error.
Casaubon presented an obvious mark for this game,
from his reputation and his personal character. He was
now confessedly the most eminent living scholar after
Scaliger; his name was known wherever greek letters
were read. As
was well understood that Scaliger was
it
impossible, Casaubon's conversionwas the highest prize

of the kind which was open to the efforts of the con- '
vertisseurs.' The personal character of the man, of an

anxious piety : not enthusiastic, but devout to depression ;
though a sincere huguenot, yet moderate and equitable

towards catholics too learned not to be aware of the
;
many weak points in the calvinistic armour; a weakness

of will proceeding from mingled ill health, amiability, and
excessive reading ; all these characteristics were, in engi-
neering phrase, in favour of the attack. More especially
his intimate acquaintance with the greek and latin fathers,
and a sentiment for christian antiquity, indicated an affinity
for catholic rather than calvinistic divinity. The con-
temptuous treatment of antiquity on the part of the pro-
testants was not only unbecoming; it was a historical
error, an error which revolted those to whom antiquity
was better known. These facts, which soon became known
in the Jesuit camp, always well served with intelligence,
afforded ground for hope, that Casaubon's case was one
where, instead of the usual comedy of coming over' being '
enacted, a real conversion might be effected. His having

quitted Geneva, and having come into France his being ;
the close friend of Canaye de Fresne, who was known by
Ja6 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
the Jesuits (though Casaubon was innocent of it) to be

preparing to desert; his quitting calvinistic MontpeUier to
estabHsh himself in fanatical Lyon, in the house of the
catholic de Vic; and his being known to be expecting
preferment from the court ;
—
these were certainly circum-
stances calculated not only to give hopes to the Jesuit
faction, but to create an impression on the public at large,
that Casaubon was about to do what everybody else, who
wished to get on, was doing around him.
Casaubon was deeply concerned when he found that
reports of this nature began to be credited among his own
co-religionists. Êven during his residence at Lyon, he
had to suffer from the suspicions of his friends, who hinted
that he was about to leave a losing cause. If ever man
was sincere in his belief, Casaubon was. His after con-
duct proves that he was prepared to make any sacrifice
for it. But though his conduct was firm and consistent,
the publication of his private diary has revealed to us, that
there was a moment when his mind wavered. The traces
indeed are slight, but they are sufficient. It could not be
otherwise. Belief is so much a matter of sympathy and
contagion, that when all we hear and see goes one way,
we receive an insensible impulse in the same direction.
An uneducated mind, in which religious belief is a mere
matter of habit, might not be affected by epidemic Catho-
licism.But Casaubon had apphed his knowledge to the
grounds of his faith. Examining and re-examining as he
was compelled to do, the balance of the evidence must at
different times have seemed to be on opposite sides.
There was no doubt on which side his interest lay. When
he finally decided against his interest, he gave the highest
evidence man can give of a sincere love of truth. These
traces of momentary wavering are a measure of the force
' Ep. 211 among the reasons he assigns for wishing to get away from Lyon,
:
one is Odium nostri conflatum in animis plerorumque tSiv tA. fjnirepa tppovoiv-
:
'
Tcuj', cum in hac urbe (Lyon) tum in vicinis provinciis.'
of the catholic reaction in France.As part of Casaubon's

biography, they must be read in connection with the whole
of his confessions. The pages of the diary during the fol-
lowing years of trial continue to abound in evidence, as
well of humble piety as of single-eyed love of what seemed
to him truth. We quote one entry. On his forty-third
birthday Casauboh enters as follows^:
'
I am not excusing my act (not going to church). If
religious feelingwere as vigorous in my mind as it ought
to be, neither the impediment to which I allude, nor yet
more serious difficulties, would have interfered with the
journey. I here confess to thee, my God, what is the
truth, zeal for religion is languid both in my own mind,

and among those belonging to me. Do thou, O merciful
Father, stir it up, and kindle it into flame. Make us so
to live henceforward that those, who are endeavouring
with so much pertinacity to pervert me, may know that
thou, O God, wilt not suffer our faith even to be im-
perilled.'
The suspicions of those of his own church were not the

only vexations which he had to support during his stay in
Lyon. He
had with difficulty found a printer^ for his
'
Observationes,' and de Vic had generously advanced a
portion of the expense. The remainder was to be found
by the author himself, who embarked his slender savings
in the enterprise. Of profit there was no thought, but he
might look forward to be repaid his outlay by the sale of
the book. He found, in Antoine de Harsy^, one of those
' Ephem. p. 333.

Ep. 1020
'^
Parum greecis edendis assuete sunt operae Lugdunenses.'
: ' A
compositor was expected to know latin, in order to set it up in type. Corranus
complains of the London printers in 1574, Zurich Letters, 2''. ser. p. 254 So :
'
many errors have crept in through the carelessness of the printer, who is un-
acquainted with latin, as are almost all the printers in this country.'
» Antoine de Harsy, son, or grandson of Denis de Harsy, also printer, f 1614,
after which the business was carried on by his widow. Ephem. 291 Curis :
'
anxius propter improbitatem istius Harsii, quae miris modis me vexat per
somnum, scelus, dum edito libro inhiat, et pecuniis quas ibi posuimus.'
ia8 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
cormorants, who about this time began to sit hard by the

tree of knowledge. The publisher hitherto had been the
friend and co-operator of the author, even when not author
in his own person. Casaubon's Athenaeus is an early
instance of spohation, though there was not here the usual
excuse that the publisher was risking his capital on the
credit of the author's name. Madame de Harsy, who
transacted the business in her husband's absence, was
even more extortionate. As soon as she ascertained that
Casaubon was obliged to leaveLyon on a certain day,
she took advantage of it to mulct him of a large sum as
extra charges. He might have resisted in the law courts,
where he knew the judge would have befriended him.
But he could not postpone his departure, and was obliged
to pay. The pangs which Casaubon suffered from these
Lyonnese sharks will be understood, when we remember
how he had toiled in the compilation of his volume, and
what hopes he had rested on its production. This was all
that was wanting as the fitting close of the scholar's toil
the last chapter in the calamities of authors.
Nor did his pecuniary losses end here. Henri Estienne
had died intestate. While Casaubon superintended the
printing of his Athenaeus, Madame Casaubon went to
Geneva to look after her share of her father's property.
Henri's affairs were found to be more involved even than
had been feared, and became necessary that Casaubon
it
should interrupt his edition, and make first one, and then
a second, journey to Geneva, in the business. The affair
dragged on in the courts Casaubon persisted in
till 1607.
accusing the council, and even the Genevese in general, of
conspiring to rob him, and sometimes breaks out into
frantic denunciations of the 'hypocrisy and pharisaism
which was covered by the long cloak.' Even if he did
not exaggerate his loss, he could not on cool reflection
implicate the city of Geneva in the decision of a judicial
tribunal, even supposing that decision to have been unjust.
It was on this occasion that he entered, and only for the
second time in his hfe^, his father-in-law's library. Such '
a wreck of vast projects ! A memorial of stupendous

labour
!
' he exclaimed on seeing it.He used his influence

with the co-heirs to allow the mss. to pass to Paul Estienne,
who inherited the greek press under his grandfather's will.
The printed books were sold for the benefit of the credi-
tors. Sold for a song, Casaubon says. The matrixes of
the greek types remained in pawn in the hands of le Clerc.
With true disinterestedness if there was anything —for
which Casaubon coveted was a greek ms. he asked
it —
nothing for himself, but begged Paul to lend Hoeschel
a transcript of Photius which he found in Henri's hand-
writing. In telling Hoeschel what he had done, Casaubon
writes^: If I ask you when you have occasion to mention
'
Henri Estienne, to do so with as much respect as you

can, you will think I wrong your goodness of heart.
I know your excellent disposition, but you are aware that
it is the fashion, now he is gone, to run him down and
insult his memory. I am not going to justify his moody
and irascible temper some of his latest things I could

:
wish unwritten. He had, indeed, many faults; but how

truly great he was in letters, even had I not known
before, I should have learnt on entering his library, where
I saw incredible monuments of learning, and the love
of it.' What Casaubon was foregoing for himself, may be

understood from the he had never read Photius'
fact, that
Bibliotheca, which was not then printed, and knew that it
must contain some things which would have been of use
to him in his notes on Athenasus^.
To these annoyances was added another, brought upon
'
In October, 1598, he tells Scaliger, ep. 175: 'Volo, tamen, scias, nondum
mihi visam Stephani bibliothecam non dico ab ejus obitu, sed omnino invisam
;
earn esse nobis.'

^ Ep. 186: 'Quantus ille vir (Henri Estienne) fuerit in Uteris, si nesciebam
ante, potui adfatim discere, ex iis quae reperta sunt mihi in bibliotheca.'
^ Ep. 197.
K
130 ISAAC CASAUBON.
him by his good nature. He had taken into his family his
nephew, Pierre Chabanes. This youth, at once stupid
and froward, could not be induced to behave himself in
de Vic's family. He was always quarrelling with the

servants^, and once nearly set the house on fire by throw-
ing hot coals at them in the kitchen. The circumstance
only brought into relief the sweet temper of Madame de
Vic, who was content with a gentle reprimand, and would
not allow Casaubon to turn the young mule out of the
nouse within the hour, as he proposed to do. Indeed, he
kept the nephew with him till his death, which happened
in 1602. In spite of his bad disposition, his patient uncle
mourns for his loss, as for that of a child of his own ^.
De Vic continued to be the adviser by whom all Cas-
aubon's plans were now directed^.
' Ephem.
p. 160; Iterum meus petulantissimus dSeA.îSoCs, crux et mors mea,
'
animo vilissimo cum famulo rixam contraxit.'

" [For his death see infra
p. 227, and Ephem. p. 418.]
' Ephem. p. 233 : Cujus consiliis naviculam nostram gubernari par est.'
'
APPENDIX TO SECTION III.
Note A. p. 8i.
Deed of Appointment as Professor at Montpellier.

Burney Mss. 367. f. 127.
Lan mil cinq cens quatre vingt et dix sept et le douziesme

Jour du moys de Mars dans la maion Consull' de Motpell''.
En personne honnorab' hommes messieurs mre Pierre Cavassin
Dr es droictz, mfe Anthonie Atgier S'. de la Bastide, Anthonie
de Burgens, Bernardin Durant, Imbert Coste et Anthoine
Barrat Consul' de la Ville de Montpell' lesquelz de leur gre
ensuivant les precedates deliberacons du Conoii (jg Vingt
quatre avec RatiiBcaon de ce qua este faict et commence et de
tout ce quy sest passd pour avoir appell6 et plusieurs fois eit
faict venir en fin de la ville de Geneve en ceste ville Monsieur
mfe I sac Cazaubon professeur aus langues et bonnes Ires pour
y faire doresnavat sa residence et demeurance tant qu'il plera a
Dieu pour y lire publicquement et faire excercice publicq' de
ses langues et bonnes Ires soubz les Pactes et condicons a luy
acordes et y teneues en lacte que luy a este envoyee par S""
Denis Pasturel marchand de ceste ville envoye expres devers
luy pour le conduire a faire lesd' voyage qui sont telz que
sensuivent. Premierement que les d' Sieures Consuls suivant
lad' desliberacon du conîl du vingt septie Octob' dernier passe
seront teneues comme ont promis et promettant aud' S"".
Casaubon present et aceptant pour son entretenement et gages
annelz luy faire payer la somme de deux cents soixante six
escus deux tiers payable par anticipacio en deux thermes au
commencement' de chascun demy annee. Lesquels gaiges
courront et ont commence des le jour de son depart dud'
Geneve que feust le neufmesme de Decemb' dernier sans en
ce comprendre to les fraiz et despences par eulx desja faicts et
fournis a la conduicte dud' sieur Casaubon de sa famille et
K 2
133 APPENDIX TO SECT. III.
bibliotheque despuis lad' ville de Geneve jusques en castes
ville commaluy auroit aste promis et acorde p led' Conseill et

ausquels frais a esta desja satisfaict aussi seront teneus lesd'
Siaurs Consuls comma lis ont promis et promettent au non de
touta la ville at communaulte de luy donner at faire approver
dans son logis chascung an, la quantite de cent quintaulx de
bois da valleur et luy fournir una maison et logis commode po^
son habitacon et dameuran' tant quil servira a la ville, aut^
despens dicalla ô' lameublement de laquelle maion pour une
fois suivant la qua luy auroit este acorda lasd' Siaurs Consuls
luy auroiant faict payer ainsi qua lad' S"^. Casaubon a confesse
la somma de cant escus suivant la mandament que luy auroit
asta daspech6 p lasd' Siaurs Consuls sur commis
a la levee da la cour dung sous po^^. chung quintal sel ordonne
po^. I'establissement dung College de ceste ville, dont il sera
content, et a quitte la d' ville at communaulte moyenant lesquelz
susd' pactes led' S"". de Casaubon a promis et promet ausd'
Siaurs consuls ville at communaulte de bien et deuement verser
en sa profession en la d' ville, et de bien et deuement faire son
dabvoir a la lecture dasd' languas et bonnes Ires, tout ainsi qu'il
a desja commence de faire comme aussi a aste conveneu et
acorde, que ny lad' ville ny lad' S''. Casaubon ne se pourront
oncques de present ny a la venir despartir du pnt contract que
dung mutuel et reciproque consentement. Et po'^ tout ce dessus
acorder et server restituo de to'', despens domaiges et intherests
lasd* Siaurs Consuls ont oblige tous at chacungs las biens da la
communaulte de lad' villa, et led' S^^. Casaubon les siens propres

meubles at imaubles present et advenir que pourca faire ont
soubzines aulz rigueurs des cours de Monsieur le gouverneur
presidial petit sul (?) royal ordinance dud' Montpell'. et aides
requizes et necessaires In vue chune dicelles et ainsi lont
promis et dirre et Renon a tous droictz et loix a ce dessus
Eontrairas.
Faict et recitte dans Motpell'^. et dans la Maison Consull"^ en
presence de S'^. Fran' Sartie Borgeois, Noble Guillaume . . . et
Sr. Jean Costier, habitans dans Motpell"^. soubz^^s . . . lesd'
parties a loriginal, et moy Pierre Pesquet Notar. Royal dud'
Motpellier soubzê.
Pesquet, Note''.
APPENDIX TO SECT. III. \'i,'},
Note B. p. 112.
Maussac's Toulouse greek editions are : Plutarchi libellus de

fluviorum et montium nominibus . . . Philip. Jacob. Maussacus
recensuit, latine vertit, et notis illustravit, Tolosae, ap.Do-
minicum Bosc, 1615, 8" ; Pselli de lapidum virtutibus libellus
Philippus Jacobus Maussacus primus vulgavit, latine vertit, et
emendavit, Tolosae, typis viduse J. Colomerii regis et universi-

tatistypographi sub signo nominis Jesu, 1615, 8°; Aristotelis
Historia De Animalibus, J. C. Scaligero interprete, 1619.
Hoffmann assigns the first edition of Scaliger's 'Aristotelis
Hist. Animal.' to the year 1591, which would be earlier evidence
of a Greek press at Toulouse. But this date is an error, a thing
of very rare occurrence in that accurate bibliographer. Maussac
published the '
Historia Animal.' for the first time in 1619.
IV.
PARIS.
1600-1610.
1600. De Vic was now in Paris. In February he wrote

despondingly to Casaubon to him that all past promises
tell
were forgotten ;
were now powerless that
that his friends ;
the ultramontane party were wholly indifferent, and that

in short he was not to look to the court for anything.
Casaubon, having long made up his mind that it would be
so, was not disconcerted at intelligence which was no
news, but continued with steady perseverance to work at
his Athenaeus. A
fortnight, however, had hardly elapsed
before de Vic wrote a summons to him to come to Paris

immediately, without explaining his reasons, but in a tone
which compelled compHance. On February 28 he took
horse, and used such expedition that, notwithstanding the
badness of the roads, and the heavy inundations, he
reached de Vic's house in Paris upon the seventh day.
He was admitted to an audience, and received with
by the king and the lords. Henri
suspicious courtesy
again repeated what he had said about employing
Casaubon in the restoration of the university,' and the
'
next day, in mentioned Casau-

council, spontaneously
bon's name, and his own intentions. Casaubon received
an order to wait upon Monsieur de Rosny, and, as an
earnest of what was to come, received a gratification of
two hundred crowns. After this nothing further was
done; he remained in Paris, apparently forgotten and
useless, separated from the two objects of his affection.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 135
his family and and the Lyon press at a stand-

his books,
still. Of course reading not less, but even more, than
usual. For he was now in a land of books, and had
besides brought along with him in his baggage the
Photius he had received as a present from Hoeschel,
which he now read for the first time.
In the midst of this desultory he was surprised by
life,
a summons from the king, calling him to Fontainebleau,

where the court then was, for an 'affair which he had
much at heart.' ^ M'^- Cazobon, Je desire vous veoir et
*
vous communiquer ung affaire que j'ay fort k cueur cest ;
pourquoy vous ne fauldrez incontinent la presente receue

de vous acheminer en ce lieu et vous y rendre pour le
plus tard dimanche au soir, et m'asseurant que vous n'y
manquiez je ne feray celle cy plus longue que pour prier
Dieu qu'il vous ait en sa s** garde. Ce soir de Fontayne-
bleau ce 28"°° jour d'Avril 1600, Henry ^,'
Casaubon must now have begun to understand for what
purpose he had been brought up from Lyon in such hot
haste.
The fashion of conferences, and their adroit management
by the catholic reaction, has been already noticed. In the
earlier days of the religious troubles, a conference was a
bona fide attempt to come to an understanding. Such, e. g.
had been the colloquy of Poissy, 1561. Afterwards, when
the ascendancy in opinion was finally secured to the
catholics, these public disputations were merely blinds,
under cover of which those desirous of apostatizing could
decorously effect their retreat. It may seem surprising
that the huguenot party, after so much experience,
especially after the farce of the conference of Mantes,
1593' could allow themselves to be, again and again,
entrapped in the same way. The explanation is partly to
be found in the circumstance, that, while the catholics

acted with the unanimity of an organised party, the
' Preserved by Casaubon among his papers, and now in Burney MSS. 367.
protestants, dispirited and dispersed, had no centre of

policy. Thus they repeated their mistakes, in the different
provinces, with that want of tactic which always attends
a losing game.
conference of Fontainebleau, 1600, was the most
The
tragical of these self-imposed defeats, because it struck a
noble soul.
Philippe de Mornay, seigneur du Plessis Marly, is justly
described by Voltaire as '
the greatest and most virtuous
man It is little to say of him,
of the protestant party.'
that he was superior to personal interest \ for merely
to remain protestant was now to sacrifice interest to
conscience. Clear of the least suspicion of making a tool
of his party, he and fortune in the cause of
had staked life
Henri iv. None of his adherents had rendered the king

such services as had Mornay. Besides his personal
exertions, he had nearly ruined himself by loans, still
unrepaid. With a catholic education, Mornay had become
a protestant before he was twenty, by study of the con-
troversy. He continued, notwithstanding his public
engagements, to read theology, and collected a valuable
library from the dispersion of the monastic treasures.
Had he not been grand seigneur, he would have passed
for learned. He talked well, adding to the accent of a
gentleman the authority of knowledge. Du Perron, who
had learning, but with the servile manners of a court
chaplain, envied him what he tauntingly calls ^ his
'
eloquence de Pericles.' In 1593, Mornay was too much
of a statesman not to see that abjuration was a political
necessity for Henri iv. But he had understood that the
' Even Henriade,' where the figures of the wars of

in the caricature of the '
religion are set up gingerbread in the taste of the grand sifecle,' the noble
in gilt '
lineaments of the calvinist seigneur stand out as if incapable of disfigurement.

See the lines, chant 9 Son exemple instruisait bien mieux que ses discours
;
'
;
Les solides vertus furent ses seuls amours,' etc. There is a good monograph on
Mornay by Eugene Poitou in the Revue de VAnjou, i. 322 (Angers, 1854).
^ Actes de la Conference, etc.
IV.] PARIS. 1 600-1610. 137
royal conversionwas to carry with it such a reform of the

abuses of the church, as might have healed the religious
schism ; a reform of such a kind as had taken place in
England. He never expected to see Henri of Navarre go
in for rampant ultramontanism. The crafty Bearnais took
care to encourage his illusion, and not to undeceive his
friend, till he could do without him. At the stiffnecked
Calvinism of a mere soldier like d'Aubigne, Henri could
afford to laugh ; the consistent integrity of a statesman
like Mornay was a standing reproach to him. He was not
sorry for an opportunity of discrediting his old adherent,
and comrade in arms. Such an opportunity was now
afforded him.
Mornay had, unfortunately, written a book. He had
always been fond of writing, as well as reading, theology,
and he had now employed the leisure which his retirement
from politics gave him, in compiling a controversial \
treatise on the eucharist. The celebrity of the author, ^|
and the fact that the book was composed in french, would
have sufficed to give vogue even to a superficial treatment
of the reigning controversy. But Mornay's book was not a *
fugitive pamphlet. It was a solid volume of 888 pages
8vo. Opus praestantissimum,' said Scaliger 1, and better

'
'
than any of the books of the professed theologians, except

those of Calvin and Beza.' We are only concerned with
the citations. These amount to nearly 5000, it being a "i
principal object of the book to show that the Roman

doctrines of the mass, etc., are not conformable to the
opinions of the fathers, or schoolmen. Whatever the
merit of the argument, the book made a prodigious
sensation. It occupied aUke the pulpits and the salons.
The clergy were enraged to find, that though everything
else was restored to them, their old power of putting down
heretical writings by force was not yet recovered. They
were driven to the miserable resource of answering it.
' Scaligerana 2°. p. 161.
138' ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
They put on Bulenger, one of the king's chaplains ; the
Jesuits made Fronto le Due and Richeome, two of their

best men, write answers. The strong point of the book
was its citations. Romanist errors were to be crushed
by showing that they were novelties. But it was soon dis-
covered by hostile eyes, that in this show of vast reading,
lay the weakness of the book. The refutations all took
the form not of counter argument, but of exposure of false
quotations. The general public, indifferent, especially in
France, to mere inexactitude, persisted in regarding the
main issue, and these answers did not avail to arrest the
effect of Mornay's book. He himself took a contemptuous

tone towards his critics. '
I did not know that " episcopus
miniatensis," meant bishop of Mende. I should have
known it. I translated " tiburiensis," "tiburtine," and
" concilium Sardicense," " council of Sardes." I should not
have done so, but!
— ' The errors, however, were so
many and grave that they invited a more eclatant exposure.
For this the man was Du Perron.
The part of chaplain-man-of-the-world, a part often
played,and still playable, has never been played with
more success than by Messire Jacques Davy Du Perron,
bishop of Evreux, senior chaplain to the king, member of
both councils, grand and privy. He had begun life as a
protestant, but went over early, not only into Catholicism,
but also into ultramontanism, though he kept this in the
background during Henri's life. This clever talker went
about everywhere saying, that he had not examined the
whole of the big book, but that, as far as he had gone, he
had discovered 500 false citations in it^. He had really
' Du Perron told Fra Paolo, Life of Father Paul,

1651, p. 61, that he had not
only found the Huguenots without learning or knowledge, especially in the
'
had likewise found them choleric

old fathers, in councils and historians, but he
and impatient whereupon, whensoever he disputed with any of them, his chief
;
aim was by some piquant words, or argutenesse, to put them into choler, and
that being done, he was assured to carry the victory.' Cf with this Casaub.
ep. 314. It was out of modesty, thinks the Carthusian d'Argonne, Vigneul
IV.] PARIS. i6oo-i6jo. 139
spent eighteen months in carefully getting it up, and was

only watching for an opportunity to bring his criticism to
bear on it. Just at this time Mornay came to town. He
had held himself retired in his government at Saumur,
in his dissatisfaction at the catholic policy, into which the
court was rushing. He now came to Paris to endeavour
to recover some part of the sums owing to him. To sting
the veteran into sending a challenge to Du Perron, the
princess of Orange was employed as picadore. The
daughter of Coligny, the widow of William the Silent,
a protestant, but who, as grande dame, was equally
powerful in catholic circles, offered a convenient channel
of communication. Mornay was made to believe that his
personal honour was implicated, and he could no longer
hold back. The challenge was sent, and became im-
Henri iv.
mediately, says TEstoile^, the talk of the town.
took and insisted upon having a debate in form
it up,
at Fontainebleau, where he would be present himself.
The matter in dispute was to be adjudicated upon by six
commissaries, four cathoHc, and two protestant. The
catholic commissioners were the chancellor Bellifevre,
a pronounced ultramontane, Francois Pithou, de Thou,

and the king's physician in ordinary, Jean Martin^. A
masterly stroke was the nomination, as the two protestant
commissioners, of Canaye de Fresne, and Casaubon. The
firstwas known to be wanting a pretext for conversion,
and Casaubon, known to be honest, was supposed to be
yielding. It was in vain that his protestant friends
dissuaded ; that the church of Paris sent Du MouHn to
him, imploring him to abstain. He listened to de Thou,
Marville, Melanges d'Hisf. i. 64, that the cardinal said this. He must, of
course, being a cardinal, have been too strong in controversy for heretics.
1 L'Estoile, Registre Journal, p. 312 ' Cette
: dispute fait I'entretien de tout
Paris dans les chaires, dans les ecoles, chez les grands et chez les petits, on ne
;
parle que de cet appel.'

2
This was the Martin who wrote against Scaliger; see Bernays, Joseph
Justus Scaliger, p. 240.
I40 ISAAC CASA [/BON. [Sect.
and his new catholic aUies, who were equally urgent with
him to consent to act. He went to Fontainebleau he ;
found Henri iv. going in for the sport with his usual
energy. The king could think of nothing else. Difficulties
arising about the terms of the disputation, the king spent
the whole of the third of May, from lo a.m. till ii p.m., in
talking them over with the parties. He sat up till that
late hour to get the final list of Du Perron's passages, and
fixed 8 a.m. next day for the bearing.
Amid many difficulties, one thing was agreed on on all
sides, that this was not a dispute about the truth of doctrine,
but about the correctness of the quotations in the book De '
I'Eucharistie.' The nuntio had very early got scent of what

was going on, and had declared^, that the pope would not suf-
fer a doctrinal disputation to be held without his sanction.
The insult to the crown of France was allowed to pass, but
such a disputation had never been in contemplation. The
difficulties were raised by Mornay, who, feeling that he had
made a false step, insisted on impossible conditions. He

first demanded that a list of all the 500 impugned passages
should be rendered to him, before he went into the con-

ference. He said, it was quite likely that among 5000 or
more citations, some might be inexact. If these were
condemned, and the conference should not go on to the
examination of the whole, it would be taken for granted
that the whole 500 were equally faulty. The fact was, he
suspected that the bishop, in his usual style of bavardage,
had taken a little latitude with the number, and that, though
it was certain he had found some mistakes, he could not
produce anything like 500. Du Perron, as his adversary

expected, declined to give any hst of 500, and Mornay
refused the conference, except on that condition. The
king, in his ardour, ordered that the inquest into the book
should be held, whether the author were present or absent.
But this would have ruined the scheme. A condemnation
of the book, in Mornay's absence, would have produced
IV.] PARIS. 1 600-1610, 141
no on opinion it was absolutely necessary that he

effect ;
should be formally heard in his defence. The wise heads

therefore advised compromise, and after some negociation,
Mornay was induced to abide the arbitration on condition
that 50 alleged falsities were produced at once. Du Perron,
to show his resources, gave in a list of 61. The pourr
parlers had taken so long, that it was 11 p.m., before the
list of 61 errors was handed Mornay, and the hearing
in to
was to be at 8 next morning. He had to sit up all night
to verify his references, and to borrow for the purpose the
necessary books from his adversary, who had brought a
waggon load with him from the chateau de Cond6. He
was only able to examine 19 of the passages. Upon these
he told the king next morning, that he was ready to stake
'
his honour and life, that not one would be found false.'
Even 19 were found to be more than enough occupation
for one day. Preparations took so long, that the confer-
ence could not begin till after dinner, one o'clock. Though
the session was continued till nearly 7 p.m., there was
only time to examine 9 citations. The scene was the
council chamber at Fontainebleau. In the middle, a long
table of porphyry ; at one end of which sat the king. On
the king's right towards the fire, the place of honour, the
bishop of Evreux on the left of the king, in the second
;
place, "the sieur de Mornay. Down the table, the commis-

sioners the chancellor first, Casaubon lowest
; at the ;
lower end of the table, the reporters. Behind the king's

chair, various archbishops and bishops, the princes of the
blood, and other seigneurs of quality, catholic and protes-
tant. The room, which could only hold about 200, was
filled with spectators. The books were in a neighbouring
room, and were brought in as they were required. Short
opening addresses were made by the chancellor, the king,
and the bishop of Evreux, with much profession of impar-
tiality,but with a lofty assumption of the truth of the
catholic doctrine. The bishop, indeed, had allowed him-
142 ISAAC CASAUBON. .
[Sect.
self to accent the words false,' falsification/ etc. in such

' '
a way as to bring upon himself a rebuke from the king,

who desired him 'to abstain from irritating language.
They were here to judge a question of fact.'
A question of fact, it may seem, ought to have been
easily determinable. But on going into the passages
singly, the question was discovered to be by no means so
simple as appeared. The bishop's challenge alleged 500
it
'
enormes ... si evidentes que la seule ouverture
faussetez
des livres suffiroit pour le convaincre.' He must have
been disappointed, when, after an hour's debate, on the
first passage only, he could not convince a body of arbiters,
of whom the majority were catholic. On this passage they

pronounced a non liquet.' The charge of false quota-
' '
tion was an ambiguous charge.

'
Mornay had cited his
authorities in three methods, i. He had given the whole
passage literally 2. He had abridged the passage in the

;
words of the original or 3. neglecting the words, he had

;
presented the sense of the author, as he conceived it, in

his own words. Where he had employed the second
method, that of abridgment, dispute arose as to whether
the words omitted were, or were not, material. Where
he had adopted the third method, that of rendering the
substance of a long passage, it was a still more critical
business to decide, if his statement fairly represented the

author's meaning. So far was it from being a mere matter
of verification of citation, that it was impossible even to
confine the disputation to a judicial comparison of the
equivalents of propositions. It was impossible but that
some truth should be assumed ; and the truth of catholic
doctrine was not to be called in question.
One instance may serve as a specimen. Mornay had
alleged some sentences of Theodoret ^ in a very abridged
form, as follows :
'
God doeth that which pleaseth him,
but images are made, such as it pleaseth men to make
^ Theod. Comm. in Ps, 113. 0pp. i. 662.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 143
them they have abodes of sensible matter, but they have

;
no senses, being thus of less worth than insects and it is ;
right that those who adore them should lose their reason
and their senses.' If the judges had had to decide only if
the citation thus abridged was a fair abridgment of the
original, they must have decided that it was so. But
Mornay had employed the passage as telling against what
the protestants called the of the church of
'
idolatry '
Rome. The bishop charged him with having concealed

the fact that Theodoret was here speaking of the '
idols ' of
the heathen, not of the images of the christians, and of
'
'
having omitted words which disclosed this purpose. As

the protestants everywhere were in the habit of using the
scripture denunciations of idolatry, as a condemnation of
the use of images in churchesand as everybody knew that
;
Ps. 113, on which Theodoret here commenting, speaks is
of the heathen idols, it is impossible to suppose that

Mornay could have either wished to conceal the fact, or
thought there was anything to conceal. The decision of
the judges was this :
'
The passage of Theodoret must be
understood of the pagan not of the images of the
idols,
christians ; and appeared by words which had
that this
been omitted in the citation.' This decision therefore was
not a condemnation of Mornay for false quotation, which
was the point submitted to the tribunal. It was in effect
a theological decision, declaring that those passages of
scripture in which idols are denounced are not appHcable
to images in christian churches ; deciding, that is, this
vexed question of interpretation in favour of the catholic,
as against the protestant, expositor. In this exegesis the
judges may Casaubon thought so. But
have been right.
it was not the question they had to decide yet by con- ;
curring in their decision, he allowed it to appear to the

world, with the sanction of his name, that Mornay had
been convicted of a faussete 6norme in respect of a
'
'
quotation.
144 ISAAC CASAUSON. LSect.
Casaubon ^ bitterly repented afterwards of the false

step he had allowed himself to take ^, especially when he
saw the king's letter to the due d'Epernon, in which he
Henri of Navarre paraded this stage trick, as a grand —
'
stroke for the church of God.'
Mon
amy, le diocese d'Evreux a gaigne celuy de Saul-
'
mur, et la douceur dont on y a procede a oste I'occasion a

quelque hugenote que ce soit de dire que rien y ait eu
force que la verite le porteur y estoit qui vous contera
;
comme j'y ai faict merveilles ; certes c'est un des plus

grants coups pour I'eglise de Dieu, qu'il se soit faict il y a
longtemps suyvant ces erres, nous ramenerons plus de
;
separez de I'eglise en un an que par une aultre voye en

cinquante.'
This gasconade was printed, and circulated, by the
catholic party, to announce their 'victory' in every part
of France. Besides the 'grant coup pour I'eglise de Dieu,'
Henri gained by it the humiliation of his faithful friend
and servant, Du Plessis Mornay^, who retired heart-broken
to Saumur. Canaye de Fresne availed himself of it, as a
justification of the apostacy he had long meditated, and
was rewarded at once by the Venetian embassy^. Both
friends and foes now made sure that Casaubon would be
the next to go. Du Perron closeted him and talked with
learned unction on religion. * May 12, 1600, To-day '
' Casaubon had begun to enter in the '

Ephemerides,' p. 250, a detailed ac-
count of the Fontainebleau conference. But he breaks it off at the second con-
tested passage, finding that his memory would not serve him, either as to the
sequence of the discussion, or even as to the decision of the umpires. Two
blank pages are left, but were never filled in. Meanwhile, we have two
authentic reports of the conference, by the respective parties, i. Actes de la
conference, etc. Evreux, 1601. This was drawn up by the cardinal himself,
and printed at his private press. For the use of this rare volume, I am indebted
to the library of Balliol College. ^. Discours veritable de la conference tenue a
Fontainebelleau, s. 1. 1600 inspired,

; if not authorised, by Du Plessis Mornay
himself. See Note A in appendix.
''
Ep. 214 ;
' Memoriam illius rei luctu refugit animus.'
^ Ephem. p. 720 :
'
Vel rationes, vel necessitates domesticae in romanam eccle-
siamtranstulerunt.'
* Ephem. p. 260.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 145
serious conversation on religion with the bishop of Evreux.'

Casaubon was eagerly claimed by the one side, and
angrily denounced by the other, as having aided and abet-
ted this great victory of Fontainebleau. Daniel Chamier,
Jean Gigord, Pinaud, the leading calvinist ministers at
Montpellier and Geneva Jean Calas, doctor of law, a
;
person of great weight at Nimes wrote bitter expostula-;
tions on his conduct in the affair, by which he was cut to

the heart. The protestants seem to have thought that
their champion might have made a few slips among so
many thousand quotations, but that Casaubon, hke a good
advocate, might have brought him through. In vain
Casaubon represented that he had been appointed a judge
and not an advocate, and a judge of a literary quarrel, not
of a religious controversy, and that the sentence of the
arbitrators, in each of the eight passages, was unquestion-
ably right. Technically, his defence of himself was good
substantially, the protestant grievance was just. Though
he had only adjudicated on the correctness of Mornay's
quotations, the result had been appropriated as a party
victory by the catholics, a victory of truth over error, of
honest interpretation over heretical falsification. Even '
your Casaubon is obliged to admit that antiquity is for us,'

Du Perron could say.
Casaubon was terrified to' find that the report of his
apostacy was now ^ spread through the whole of France.'
'
Nay, it had reached Rome. Whenever any mischief was

to be done by tale-bearing or slandering, Scioppius was
sure to be in it. This creditable person, it seems, had al-
leged, as one motive of his own conversion, that he had
learnt that Casaubon was meditating the same step.
To do something towards counteracting the scandal,
Casaubon addressed a formal epistle to the protestant
synod assembled at Gergeau, asseverating his constancy,
and appealing both to his early education and to his
^ Ep. 232 :
'
Sparsum de nobis tota Gallia rumorera.'
daily studies as its sufficient guarantee. The occasion was

considered one of such pubhc importance, that a translation
was published at Geneva both of Casaubon's and the
letter
response, for wider circulation in classes in which latin

was not read ^ More than the violent rage of the ministers
he feared the cool penetration of Scaliger's judgment.
Scaliger would not pronounce an opinion till he had heard
all the circumstances. He begs for Casaubon's own
account. Not till September 22 did Casaubon even
mention the subject to him, and then in as few words as
and with reluctance
possible, haec scribo prope invitus.' — '
He laments the exposure of Mornay's weakness, who

would never have gone there if he had acted with his usual
prudence. He admits that the defeat was complete,
clothing the admission in greek to hide it from prying eyes
{to. Trept Tr\v 'naihdav iKaTT^\i.aro). '
I could weep when I call
to mind the sad spectacle of that day, the theatrical triumph

over the noble, the talented, the true ! There are, who
blame the k — . Whenever
have pleaded the cause of I
our friend to him, his answer has been " it is his own fault.
What did I do ? " Scaliger's reproof was conveyed by
'
his silence. He never alluded to the transaction, though

continuing a steady correspondence with Casaubon.
What was we know from Vassan's notes of his
his opinion
conversation in 1603. He said^, 'Casaubon ought never
to have gone to that conference he was the ass among ;
the apes ; the only learned man among the judges.'

An impartial writer, Burigny, thinks that Scaliger could
not have said this, because de Thou and Pithou were men
of merit, and at least de Thou was highly esteemed by
Scaliger himself. Both of them were, it is true, men of
' The original is in latin, in the collected volume of Epistolae, ep. 232. The
french translation has on the title-page, Gen. 1601. There is a copy in the
Brit.Mus. with a note, in sir H. Wotton's hand, stating that the translator was
de Montliard.
^ Scalig". 2". p. 45; '
Casaubonus non debebat interesse coUoquio Plessiaeano
erat asinus inter simias, doctus inter imperitos.'
iv.J PARIS. i6oo-x6io. 147
great reading, even learning. But not in the matter in

hand. Their reading was not in the schoolmen or fathers.
Neither of them could be considered quahfied, upon the
spot and without preparation, to say, e. g. what was
Durandus' real opinion on transubstantiation. They were
imperiti, not indocti. They were overborne by the volu-
bility and readiness of Du Perron, whose art of contro-
versy consisted in accumulating quotations ^ He was,
as Casaubon pleads in apology, '
skilled in all the jugglery
of the sophistic art.'
Casaubon returned to Paris, with his plans still unsettled,

uncertain what his occupation, even where his home, was.
Madame Casaubon was still at Geneva. The Athenaeus
hung in the Lyon press, and he found it would be im-
possible to get it out without being on the spot. As this
was the most urgent call, he resolved to go back to Lyon
and to see his book published. The summer months of
1600 were accordingly passed at Lyon, and on August 9
he sent to the press the last corrected sheet of this ^ most '
wearisome work.'
All this while he had been harassed, not only by the
conflict with his publisher, but by anxiety as to his own
future. He was, and he was not, in the service of the king.
The acts of the conference at Fontainebleau style him le '
;
sieur de Cazaubon lecteur de Sa Majeste a title which '
may be explained as titular professor, professor not of the

university, such as were the professors of the College
royal. In this capacity he had received money from Rosny,
and that more than once ; 300 escus
as lately as May 12,
for journey money for himself, his family, and his books.
This he had taken, and yet here he is at Lyon, debating
if he shall return to Paris at all. De Vic, as envoy to
the Swiss confederation, is going to remove from Lyon to
settle at Soleure, and wished to take Casaubon with him.
It was painful to him to refuse the offer of his benefactor,

^ D'Aubign^, M^m. i. 147. ^ See supra, p. 138.
L 2
whose house he had been using as his own all these

months, to whom, especially to Madame de Vic, he was
sincerely attached. But to be permanently settled in the
household of a strong catholic must strengthen the sus-
picions already entertained, and expose him to daily trials.
Soleure was a catholic canton, and in the town itself was
no protestant temple. This privation of public worship,
both himself and Madame Casaubon had ill supported at
Lyon, and they could not bear to think of making it
permanent. These considerations, not to mention the
want of a library, and of persons of education, neither of
which existed at Soleure, the reproaches he must expect
from the Paris friends that he was deserting them, and the
obligation he had incurred by receiving money from the
—
exchequer, decided him to refuse. De Vic was highly
incensed, and when he left for Soleure, did so without
taking leave of Casaubon. They met again years after-
wards, but it does not appear that their former close
friendship was renewed.
The die was now cast, and Casaubon returned to
Paris, for good or for evil. As he now had his family and
books with him, he found it expedient to abandon the
post-horse travelling (relais) which he had used before,
for the slower, more economical, water conveyance. The
'
relais was one of the excellent institutions of Sully, and
'
one which was so well appointed, that it had been possible

for Casaubon in March to reach Paris on the seventh day
from Lyon. This implied an average of fifty miles
(english) per day severe riding for a sedentary scholar,
;
in feeble health, unaccustomed to any exercise. Yet he

found he could bear it; though as the worst dressed
and least likely looking cavalier of the party, he was
always put off with the worst hack ^ But it was cheap
travelling, the tariff being fixed at thirty sous,'*lqual to five
' Epheni. p. 233 1 'Pessimis semper usi equis, cum meliores t£ koXKiov îKptea-
fi(V(j> S^$tv darentur neque ego recusarem.'
IV.] PARIS. 1 600-1 610. 149
francs forty cents per day. Sumpter-horses could also be

hired for the transport of the traveller's baggage. From
Lyon to Paris, however, the Loire offered facilities which,
when speed was not an object, made that route generally
preferred. You embarked on the river at Roanne, and
left it at Orleans. Thus the distance which had to be
ridden was reduced to the fifty-four miles from Lyon
to Roanne, and the seventy-three miles from Orleans to
Paris. The rest of the distance was performed in the
coche d'eau, a covered barge, not towed, but impelled by
the stream, aided and guided by sails. The miseries of
travelling were thus mitigated, but not wholly escaped.
The water in the Loire is always low in September, and
the neglect of the embankment in the troubles had
aggravated the evil. Water conveyance was a security
against highway robbery, an incident not unknown on the
French roads at the time. Indeed, the post-book printed
and sold by the Estienne, for the government, gave it a
sort of legitimisation, marking certain points on the Lyon
road with a *, and adding the note here look out for '
brigands.' The true brigands, however, were those of the

custom-house. On arriving at La Charite, the officers of
the douane, or peage, insisted that Casaubon's baggage
and books were merchandise, and made the captain of the
boat pay for them as such, a fraud which cost Casaubon
more than four gold crowns. It took seven days to
descend from Roanne to Orleans. It was usual to bring
to for the night, and land at some village in search of bed
and provisions. Inns in the villages on the river bank were
probably not at any time famous. France and Italy were
yet the only countries in which the comfort of the traveller
was at all attended to. A
generation later, France could
vaunt with .truth ^'
la belle commodite des hostelleries oil
Ton est re9u comme chez But in 1600, thirty years of
soi.'
barbarism had told cruelly on manners. The system of

• Guide des Chemins, 1643.
relais had been only three years in operation, and had not
had time to reintroduce civiHty along the road. To the
ordinary causes of the malignity of the caupo,' were now '
added those of religious hatred. When the Casaubons

arrived at midnight at the door of the inn, wet through
and hungry, Madame Casaubon in a delicate condition,
the cherished daughter Philippa, a frail creature, already
drooping into an untimely grave, it was whispered that they
were huguenot. Not a hand was stirred for their service.
No food, no fire, no light. Their own bargeman lighted
them with a blazing wisp of straw, but not to bed there ;
was none for them. They might sleep on the floor,

perhaps on clean straw, such as ToUius ^, in 1687, found
to be still the ordinary bedding in the Westphalian inns.
Thus it was, all through the catholic Borbonnais, nor
did their entertainment mend till they reached Orleans,
where the calvinists, though crushed, were still numerous.
Here they were hospitably received in the house of
Turquois, refreshed after their fatigues, made a great deal
of, and, at last, dismissed with presents of books.
The arrived at Paris in health and safety,
party
September 13, having been fifteen days on the road.
They were housed by Henri Estienne, a first cousin of
Madame Casaubon. One of Robert Estienne's sons had
returned to Paris, and to the catholic church. In this
instance, however, the ties of blood were not sacrificed to
those of party. The publishing business of the Parisian
Estienne was carried on by the Patissons, some of the
grandsons of Robert i. being concerned in it as partners.
Of these Parisian Estienne, La Croix du Maine says,
;
'
nez aux lettres et desireux d'apprendre de pfere en fils
and of two of them in particular, Robert and Francois,

that they were learned in greek and latin. We find
Casaubon buying a book in order to make it a present to
Robert, who he thought ought rather to have given him
' Epp. itin. p. 17.
IV.] PARIS. i6oo-j6io. 151
books. Henri, a younger brother, was not in the firm,

but had a place in the exchequer, that of 'tresorier des
batimens du roi.' Notwithstanding this, he was a man of
probity, and had been entrusted with Casaubon's Httle
capital, for which he faithfully accounted. He continued
a firm friend of the Casaubons, as long as they lived in
Paris, and their children, second cousins, afterwards
intermarried. In March, Isaac had been lodged by this
cousin of his wife's, and Estienne now took the whole
party in, till an apartment could be found 1.
In his choice of a lodging, Casaubon was obliged to
consult, not only his small means, but convenience of
situation. might have been supposed that the king's
It
reader, titular professor classical, would have wished to

establish himself in the university quarter. There were
the libraries, there were the pupils, he meant to have if
any. But for various reasons, he chose to settle as far

in the other direction as possible, on the court side of
the river. Scaliger, who knew France and Paris, and,
from Leyden, saw things much more clearly than Cas-
aubon on the spot, had warned him of three evils which
he would have to contend with, in his new position.
The first of these was the consequence of his own
celebrity. Casaubon's wishes were few, indeed mainte- —
nance once secured, they were only two, books, and —
leisure to read them. Paris was the place for books.
Besides the libraries, there was the rue S. Jacques, ac-
cording to Coryat, 1608, very ' full of booksellers that have
faire shoppes most plentifully furnished with bookes.'
'
But,' writes Scaliger ^ if you expect to be left alone, you
'
are very much mistaken. You are now too widely known
to hope for that unnoticed and inglorious retirement,
for which every muse-smitten mortal of us longs. That
'
Ephem. p. 306 ' Me meamque
: omnem familiam domi apud se detinuit, et
omnibus rebus necessariis fovit.'
2 Seal. Ep. 53.
1 5a ISAAC CASA UB ON. [Sect.
out-of-the-way corner of Paris, in which you are proposing

to bury yourself, will not secure you against the constant
invasion of your friends.' The prediction was abundantly
verified, as we shall have occasion to see.
During the whole ten years of his Paris sojourn, we shall

find Casaubon incessantly scheming to go to some other
place. When we review the inconveniences attached to his
situation, as a huguenot dependent of a cathoHc court, we
should not be justified in ascribing this inquietude to mere
restlessness of disposition. It had its justification, but too
well founded, in the sense that his position, depending as

it did on the life of Henri iv, hung by a thread. On the
other hand, it does not seem altogether without reason,
that the biographers charge him with habitual fidgettiness.
This appears in his many removals in Paris, chasing
comfort, from lodging to lodging, without ever finding it.
Between 1600 and 1607, he changed his abode in the
capital seven times.
I. On arriving in the city, March he was
6, 1600,
temporarily entertained in de Vic's hotel. March 28, 2.
de Vic returned to Lyons, and Casaubon became the guest

of his wife's cousin, Henri Estienne. He goes to Lyons,
where he stays in de Vic's house, and returns to Estienne's
in Paris, September 13. 3. October 25, he at last estab-
lishes himself in a lodging of his own. 4.January 24, 1601,

he quits this inconvenient lodging, to occupy one in the
house of an honest man, one Georges.' 5. July 17,
'
another removal, to a house found for him by Achille de

Harlay, who, says Gillot, I'a loge bravement, et assez pres
'
de nous.' was on the court side of the water, and far

It '
from the library.' His friends had got him among them,
but this soon turned out an inconvenience not to be sup-
ported, and he shifts again. 6. October, 1604, he goes
over the water, to be away from his friends. After some
search he finds an apartment in, or attached to, the house
of one Coq, a member of the bar, who, having built a
IV.] PARIS. 1 600-1610. 153
large new house for himself, let off a detached portion

to Casaubon. This was in the faubourg S. Germain. 7.
Finally, he settled himself close to the library, opposite the
great convent known as the Cordeliers, on the site of
which is now the musee Dupuytren. For this house,
which was a large one, he paid the enormous rent of 400
livres ^- Besides his apartment in Paris, he had occasional
country quarters ; first at Madrid, in the Bois, afterwards
at La And, ultimately, he established himself
Bretonnifere.
in a country house Grigny, on the terres of his intimate
at
friend Josias Mercier, seigneur Des Bordes *.
Each of these removals had its special and sufficient
reason; yet all taken together, and along with the dis-
content with where he is, the incessant sighing to be
somewhere else, the cry for 'leisure,' we cannot be sur-
prised that his contemporaries should have thought of
Casaubon as a querulous dissatisfied man, and that the
biographers should have enhanced this impression still
further.
The true account of the matter is, it seems to me, that
Casaubon had the nervous sensibility of the hard student.
This susceptibility made him unequal to face the fret and
worry of life, and especially of Parisian existence. But he
shunned the outer world not as trouble, but as interrup-
tion he wanted to be free, not for an epicurean inaction,
;
—
but for hard work the work he felt he could do. To do
this, he would fain have been released from that he could
not do. If he is solicitous, more than we think is dignified,

about provision for his own necessities and those of his
family, it is not covetousness, it is that with a free mind he
' From the rents paid by Casaubon we mayhe required a tolerably

infer that
spacious apartment to house his family and books. We find from Fynes
Moryson's Itinerary, that in 1595 a single chamber could be hired for two
crowns a month = 72 livres a year = 267 francs at the present day. Itin. pt. 3.
p. 135 : He may have a well furnished chamber at Paris for some two crowns
'
a month.'
* See note B in Appendix.
may bestow it all on his one object in life. The nomadic

humanist of the fifteenth
Italian century roved incessantly
from court to court, with the aim, which in a scholar is
sordid, of bettering his fortunes. Casaubon's removals

were dictated by the single desire to secure time for his
work.
Achille de Harlay had bestowed a doubtful benefit on him
when he had found him a lodging assez pres de nous.' '
The diary begins again to echo with groans over time run-
ning to waste. He tells Lipsius Hhat he is driven to do
his translation of Polybius as the sheets pass through the
press, from want of time.
' The greater part of my day is
wasted upon wretched nothings in this busy capital, busy
because all the men have nothing to do.' Day after day
the entry in the diary is, 'This day, too, my friends have
made me lose ! amici studiorum meorum
Aug. 3, inimici.' '
1601, O woe, O wretchedness, all study is at an end for me,
how much of each day do I spend in reading, each day do

I say, a whole week is gone, a whole month, and I can
hardly get to look at a book.' The waiHngs of MontpeUier

are revived, but upon a greater stage. Being a sort of
court pensioner, Casaubon too is part of the court. He

has to wait upon the king; to wait, a good deal, upon
Rosny upon various grands seigneurs, a little in his own
;
affairs, much in those of his friends. He began to

experience the annoyances which await one who is sup-
posed to stand well with men in power. This morning '
my friends ad proceres me rapuerunt negotiorum suorum

Put my lord Bolingbroke in mind To get my
!
causa '
'
warrant quickly sign'd. Consider 'tis my first request.' He

felt most grateful to the chancellor Bellifevre, who, being
told one day that Casaubon was waiting in his ante-

chamber, sent him word to go home to his books, and not
' Burm. Sylloge, i. 366; 'Ad hoc adigit me temporis inopia, cujus
. .
pars maxima in hac civitate negotiosissima, otiosorum hominum matre, misere

quotidie mihi surrepta perit.'
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 155
waste his valuable time in that way he might

; state his
friend's case by letter. Other duties of friendship besides
solicitation had to be discharged. De Thou lost his wife
in the prime ofUfe, set. 35, and Casaubon could not but
devote much time to sympathy, and condolence. He was
with him daily for some time one day no less than twelve
;
hours. Besides attendance on, and visits

the constant
from the parisian friends, there are the strangers. Going
and coming, every one passes through Paris, every one
who reads, wishes to see Casaubon. His house is a shrine
of protestant pilgrimage. Hear e. g. the Odcombian, ^ '
I
enjoyed one thing in Paris, which I most desired above

all and oftentimes wished for before I saw the citie,
things,
even the sight and company of that rare ornament of learn-
ing, Isaac Casaubonus, with whom I had much familiar
conversation at his house, near unto St. German's gate
within the citie. I found him very affable and courteous, and
learned in his discourses, and by so much the more wilHng
to give me entertainment, by how much the more I made
relation to him of his learned workes, whereof some I have
read. For many excellent bookes hath this man (who is the
very glory of the french protestants) set forth to the great
benefit, and utility of the common weale of learning.' Nay,
long the middle of the i8th century, old learning,
after, in
and with Casaubon's memory, was not yet obliterated.

it
In 1755, when Ruhnken spent a year in Paris, there were

still antiquaries a few —
Capperonier, no doubt who pre- —
served the memory of where Casaubon had lived for study ^.
Ruhnken did not fail to visit the house, and perhaps in
company with Musgrave and Tyrwhitt, to salute the manes
of the heroic man The house to which these visits were
!
paid was not that found for him by Harlay, but the
1 Coryat, Crudities, i. 42. ed. 1776.
" Wyttenb. Vita Ruhnk. p. 67 jEdiculam, in qua Casaubonus literis
:
'
operari solebat, Ruhnkenio monstrarunt Parisienses quidam, qui pauci veterem

venustatem retinerent, eoque ventitarent quasi salutatum manes lierois de optimo
hominum genere optima meriti.'
librarian's house, close to the Cordeliers, and in the very

heart of the pays latin.
Casaubon's aversion to the university had led him, in

the first instance, to seek an abode as remote from it as
possible. This was the second of the three sources of
vexation which Scaliger's experience had pointed out. It
is necessary to enter into some explanation of Casaubon's

relations to the university of Paris. This cannot be done
without touching upon the general condition of the univer-
sity at this period, circ. 1600 *.
Casaubon had left an honourable, though poor, position

at Montpellier, in virtue of a summons which invited him
to aid '
in restoring the university of Paris,' and offered him
'la profession des bonnes lettres en laditte universite.'
When he waited upon the king, in March 1600, Henri
repeated more than once ^, with his own mouth, the words
of the letter of January 1599, '
Remettre sus I'universite.'
'
To restore the university,' the phrase requires explanation,
for was not one hazarded by the king on the moment it
it ;
was a phrase current at the time, and employed as well by

the friends as the enemies of the university. It is the
consecrated expression in all the memoirs and documents
of the period. The formal petition addressed by the uni-
versity itself to the parlement of Paris, asks^ that court
'
up again the decaying, and almost ruinous, univer-
to set
sity.' The lament
of the university is reechoed by its
enemy and pushing rival, the Jesuits, who founded on this
fact of decay their own claims to admission. It was safe
then for Casaubon, in the dedication of his Athenaeus, to

pray the king ^ '
not to permit that university, once the
* See note C in Appendix.
' Ep. 208 :
'Non semel demonstravit nobis voluntatem suam opem nostram
utendi in restauranda hae schola.'
^ Libellus supplex, p. 31Labentem et paene cadentem academiam erigere.'
;
'
Ded. Obs. in Athenseum (to Henri iv)

''
Patieris, princeps benignissime,

:
'
jacere aeternum tuam illam Academiam, clarissinium quondam non solum Galli-
arum, sed totius Europse lumen.' M. Gustave Masson, Bull, de la Soc. de I'Hist.
prot. 18. 398, n. refers these words to the college royal. It is with great hesi-
IV.] PARIS. 1 600-1610. 157
shining light not only of France but of Europe, to lie for

ever prostrate.'
The decay thus familiar in men's mouths did not mean
decay of learning. Such decay had, indeed, taken place.
The deterioration of the standard of learning in the
university of Paris, circ. 1600, is a striking fact in the
literary history of Europe; a fact so manifest to us,
that when the writers of Henri iv's reign speak of decay,' '
we are ready at once to interpret their language of intel-

lectual decay. This, however, was not what they meant.
It was true, but they did not know it. Decay creeps
on a literary corporation, as on the individual, insensibly
to its subject.
The university of Paris had been, for some centuries,
not only the first university of Christendom, but the centre
of intellectual life and freedom. As long as the scholastic
philosophy had been the expression of this life, Paris con-
tinued the chosen home of the study, which it had created
and developed. But now the intellectual life of Europe had
passed into the study of the classics, and into the art and
science, which were to spring from that study. For a

short time it had seemed as if this new life of the classical
renaissance, exiled from Italy, was about to select its home
in Paris. But the beginning so auspiciously made by the
foundation of the college royal was cut short by religious
fanaticism. The S. Bartholomew, 1572, and its sequel,
involved protestantism and classical learning in a common
ruin. Ramus owed his death as much to the fact that he
was a university reformer, as that he was suspected of
tation that I differ from one who is the highest english authority on the history
of the french reform. But it is clear to me that Casaubon, here and elsewhere,
speaks of the university of Paris. And it is very far from being true of the
college royal, thatHenri iv lui rendit en effet tout son eclat.' The regius
'
filled, from ecclesiastical considerations, with incompetent

chairs continued to be
persons. The series of greek professors in the years of reaction, was, 1595,
George Crichton 1603, Jerome Goulu ; 161 1, Nicolas Bourbon; 1619, Pierre
;
Valens 1623, Pierre de Montmaur.

;
Calvinism. of Budaeus, of Turnebus, Lambinus,

The days
Danes, Vatable, Tusan, Galland, Ramus, were passed.
Their chairs remained, but filled by a nameless genera-
tion, of baser metal. How inferior none cared ; indeed
few knew. The tradition of classical learning was pre-
served by french scholars, but by Scaliger who was an
exile, by Casaubon who was an alien.
The decay complained of then was not decay of learning,

but material decay.
In this respect the university of Paris came out of the
religious wars a wreck. It had suffered in its property.
Its students had disappeared. Discipline was at an end.
This was the natural result of thirty years of civil war, a
drama including such acts as the massacre of '72, the
League, the barricades, the siege of '93. During the siege
the attendance had reached the lowest point. One college
alone, that of Lisieux, continued in exercise. To this had
come down the 30,000 students ^ of which the university
used to boast before the troubles. To be without students
was to be without means. For the university of Paris,
even at a time when its renown filled Europe, was poor,
without revenues, without buildings, as a university. Till
the foundation of the college royal by Francis i, none
of its teachers had enjoyed an endowment. The teachers
depended for payment on their pupils. Six crowns a year,
' The number of 30,000 reappearing at this period may seem sus-
mystical
no appearance of a register of scholars. It can
picious, especially as there is
have been at most an approximative computation. But as such it is confirmed
by many contemporary authorities. In the time of Charles vii the number had
been estimated at 25,000.In 1546, Marino Cavalli (Tommasseo, Relations des
ambass. Venit. i. 263) gives 16,000 to 20,000 as the number. The larger number
of 30,000 is the popular estimate for the period preceding the religious troubles.
Garnier, n. on Ronsard, CEuvres, .1. 1379. Scalig^ 2". p. 179 :
'
Parisiis erant
meo tempore xxx milia studiosorum, semel armati sunt a Condaeo.' Lippomanno
(Tommasseo, 605) in 1577
2. L'universitd est rarement frequentee par moins
:
'
de 30,000 Studiants, c'est a dire, autant et peut-etre plus que n'en ont toutes les
universit^s d'ltalie prises ensemble.' Du Moulin, Defense de la foy catholique,
P-53 Ou est ceste university de Paris qui avoit plus de 30,000 escholiers,' etc,
;
'
Arnauld, Discours au Roi, p. 65.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 159
= £2 Sterling, was the highest fee usual in the first three

classes ; lower classes it was less the notoriously
in the ;
poor were excused payment altogether. What property the

university had belonged to the colleges. For the univer-
sity of Paris, like the English universities, consisted of
itscolleges. But, unlike the colleges of Oxford and
Cambridge, the colleges of the university of Paris had
but slender endowments, often nothing beyond their
buildings. In some colleges 'bourses' were founded,
which provided a scanty maintenance for students (chiefly
in theology), through a more prolonged course of study,
and enabling them to reach the doctorate.
At the time of which we write, the forty colleges were
empty of students. A solitary principal, without fees to
!
pay tutors, or keep house, tacitis regnabat Amyclis
'
Some colleges were in ruins. Spanish and Neapolitan

soldiers of the garrison had installed themselves in the
chambers, had burnt the humble furniture for firewood,
had stabled their horses in the chapel. Others were in-
vaded by poor peasant famihes from the banheu, rendered
houseless by the devastation of the siege. Others had
been so long untenanted, that thistles and brambles
covered the court. In those which had fared best, dis-
cipline was entirely disorganised. The 'boursiers,' who
may be compared to the scholars and fellows of our
colleges, as they were tem. James i, had possessed them-
selves of what property remained. They were engaged
either in dividing the capital among themselves, or in
living on the revenue without performing the statutable
exercises, and in resisting the attempts of the principal
to reduce them to obedience. The authority of the prin-
cipals, or grand masters, had lapsed from their hands.
The regents ( = tutors of our colleges) had disappeared
with their pupils.
These were, or seemed to be, the consequences of war.
But now there was peace, and a prospect of a settled
]6o ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
government. It might have been expected therefore that,
by the mere operation of social habit, the colleges would

fillagain, and the university thus restore itself. For it
must be remembered that the university of Paris was not
merely what we now understand by a university, a place
which takes up young men where school ends. It was at .
once school and university. It received on its benches the

boy at nine years old, and carried him on to the doctorate
at thirty-five. It was the great grammar school for the
whole of Paris. For Paris, it was protected by a monopoly.

No individual was permitted by law to open a school, or
hold a class, or to teach publicly or privately, unless he
himself had regularly graduated, or been admitted as
graduate of the university, and his pupils had become
matriculated. Private tutors, living in the family, were
bound to send their eleves to the classes of some college.
Under this monopoly, and with the prestige of the
university, it might have been anticipated that peace and
settled government were all that was required to restore
prosperity to the colleges, and that the classes would have
been again full. The decay continued, and was indeed so
alarming that it forced itself upon the attention of govern-
ment. Of the three leading constituents of Paris, the small
Paris of Henri iv, with its population of some 400,000, — out
of the three factors of its prosperity, the convents, the
court,and the university, one seemed lost. There was a
loud upon the paternal government of Henri iv, which
call
was doing so much for the restoration of the country, to

undertake the restoration of the schools,' les ecoles,' as
' '
the university was called.

The first step towards remedying the decay was to
ascertain its cause. The ultimate cause, stated in general
terms, was that the education offered in the schools of
Paris no longer met the demands of the day\ The
' The popular view of the decay is stated in

the dedication by the '
Societas
typographica Parisiensis of the Oracula SibylUna of 1599.
'
IV.] PARIS. 1 600-1610. 161
by which it was governed, and on which its system,

Statutes
was founded, were those which had been framed by the
cardinal d'Estouteville, papal legate in 1452. Since that
period the classical renaissance had come, and had changed
the material, and the form, of education throughout
western Europe. But Paris, the leader of fashion, had
remained as unchangeable as Salamanca. Philosophy,
become a lifeless verbiage, was still the prescribed curri-
culum of the faculty of arts. That the teaching offered in
the colleges of Paris no longer met the requirements of
french society, was the remote cause of the falling off of
students. This is clear to our eyes, but it was not so to
those of contemporaries.Had they seen it as we see it,
they would have found the immediate remedy in re-
modeUing the curriculum of arts. But they looked, as
practical men always look, for proximate causes. They
saw that the schools of Paris were empty, and they
asked, Where, then, was the youth of France ? It
was in the colleges of the Jesuits. Many poor families,
ruined and disorganised by the war, go let their sons
without education in letters. engaged
Others, better off,
private tutors at home. Richer^ asserts that the custom

of private instruction, scarcely known before, had become
very common since the wars. But the vast majority of the
middle class youth who formerly peopled the schools of the
university were in the colleges of the Jesuits. Not in the
college of Clermont, rue S. Jacques, which was shut up,
—
but in the provinces at Toulouse or Bordeaux, Auch,
Agen, Rhodez, Perigueux, Limoges, Le Puy, Aubenas,
Beziers, Tournon, in the colleges of Flanders and
Lorraine, Douai, or Pont-a-Mousson, places beyond the
jurisdiction of the parlement of Paris, or even of the crown
of France. It is characteristic of the legislative confusion
of the period, that the banishment of the society of Jesus
from the district of Paris had been by arret of the parle-
' Vie, p. 38.
M
l62 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
ment of Paris alone, and had never been confirmed by the

crown ^. Lyon loudly demanded a Jesuit college, and
even the huguenot Lesdiguiferes, almost king in Dauphine,
was preparing to erect one at Grenoble. Amiens, Reims,
Rouen, Dijon, Bourges, were only waiting a favourable
opportunity to introduce the Jesuits within their walls.
Here, then, was the cause of the '
decay of the univer-
'
sity of Paris. Friends and foes of the university alike

agreed in attributing its fallen condition to the rivalry
of the new teachers. There were only two methods by
which the university and the old colleges could be saved.
Either the competition of the Jesuits must be put down, or
the old colleges must be reformed to be able to compete
with the new. The university, of course, preferred the
former method. Some of its more judicious friends desired
to try the latter ^.
The former method was tried. An arret of the parle-
ment of Paris was procured, prohibiting parents from
sending their children out of Paris to the Jesuit colleges,
in or out of France. The order was simply neglected. It
was reiterated in 1598, again in 1603 ; the repetition is but
proof enough that it was disobeyed. The Jesuit schools
overflowed with pupils. In Flanders there was not a
town of any consideration in which the whole education of
the place was not in the hands of the Jesuits. At Douai
the logic class alone contained 400. To put down the
Jesuit colleges in 1600 would have required much greater
' Cretineau-Joly, a. 463.

^ Antoine Arnauld, father of a more famous Antoine Arnauld, in his Discours '
au Roi,' 1594, is the one of the complainants who comes nearest the real grava-
men. But even this bold advocate could not utter the simple truth, that the
zeal of the Jesuits for the ' education 'of the young was a mask for their one
object, —ultramontane propagand. Arnauld's pleading, and the answer to it by
Richeome, ' Plainte apologetique, Bordeaux, 1603,' are only the principal, and
semi-official, manifestoes on either side. Richeome goes into the causes of the
decay of the university of Paris. It is not due to the Jesuit competition, but to
the rise of catholic universities in other countries. See p. 5a of the latin trans-
lation, Lugd. 1606.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 163
power than the parlement of Paris ever enjoyed. The

Jesuitswere the rage of the period. The catholic reaction
was in full flow, and the society was floated onwards on the
crest of the wave. Jesuit confessors, preachers, spiritual
directors, were everywhere superseding the older orders.
Especially Jesuit schools enjoyed the confidence of the
public in a degree which placed them beyond competition.
There remained for the university to attempt to reform
its system of study way as to enable it to com-
in such a
pete with the Jesuits. This course was urged by the
enlightened section of the parlement, Harlay, de Thou,
etc. It was obvious to say to the university as the king
did say ^ :
'
If the Jesuit schools are and yours empty,
full,
c'a este pour ce qu'ils faisoient mieux que les autres.' In

this originated the celebrated reform of the university of
Paris. The commission obtained for the purpose, on which
Harlay and his friends contrived to get a majority of the
tolerant party nominated, framed revised statutes, by
which the university was governed for 170 years. These
statutes removed some of the more flagrant abuses of the
university, and partially introduced the new classical cur-
riculum.
But the case was one in which legislative relief could do
but little. It was in vain that the statutes were changed,
—
and the studies remodelled the old spirit was unchanged.
The classics were there, and might be read, but the spirit
of the university remained ecclesiastical and scholastic.
Theology still held the first place ; the faculty of arts
languished. What was wanted was men. The best
statutes will not make a university without men in whom
is the breath of life. The mere introduction of the

classics into the curriculum of arts was nothing without
the living voice to teach their use. The treasures of
ancient tradition, 'ein lebendiges fur die lebendigen
' '
Discours au Roi,' Lat. trans, p. 24 ' Agite vos, industria vincatis jesuitas
:
. , . atque numero auditorum sine dubitatione vincetis."

M 2
geschrieben,' are mere dry leaves to those who have not

learnt to love them.
It was therefore the wish of the commissioners that,
in order to give impulse to the new studies, some new
philological power should be imported into the teaching
personnel. Two men at the moment took the lead of
classical learning in Europe, Scaliger and Casaubon;
and it so happened both were of french nationality, Of
Scahger it was useless to think, for other reasons, but also
for one decisive one it was well known that he would not
;
consent to teach. But Casaubon was not only french, but

was actually teaching in a french university. Even had
he not been personally known to de Thou, it was in-
evitable that the commissioners should turn their eyes
upon him. That he was intended to be placed in the
university, is evident from his patent of appointment,
which bore upon its face the royal purpose, pour remettre '
sus I'universite.' On the strength of this brief he had

relinquished his situation at Montpellier, had come to
Paris, had seen the king, who then repeated his promise
of the appointment. He then proceeded to remove his
family to Paris, and established himself there. We
gradually cease to hear of the proposed professorship, till
we find Casaubon in the receipt of a pension unconnected
with the university, and waiting for the vacancy of the
place of sub-librarian to the king, of which he has the
reversion.
Notwithstanding that we have both Casaubon's diary
and his confidential letters of this period, the nature of
this hitch in the business is nowhere explicitly declared.
But there is no doubt whatever that it had its source in
the religious difficulty.
By the new statutes of the university no person could
leach, or take a degree, or even be admitted as a bursar or
student of any college, who did not make profession of the
catholic religion, apostolic and roman. This clause, npt in
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 165
the old statutes, was introduced into the new code of 1600.
These statutes had been drawn by the
tolerant party, and
emanated from the parlement. It is significant of the
state of pubHc opinion, and of the reduced condition of
the huguenots, that such a clause should have been forced
upon the framers of the statute. Indeed, the exclusion
was not complete to satisfy the feeling of the
sufficiently
Parisians. For though, by the statute, the option of
becoming a day scholar was left open to the children of
protestants, in fact they dared not avail themselves even of
this privilege \ A protestant having, in 1600, claimed his
right of being admitted to the lectures of the professors, it.
required an arret of the parlement of Paris to enforce it.
The parlement rendered such a decree in his favour. But

the necessity of appealing to it is evidence that the right
was not habitually enjoyed.
Casaubon then, as a dissident, was statutably excluded
from any university appointment. It was still possible
to have appointed him to one of the chairs in the college
royal. For these chairs were outside the corporation of
the university, and were not regulated by the new statutes.
The chair of latin, or eloquence,' as it was styled, was not
'
vacant. It was filled by Federic Morel ^, who has left
memorials of himself in numerous greek editions,

especially the handsome Libanius of 1606. Morel was
king's printer as well as king's professor, and was more
equal to the duties of the former, than of the latter, office.
In his Libanius the editing is by no means on a level with

the splendour of the typography. Ernestine Reiske ^ says
' [See Jourdain, Hist, de I'Universite, p. 8, and note.]
''
Morel is styled by Goujet, College de France, a. 326 Lecteur et professeur
:
'
royal en eloquence grecque et latin.' By Duval, Coll. royal, Par. 1644, he is

placed among the Professors ' eloquentiae.' This is strictly correct, and it was,
perhaps, because Morel occupied himself more with greek than with latin that
Goujet uses the epithet grecque.' It is an incongruous epithet, as, by the usage
'
of the time, the word ' eloquentia was appropriated to the professor of latin.
'
' E. Reiske, Libanius, 1791, t. i. prsef. 'Textus Morellianus adeo scatet

:
vitiis, ut rion alius scriptor antiquus mendosius editus videatur.' Cf. Reiske,
prsef. in Dion. Chrysost.
l66 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
of it :
'
Morel's text is so full of faults that, perhaps, no
other ancient author has been so incorrectly edited.'
But the chair of eloquence,' or as we should say, latin
' '
composition,' was not the one for which Casaubon was

particularly fitted. For the chair of greek, however, he
was without a rival by Scaliger's own admission, the first
;
greek scholar in the world. And by a singular chance it

became vacant in 1603, just when Casaubon was in Paris,
and was deliberating whither he should go for a mainte-
nance. Here was an opportunity, which those who wished
to 'restore the university' must have gladly availed
themselves of The chair is immediately filled —but
not by Casaubon —by Jerome Goulu, a young man, of
merit possibly, but also a protege of cardinal Du Perron.
To young man of twenty-two, the cardinal had the
this
effrontery to give a testimonial in which he declared that
'he knew no one at that time who surpassed him in a
knowledge of the greek tongue, and of the authors who
have written in it.' Jerome Goulu had the sense not to
commit himself by printing a single page of greek, but to
justify his appointment in the eyes of the university by his
'zeal for the true religion.'
^
He would never suffer, as far
'
as he could prevent it, any calvinist to take a degree.'

What else could be expected in a learned university in
which Pierre Cayet was regius professor of hebrew,
and in which the great question, whether or no wax
tapers for the feast of the purification should be distributed
to the grand messengers, was sufficient to occupy all
minds ^ ?
Casaubon was not spoken of for the greek professorship.
It does not appear that he thought of it himself At least
^ Goujet, Coll. de France, i. 538 :

' II etait z€\€ pour la vraie religion . . .
ne soffrit jamais, autant qu'il fut en lui, qu'aucun calviniste s'introduisit dans la
faculty.'
^ Crevier, Hist, de I'univ. de Paris, 7. 48. The point could not be determined
theologically on the merits. The distribution was negatived because the
finances of the university were not equal to the expense.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 167
there no trace of disappointment in his diary or letters,

is
nor does he anywhere mention the name of the man

who had been preferred to him. It was possible to have
appointed him a supernumerary. This was not done.
Though he was officially styled lecteur du roi,' and his
'
friends so addressed his private letters, he never was

connected with the university of Paris. What was done
was to assign him a pension, and to go on hinting at the
appointment in the university as something to come. We
must conclude that the friends who procured the original
nomination, which was sent him at Montpellier, reckoned
upon his conversion. This would have removed all
obstacles, and in no other way could they be removed.
It was supposed that Casaubon was not altogether un-
willing to do what his best friend, Canaye de Fresne, was

doing. All the worldly considerations pointed in that direc-
tion, and public opinion had decided that the balance of
controversy was heavily in favour of the catholic side of
the question. We cannot be surprised that Casaubon's
change of religion was considered imminent, that it was
repeatedly announced as an accomplished fact. Baronius ^
himself, writing from Rome, November, 1603, says that he
had heard of it there.
However much his friends may have desired to get
Casaubon settled in the university, they could not have
done it as long as he remained a heretic. But it began
gradually to appear that even if the religious difficulty
were removed, Casaubon himself might not be willing to
accept the appointment. He began to be no longer so
desirous of it as he had been at first. His feeling on the
subject was not the fastidious aversion for teaching, as
such, which was avowed by Scaliger. Casaubon had no
disinclination to lecture. In the winter of 1601-2 he gave,
in his own apartment, a course of greek lectures, first on
' Bumey mss. 363.
i68 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
Herodotus, and afterwards on Aristophanes \ These

were originally intended for some six or seven young
friends of his own. But no sooner was it known that
Casaubon was giving a greek lecture than his room was
crowded by men of distinction from all parts of Paris.
Even this gave such umbrage to the professors on the
other side of the water, that strong reasons were soon '
'
given him which induced him Health was to discontinue.
the plea easily^, and too truly, alleged for his sudden
withdrawal from teaching. He never again attempted it,
and though enjoying brevet rank as regius reader,' from '
this time he had nothing to do with the university ='.
For as he came he dis-

to see the university nearer,
cerned that, difficulty of creed apart, it was no place for
him. The university of Paris, once the symbol and centre

of European intelligence, was sunk into a corporation of
trading teachers, whose highest ambition was to compete
with the Jesuits in a lucrative profession. It was become
a school, of which the professors were the masters. They
shrank from contact with real knowledge, such as Casaubon
possessed, and carried it loftily towards him on the ground
of their superior orthodoxy. They shut themselves up
with their pupils, before whose wondering eyes they
paraded their crude reading. A portrait of a professor of
the period has been drawn for us by Casaubon, who never
draws upon his imagination, in the person of Theodore
Marcilius. Marcihus had succeeded Passerat as professor
of eloquence * in the college royal. A Dutchman, but a
' Ep. 294 Cum amicorum rogatu, in privatis aedibus, ejus (Herodoti) inter-
:
'
pretationem suscepissem horis succisivis.' Two sets of notes, taken down by

hearers, are still preserved in the Bibl. nat. anc. fends. 6252. I do not know if
either of them is in the writing of Pierre Du Puy. But Rigaltius says (Vita
Puteani p. 662) that Pierre Du Puy and his two elder brothers were among
Casaubon's auditors.
^ Ep. 294 Causas graves habui, ut valetudini mese consulerem, et ab-
:
'
stinerem.'
' Ep. 687 :
'
Ego res academise hujus non magis attingo, quam vel tu, vel qui-
cunque alius hinc abest dis ttopôitAtw.'
* As Morel was at this time professor ' eloquentise,' there must have been two
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 169
catholic,he had been trained in the school of much

reading. His learning was prodigious. A small man of
wiry frame, and sound health, he had passed ten years,
like another Pythagoras, so ran the legend, without
quitting the walls of his college, the college of Plessis, in
which he had taught a class, before becoming regius
professor. He had read so much that Scaliger^ wickedly
said of him that he 'had read himself into ignorance.'
But he had also read himself into renown. The hermit of
^
the college de Plessis was ' grand personnage.' When
Casaubon first came him a
to Paris, 1599, Marcilius sent
message, that if he wished to see him he might call upon
him. Casaubon meekly comphed, and his account of his

visit, written to Scaliger, rises, for once, almost into
humour. Presenting himself at the college gate, he was
bidden to mount to the top of a staircase pointed out by
the porter. Here, under the
he found the paeda- tiles, '
gogorum Apollo in an apartment, the walls of which were

'
lined with pigeon-holes. In these were stored away the

fruits of his vigils, not in one, but in all, departments of
ancient learning. There were commentaries on the civil
law treatises on roman antiquities translations of the
,'
;
principal Aristotelian treatises. What he most prized were

the notes of his philological lectures, on the greek and
latin classics, which had been accumulating during his
twenty years' teaching, first at Toulouse, then at Paris.

He informed Casaubon that the trifles he had hitherto
co-ordinate professors of the same subject. Or Morel may have been professor'
emeritus.' Goujet, Hist, du college de France, is much more full than Duval,
but is wanting in exactness, as vsrell as in appreciation of his own matter.

[From 161 1, and perhaps before that year, Morel styles himself '
Professorum
regiorum decanus.']
^ Seal, to Cas. Seal. Epp. p. 198
, Quum animum remittere volo, assumo in
:
'
manus scripta illius qui amphitheatrum Martialis, et Persium, nuper icaraKixoSev.

nam nunquam suavius rideo, quam cum aliquid ejus lucumonis video, ssepe
mirari soleo ilium tantum scriptorum legisse, ideo ut nihil sciret . . . et
tamen habet admiratores. habeat . . . sed Parisienses.'
^ Scaligerana a?, p. 151.
edited, such as the 'Aurea carmina,' and the 'Martial,'

were the foHies of his youth, and that what he should
publish henceforth would be of a very different order, but
that they would not see the light till all the learned of the
day had printed their blundering attempts. It was no
secret to Casaubon who were meant. He had been told
that Marcilius was accustomed to spice his lectures with
contemptuous flings at Scaliger and himself, and to correct
their mistakes for the edification of his class ^. The
removal to Paris, which brought Casaubon nearer, made
the man of real learning more offensive to the charlatan.
Marcilius redoubled the bitterness of his invectives. He
certainly succeeded in provoking irritation. Casaubon,
who was submissive to the, arrogance of Scaliger, could
not brook the presumption of Marcilius. His language to
his correspondents about Marcilius displays a passionate
displeasure,which seems disproportionate to its object.
Casaubon, indeed, was extremely thin-skinned. Had he
been the butt of a tenth part of the obloquy which
Scaliger had to bear, it must have killed him. Marcilius'
insults drew from him expressions of anger more con-
temptuous than he exhibits towards any other person
whatever. Nor was the antipathy confined to private
letters. Casaubon takes occasion, in various of his notes ^,
to make sarcastic allusions to an ignoramus whom he does
not name. To Scaliger he writes that he ^'has been
reading the stuff which a Parisian schoolmaster, the most
arrogant of all living two-legged creatures, has blurted out
about Persius. Before I took the book up I knew I was
not to expect great things from the buffoon, but the
ignorance, the stupendous asinity of the man, is beyond
anything I had conceived.' It could not but gall him
' Cas. ep. 199.

^ See, among other passages, Hist. Aug. Scriptt. (ed. 1603) p. 565 :
•
Com-
modum offertur mihi musteus adhuc liber pantosophomastigis illius magistelli,'
etc. s
Ep. 370.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 171
^
to see ' this discreditable pretender drawn from his ob-
scurity and placed in that chair from which Turnebus,
Mercerus, and other eminent men have in old time
delivered oracles. Happy you who see not these things.'
Marcilius, from the regius chair, continued to bespatter
Casaubon^, till he was informed that the king had
expressed his displeasure. He then changed his tone, and
sent a Catullus of his editing (the Catullus of 1604), with
a message to Casaubon, that he was now sorry for having
assailed him, and wished
be friends with him. Cas-
to
aubon, who was as placable as he was inflammatory,
accepted the apology, and sent MarciHus word that he
had only to speak, as he ought to speak, of those who
had done letters good service, and he should find a friend
in Casaubon.
Casaubon's time in Paris was being spent very little to
his own satisfaction. O jacturam temporis records the
'
!
'
diary of July 23, 1602. On July 24 the same complaint.

'
Busy the whole day, yet very few hours well spent.' On
the 25th he writes to Hoeschel ^ :
'
A thoroughly wretched
life it is that I lead here ; not among my books, but among
engagements of I know not what kind, which sometimes
do not allow of my opening a book from morning till night.
Life cannot but be bitter to me, when I am thus robbed of
my one solace. I have now been returned home fifteen
days, and have hardly had as many hours' reading, all the
rest of the time has been taken from me by friends, or by
the discharge of social duties.'
His day was then only spent to his satisfaction when he
had had it for unbroken study from early dawn.
One serious drain upon his time, which he felt sorrow-
fully, but did not dare to complain of, was attendance at
court. From time to time Casaubon waited on the king at

• Cas. to Seal. ep. 370.
^ Gillot to Seal. ep. fran9. p. loi :
' Ce fol insens6, arrogant, de Marcilius a
escrit centre M. Casaubon des injures de harangere.'
' Ep. 298.
the Louvre, a duty which was expected of all who belonged

to the court, inwhich category the lecteurs du roi were'
'
included. He was always received with favour, sometimes,

as he notes, with marked distinction. June 19, 1602 '
:
The king, as usual, received me most graciously, and

called me, in jest, " an accomplice of Biron." Then
becoming grave, he said, (I give his very words), " Vous
voyez combien j'ai de peine afin que vous estudiez sure-
ment." When Casaubon, in the same year, meditated
'
removal from court, the king caused it to be intimated to
him that he desired his stay, and gave him ^ no small '
testimony of his favour.' On more than one occasion

Henri repeated his intention of appointing Casaubon
custodian of the library, whenever the office should be-
come vacant. July 5, 1601, the diary records 'a day lost
in attendance at court. Yet perhaps it was worth something
to have received so marked a token of the king's favour.'
What the token—' non obscurum testimonium was, we '
—
learn, this time, from a letter of Gillot to Scaliger ^, giving
an account of this very interview. 'The day before
yesterday the king gave Casaubon a hearty reception,
reproaching him with having wished to leave him, and
tellinghim " he would never find so good a master who
would love him as he (the king) did. That he intended to
place him in his library, and that the present librarian
could not live another year. That he should then look up
his fine books, and tell him what was in them, for he him-
self didn't understand things of that sort." In a word, he
treatedCasaubon with marked distinction. Yesterday
Casaubon supped with me, when I encouraged him in his
resolution to remain amonghim there were still
us, telling
many of us who were his admirers, and honoured his
virtue, and that he would want for nothing. I feel sure
that he will make up his mind to stay. Indeed, do what

we will, we cannot, and do not, deserve to keep him. I
' Ep. 274. 2 Ep. fran?. p. 105.
»V.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 173
hardly think France is worthy of such a man, whether one
regards his learning or his character. I never part from

him myself without feeling the better for his company.' It
should be remembered that the writer was a catholic, and,
though a counsellor in the parlement, held a canonry in
the Sainte Chapelle. Henri's favour towards Casaubon
was founded on a personal and was maintained in
liking,
spite of Casaubon's protestantism.
Henri iv. was not one
of those cradled princes who can know of men only what
they are told, and who thus become the sure prey of syco^
phants and partisans. Early and long training in the equal
school of camps had made him a shrewd judge of charac-
ter. He was, says Dupleix ^, autant habile qu'homme de
'
son royaume pour juger de I'humeur et du merite des

personnes.' Frank and sociable, he liked to talk with
Casaubon not as James i. did, of classics, fathers, wits,'
;
'
but he heard from him of Geneva, of Montpellier, of the

grievances and wishes of the calvinists. He took Casau-
bon's learning for granted, but appreciated the sterling
worth of the man. At times he was angry at Casaubon's
'
obstinacy'; at times he understood that there was a depth
of conviction which could not be reached by the trivial
topics of controversial rhetoric.
Standing thus high in the royal favour, and with these
repeated promises of the succession to the library, it was
to be supposed that, whenever the vacancy should occur

Casaubon would step into the place as matter of course
The promises, indeed, were not confined to mere words
In November, 1601, a patent was issued to Casaubon, in
regular form, appointing him to the office of librarian
though with the proviso that the present holder, Gosselin
should not be disturbed. The salary, however, named in
the instrument, and which was to be in addition to his
pension, was to commence at once. Casaubon, with
• Dupleix, Hist, de France, quoted by Cretineau-Joly, Hist, de la comp. de
Jesus, 3. 36.
great delicacy, never mentioned to Gosselin that he was

in possession of such a patent. This was all the more
creditable, as Casaubon was perpetually being thwarted in
his natural curiosity to explore the treasures of the library,

by the morose temper of the custodian. I knew his way,' '
writes Scaliger ^ in 1605, '

forty-four years ago ; too
ignorant to use the library himself, too jealous to allow
others to use it.'
Scaliger's reminiscence carries us back to 1561, the

commencement of Gosselin's librarianship. He was ap-
pointed in 1560, and held the office four-and-forty years.
Jean Gosselin was not an ignorant man, at least only
relatively so. He was a mathematician, and author of
several treatises in that department^. He was well known
in the literary society of the former generation, and is
celebrated among the wits of the day by La Boderie, in la
Galliade (1578), '

ville de Vire,
GosseUn, ornement de sa
etc' But of the greek and latin mss., of which he was
keeper, he was, likely enough, ignorant, and probably
threw impediments in the way of the young and impetuous
Gascon, who rushed upon the king's mss. as he afterwards
did upon those of Cujas at Valence, ^ M. Cujas disoit que '
j'avais depucelle les mss.' If Gossehn was ignorant of the

contents of his books, he was their faithful custodian,
through risks and adventures far more serious than those
which our royal library went through in the time of the
Commonwealth. Gosselin was now in the imbeciUty of
extreme old age, but still clutched his treasures with
-desperate grip. He was near one hundred years old, and
might have lived on, but for accident.
In November, 1604, the poor old man came to a melan-
choly end. Left by his attendant sitting alone before the
' Seal. ep. p. 273.

* A list of his publications is given by FrSre, Manuel de bibliogr. normande,
2. 32. Some account of Gosselin is given in the Bulletin du bibliophile for 1871.
^ Scaligerana s". p. 60.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 175
fire, he was found in the morning burnt to death, having

fallen out of his chair in helpless decrepitude ^. The post of
librarian thus vacant, why did not Casaubon immediately
come forward and claim an appointment which was already
his own ?
Legal instruments and royal nominations were facts of
weight, but in France at this time there was another power
which was weightier still ^. The vacancy in the library
had occurred at a moment when the ultramontane flood
had risen higher than ever. The furious fanaticism of the
League was indeed out of fashion, but it had been
followed, not by a reaction, but by a more cool and
calculating political Catholicism. The terrorism of the S.
Bartholomew had done its work, and it was now replaced
by the system of political exclusion. In vain the edict of
Nantes declared protestants admissible to all offices and
employments, it was a mere paper law which could not be
enforced. Exclusion was the mot d'ordre. For any pro-
testant who wanted a career there was only one way open
— se faire catholique.' The power of the clergy, and the
'
popularity of the religious orders, which had been distinctly

seen to totter fifty years before, was now higher than ever.
Swarms of orders, new and old, male and female, recollets,
feuillants, teresians, capucins, barnabites, settled down
upon the fair face of France. The grand affair of 1603 had
been the recall of the Jesuits. To get the Jesuits back to
France, and to give the king a Jesuit confessor, these were
the objects of the highest European statesmanship. In
1603 they were achieved. Henri, who had contracted a
second marriage at the age of forty-seven, and had sup-
plied the place of Gabrielle with Henriette, was besides
' Ep. 428 : Relictus a famulo decrepitus senex ante focum, semiustulatus et
'
vitseexpers postridie est inventus.' Compare with this Lestoile, Reg. journal,
suppl. p. 380, ed. Champollion. Scaligerana a", p. 97. The attendant was sus-
pected of having hastened his master's end, but, it seems, without grounds.
^
Ep. 256 : Quod si non obstaret pontificis Romani respectus, pridem factum
'
asset, ut regis jussu publice doceremus.'
176 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect,
visibly enfeebled by an obstinate disorder, and yielded to

the pressure brought to bear upon him. Father Coton
was passed upon him. By his insinuating address, by an
adroit mixture of terrorism and meekness, he completely
tamed the prince. Henri was charmed with him, had never
had any confessor like him. Fascinated himself by the
address of the Jesuit, he supposed others must yield to the
charm. Unfortunately he ordered Coton to try his powers
upon Casaubon. By the king's command Casaubon
waited upon the Jesuit in the library. But Casaubon, who
was occasionally seriously embarrassed by the learned
objections of Du Perron, was not in any danger from the
honeyed tongue of Coton, in whom Gillot ^ found that
'
though he talks well, he has d'instruction peu ou point.'
Coton's failure exasperated him, and he resolved that
Casaubon should not have the library. The danger was
dwelt upon of committing the custody of the books to a
heretic, who might make an ill use of what he found in
them. They told Henri that Lipsius was the most learned
man of the age, and should be invited from Flanders to be
librarian. Casaubon is not only heretic, but an obstinate '
heretic,' i. e. one that knows the truth and hardens himself

against it, and has not the excuse of ignorance.
The king took to the suggestion of Lipsius' name. I '
have been told,' he said one day to Thiou des Fortes,,

'that Lipsius is the most learned man of the age.' Des
Fortes immediately named Scaliger, affirming that Scaliger
possessed more
knowledge of all sciences and all
languages than Lipsius had of any one. Henri replied,
'
They have never told me that.' Des Fortes ventured to
say that '
after Scaliger, Casaubon deserved
to be included
in the very small number of the truly learned,' and added
adroitly, 'they are both Frenchmen.' The lawyers also
pointed out to the king the danger of the precedent if
an appointment once made were cancelled on a religious

> Ep, fran9. p. 435.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 177
ground. This the church party met by a proposal to call

the young Grotius from
the Hague, in order to make
it appear that the objection to Casaubon was not merely
his protestantism. When Casaubon was told of this

manoeuvre, he only remarked 'that if Grotius would be
pleased to come, he (Casaubon) would be well pleased to
see him there.'
The matter being thus in suspense, Casaubon's friends
thought that his best chance lay in a personal application
to the monarch. They

upon the public favour with
built
which he was always received, and the esteem which
Henri had always been accustomed to express for the
threadbare scholar. As long as the king was absent,
Casaubon sturdily refused to make any suit to the
secretary, Villeroy, or to move in the matter at all ^ But
when Henri returned to Paris from the Sedan expedition
in December, Casaubon could not refuse to pay his
respects among the rest, and, as assistant in the library, to
inform him of Gosselin's death. This he did simply,
without reminding Henri of his promise, or proffering any
solicitation for himself He did not fail to observe the
unwonted coldness of the king's manner, and withdrew in
the belief that the day of his favour was gone by. Great,
then, was his astonishment when, three days afterwards,
the king's private secretary came to him with his appoint-
ment ready made out^ and, what was

to the royal library,
more, with an augmentation of 400 livres to his former
salary. The influence was that of de Thou, an influence
never exerted but for good, and though just now mini-
mized, yet never wholly destroyed even in the worst
T:imes. In June, 1605, Gillot ^ writes to Scaliger, '
We are
now completely under the loyolite yoke. There is a
general rush into their camp. Father Gossyp (Coton) is
•
Ep. 371 : Securus in museo expecto quid jussurus sit, cujus est imperium
'
(i. e. the king), nam ut de ea re verba cuiquam faciam, nemo a me impetraverit.'

" Ep. fran9. p. 416.
N
3 78 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
the greatest person that ever was. We breathe only

Rome, "et Gallia submittit fasces." The first president
(Harlay) has been ill of a fever, and many an ear was
pricked up thereupon. God preserve us from such a
change ; for he, with our de Thou, is the only one who
has still some hold over the helm, and still makes head
against a general wreck.' The welcome addition to
his salary was the unsolicited act of Villeroy ^. Villeroy,

though ex-leaguer, Spanish, a corrupt intriguer who was
for an exclusively cathohc policy, was generous in money
matters, and not with the public money only, and now
threw a scrap to a starving scholar. Scaliger expressed
himself^ highly gratified, not only with Casaubon's
success, but with the check given to the Jesuit party,
who had used all their influence against him. At the
same time, he warned his friend that the same interest
which had worked to keep him out would be incessantly
plied against him, and therefore his position would call
for great circumspection.
The which the dominant party had thought it
office
worth while and which had been variously in-
to dispute,
trigued for by others underhand, by interest, and by money *,
was in value 400 livres, about ;^35 sterling, per annum.
It was the pay of a professor in a provincial university
— a classical, not a law professor, these got much higher

stipends, — or a principal regent in a provincial college.
The official title was
du roi,' '
Garde de la librairie
'
keeper,' in fact, sub-librarian under the Maitre de la '
librairie.' The maitre at present was de Thou, a position

which had enabled him, at the last moment, to exert a
deciding influence in the appointment of the garde. The
^ Villeroy befriended Casaubon to the last. Henri iv's discriminating

character of this old servant of the crown may be read in the Pseudo-SuUy, 7.
224 among other things,
; it is said of him ;
'
II a le coeur g^nereux ; n'est nuUe-
ment adonne a I'avarice.'
^ Seal. Epp. p. 272.
' Cas. Ep. 376 :
' Cum alii gratia, alii pecunia, rem tentarent.'
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 179
office of maitre had been created by Francis i. in 1522. It

was intended to be, and had been hitherto regarded as,
a post of dignity, the highest Uterary prize in the realm.
It carried the salary of a household officer, 1200 livres,
about ;îio sterling, and imposed no laborious duties.
The services of personal attendance and administration
were discharged by the keeper.
The library was not, in its original destination, a public
library it was the king's library, and had been formed for
;
the use, or the pride, of the monarch. It is an interesting

fact in the hfe of the unfortunate Peter Ramus, that he
was the first person to suggest that the books should be
removed to Paris, to be made useful to the learned.
The primitive nucleus of the collection had been formed
in the chateau at Blois. i. had the books at Blois
Francis
removed and may be considered the
to Fontainebleau,
real creator of the library, which is now the bibliotheque
nationale, by the vast collections which he caused to be
made. In the reign of Charles ix, books were not in de-
mand at court, and Ramus' proposition to convert the king's
library to the use of the public was graciously acceded to.
The collection was removed to Paris, not to the Louvre,
but to some room in the neighbourhood of the colleges,
though the precise situation is not ascertainable. Like our
own royal library during the reign of the puritans, the
library of Francis i. ran great dangers during the league.
Gosselin, who had come with it from Fontainebleau, was in
charge of it all through the troubles, and has left a short
account of its escape^- Casaubon used to chafe at
Gosselin for impeding his free access to the books, but

Gosselin's experiences are his sufficient excuse. He
thanks God for having given him grace to save this library
several times from dispersion or ruin, and notably during
' Gosselin's ownnarrative has been found recently. It is a memorandum

written on the page of a MS, La Marguerite of Jean Massue. It has been
first
printed in the Bulletin du bibliophile, 187 1, p. 415.
N 3
l8o ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
the last troubles, when some of the imps of the league

would have forced themselves into the place under colour
of ordering it after their fashion. Gosselin, thinking that
they would have more liberty to do mischief if he were
there, ,than if he were out of the way, withdrew to the
royalist head-quarters, at S. Denis, fastening the door of
the library with a strong lock, and besides with a padlock
attached to a stout bar of iron on the inside. So
effectually had Gosselin secured the door that de NuUy
was unable to force it open, and was compelled to break a
hole in the wall to get in. He was there several times
with his and each time they were seen to retire
folk,
carrying pretty big packages away under their cloaks.

Barrabas (Barnabas) Brisson, who however might plead
that he knew how to use books, more decently borrowed a
great many. After his unhappy end, his widow sold them
for a mere song. After the surrender of Paris to Henri iv,
Gosselin returned to find the havoc which had been
committed. But the perils of the library were not yet at
an end i. A claimant arose for the whole collection in the
person of the cardinal Bourbon, who said that Henri iii.
had given it to him. It required an interposition of despotic
authority on the part of Henri iv. to vindicate it as an
heirloom of the crown. He sent the claimant word that
'he (the king) could take better care of it than could
the cardinal, and that the cardinal was rich enough to buy
himself another.' After a series of adventures of this
character, we can hardly wonder if Gosselin forgot every-
thing except the safe custody of his treasures.
When were expelled from Paris, 1595, the
the Jesuits
college of Clermont, rue S. Jacques, was appropriated for
the reception of the books, and the revenues of the college,
not very considerable, were laid out in binding. De Thou
obtained a rich accession for the hbrary in the books
' Buckley's Sylloge scriptorum, [added to his edition of de Thou,

1733,]
Thuana, p. 200.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 181
of Catherine de Medicis. These, chiefly mss, many greek,

gathered in Italy, had belonged to marshal Strozzi.
Catherine, who had sumptuous tastes, had bought the
collection from Strozzi's heirs. It is hardly necessary
to say they had not, at her death, been paid for. As she
did not leave anything, meme un seul sol,' the
^
' pas
creditors seized the books, orwould have done so, but for
the abbe de Bellebranche, who saved them till they also
were claimed by Henri iv, and united with the royal books
in the college of Clermont in 1599. Here the library re-
mained from October 1595 to 1605. In this year, the first
of Casaubon's librarianship, the Jesuits recovered their
college, and would have been well pleased to keep the
books too. They said they had lost a good library by
confiscation, and would have to form another. But de
Thou and Casaubon were able to save the books, though
they had to evacuate the building, and they removed their
treasures to an empty hall in the great convent of the
Cordeliers, famous in 1790, which occupied the site of
the present ecole de medecine ^. It was close to the porte
S. Germain, and to the city wall. After Casaubon, the
guardian lived in the library. But it was not possible for a
married man to live within the enceinte of a Franciscan
convent, and Casaubon had to hire an apartment close by
'
vis-a-vis des Cordeliers,' his letters are addressed. This
was the seventh removal that he had undergone in less
than seven years since his first arrival in Paris. He
complains that now he could no longer find his own books,
he had so often placed and replaced them in a different
arrangement. This house, outside the porte S. Germain,
and therefore in the faubourg, not in the city, is the house
which was remembered in after times as Casaubon's
house ^. For this house he says he paid 400 livres.
' Brantome, i. 85.

" The musee Dupuytren stands on the site of the refectory.
' See above, p. 153.
1 8a ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
must have been with peculiar gratification that Casau-

It
bon, who all his life had been thirsting for books, found so
rich a treasure all at once at his uncontrolled disposition.
In greek mss. the king's library was then, as it still is,
second only to the Vatican. The actual number of mss. in

the united libraries was considerable ; but as there was no
complete catalogue, and no numeration, the quantity was
as usual exaggerated by the anticipations of the learned
world. A catalogue, which was compiled by Casaubon's
successor, Rigault, in 1620, informs us that the total of the
Fontainebleau collection was upwards of 4700 mss. But
of these the greater part were modern papers, charters,
records, and state documents. At least 260 of these were
greek mss, for the old catalogue ofVergecio (circ. 1550)
vouches for that number. To these must be added Cathe-
rine's books. These numbered 4500 volumes, of which
— —
800 the Strozzi collection were mss, greek, latin, or
hebrew. But the interest excited by the deposit was
occasioned not so much by the number of volumes,' as by
the fact that the mss. had been only partially examined.
During a librarianship of forty-four years Gosselin had
not accomplished the task of making a catalogue. If
we are disposed to think that this lache substantiates
Scaliger's charge of ignorance, and that Gosselin did not
catalogue the mss. because he could not, we may remember
that he was no longer young when he was first appointed,
that the books were immediately removed from Fontaine-
bleau to narrow rooms, that they were shifted and shifted
again, that these years were years of trouble and confusion,
especially in the capital, and that the keeper received a
mere pittance for his services. Casaubon, himself acting
librarian for six years, and titular for more, does not seem
to have attempted a catalogue, though he complained much
before he succeeded to the office of the imperfections of
that which existed.
The expectation of the learned as to the find which awaited
IV.] PARIS. 1 600-1 5io. 183
them was unlimited. The demand came not from France,

sunk in reUgious and political party, but from foreign
countries. Lying in the heart of the colleges and
convents of Paris, the classical treasures were unheeded
by, and were unintelligible to, their occupants. Federic
Morel, regius professor, alone continued to issue from
his press a series of greek tractates transcribed or edited
from the mss, far too rapidly to be done with any care.
It was from Leyden and from Germany that the requisi-
tions poured in. Scaliger, of course, was among the most

urgent. But Scaliger now, aet. 64, was weighed down by
his vast work —
the Eusebius and asked only for what —
immediately bore upon the task which he sometimes
feared he should not live to complete. One of Casaubon's
first cares was to send off to Leyden some excerpta of a
greek chronologer *, which he had discovered, and

thought might be of use. Scaliger immediately recognised
portions of book i. of Eusebius' Chronicon, and considered
it the most valuable contribution which had been made
to his Thesaurus temporum---^ the Minerva of Phidias '
among the other sculptures.' Besides Scaliger he supplied

Heinsius at Leyden, Gruter and Freher at Heidelberg,
Hoeschel at Augsburg, and Savile at Eton with materials
or collations for their publications. He complains much
of the consumption of time in these friendly offices,
though he now began to have the important assistance of
Charles Labbe. Labbe was one of the troop of young
scholars formed in the school of Scaliger, who, while
refusing the professor's chair, sowed the seeds of learning
wherever he came in contact with a capable mind. Labbe
— 2 docte et infatigable— transcribed for his master, in a
greek hand of such exquisite neatness that it surpasses, in
* See note D in Appendix.

^ Seal. epp. p. 292 : ' Fragmentum illud twv araSioviKoiv, quod nobis liberalitas
tua impertivit, est ut Minerva Phidise in nostro opere.'

^ Scaligerana 2°. p. 134.
this respect, that of the master himself, while Casaubon

writes a straggling greek ^, which can have given him no
satisfaction in the transcriber's weary task.

But of this work he did little. While Scaliger imposed
upon himself the task of writing out whole books
2
books which are only lent me for a short time, syriac,
'
arabic, hebrew,' and that at 65, when the 'labour will

profit only those who shall possess my Hbrary after me,'
Casaubon, though he noted much, copied little. The
longest excerpt remaining among his papers is a
portion of Leo's Tactica, transcribed in the country in the
vintage season of 1609. use he made of the library The
was one, which no ought to make it was to read
librarian —
the books. Casaubon, indeed, was what he was by his in-
cessant reading, seconded by a capacious memory. Early
in life he had made his own all the classical remains
accessible in print. He
had pined in the south because
he could not get books, though he borrowed from all his
friends who had them. Exhaustive reading of the greek and
latin writers was what he proposed to himself. When he
first came to Paris, not knowing how short his stay might
prove, he made the resolve to read those books which he

could not hope to get elsewhere ^. His written memoranda
as well as his pubHshed notes bear witness to the eager-
ness with which he devoured the royal mss *.
It will not therefore surprise us to find that he did
nothing for arranging or cataloguing, hardly anything for

publishing new texts. The librarian who reads is lost.
There was now at his disposal a rich mine of greek

anecdota. But he left the glory of communicating these to
the world to Meursius and Morel. His own pleasure was
to read them who liked might print them.
; For he has
' Seal. 2". p. 45:
'
II a une trts mauvaise lettre grecque.'
^ Seal. Ep. p. 299. ' Ephem. p. 340.
' Ephem. 339
p. Libris nostris renunciamus, solis illis operam daturi, quos
:
'
alibi nancisei non posseraus, hie possumus segre quidem, sed tamen possumus.
Hujus generis sunt libri regise bibliothecae.'
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 185
no jealousy, none of that desire of keeping things for

himself which used to govern all libraries, and still lingers,
ifreport be true, about the Vatican. When any corre-
spondent asked for any book, he tried to find it but he ;
never made any thorough and complete investigation, once

for all, of what was there, much less a catalogue. In 1608
Hoeschel applied to him for mss. of Arrianus. Though
Casaubon had then been nearly four years in full posses-
sion of the library, he did not know if there were any mss.
of Arrianus, but would look^. He found, on searching, at
least two. As late as 1607, in reply to Scaliger's urgent
entreaty for any fragments of a chronological nature, he
says he will have a good search through all the cases. He
began to have access to the books, though restricted
access, in 1599. From 1605 to October 1610, the library
was wholly at his disposal, yet the only anecdotum he pub-
lishes is .^neas Tacticus ^. The selection of this author
was not determined by the value of the royal library codex.
What he found there was only a modern sixteenth century
transcript by Vergecio, and Casaubon had in his own hands
a much older ms, which had been lent him by Bongars.
A large part was given to his edition of
of these years
Polybius. This again was a choice not guided by the
merit of the royal mss. It was an old design of Casaubon
to edit Polybius, an intention which he had announced as
far back as 1595, and indeed had publicly pledged himself
to in the first Suetonius ^. Here again he only used from
the royal collection a modern ms *, again one of Vergecio's
copies,and indeed nothing more than a transcript, made
in 1547, from the printed text of Opsopceus' edition,
though Casaubon did not know this. This neglect of
good things would be more amazing if it were the fact that
' Ep. 607.

''
Commentarius tacticus et obsidionalis, in the Polybius of 1609. It is the
Ed. Pr. of the text of .^neas.
Sueton. Tib. cap. 65, and ded.
•' * Cod. reg. 1649.
l86 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect-,
cod. reg. 1648 (A. Schweigh.) was actually among Cathe-

rine's books, and that Casaubon had not found it out.
Besides his Polybius, and ^neas Tacticus, he prints
during this period two inedited pieces, but neither of them
from royal mss. One was the Inscriptio Herodis,' which
'
he printed from a copy sent from Rome to Gillot by

Christophe Du Puy; the other was an epistle of Gre-
gorius of Nyssa from a ms. of Nicolas le Fevre. All this
while he had untold treasures under his hand, e. g. the
'
De administrando imperio ' of Constantinus Porphyroge-
neta, which he names himself as worthy of publication by
royal command ^. He himself was content to have read it.
He describes his own feehngs among the mss. when he
writes to Saumaise, who was revelling in the treasures of
^
the Palatine, yet unplundered, that ' he must be suffering
the torment of Tantalus, not being able to read all the books
at once.'
When Casaubon succeeded to the care of the library
he was only forty-six. Though premature infirmity had
already begun to undermine his strength, he had still an
enormous appetite for reading, but his taste was gradually
taking a direction which was leading him away from greek.
He did not conceive that he was renouncing old studies to
take up with new. He continued to labour at Polybius,
and expended much time and research on his edition. But
his leisure hours, as he calls them, were given to contro-
versial reading, and his interests were passing over, in
spite of himself, to this, the fashionable, topic.
It has been already noticed that Casaubon suffered, all
his life, from the disease of double-mindedness. He was
a man of a divided interest— dyJ/p While he was
St'i/fvxoj.
reading classics, he was always wishing to be reading the

fathers. While editing Athenteus he was longing to have
' Prsef. in Polyb.

Ep. 543
'^
Videor mihi videre te in mediis aquis Tantalo similem
:
'
; neque
enim potes omnibus perfrui Palatinas bibliothecae divitiis.'
IV.] PARIS. 1 600-1610. 187
done with it, that he might give himself to christian

antiquity. The literary gossips have put upon this fact the
vulgar interpretation, that he was fluctuating in his choice
between the rival churches. The truth is, he was staying
himself in a learned equilibrium between opposite fanati-
cisms — the biblical and the ecclesiastical. In order to hold
his own he was compelled to
in the midst of the fray,
bestow no little attention on the facts involved. He had
to articulate the argument, and, against such an adversary
as Du Perron, to defend it by citation from the authorita-
tive books. Thus the kind of reading which he secretly
liked was stimulated by an external necessity, while the
study of the classics had to be sustained in the face of total
neglect on the part of the pubhc^. The inward strife of

conflicting tastes is common to all gifted natures in youth.
But it is usually composed long before mid-age by a de-
Hberate decision, which selects for good one goal. That
youthful state of mind which Donne ^ describes himself as
suffering from, ' an hydroptique immoderate desire of
humane learning and languages,' either dies out, or takes
some specific direction, before forty. The circumstances
intowhich Casaubon was thrown by his position in Paris
maintained a life-long distraction between two tendencies.
We have seen the assault upon his religious convictions
commence with his arrival in Paris in 1599. When it was
found that the citadel was not carried by a coup de main, it
seemed at first that the attacking party retired in disgust.
The king was angry, and looked coldly upon him. Why
did not Casaubon fulfil the condition on which he had
been brought from Montpellier ? They had made so sure
of his conversion that they told the duchesse de Bar, the
king's sister, that it was quite settled. This Casaubon
contradicted in form, obtaining an audience from the high
'
Liters ut aliis etiara locis animam agunt
' unus eas Casaubonus sustinel
:
apud nos, quas ubique Jesuitee impugnant.' Bongars to Kirchmann, Frankfort,
29 April, 1606.
''
Donne, Letters, p. 51
lady for the purpose^. This was too bad, not only to
persisthimself, but to spoil the game with Madame.

Casaubon's coming over would bring many others with
him but he could not be allowed to go about con-
;
firming other heretics in their obstinacy. He must be

dismissed in disgrace. Casaubon had made up his mind
that so it must be. Suddenly the policy of the je.suits
altered. They are all smiles and blandishments. Casau-
bon ^ writes to Scaliger in October, 1604 :
I must now tell you that things are changed with me

'
here I, who was an object of hate to the loyolites for my

;
steadiness in the profession of pure religion, am now

become their dearest friend. Whether I am in town, or
retired into the country, I must be among them, and
converse with them. Lately I had a visit from Gonter,
with I know not how many bishops ; next day, when I
was deep in my books, comes Fronto le Due. He had . . .
no sooner saluted me, than he began to tell me he was sent

by the king with orders to press it upon me, as a thing
which the king had very much at heart. I made them all
the same answer, to the effect, viz. That truth had always
been my one aim that I would always be ready to ;
consider and weigh all real arguments which could be

advanced, but that promises of favour from my prince
would have no weight whatever in such a matter. I ex-
pressed my surprise that after the emphatic proofs I had
already given of my firmness in my present convictions,
any further attempt should be made upon me.'
The explanation of this change of tactic was that the
Jesuits had seen that the vulgar motives of royal favour,
and pension, which sufficed in so many cases, would not
succeed with Casaubon. He was ready, if need were, to
give up his place and go into exile. He not only declared
' Ephem. p. 378 :

'
Venimus ad rijv Zianoivav, et sine fuco et fallaciis quid
de recta fide . . . judicaremus, prolixe exposuimus.'
^ Ep.
416
IV.] PARIS. 1 600-1610. 189
this, it was easy he was man enough to do it.

to see that
But the wily emissaries of Rome, who have always piqued
themselves upon their knowledge of men, saw, or thought
they saw, that the case was not hopeless for all that.
There was a side of Casaubon on which he was assailable.
This was his learning. He knew too much to go in for all
the untenable notions of his own church and friends. On
a rude unlettered pastor, who knew nothing but his french
bible and Calvin's Institutes, there was no prize. But a
learned man, who appealed to antiquity, who admitted the
fathers and- councils as authority, must be to be had.
Honestly convinced that fathers and councils were on
their side, the Jesuits conceived that they had but to get
him into controversy, to show him that the fact was so, in
order to convince him of his error, and bring him to
renounce it. He himself had said he would do so.
It was in this way that Casaubon was drawn into
controversy, and through controversy to interest, and

further reading on the controverted points. The manage-
ment of the business, indeed, passed out of the immediate
hands of the Jesuits. The most they had at
learned man
the moment available was Fronto le But Due.
Fronto,
though translator and editor of greek fathers, and notably
of Chrysostom, had not strength enough to cope with
Casaubon. Du Perron was obliged to be called in. It
was impossible for Casaubon to decline frequent en-
counters with 'the archsophist.' The cardinal, as grand
aumonier, had a general superintendence over the publi-
cation of theological books. Casaubon's Hbrary duties
brought him into constant intercourse with him\ Not-
' have not been able to ascertain what was the nature of the authority
I
which cardinal Du Perron exercised over the library. The editor of the splendid
History, too splendid for use, issued from the Imprimerie imperiale, knows no-
thing of it. But it is clear from Casaubon's correspondence, that, in some way,
Du Perron was his ofBcial superior. See Cas. epp. 624, 652. On the other
hand in Ephem. p. 666, he says on one occasion when the cardinal sent for
him, that it was nomine regis.' [The splendid history here referred to is
' ' '
probably F. A. Duprat's Histoire de f Imprimerie Imperiale de France.']
withstanding his many defeats and disappointments, these

reunions were used unceasingly by Du Perron for contro-
versy, — by the king's command, he said. Scahger thought
it 1 not unhkely that this was true, looking at Casaubon's
great reputation, and Henri's eager desire to please the
pope. '
He
he could only vanquish you, and
thinks if
suspend the spoils of your firmness on the fisherman's

doors, that it would greatly increase his credit among his
transtiberine friends.'
A letter of Casaubon, written in 1604, gives us an insight
into the trouble occasioned him by the state of siege in
which he was compelled to live ^ :
If I had attached the importance to these disputations

'
which I find others do, I would have taken care that you
should have heard from myself what took place on the
occasion. Being invited lately to breakfast by cardinal
Du Perron, he started a desultory discussion on religious
subjects. I own
was surprised at this, for for some jêars
I
past he has not opened his mouth to me on these matters

at all, and I perceived that it was a plot directed against
my simplicity, and originating with some other persons
who were at table. Be this as it may, I was in for
what became a very lively controversy. And I was led to
suspect that many of the company, who were not in the
supposed this to be one of those farcical disputations
secret,
which they get up, and was concerted with me, to give a
colour to my conversion. And it so fell out, that immedi-
' Seal. epp. p. 271 :

' Non parvam laudem putat apud transtiberinos fore, si
spolium constantiae vestrse ad illos referat, quod e valvis piscatoris aliquando

pendeat.'
^ Ep. 420. This interesting letter was printed by Gronovius, in 1638, as ad-
dressed to an anonymous correspondent, N. N. Almeloveen, in reprinting it,
1709, appended to it a note of Colomies, in which it is conjectured that the
correspondent was Paul Petau. The cohjecture is wrong. The letter was
really addressed to de Thou, and the original is still to be seen in the ms.
volume of Casaubon's letters to de Thou, Bibl. nat. coll. Dupuy, 708. The dis-
closure of the desperate attempts to get over Casaubon, and their failure, was
still in 1638 a matter sufiBciently delicate to make it desirable to suppress the
name of de Thou, as Casaubon's confidant on the subject.
IV.] PARIS. 1 600-1610. 191
ately the party broke up, the rumour was bruited about
the town had given
that I in, my conversion was
and that
now imminent. At first I tried to laugh it off. And,
indeed, I cannot but think it ridiculous to make a serious
matter out of one's conversation at table. But, finding
that my character was at stake, I was obliged to write to
the cardinal a letter of expostulation, of which letter I
enclose you a copy, reserving further particulars for our

next meeting.'
Compelled thus to encounter an adversary whose learn-
ing he respected and whose argumentative dexterity
^,
embarrassed him, it was impossible for Casaubon not to

give some time to theological reading. It grew upon him
as the struggle intensified, and came to occupy more and
more of his thoughts. He had always been longing for
the time when he might steep himself in christian antiquity,
and now the subject was forced upon him. ^ 'O that some
man would arise,' he cries in 1606 ,'who would revive the
!
study of true ecclesiastical archaeology There was store '
of patristic greek in the royal library, which Casaubon

could have approached, as no one has yet approached it,
with a complete reading of pagan antiquity. Here was
his true occupation, one in which he might have satisfied
at once both of the instincts which divided him. Instead
of this, he was driven to Polybius, and to the transcription
of the military writers, an ahen subject, to which he could
bring but a factitious interest. From his own peculiar
field he was excluded by the theologians, who would not
1 Casaubon always speaks with respect of Du Perron's reading, and with
something like awe of his controversial ability. The Italian biographer of Fra
Paolo, Engl, transl. p. 6i, says of the cardinal, ' truly that elevated spirit of his
had an argute manner of disputing and extremely provocative,' a description

identical with Casaubon's, Ep. 214 t^s aotpiaTiKrjs refOpiias Tpiffwv. Thus he
:
was more powerful as a disputant than as a writer, yet his controversial books
are singled out by Jer. Taylor, Dissuasive, 6. 486, as the more learned answers
'
' the more weak answers offered.'

of Bellarmine and Perron,' in contrast to
' Ep. 518.
allow a heretic to handle the fathers '. His own Chrysos-

tom, of whom there were sixty mss. in the royal library, was
forbidden to Casaubon, and reserved for Fronto le Due.
For Casaubon's efforts were not wholly in vain. It would
not do to have this heretic librarian going about saying,
that the king's collection was full of most valuable greek
MSS. of the fathers, that he was desirous to print them, but
that the clergy would not let him. What made it worse was
that he was the one man most competent in France in —
the world — for the work. Something must be done.
Would the king not find the funds necessary for an under-
taking which would be so glorious for his reign ? Ask
Sully, who grudged Casaubon's keep already, thought
'
he cost the king too much,' if he would pay for printing
the fathers ? Would he not reply by asking, Why don't '
you do it yourselves out of your rich benefices, you

bishops and abbots? Such a public-spirited act would
!
shed great lustre on the church If the mass of '
the dignified clergy were little likely to listen to such a

suggestion, there was a small minority among the bishops
possessed of sufficient culture to think it not quite absurd.
In an assembly which they held in Paris in 1606, it was
suggested that as the estate of the clergy had just received
a remission of their tenths from the crown, to the amount
of 400,000 crowns, a portion of this sum might be devoted
to printing the fathers. No more, however, could be
extracted than 2000 crowns, to which, by cardinal Du
Perron's influence, was afterwards added another thou-
sand. Fortified with this small subvention a bookseller,
CI. Morel, engaged to bring out the works of Chrysostom.
As the Eton Chrysostom (1612) cost sir H. Savile ^8000
sterling to produce, it is clear that Morel must have rehed
on the sale to the public to repay his expenses.
' Ep.
509 : Editionem patrum hie curare non possum, quia non permittitur
'
homini hseretico id genus librorum attingere, multo minus quicquam adjicere

mearum observationum.' Cf. ep. 647.
IV.] PARIS. 1 600-1610. 193
But though Casaubon might not use the mss. of the

royal library, he might use others, and nothing could
interfere with his printing in a foreign country. His
earliest essay in patristic criticism he thus speaks of in
^
1596, in writing to Bongars, I had begun lately to put '
together in a book, " Observations on the ecclesiastical

;
writers " but I afterwards forebore ; well enough,
methinks, is soon enough.' It was not till 1605 that he
stole into the world, unobtrusively, almost timidly, with a
first essay in this forbidden walk His friend Hoeschel
was publishing at Augsburg Origan against Celsus, a
greek text then unprinted, setting herein, with far inferior
resources, an example of what might have been done in
Paris. The treatise was to be accompanied by the eloge
of Gregorius of Neocsesareia on Origen, which had been
once before printed, very bad state, in 1587.
in a The
text of this last piece Hoeschel communicated to Casaubon,
who sent back a few pages of emendations. Hoeschel,
glad to adorn his book with Casaubon's name, printed
these notes along with Casaubon's letter at the end of
his Being purely critical, they excited no
volume.
attention in Paris, and were so little known at all, that
Meric even had never seen them *.
^
In the next year, 1606, grown more bold, he ventured to

print in Paris, and with his name, a little volume contain-
ing an inedited epistle of Gregorius of Nyssa, with a
preface and notes. It was published by his cousin and
friend Robert Estienne, in partnership with the heirs of

Patisson. It attracted some attention, as having the name
of Casaubon on the title. Lestoile mentions it ^ as '
bien
digne d'estre recueilliee,' and it was cheap enough, being
sold, bound in parchment, for a quarter of a crown. But
if Lestoile, or the public, expected a theological manifesto,
' Ep. 433. ° Pietas, p. 98. * See note D in Appendix.

' Registre-journal, p. 402.
'94 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
they were disappointed. The notes are not theological, but

illustrative and interpretative only. The different usage of
the same word by the ecclesiastical, and by the classical

writers, is often richly exemphfied. Yet there are allusions
which show how full the editor's mind was of the present.
There is an oblique glance, p. 60, at the inventiunculae '
humanse mentis' on the subject of pilgrimage. And the

preface is altogether a concealed allusion to the circum-
stances of the day, for it is a recommendation to concord
among Christians. In the sensitive state of the pubHc
•mind in Paris, to insinuate that the huguenots were
Christians was a spark on gunpowder. Casaubon was
admonished, and given to understand that his position as
librarian and king's pensioner must not be used for the
subversion of the catholic faith. In his disappointment he
wrote to Vertunien^ that 'he should never be at rest till
he found himself in a free country, where he might have
liberty to reply to the Jesuits.' Casaubon had only himself
to blame, for having taken the opportunity of a greek book
to make an edifying application.
he might not write as a protestant, there was another
If
controversy on foot, in which he thought the 'king's
librarian might without rebuke take up a pen.

' The old
debate between the gallican and ultramontane parties,
indigenous to french soil, had just now sprung up again
into the question of the day, owing to the struggle going
on between Pius v. and the republic of Venice. The
gallican party in Paris sympathised
keenly with the
republic in its courageous resistance, and were desirous
of having an argument
on the principle drawn for
.circulation in France. Casaubon had, independently,
from his own point of view, read with keen interest the
books and pamphlets which inundated the press in these
' Ep. franf. p. 524 : Mondict sieur Casaubon m'a mand6 qu'il n'auroit jamais
'
repos en son ame qu'il ne se veit en lieu libre pour respondre aux calomnies et
impostures des Jesuistes.'
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 195
years. He had been^ especially attracted by those of Fra \
Paolo, the Servite, in which he recognised the flavour of

that ecclesiastical science, which was his own unattain- \
able ideal. The distance between the real learning of

Casaubon, and the disputative energy of Du Perron may
be measured by their respective judgments on Fra Paolo.
'
I met Fra Paolo at Venice,' said the cardinal saw ^,
'
I
nothing eminent about him ; he has good judgment and

good sense, but no great knowledge!
Casaubon was easily prevailed upon to undertake the j
subject, as that which he would have preferred was closed

to him. But as a protestant name would have damaged
the effect of the book, it was to be anonymous, after the
precedent of Ranchin's Review of the Council of Trent.'
'
Casaubon himself is careful not to tell his correspondents

what it is on which he is engaged. But it could not be
kept altogether secret. Early sheets were procured by
the nuncio during the progress of the work, and Fra Paolo
wrote ^ that it was eagerly expected in Venice. Casaubon .
'
threw himself into the fray with zeal. The pamphlet was
becoming a book, and the sheets were printed off as fast
as they were written. Fifteen sheets were already thrown
off when the nuncio interfered, and demanded the
suppression of the book. He had before obtained an
interdict to stop the reprint of Gerson, '
De potestate
ecclesiastica,' and he had no difficulty in now procuring an
inhibition of Casaubon's book *- The king was very angry.
'
Ep. 542. Cas. to Scaliger Vidistine, obsecro, quae Venetiis prodiere scripta
:
'
a paucis mensibus? prsesertim magni illius Pauli Veneti ego cum ilia
. . .
lego, spe nescio qua ducor, futurum illic aliquando et Uteris sacris, et meliori
literaturae locum.'
' Burney Mss. 365. p. 285.
Perroniana, p. 259.
2
* suggestion that Casaubon should be engaged to write came originally

The
from Venice. Camdeni Epp. ep. 65. Becher to Camden, June 4, 1607 Mon- :
'
sieur Casaubon hath two pieces coming forth, but neither of them yet finished,
Polybius, and another, De libertate ecclesiastica, at the instance of the Venetian

ambassador and although their difference be compounded, yet it goeth forward,
;
and there is great expectation of it.' Cf. Cas. ep. 882. Burney mss. 363. p. 93.
O a
'
grandement and Casaubon was fain to write a
indigne,'
letter to Villeroy to excuse himself. He does this as well
as he can^, but cannot deny the fact that he has been
writing against the pope.'
'
The government of Henri ^,
which was at this period wholly ultramontane, seconded
the nuncio. The De libertate ecclesiastica ^ remained
'
'
not only unprinted, but unwritten. Some copies, however,

of the printed sheets had got abroad, and from one
of these Melchior Goldast reprinted the fragment in
Germany, 1612, and, by a curious coincidence, in the
same collection of tracts which contained Gerson De '
potestate.'
Casaubon had lost much precious time over an abortive
scheme but his eagerness for the fray was not abated.
;
He wanted to write a review of Baronius' Annals.' '
This, where the argument was not political, where the

discussion turned entirely on the interpretation of ancient
authors, was Casaubon's proper territory. Here he might
expatiate in the field of ecclesiastical archaeology which he
was sighing to enter. But he could not do it, even in his
own moderate style, without permission. He applied for
this permission and was refused; gently indeed, but
it
seriously; 'the time was not yet come.' The strictest

orders had been issued in Italy* that no one should be
;
allowed '
to write against Baronius
an order, as Fra '
Paolo remarks, which shows there was a good deal to be

'
said.* Father Paul would have answered Baronius himself,
' Ep. 557.

^ 5. p. 463, thinks that Henri iv. desired to act in favour of the
Michelet, vol.
protestants as early as 1600. If this was so, it could only have been a momen-
tary impulse. It seems to me that it was not till the dispute between Venice
and the see of Rome that a Galilean party began to make itself felt in France,
and that Henri iv. began to lean towards it.
' The fragment De libertate is printed in Goldasti Monarchia S. Romani
imperii, Hanov. i6ia. vol. 1. pp. 674-716 [and again in Almeloveen's edition of
Casaubon's Epistolae, vol. ii. p. 167.]
Burney mss. 365. p. 285, Fra Paolo to Cas. '
' : . . . ne quid vel minimum
contra Baronium scribatur, vel alibi scriptum in Italiam importetur.'
IV.] PARIS. 1600-16TO. 197
had he been permitted, but Venice soon made up its quarrel

with Rome, and the opportunity was past. France was
equally under Roman influence, and Casaubon must defer
his criticism of Baronius to a later day, and a freer
country.
Thus precluded from the topic in which his interests
were most engaged, Casaubon was compelled to fall
back upon the classics. If we must regret that Casaubon
laid out some of his best years upon Polybius, we must
remember that he was driven upon it, by being debarred
from the better work he would have done, but might not.
In taking up Polybius, he took up an old thread. Years
ago, in 1595, he had pledged himself to an edition, and the
author was not unsuitable to his turn of mind. Notwith-
standing his admiration of Theocritus, he was destitute,
if ever mortal was, of poetic feeling. The erotic and
wanton greek muse offended his huguenot asceticism.
He had no metrical skill. He had as little taste for
philosophy as for poetry. In working upon Athenaeus,
though he had expatiated on the antiquarianism, he had
been wearied with the frivolity of the dilettante litterateur.
The level good sense and practical intelligibility of
Polybius suited him. Living about a court Hke that of
Henri iv, where literature was in low esteem, he felt
keenly the desire to evince its value to men of the
world. Not Ronsard, but Malherbe, the versifier of good
sense, was now the fashionable poet. Casaubon's cele-
brated preface to his Polybius, which was long considered
one of the masterpieces of modern latin, is entirely a pifece
de circonstance. It must be read as addressed to the
court —the court of 1609. '

The statesman should read
history,' is its thesis;and by history, classical history is
intended. In it, and pre-eminently that of the
history,
Greeks and Romans, is held up as the school of civil

prudence and military skill. The mere literary use of the
classics, the reading of a book hke Caesar's Commentaries,
only to acquire a pure condemned. Of Polybius'

style, is
sixth book he says that it ought not only to be read, but

to be learned by heart, by all princes, generals, and public
men. Argument and example are employed with force,
and without tedious accumulation, to show the utility
of the classics to public men. The pleading is an argu-
mentum ad hominem, for it is addressed to the ear
of Henri iv's court. But it is good for all time, and is
indeed the basis on which the defence of classical education
must ultimately rest. The finest prefaces ever written,'
'
said Joseph Warton 1, adopting a dictum of Bayle, were '
perhaps that of Thuanus to his History, of Calvin to his

Institutes, and of Casaubon to his Polybius.' Warton, a
critic who had the distinction of being also a scholar, ad-
mired it for its general style and subject. It is no less inter-

esting to us as a historical document, peculiarly addressed
to a special audience, and giving us a measure of the taste
and acquirements of what was called the court in 1609. '
'
The object he had in view in editing Polybius not

only inspired the preface, but governed the character of
the whole volume. From not attending to this purpose,
subsequent editors have misjudged the edition. Schweig-
hseuser has blamed Casaubon for his negligent indication
of the sources of the emendations introduced into his text.
The usual apologyis, Such was the habit of the editors of
'
that age.' But Casaubon's omission of this duty must be

ascribed not to want of accuracy, but to such accuracy
being beside his purpose. He wanted to make Polybius
readable. If he were to be read, he must be presented in
latin. Accordingly, upon the latin translation Casaubon
spent his labour. In 1588, when he gave Polyasnus to the
press, he had said contemptuously that ^ he could not '
aiford to invest good hours in making latin translations

that was a kind of business he was content to leave to
' Warton's Pope's Works, 1797, vol. i. p. i ; Bayle, Diet. Art. Calvin, note 9.
2 Praef. in Poly^n. 1588.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 199
Others.' Now it is precisely the reverse. The translation

is his first concern. His Polybius is rather to be
described as a translation accompanied by the text, than
as. an edition of the text. He has indeed altered Ursinus'
text much, but often, too, the emendation, which he should
have introduced into the text, appears only in the version.
The version does not, in these cases, correspond to the
text in the accompanying column. But, in such cases, it is
the latin, and not the greek, which gives what Casaubon
supposed Polybius to have written. ^ I can answer for the '
fidelity of my translation,' he writes to Scaliger. I wish I

'
was equally certain of its latinity. But how few of us now

can write good latin By the way I can tell you what will
!
amuse you. You know how the Italians have admired

No wonder!
Perotti's latin in his version (of Polybius).
for when good fellow is puzzled by Polybius' greek,
the
which happens sometimes, he has transcribed the parallel
passage from Livy, who, you know, follows Polybius
often pretty closely.'
If it is a matter of regret that Casaubon should have
been driven from Chrysostom to Polybius, it must be
more so that he should have embarked four years of his
limited span upon what is little more than a latin transla-
tion. For there was no commentary. The notes were
reserved for a second volume, which never appeared,
and which was never written. What was found of this
kind after his death among his papers amounted to about
200 pages, and was published in a small volume by
Antoine Estienne, 1617. In these notes, though the old
manner of illustration is preserved, there is constantly
present an intention of dweUing upon the practical lessons
of history. He will turn aside to quote something not very
relevant because it contains words of pohtical wisdom ^.
Yet, after all these imperfections, such is the power
1 Ep. 485.
' Comm. in Polyb. p. 88; ' Verba civilis prudenti^ plenissima.'
aoo ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
of knowledge, that Casaubon's Polybius has deserved

that Schweighaeuser ^ should say of it, that '
there is not
a page of it which does not show how much Polybius
owes to the learning and sagacity of that industrious
editor.' may be instructive to observe that even
It
Casaubon's knowledge did not preserve him from making

blunders as a translator. Henri Valois^ says on this:
'
Out of the numbers of translators of greek books whom
we have had, who is there who has not occasionally
shpped ? The latin version of Polybius by Isaac Casaubon
is held by common consent as one of the best and most
correct which we have. And yet it is not free from

blunders.'
The work engaged him from the end of August, 1605,
to August 28, 1609, on which day he revised the last proof
sheet. He did not print with his wife's connections,
Estienne and Patisson, who had published the Gregorius
Nyssenus him in 1606. Though they possessed some
for
greek type, they had neither the capital nor the plant for
a folio of 1250 pages. Estienne (R. Stephanus iii.) was
also a notoriously slow printer, out of whom it was
difficult to extract a proof sheet. It is true his slowness
proceeded from his accuracy, and even
scrupulous
learning. He
would come down himself, all the way,
to Casaubon to consult him about an accent which he
thought wrongly placed ^ Though inferior to the best
specimens of Robert Estienne (R. Stephanus i.) or
Turnebus of fifty years before, the Polybius of 1609 is
among the finest specimens of Paris printing. But latin
and greek upon the same page cannot show either type
to advantage.
It was turned out by Drouard (Jerome), who had pub-
lished the Hist. Aug. Scriptores in 1603, and who after-
wards, with Cramoisy,Beys, and Co., formed the association
' Schweigh. prsef.

in Polyb. p; Ixxx.
" Excerpta Constantini, 1634, ad lect. = Ep. 550.
IV.] PARTS. 1600-1610. 301
known as '
a la navire,' for publishing the greek fathers.
Drouard had a connection with Wechel at Frankfort,
which enabled him to secure the German sale for his
books. Early sheets were transmitted through the am-
bassador to Marny, who carried on Wechel's business,
and he issued the book for Germany with another title-page
as his own ^. This was not a piratical invasion of Drouard's
property, but an arrangement between the publishers, by
which the copyright was secured in the empire. Drouard
was a man of substance, for such a volume could not be
produced without a large outlay, at the present day it —
would cost from i^8oo to ;^900 to bring out and we hear —
of none of the vexations which attended the publication
of the Athenaeus with the Harsys of Lyon, or of any
advances of cash by Casaubon towards the cost of printing.
Casaubon had appHed, through the chancellor Sillery,
for permission to dedicate to the king. Bruslart de Sil-
who
lery, had recently had
become chancellor (1607),
known Casaubon many years before at Geneva, when on
a diplomatic mission to Switzerland. Like some others
of the court,' he was
'
not without his share of letters,
and Casaubon had brought out his Theophrastus in
1592 under his patronage. But his interests were now
entirely gone into making his political career, and if he
patronised Casaubon on this occasion, jealousy of Sully
had probably more to do with it, than favour to the
book^. However, the chancellor obtained the permis-
sion, which was given in a way which seemed to intimate
that the dedication would be more acceptable from a
catholic^- The king's name was an advertisement, and
^ Goldasti epp. p. 156.

2 Casaubon acknowledges that Sillery had always stood his friend. Ep.
'
Dominum cancellarium, cujus unius ope atque auctoritate reculas meas
934 :
isthic stare nullus dubito.'

^
Ephem. p. 651 Vocatus ad prandium hodie a cancellario Fr. (Franciae)
:
'
D. Silerio nonnuUa cum spe sum reversus, fore ut Polybius nostcr

regi sit
acceptus, sed ego artes aulicorum novi.'
20Z ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
it was the interest both of editor and printer that it
should figure on the title-page.
Next came the business of presenting copies, hand-

somely bound,— the binding at the author's cost\ This
was often a heavy tax Casaubon, with his many great ;
friends, had to give away fifty-five copies of Polybius.

The tax on time was heavy too, as many of these had
to be offered in person. The first copy was for the
chancellor, who had obtained the permission, and who
now undertook to bespeak a favourable moment for the
presentation of the royal copy. On a day appointed

Casaubon attends at the Tuileries. The hour is not
propitious ; he is desired to come again, or better, to
Fontainebleau, where royalty has more leisure. He
waits a fortnight, and goes out to Fontainebleau, carry-
ing his folio. His own reception was, as always, gra-
cious ; but ^
' my work was received, as it was to be
expected it would, by one who is absolutely illiterate.'
The chancellor, who had repeatedly promised to explain

to Henri what the business was, had, of course, for-
gotten all about it. Casaubon's elaborate compliments
in the preface were thrown away. In vain he had re-
minded Henri of what you once told me yourself,
'
Sire, that you had, when a child, translated the whole

of Caesar's Commentaries into french, for your preceptor
Florent Chrestien.' He returned from Fontainebleau
disgusted with courts, angry with himself for his dedi-
cation, laughing a bitter laugh at the folly of it all.
However, after he was gone, some one, perhaps Sillery,

made the king understand, — not the latin preface, but
his obhgation as dedicatee. When La Boderie, ambas-
sador at S. James', was asked ^'if Henri iv. would
^ Ephem.
474 : Hie fructus nostrarum vigiliai-um, quas postquam in lucem
*
emisimus, ingens occurrit numerus eorumquibus necessario dandi sint.'

^ Ephem. p. 693 Qui literarum est rcXeajs rudis.'
: '
^ Fortescue Papers, Camden .Societj', p. 4, note.
IV.] PARIS. ] 600-1610. 303
receive a copy of James "

Apologia pro juramento,"
I's
he discreetly answered that his master would doubtless

receive it, but he would not answer for his reading it'
That Henri would read a line of Casaubon's elaborate
preface is not to be supposed. But he could under-
stand that a poor scholar, with a host of children, had
embarked all his time and learning for many years in
the present now laid at his feet. A few days afterwards
Casaubon was surprised by a call from a maitre de re-
quites, one Gourges, who was great in the business
of conversions, and hung much about Casaubon with
this view. On this occasion it was not Casaubon's soul
he came to save, but a thousand crowns he brought
and this not in a paper order, which might have been
subject to a heavy discount, but so many hard gold
pieces in a bag.
The entiy in the diary ^ lets us see that acceptable as
the money was, the appreciation pleased much more.
The present was handsome; too much for a huguenot.
But then Henri had just given 100,000 crowns to the
Jesuits of La Fleche to finish their chapel with. And
1000 crowns, after all, was about half what he had once
paid for an embroidered handkerchief for Gabrielle.
What of literary appreciation might be in store for
the Polybius must come from abroad. In Paris it
passed unheeded. In the university of Paris there was

no one who could distinguish greek of Casaubon from
greek of Morel or Fronto le Due. Lestoile, who col-
lected all the pamphlets and squibs of the day, and
gives us title and cost of each, makes no mention of
Casaubon's publication, though he had evidently seen
the book, and been reading it, as he quotes from it,
under September 7, two passages, one of which he
finds very applicable to Sully, whom he detested. In
' Ephem. 696 :

' Non sine honore verborum.'
a04 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
1607, William Becher sends Camden among other

^,
Paris gossip, the news that '

Mons^ Casaubon hath two
pieces coming forth, but neither of them yet finished,
Polybius, and another, " De libertate ecclesiastica,"

^
adding that of the latter ' there is great expectation.'
During the four years' work on Polybius, we have
a renewal of the same mental symptoms and conditions
as were brought out by the Athenaeus. At one time
feverish intensity of apphcation, impatient of any inter-
ruption ; at another disgust at the self-imposed task,
and wish to be reading Christian literature. There are

times when, as he tells Rittershusius ^, he is thankful '
to be compelled by his engagement to busy himself in

his task, that he may shut out the many sorrows and
vexations of his life.' His shrinking from intrusion and
hindrance amounts to an indifference to external events,
an indifference which grows upon him. Then physical
fatigue, the amount of mere mechanical labour attendant
on the production of a thick folio, the irregularity of
the printers, the workmen one while taking unreasonable
;
holiday, improbe luxuriantur
'
at another, pressing for '
copy till he has to send each sentence of translation to

press as fast as it is made, ut quaeque periodus erat '
versa,' break him down momentarily, and he longs to

be quit of it. No sooner is he quit than he begins
again. He allows the booksellers to extort from him *
promises to revise for second editions his Theophrastus '
and his Suetonius.' As soon as these are done he will

'
set about his commentary on Polybius. Meanwhile, he

undertakes to lecture to a class on Aristotle's Pohtics.' '
Slavish work at the desk, begun sometimes at 3 a.m.,

and worry out of doors, seem at this period to make up
the sum of our author's life. But the picture is not one
^ Camdeni Epp.ep. 65. 2 ggg above,

p. 195.
' Ep. 611 Juvit me non mediocriter quod per inchoatam dudum Polybii
:
'
editionem cessare mihi non licebat.' * Ep.

654.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 305
of unmitigated gloom. The refrain ^, '

ego vero vix, ac ne
vix quidem jam aerumnis par sum,' from time to time gives
place to a somewhat more cheerful strain. The five years,
from 1605 to 1610, were on the whole, for Casaubon as for
France, years of prosperity and comfort, if not of calm.
Casaubon's timorous and apprehensive spirit occasionally
feels these influences. Halcyon days of repose —otium —he

calls them once or twice ^, but adds characteristically, that
this repose '
has a suspiciousness about it when he thinks
of his sins.' But this repose — otium —means for him not
the dreamy slippered ease of the litterateur of academy
days, but sustained and fagging drudgery. Many a day
the only entry in the diary is, '
My daily task, thanks be to
God ^.' The amount of labour, mental and mechanical,
which is intimated by this short phrase, must be estimated
by reference to his printed books, and to the still extant
Adversaria, from which his books proceeded.
Rare Were the occasions on which he allowed himself
relaxation. In 1603 he took a couple of months, May and
June, for a visit to his mother and friends in the south, and
at Geneva. Madame Casaubon accompanied him, making
the journey on horseback, except the last stage from Dijon
when she took the coach. The rate of travelling
to Paris,
by this conveyance may be inferred from the fact that
Casaubon, who was on horseback, arrived at home some
hours before the coach *.
A retirement into country shades from Paris glare and
dust was as necessary then as since. Casaubon was
occasionally invited to pass a few days at de Thou's
country house at Villebonne, the retreat of the learned and
the wise, as his hotel in Paris was their gathering place ®.
Such visits might not be all holiday. On one of these
> Ephem. 546.

" Ephem. pp. 447. 545.
' ©cS X"^/"'.
tA kyKvKKia- ' Ephem. 504.
' Ephem. 441 Diem egimus
:
' hoc amffinissimo praetorio, et suavissimis de
in
Uteris sermonibus, aut ambulationibus cum magno Thuano, uxore mea, aut aliis
amicis.'
Rigaltius began his edition of Artemidorus, and found

the genius loci, or the society of de Thou, a great aid ^-
On another occasion Casaubon is obliged to put off his

visit for a week by the physician, who is bleeding him.
And he regrets had already in imagination
it because '
I
devoured one or two books in your library, which I had

decided on reading at Villebonne ^.' At another time
Casaubon makes a party to visit the palace, new and old,
at S. Germain's ' : not, however, without a groan at the loss
of time, and a prayer that as much as he came short in

learning, so much he might profit in piety ! These were
rare indulgences, once or twice in the season. By-and-by
he seeks to secure a pied-a-terre for himself. First at
Madrid, where a few houses had grown round
in the Bois,
the summer-house built by Francis i. after his captivity in

Spain. Henri iv. did not much affect Madrid. But on
one occasion his restless roaming brought him thither, on
a day, August 22, 1601, when Casaubon happened to be
there. The Persian etiquette of the 17th century, which
separated prince and subject, did not yet exist. Henri
immediately took Casaubon into his company, and showed
him over the rooms in the chateau, talking all the while
most seriously on religious subjects*.
In 1606 came the year of the plague, and consequent panic,
when all who could rushed from the city. Casaubon at
first resolved to stay by his work and the library. Indeed,
Lestoile affirms® that the alarm was greater than the
danger; that the death-rate of Paris in ordinary times was
eight per day, and this was not increased by the pestilence.
And Casaubon thinks ^ that the hard winter of 1607-8
' Artemidorus Rigaltii, 1603. praef. Quum una tecum essem

:
'
in Villabonio
tuo, ne amcEnissima rusticatione abuti viderer .' . .
^ Mss. bibl. nat. collection Dupuy, 708. Cas. to de Thou, without date, but
probably i6og :
' Jam spe carta devoraveram unum aut alterum librum quem
isthic legere constitueram.'
° Ephem. 302. * Ephem. 367 :
'
Graves de pietate sermones.'
° Registre-journal, p. 409. « Ep.
593.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1 6io. 307
carried offmore than the plague of 1606 had done. He

complains of the want of sanitary police in Paris, the
nurses from the hospitals walking about the streets in
broad day without so much as warning those they met to
keep their distance, a thing which would not have been
tolerated in Lyon. When his own friends and neigh-
bours began to die off, he thought it prudent to withdraw
to a greater distance than Madrid. The place he selected
was La Bretonni^re, eight leagues from Paris, in the
neighbourhood of Chartres. The following summer was
one of excessive heat, succeeded by a winter of great
severity^. He now accepted from his friend Mercier des
Bordes a refuge on his estate at Grigny, on the Seine
above Paris. Besides the convenience of water conveyance
for the distance of five leagues, it was near Hablon, and
the chateau of des Bordes had itself the right of exercise of
the reformed worship^. This gite Casaubon retained to
the end of his life, even after his removal to England.
Attendance on the public ordinances of his sect was not
to Casaubon an irksome duty which he discharged with
reluctance, it was a delight and a solace. He well under-
stood that to read Chrysostom in his study was far more
edifying than most of what was to be heard in a sermon.
But the congregational sentiment, powerful at all times,
becomes an urgent necessity to a down-trodden sect,
writhing under the insults of a wealthy and arrogant
church. Avaricious, as we have seen, of his hours and
minutes, Casaubon never grudges the whole day which
his journey to Hablon or Charenton consumed. He goes,
not regularly, it was impossible, but whenever he can. He
records a regret whenever he is prevented from going.
This, indeed, happens often no wonder, when we
;
remember his multiplied engagements in a dependent
^ Dan. Chamier, Journal, p. 64.

" Under the Edict, the assembly for this purpose in the manoirs of lords, not
being hauts justiciers, must not exceed thirty persons.
ao8 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
position,and the preparation required to face the distance

and the bad weather so common in the fickle climate of
Paris. For four years of his residence there, 1601-1606,
the place of meeting for the protestants of the capital was
at Hablon, ten miles distant from the centre of the city.
The Parisians who, says Lestoile, 'would think it less
wicked to enter a brothel than a protestant meeting-house,'
could not endure heresy nearer. Hablon was on the
Seine, and the journey to and fro was made, when the
state of the water permitted, in a towbarge. At other
times Casaubon must walk both ways, unless he could
get a seat in the carriage of some rich coreligionist —the
Arnalds or Du Plessis Mornay. The diary abounds in
entries which relate to the pains and pleasures of these
Sunday expeditions.
'
March 3, 1602. To-day, self, wife, daughter, and
some of our household got to Hablon, and though we
suffered much from the bitter wind, we returned safe and
sound.'
'
March 24, 1602. Set off, self, wife, and Philippa, for
Hablon. But on getting down to the quay, found that the
boat was already full three times over.'
'
May 13, 1602. Went down to the quay, but the boat
could not start as the wind was too high.'
'
December 29, 1602. The service to-day was longer
than usual. I was returning late in the carriage of two
noble ladies, Madame de Cricebant, and Madame de
Mantaleon, when the coachman lost the way in the dark.
One of the horses got into the river, and was with difficulty
got out, half drowned. It was a mercy we were not all
lost.'
December 24, 1607. The fatigue of yesterday (walking

'
both ways to Charenton) prevented me from doing any-

thing all day.'
'
January 6, 1608. My wife was to have gone to Cha-
renton to-day in the carriage of the ladies Arnald. But
IV.] PARIS. 1 600-1610. 309
finding the cold too severe, she arranged that I should

take her seat. We set off, but could not go very far ; the
icy cutting wind made it impracticable for the horses to
move against it.'
November 8,
'
1609. The church throughout France
keeps its fast to-day. We went and heard three sermons,
from Du MouHn, Le Faucheur, and Durand, discourses
adapted to the occasion with wonderful skill and piety. I
was so moved, that I was hardly master of myself Both

myself and my wife, forgetting the miseries we had gone
through in the morning in a wretched little barge, prayed
God that he would grant us more such days.'
On one of these expeditions he was in very great
danger. We relate the incident in his own words he —
tells it twice, once in a letter to Scaliger ^ and in the diary
under date,
'July 20, 1608. We set off for Charenton, my wife,
John, Meric, and my sister. When we got down to the
quay, though had not yet struck seven, we found all the
it
boats gone except a wretched wherry, without any awning.

After some hesitation, we got into it, as we did not wish
to lose our service. We had got half way, when, by some
mismanagement, a heavy barge, towed by two horses, ran
into us astern. John and Meric and my sister scrambled
into the barge. I looked round for my wife, and saw her
faint with terror, fallen into the Seine with half her body,
the rest in the wherry, which began to fill. With a sudden
exertion of all my forces, physical and moral, I got her
within reach of the people in the barge, who pulled her
in. In doing this, I had let go my hold on the larger boat,
and was nearly lost myself, if my wife's cries had not
called the others to my succour. The only loss I sus-
tained in the accident was my book of psalms— my greek

testament I wet out of the water. The
recovered all
psalm-book was precious to me, as I had presented it on

' Ep. 706.
P
our marriage to my dear wife, and had used it continually

for two-and-twenty years. I did not find it out till we began
to sing in the temple, and I put my hand into my pocket,
and it was gone. By a singular coincidence the psalm
was 86 :
" Tirant ma vie du bord Du bas tombeau de la
mort." We had been singing, I and my wife, on board the
boat, as we usually do, and had just arrived at the seventh
verse of the 92nd psalm when the collision took place. I
could not but remember that place of S. Ambrose, where

he says .... that " this is the peculiarity of the book of
Psalms, that every one can use its words as if they were
peculiarly and individually his own."
We may imagine what must have been the sufferings
of thewomen and the delicate, —we hear of infants dying
on their way to baptism. As long as only poor hugue-
nots endured these hardships, they might have continued
unrelieved. But two men, who still retained influence at
court, happened to be of the persecuted sect. Sully and
Calignon. By their influence an edict was obtained
removing the place of exercise to Charenton S. Maurice,
distant only two miles, and also on the Seine, the temple
being close to the landing-place of the boats. Nearer
than this it was not safe to bring the place of exercise.
But sometimes the duchess of Bar came to court, and
braved her brother's displeasure by having le preche in
her lodging. At times there was a French sermon ^ at
the English embassy, and on all such occasions Casaubon
gladly embraces the opportunity of attending.
That his public communion with his church was a senti-
ment which lay near Casaubon's heart is more surely
proved by the large part it occupies in his thoughts, and
the sacrifices of time he ungrudgingly makes to it, than by
any overt assurances he utters. Indeed the impediments
to the free exercise of his culte, and the desire to taste its
unrestricted enjoyment, had no small share among the
' Ephem. 597.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. ail
motives which made him seek removal from Paris. In

1601 he wrote to Heraldus ^ Both my wife and myself '
are impatient under the famine of the word of God, which

we endure here. seldom and with much difficulty
It is
that we can get out to Hablon. We have not been

accustomed to this deprivation.' The desire had not
abated in 1607, though Casaubon's ideas had undergone
considerable enlargement in the interval, and his calvinis-
tic prejudices were being supplanted by a church ideal
founded on the fathers of the fourth century.

Besides the deprivation of the ordinances of religion,
there were other reasons why a protestant, and a pen-
sioner of the court, should feel his position in Paris
precarious. The animus of the lower populace towards
the calvinists was not changed since the Bartholomew, it
was only lulled to sleep. The pays latin, the students,

the swarms of and monks, which the
fanatical friars
countless convents harboured, were no less ready for a
bloody fray than they had ever been. On Sunday,
September 18, 1605^, a placard was found posted up
at the gate Saint Victor, summoning the scholars {they
had ceased to be called clercs) to assemble after dinner on
the banks of the Seine with clubs and arms, 'pour la
s'opposer aux insolences de la maudite sect huguenote

et abloniste.' The police was strong enough to prevent
worse consequences on this occasion than a single assass-
ination. But the vaches a Colas (this was the slang
'
'
designation of the huguenots) had an intimation on this,

and on one or two other like occasions, of the volcano
that was sleeping below.
The violence of the mob was uncertain and restrained
by the government the gradual undermining of the legal
;
liberties secured to the protestants was allowed and

encouraged. Henri had undertaken to the pope, Clement
viii, so to manipulate the edict which I have published for
'
' Ep. 1023. " Lestoile, Reg.-journ. suppl. p. 388.
P 2
213 ISAAC CASA [/BON. [Sect.
the tranquillity of my kingdom that its solid results shall be

in favour of the cathoHc religion.' He kept his promise.
The system, which went on till it culminated in the revo-
cation of the edict, may be said to have commenced from
its first publication, 1598. To worry the protestants became
the occupation of every bishop throughout France. To
interpret the edict always in favour of the catholic suitor
was the rule for every court of justice. To goad them
into revolt, crush them with armed hand, was
and then to
the policy of every civil governor who sought to recom-
mend himself to authority. The clergy never met in
their annual assembhes without lodging gravamina of the
'
insolence of the heretics, and extorting from the crown
'
an enlargement of their own privileges, which was always

stated, pro forma, to be without prejudice to the edict.'
'
Still, as long as Henri lived, no general attempt to upset
the edict was to be apprehended. In 1605, Casaubon was

greatly alarmed at the turn things were taking, and had
almost made up his mind to leave. Scaliger writes back ^
that gloomy as the prospect was for the future, he saw no

reason for thinking the danger was immediate that even :
if Casaubon was resolved upon departure, he could not do
so without permission obtained from the king, and that

whether the permission were granted or not, the having
asked it would be equally an offence.
Looking to the sources of the troubles and annoyances
which beset Casaubon during his Parisian period, creating
in him the constant desire to get away, they are found
to be very various, and some of them such as change of
place could not have remedied.
I. The discomforts and perils attending the practices of
the reformed culte have been already noticed. But the

religious difficulty was by no means confined to these
occasions. The efforts to convert him occasionally
intermitted, but only to revive again with fresh vigour,
' Seal. epp. p. 293.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 213
and in a more overbearing tone. His resistance was

resented. His obstinacy in heresy was ascribed to moral
defects; he was charged with ingratitude towards a
benefactor. It was. plainly insinuated that the king had
by his favours bought his religion, and that as the price
had been paid, it was now quite time that the article should
be delivered. When the management of this difficult case
was handed over to Du Perron, it took, as we have seen,
a different turn. The vulgar means of suasion were
replaced by learned argument. The former kind of appeal
could be met by blank refusal argument must be encoun-
;
tered by argument, citation by counter citation. Hence

a grievous expenditure of precious time in preparation,
in resisting an assault sure to be renewed on the next
occasion. '
Loth I am, my God is witness, to waste my
time in this kind of disputation. It is not my fault. I am
compelled by necessity to undergo it, though I take care to
let them know how immovable I am in matter of religion.'
The siege laid to his religious convictions had begun with
his removal to Paris. It had abated nothing of its vigour
in the last year of his residence, 1609-10. The pages
of the diary are full of such entries as the following :
'
March 6. Several hours to-day with the cardinal. He
sent for me in the king's name, and I went, though most
unwillingly. We had much and serious talk of religion.'
'
December 10. To-day with cardinal Du Perron, and
long talk of rehgion.'
'December 11. Again to-day, a severe encounter with
the cardinal.'
'
December 21. O wretched life ! cannot they let me
alone, butmust make it their business to pry into ray faith.
This is what makes my life a burden What folly to try !
to persuade me that their church cannot err

December 22. With cardinal Perron to-day, having
'
been repeatedly sent for by him.'

December 28. To-day with cardinal Perron.
'
He is
really great. Would that he were always a defender of

!
sound learning
The catastrophe of May 14, 1610, suspended, but only
for a time, the persevering attempts of the cardinal. Du
Perron now renewed the bait, offered years before, of
a professor's chair in the university, and the persecution
was only broken off ^ by Casaubon's departure from Paris.
Rosweyd and no doubt believed, that Casaubon,
asserted, '
convinced by the weight of Du Perron's logic, had given

a promise to abjure at Whitsuntide. That the death of
the king alone interfered with the execution of the promise,
causing a panic among the calvinists as if S. Bartholomew
was to be repeated, and inducing Casaubon to withdraw
for safety to England.'
Baffled by Casaubon himself, the convertisseurs had
turned their attention to Madame Casaubon.
Here, how-
ever, they could get no prize of any kind. Her simple
Genevan detestation of popery was impenetrable.
They tried also the daughter, Philippa. From this
cherished daughter the father did not conceal his most
secret thoughts. He
subjected her to a trial which we
might hardly have thought justifiable, but that he considered
it a duty to let her understand how her worldly interest was
involved in her creed. He explained to her the temporal

advantages which he could secure for her if she became a
convert. He told her 'that she was penniless; that after the
wreck of his patrimony, he could give her no portion at
which any respectable Parisian bourgeois would look; that
he anxiously desired to see her well married ; that the only
hope of this was in the royal bounty, which could only be
obtained by conforming.' This was indeed to put his child
to a hard trial. But it was with a thrill of delight that the
father heard the temptation, not only overcome, but indig-
nantly spurned by the generous girl. '
It was wicked,'
she said, '
even to deliberate on such a choice. She was
' Rosweyd, Lex Talionis, ap. M. Casaubon, Pietas, p. 85.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 215
prepared to take up her cross, and follow Christ even to

her last breath if her father could leave her nothing, God
;
would provide for her she would work, and could live
;
upon a very httle.' God did provide for her; she was
removed from this world at the age of nineteen.
With the eldest son, John, they had more success. A
little controversy, backed by a promise of a pension of 200
crowns, but more, perhaps, the

spirit of the time and place,
and the example of those about him, carried him over in
August 1610. The blow fell heavily on Isaac at a period
of general calamity. After Isaac's death, the conversion
of his son was exploite by the flemish Jesuit, Rosweyd,
as evidence of the father's catholic leanings. Rosweyd
roundly asserted ^ that John had been placed under a scotch
Jesuit, George Strahan, ostensibly as mathematical tutor,
but with secret instructions to draw him insensibly
over to the catholic religion. With reference to this
charge, Lancelot Andrewes, bishop of Winchester, told
Meric ^ that he had himself questioned John Casaubon
on the subject. John had then made the following
declaration :
'
As to the step I took in changing my
religion, am obliged by my conscience to clear
I my
father beforeGod and men of all cognizance of the act.
It was wholly my own act, I did not consult him.' But
the diary here is the best evidence, and evinces how
untrustworthy is the gossip of the Jesuit colleges which
Rosweyd credulously states as fact. Isaac was informed
of his son's perversion Aug. 14, 1610, and the entry on
that day is one mixed of anguish and wrath ; bitter
ejaculations against the generation of vipers who have
compassed this treachery against him, and entangled in
their controversial net a youth wholly ignorant of
theology.
Besides John, a nephew of Madame Casaubon, An-
toine Estienne, son of Paul, was received into the church
' Rosweyd, Lex Talionis, praef. " M. Casaubon, Pietas, p. 87.
ai6 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
by cardinal Du Perron, who rewarded him by making him

publisher of hisown popular writings.
Casaubon's dependence on the court was, in other
2.
ways than that of being regarded as an unfulfilled bargain,

a source of constant discomfort to him. Later in the
century, under Louis xiv, pensions were the fashion, and
a literary man could accept one from a sovereign with-
out any sense of humiliation, even with pride at being
distinguished. And as Casaubon fairly earned his salary
at the library, he had nothing to feel on this score. On
the other hand, there was as yet no public service. All
employes were the servants of the monarch. The librarian
was so in an especial manner. It was the king's library,' '
and he was king's librarian.' He belonged to the court,

'
and had his share in the obligations which the court

imposed on all within its circle. There was no humiliation,
but also there was no independence. Life then was a system
of dependence. The roturier placeman was dependent on
;
the favour of the noble the lesser noble on les grands
;
'
the great noble himself, though not, at this period, so

entirely as at a later time, upon the king. The lowliness
of Casaubon's situation, and the paltriness of his pay, only
made the ownership more unmistakable. A man who sells
himself so cheap must be supposed to have sold himself
—
on servile conditions to have made himself over, body
and soul. A mistress purchased almost at her weight in
crown pieces, may bear herself proudly, and repel her
royal lover with insolent disdain. The poet or the scholar,
to whom a pitiful sum is grudgingly doled out, may not
think, speak, or write his own thoughts. Write against
Baronius No, the pope does not allow it. Edit a greek
!
father! That is not for such as you. Even what he

received, Casaubon had not the consolation of beheving to
be given as recognition of learning. His literary eminence
had no other value in the eyes of the Bearnais roue, but as
it made him worth buying as a convert.
IV.] PARIS. 1 600-1610. 217
3. Another crook
in his lot was connected with his
rehgion, in the personal share he began to have in the
system of public defamation set on foot at this time by the
Jesuits. Casaubon was named, but only named, not
pilloried, in the '
Amphitheatrura ' (1605)1. The order
went round that he was to be spared in print, because
there were hopes of him. But he was to be threatened,
and might be talked against. They sent him, from
their libel-manufactory at Maintz, a title page of a book
which they professed to have in the press against him^.
It went no further at present than letting him know that
Scioppius, at Rome, spoke of him as Thraso and atheist.

Casaubon says of this in a letter ^ to Chessel (CaseHus)
at Helmstadt: 'There is, I beheve, nothing of Thraso in
my writings and if I were an atheist, I should now be at
;
Rome, whither I have been often invited. I am resolved

to make no reply to the snarlings of such a cur.' When
Henri iv. expressed his displeasure for the book he was
writing 'against the pope,' Casaubon alleged, in his own
defence *, that '
for the space of three years last past, they
have been describing me as a wicked atheist, as pro-
digiously ignorant, and are now engaged in compiling
a special book against me, full of scurrility.'
It is observable that these brutalities did not emanate
from France or from the french Jesuits. Twenty years
before, the furious preachers of the league had vented
enough of foul language. But literary controversy in
France, even when most bitter, has on the whole been
creditably decorous. It has often been cruel and insolent,
but it has not known the depths of degradation which
in
the German-Jesuit pamphlets of this period, compounds of
the beerhouse, the cloister, and the brothel, are steeped.
' [The book referred to is '

Clari Bonarscii Amphitheatrura Honoris,' the real
author of which was Carolus Scribanius (see p. 397 below). A second edition,
with a fourth book added, appeared in 1606.]
' Ep.
555. 2 Ep.
516. * Ep. 577.
Scaliger expostulates with Marc Welser, an Augsburg

^
catholic, on this ground. It is Germany, look you,'
Germany, once the mother of learning and learned men,

that is now turning the service of letters into brigandage.
My France produces none of these foul scurrilities.
From your presses it is that the poisonous matter comes
forth. Antwerp, you will say but Antwerp only reprints;
what you produce. The wretch (Scioppius) has no other

motive for assailing Casaubon, than mortification at his
surpassing merit. It is Casaubon's superiority that will
not allow them to rest. They bark whenever they hear
his name, and I would take my oath that they can't under-
stand the tenth part of what he writes.'
Though Casaubon was spared moment, yet for the
he was only on good behaviour, and was under the
surveillance of the bandits. He could not, too, but share
keenly in the pain inflicted upon his honoured friend and
master. He gave Scaliger all the sympathy and affection
it was possible to give under his trial. Good men every-
where, even among the Parisian catholics, disapproved the
'
Amphitheatrum,' but not as emphatically as they ought
to have done. Scaliger was bespattered with dirt, and
though the hand that threw it was the hand of a scoun-
drel, they were not quite sorry it was done. It was the
interest of the church that the credit of the huguenot

critic should be lowered. Few felt, as Casaubon felt, that
learning itself was insulted and outraged in the person of
Scaliger. Casaubon's personal share might be less than
Scaliger's. But to both of them it was a bitter disillusion
to find that knowledge which they had devoted life to
acquire, was the unpardonable crime which drew down
upon them an overwhelming load of slander and abuse.
' Seal. epp. p. 406 :

' Vestra Germania, mi Velsere, quae tot eruditos olim
viros protulit, solum hoc spectare videtur, ut nulla alia gens sanctissimum litter-
arum ministerium in latrocinium convertisse videatur. ilia sane portenta mea
Gallia non producit.'
IV.] PARIS. 1 600-1610. 319
4.But it was not only on the side of catholics that

Casaubon had to endure much misrepresentation. His
own co-religionaries were not a little troublesome to him.
In their anxiety for his steadfastness, they beset him with
exhortation, remonstrance, or objurgation, according as
the fears or hopes of the writer predominated at the
moment. In 1601, he had found it advisable, as we: have
seen, to give a public assurance of his attachment to his
principles, a letter to the synod of Gergeau. This
in
served for a time. But the reports gathered head again,
from time to time, and not unnaturally. When his con-
version was so repeatedly announced as a fact by the
catholic party, it could not but acquire some credit among
the protestants, especially at a distance. In 1604, when
Gillot returned to Paris from Poitou^ he found the
colporteurs in the streets crying a broadside, '
The con-
version of M. Casaubon,' and people 'talking' of nothing
else. But
was in 1610 that the report acquired fresh
it
consistency. Casaubon had recently received a severe

injury, as he conceived, at the hands of the authorities of
Geneva. He did not scruple to go about using strong
language condemnation of their behaviour to him. He
in
was day after day, with cardinal du Perron.
closeted,
Offers of promotion were made him. In his disputes
with the cardinal he gave up much of the ground which
the calvinist polemics were accustomed to maintain and ;
it was becoming known that he disapproved the neglect or
contempt of christian antiquity which the calvinist doctors

professed. Especially on the eucharist, he did not con-
ceal that the doctrine of the catholics was nearer, than that
of the calvinist churches, to what he conceived to be the
opinion of the ancient church. We find him admitting to
his friends that 'there were many weak points in the
;
protestant system ' that the writings of the fathers were
often '
strongly forced to get from them a sense favourable
' Ep. franj., p. 419.
to the protestant view

;
' that Du MouHn's position that,
'
Scripture is so plain that it needs no interpreter,' is
false and dangerous. We can imagine that his appear-

ances at the Temple of Charenton, often far between,
were narrowly watched, and what a scandal must have
been created, when the man, who a few years before
thought it a sin to be present at mass, now heard (on
passion Sunday 1610) a papist preach, and could approve
—
much not by any means all he said. —
The ground now taken up by Casaubon was, in reality,
much firmer than that he had occupied before, inasmuch
as it was one of knowledge. Some few of the best men
of the party fully understood this, e. g. Du Plessis
Mornay writes' to Erpenius, January, 1611, '1 have
never, as you know, believed that he would draw near to
Rome.' But the calvinist pubhc could not know this;
what they did know was, that he no longer shared all
their ideas and sentiments. This was quite enough to
make him an object of suspicion, at least, to his own
party, a party heated by a sense of defeat, and kept in
a perpetual state of nervous apprehension by continued
injustice and encroachment. The eyes of all the reformed
congregations throughout France were on Casaubon
they were watching his every movement with disquietude,
and were agitated with reports of his backsliding.
It would have calmed their apprehensions if the pastors
of his own church, the church of Paris, could have given

him a certificate of orthodoxy. But unfortunately the
leading minister at this period, Pierre Du Moulin, had
grievances of his own against this illustrious member of
his flock, whose reputation threw his own into the shade.
Du Moulin was a zealous religionist, who had given up
a secure and honourable position at Leyden, for the
illrewarded and battered life of minister in his native
country. Fond of dispute, and vain of his powers, he
' Mem. et corresp. de Duplessis-Mornay, ii. 143.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 221
spent his life in discussion and controversies, or in v^^riting

attacksand answers. A man who maintained so much,
and so dogmatically, was naturally obliged to be content
sometimes with weak, sometimes with false, arguments.
Casaubon, who had to hear his learned displays before his
wondering and obedient flock at Charenton, could not help
at times throwing out hints of the insufficiency of his glib
references to the fathers, or regrets at the levity with
which christian antiquity was set aside. He read Du
Moulin's pamphlets, and on the margin of one of these, the
'
Defence of King James' confession of faith,' had marked
a few of the writer's errors.This copy had been seen by
some common friends, and Du Moulin called on Casaubon
and insisted on having it. Casaubon gave it up, begging
him to take his notes in good part. This was just before
Casaubon's departure from Paris, but it was the climax of
a condition of distant relations between the straying
sheep and his spiritual shepherd. That Casaubon had
not the least thought of quitting the communion of his
church because the minister who preached to him was
one of the half-learned, is evident from his whole mental
attitude at this time. One passage of the diary may be
quoted which bears on this subject. He enters, September
5, 1610 Communicated, and heard the learned sermon of
:
'
Du Moulin. I cannot indeed deny that the ancients

thought very differently of this sacred mystery, and
administered it otherwise. I could wish that we had not
departed so far from either their faith or their ritual. But
inasmuch as neither that faith nor that ritual rests upon
the explicit word of God, and I am but a private individual
whose duty it is to follow, and not to lead in the church, I
have no just ground for making any change myself; least
of all so at a time when every effort is being made to
establish all the superstitious figments which ages have

accumulated.*
To be looked on coldly by the calvinistic Du MouUn
2%% ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
was enough, to increase the suspicions afloat of Casaubon's

unsoundness in the reformed faith. He added to this
another error, that of being in friendly relations with theo-
logians of a freer cast of doctrine. Neither Daniel
Tilenus nor John Uytenbogaert could be accused of
inclining to popery ; but their sentiments were felt to be
not altogether those of the old-fashioned calvinistic school.
The new Arminian protestantism, which was in the next
twenty years to play such a part in Holland and England,
had not been taken up in France, where the reformed
churches were too severely pressed upon by the cathoHcs.
But it had been heard of, and Uytenbogaert was already
(1610) in ill odour with orthodox calvinists^ With
Uytenbogaert Casaubon only became acquainted in the
last year of his Paris residence, when he attended the
embassy which came in the spring of 1610 from the States

General to Henri iv. Casaubon heard the remonstrant
champion preach, with approbation ^. They had together
a long conference on theological topics. Of this confer-
ence no mention is found in the diary. But notes of it
were taken by Uytenbogaert at the time, and though it
must be read with the latitude required as conversation
reported from memory, it is valuable evidence of Casau-
bon's sentiments at the period (1610). It is therefore
given entire (from Epp. ecclesiasticae (1704), p. 250).
'
Cas. Je suis fils d'un ministre. Les ministres point a
leur aise pour maintenant.
Uyt.
II cuidoit estre brusle a Bourdeaux.
Dieu a voulu que je viensse icy, depuis ceux de

Cas.
Geneve m'ont fait la plus grande iniquite du monde. Les
papistes pensoyent a cette occasion se prevaloir de moy
me solliciterent fort, meme le roy. Je luy dis que je le
suppliois ne me faire rien faire contre ma conscience ;
qu'il
' Daersen writes to Uytenbogaert, in 1610,'' epp. eccles. p. 345 :Vostre nom
'
n'est pas pen descri^ en plusieurs endroits de ce royaume ... la France qui
est la plus inquiete en pareilles mati^res ..." ^ Ephem.
p. 736.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 333
en feroit un hypocrite. II dit qu'il ne voulust pas que je
changeasse de religion, mais que je conservasse. Depuis

je suis ete fort attaque, nommement de M. Du Perron, qui
a la verite est fulmen hominis car comme je suis biblio-
;
thdcaire du quand il vient en la bibliothfeque, les occa-

roy,
sions ne luy manquent point. J'ay subsistes jusques ores,
graces a Dieu; mais il faut que cependant jevousconfesse
qu'il m'a donne beaucoup de scrupules, qui me restent, et
ausquels je ne sfay pas bien respondre il me fasche de
;
rougir. L'eschappade que je prens est, que je n'y puis

respondre, mais que j'y penseray.
Je confesse que je ne puis approuver le concile de
Trente, en ce qu'il a decr^te touchant les livres apo-
cryphes ; c'est chose abominable, car ce sont des fables
ni pour la translation latine c'est chose abominable.
; La
tyrannic aussi du pape est intolerable. Et pour le fait des
images, ainsi comme cela maintenant est en usage, c'est
un abus trop manifeste, et tout plein d'autres choses.
Mais il fault, monsieur, que je vous confesse, qu'il y en a
d'autres que me mettent en peine, quand je considere
ceste venerable antiquite. Pour nostre police ecclesias-
tique, elle ne me semble pas accorder avec I'antiquite.
Uyt. Icy je consens.
Addit. Que M. de Beze luy avoit dit, que M. Calvin,
voyant les abus de I'eglise Romaine en cest endroit, avoit
rade cela mais qu'en effet M. Calvin estoit evesque de
;
Geneve, et que peu devant son trespas, il en avoit nomme

de Beze, qui n'en voulut point. Un jour M. de Bfeze avoit
faitun preche ou il avoit exhorte le magistrat de son deb-
voir sur quelque proems, affin que justice tint la balance
droite. Monsieur de la Faye, recitant ses propres mots,
en avoit preche contre. Moy m'addressant a M. de Beze,
qui en pleuroit de regret, (c'estoit une ame vrayement
chrestienne, qui me dit un jour qu'il avoit occasion de de-
mander pardon a Dieu de ses peches, mais que jamais il
n'en demanderoit de I'ambition vice auquel il estoit le
;
moins addonne) Je luy dis, que s'il avoit la police de I'an-

tiquite, cela n'adviendroit pas ; ce que m'advoua. Je luy
demandai, pourquoy done il avoit tant resiste a I'Angle-
terre? ne respondit rien. 2. Nous n'avons plus de
il
devotion en I'acte meme de faire la sainte cene, comme

;
nous allasmes, quelque un me demanda, comment se porte

le coque de vos poules d'Inde ? se dire des injures.
3. Pour les malades porter la cene, cela est dans I'an-

tiquite. Pour le baptesme, est advenu qu'en un temps
4.
extremement rude quelqu'un portoit son enfant pour estre

baptise a Charenton, I'enfant estant malade a la mort, on ne
voulut pas le baptiser devant le preche ; I'enfant mourut, le
pfere se revolta. 5. Pour le sacrement, mesmes il est certain,
que I'antiquite donne a entendre, qu'il y a bien quelque autre

chose. Plessis beaucoup de faussetez. Moulin aussi au 3
chap, de S. Denis tt/jos <ôpavTov b&pov, npoa-ôpav Tov bdpov ^.
6. Pour la predestination, il est mal aise de ne tirer la con-
sequence, Deus est author mali. 7. Pour le liberal arbitre,

M. Calvin fait dire a S. Augustin, ce qu'il ne dit pas. 8.
Pour les bonnes oeuvres, il y a quelque autre chose qu'on
ne dit; pour le moins, il les faudroit plus prescher; M.
Perrot disoit un fois a Geneve, qu'on avoit trop prfiche la
justification par la seule foy ; il est temps qu'on parle des
oeuvres. 9. Pour la descente aux enfers, M. Calvin parle
trop cruement. Je sqay que M. Calvin a este grand per-
sonnage, mais ses disciples empirent les affaires. II y a un
vray Pharisaisme. M. Goulart un jour taschoit de faire
jurer les Institutions de M. Calvin. Je suis en la plus
grande peine du monde. D'un coste et d'autre je suis
mal, non obstant qu'il y a des gens doctes, graces a Dieu,
qui m'aiment.'
The memorandum is in Latin. Casaubon
rest of the
inquires Arminius had expressed himself dissatisfied
if
with the current tenets of the church to which he be-

longed ? Uytenbogaert answers He did so, but his main :
'
' [The text is given exactly as it stands in Uytenbogaert's letter.]
IV.] PARIS. 1 600-1 6 10. aa5
point was
the reunion of Christendom ; and the basis he
projected was, the drawing a line between fundamentals
and non-fundamentals.' Casaubon exclaimed, 'O pious
!
intentions ' . . . Here the conversation was interrupted by
the entrance of Reygersberg.
These notes bear internal evidence of their genuineness.
The Arminian party valued them for the sake of giving
their views the authority of Casaubon's name. We
cannot wonder, if this was the style of his conversation, at
his becoming a scandal and stumbhng-block to beheving
calvinists. They afford no evidence of a disposition to
embrace Catholicism, while they sufficiently account for
the origin and prevalence of such a rumour.
Daniel Tilenus, professor of theology at Sedan, had
long been one of his trusted correspondents. It was a
letter to Tilenus which had brought Casaubon into trouble
some years before. In 1602, he had in few and simple
terms expressed his indignation at the tone adopted by
Canaye de Fresne, who had no sooner gone over than he
began to indulge in abusive language of those who did not
follow his example. A copy of the letter was shown to
Canaye de Fresne at Venice, and seems to have stung a
conscience, not quite easy at his act, to fury. He set on
the catholic bloodhound, Scioppius, and made a formal
complaint to the king. This complaint could come to
nothing, as there was really nothing to complain of. In
1610, Tilenus is still the person to whom Casaubon is able
best to confide his misgivings as to the calvinistic system,
while at the same time he reasserts his own steadfastness
as against the inducements held out to him to desert
to Rome. He tells Tilenus ^ that it is quite true that the
people and government of Geneva have done him a great
he ever thought of abandoning his
injury, but not true that
religious principles on that account. I thank you,' he '
continues, for informing me that such reports are current.

'
' Ep. 1023.
Q
%%b ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
But is it possible that you yourself were inclined to attach

any credence to them ? Have I ever shown any particular
desire of wealth and honour? Have I not had golden
fortune knocking at my door, almost breaking it open, and
have I not resisted the temptation ?
'
How then, you will ask, did a report to this effect
originate ? Let me remind you of the situation in which
I have been placed. For years past I have scarce had a
day free from contests with persons professing a different
religion. With what freedom, with what zeal. I have
spoken on these occasions, God knows. I never invited
these conflicts they were always forced upon me.
;
I was
not a theologian, but being compelled to give reasons for

my opinions, I was driven to suspend all other studies and
to give myself up to this one. I compared the writings of
our friends and their opponents with the doctrine of the

ancient church. Among the rest I read Bellarmine. On
scripture, tradition, the authority of the old commentators,
on the power of the pope, on images, on indulgences, I
could by certain reasons demonstrate all Bellarmine's
positions to be false. But when I come to the chapter on
the sacraments (though there be also some things which
can be refuted), it is no less clear to me that the whole of
antiquity with one consent is on the side of our opponents,
and that our writers who have attempted to show that the
fathers have held our views have egregiously wasted
their time. The careful study of the ancients has raised
certain scruples in my mind. About these I would give a
kingdom to be able to consult you, for all I desire is to
learn. That I am staggered by the consent of the whole
ancient and orthodox church I cannot conceal.'
When things had gone so far as this, we must admit
that if there was no real foundation,, there was at least
some justification, for the alarms of the protestants and
their jealousy that Casaubon was about to desert them.
5. Other sorrows which attend our advancing years now
IV.] PARIS. 1 600-1610. 327
began to crowd round Casaubon. The death of his

mother in 1607 was in the course of nature. She had
survived her husband twenty-two years, and her declining
age had been sustained by the affection of her illustrious
son, who, poor as he was, had, out of his poverty, minis-
tered to her comfort. She had declined to follow him to
Paris, naturally preferring the climate of her native south,
and a protestant neighbourhood. As long as Casaubon
resided at Geneva or MontpeUier, she made frequent and
long visits to him. After his removal to Paris, he visited
her as often as he could ; the last time, in 1603 ; visits
which Casaubon could dwell upon after her death ^ as
consolatory. He writes ^ to Pierre Perillau of the incred-
which he has had in his visit to his mother,
ible satisfaction
from which he is just returned. I wanted to have located '
her at Geneva; but she would not. I have therefore

purchased a house for her at Bourdeaux (in Dauphine) and
have done my possible, nay, more, to relieve her from all
apprehension about the future. Thank God, she is now
in sufficiently easy circumstances for a person who has so
few wants.'
In 1602 he had lost the best of his sisters, Sara Cha-
banes. One of her sons, Pierre, Isaac had undertaken to
educate and provide for. Just as the youth was beginning
to be very useful to Casaubon, both in his reading, and in the
library, when he was just of age, he fell a victim to one of
the voyages to Hablon. He caught his death in the boat on
a bitter Palm Sunday, such as Parisians know too well ^.
The heaviest blow was the loss of his much-cherished
daughter, Philippa. Superior endowments of. mind, and
a generous elevation of character, had endeared this
daughter to the father above all his many children.
Philippa was his pride and his consolation. Without
beauty, she had the sweet charm of graceful seriousness,
' Ephem. 558. ^ Bulletin de la soc. prot. 2. 290.

^
^ [V. antea, p. 130.]
Q2
338 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect:
or softened melancholy, which belonged to the huguenot

women of that generation. A
presentiment of her early-
grave perhaps hung about herself, which her deHcacy of
constitution,and frequent ailments, too surely predicted to
the apprehensive mind of the fond father.
Philippa had been much noticed by the family of the
English ambassador, Carew. Lady Carew (she was a
Godolphin) took such a liking to her that she offered to
take her into her house as companion. The other advant-
ages were great, but the opportunity of learning the lan-
guage was what chiefly attracted Philippa, whose young life

was clouded with dread of a time when they might all have
to fly for life, and who looked to England as the place of
refuge. The parents, though loth to part with their darling,
thought they ought not to reject such an introduction for
her. In a few months she became an established favourite
in the household of the Carews, who told the parents they
ought to think themselves happy indeed in such a child.
The flower was nipt in the bud by a fever which carried

her off, few days' illness, set. ig. The entry of the
after a
interment in the cemetery of the faubourg S. Germain is
dated February 26, 1608^. Lady Carew joined her tears
with those of Madame Casaubon ^- For Isaac all attempts
to return to his books were for some time fruitless.
The blow was the more severe, as none of the other

children seemed likely to replace the lost one, but were
rather a source of discomfort. John, the eldest, early de-
veloped a crooked disposition. We find him'^, ast. 18,
thieving from his parents' poor purse nine crowns, and

otherwise distressing them by lending a favourable ear to
the professional convertisseurs. Twelve months after-
wards, set. 19, he went over, as has been already related.
It was in great measure upon the lies set afloat by this
^ Bulletin de la soc. prot. 12. 276. Reg. de daces, 26 ftvr. 1608 ; ' Philippe
Casaubon, de M. Casaubon, professeur du roy, et garde de sa bibliotheque.'
fille
^ Ephem. 589 Suas nostris lacrimas adjungens.'

;
' ^ Ephem.
625.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 239
young rogue among his new associates that the reports

were founded of Isaac's apostacy.
Of his children in general the diary says^, in 1607,
'
They are almost all great troubles to me, some of them
because they are always ill, some because they make no
progress either in virtue or in letters.' He is in fear that
more of them will follow John's example This grievous ^.
disappointment was not to extend to Meric. Meric, at

the date when this wail was wrung from the desponding
father, was only seven. In the following year, aet. 8,
he was sent to school at Sedan, under Samuel Neran.

Here he remained till 1611, when he rejoined his father in
England. Isaac lived to see Meric confirmed, but not
to see developed in him those learned tastes and accom-
plishments which might have consoled the father for
the degeneracy of the rest of the children. The only
letter which Meric preserved of those written to him
in his school-days, is so characteristic of the writer that it
is thought right to give it. It is dated Paris, September

18, i6og.
'
Meric, I am glad that you write to me tolerably often,
and be more so if you do so oftener. I shall,
shall
however, expect each letter to show some progress since
the one which preceded it. I see that you are beginning
to compose latin themes, but not without bad mistakes.
Learn something every day. Exercise your memory
diligently. If Terence is one of the books you read at
school, I desire that you will commit it to memory from

beginning to end. No one will ever speak latin well who
has not thumbed Terence. Write me word if you read
Terence, and what it is you read at school. Above all, be
good, fear God, pray for father, mother, brothers, and
sisters. Honour your and be obedient to them.
teachers,
Be careful not to waste time. you do this, God will

If
bless your studies. I have written to the master, and

1 Ephem. p. 546.
' Ephem. p. 764.
23° ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
to the person with whom you board, not to let you want
for anything. Your mother sends her remembrances,
and desires you will, from her; kiss Mrs. Capell's hands,
as I do also. Your father, Is. Casaubon. Remember me
to the Hotomans.'
In the same year that his mother died, 1607, his
surviving sister, Anna, left a widow by the death of her
husband, Jean Rigot \ came to Paris. Isaac had portioned
her, giving her, with Madame Casaubon's consent, 500
crowns, their joint savings intended for Philippa. Her
husband's brothers, the Rigots, had some claim upon Jean,
which, after a litigation of twelve years, resulted in a
decision adverse to Anna. She was left penniless, and
Isaac, who had maintained her as well as his mother, now
took her to live with him. Her temper soon proved the
bane of his household 2. She and Madame Casaubon
could not agree, fire and water sooner,' says the diary ^-
'
It went on from bad to worse. She soon turned on Isaac,

reproaching him with doing no more for her. At last she
became so unreasonable that it was doubtful if she were in
her right mind. Yet the long-suffering man continued to
keep this * monstrum mulieris in his household. Well
' '
might he ask Rutgers °, who offered him hospitality,

'
Are you a Crassus that you can lodge an army ? Were
I really to appear with my whole establishment, you
would be alarmed.'
6. Other troubles originated with the family of his wife.
Paul Estienne, Madame Casaubon's brother, though

himself a member of the council of 200 at Geneva, was
somehow compromised in the treasonable practices of the
syndic Blondel. Blondel was executed in September
1606. Paul, however, who was perhaps guilty of nothing
more heinous than the desire to save Blondel, got off for
' [See antea, p. 7.]

^ Ephem. p. 629 :
'
Nube tristissima banc domum obfuscavit.'
' Ephem. p. 517. * Ephem. p. 672. = Ep. 723.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 231
a few weeks' imprisonment. He was released on engaging

to appear whenever called upon. He had before this
neglected his business ^ and in 1607 he made his appear-
ance in Paris in a state of penury. The business which
brought him was the affair of the greek matrixes before
spoken of It would seem that sir Henry Savile was
desirous of employing the royal type in his edition of

S. Chrysostom, and for this purpose would have been
willing to purchase the set of matrixes which were at
Geneva. In this negotiation Savile sought the mediation
of Casaubon, who had supplied him with collations from
the royal library, and lodged 506 crowns in the hands
of the English ambassador at Paris. Casaubon, or his
Wife, as co-heir of Henri Estienne, was joint owner of the
matrixes. But as Henri, in his lifetime, had been com-
pelled to mortgage this property, they must be disengaged
before they could be sold. Isaac Casaubon, besides
finding Paul in a supply of cash for his immediate
necessities, became surety for 200 crowns, and sent him
back to Geneva, to effect the object. But when it became
known that the matrixes were about to be sold to England,
the authorities of Geneva interfered. They claimed them
as part of the establishment of Robert Estienne, and as irre-
movable from Geneva under his will ^- At the same time
the Genevan courts of law decided, on the suit of Nicolas
Leclerc, the mortgagee, in his favour, to the effect that he
should be repaid the amount of his advance, 400 crowns,
out of the estate of Henri Estienne. As Paul Estienne
had not a single crown which he could call his own, this
was to decide that Isaac Casaubon should pay his father-
in-law's debts, and yet not get possession of the valuable
' Ep. 60S '

Fatal! circa rem familiarem negligentia.'
^ The will ofRobert Estienne is printed from the archives of Geneva in
R^nouard, Annales des Estienne, ed. 2». p. 578. The affairs of the Estienne
are still involved in some obscurity. I have given the best account I can of
Casaubon's implication in the business, but am in some doubt as to parts of my
statement.
23a ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect,
property pledged to meet them. He had to satisfy Henri

Estienne's creditors out of his own purse. No wonder
were passionate and bitter. Besides
that his denunciations
the heavy pecuniary loss, he was irritated by the injustice,
and by the quarter from which it proceeded, 'his own
Geneva, for which he would readily have laid down his
life.' Worse still, he met with no sympathy from his
Genevese friends. In all the city, Diodati, the professor
of Hebrew, was the only person who offered condolence.
All Geneva approved the sentence. Du Laurens, the
scholarch, Casaubon's successor as classical professor, in
writing to the victim himself^, could not conceal his
delight. Lect, his own advocate, and legal adviser in the
business, who did not defend the decision, hinted that
it was hardly rational to ascribe a decision of a court of
law to the rapacity of the pastors and professors, as
Casaubon did. The letter of remonstrance^ written by
Simon Goulart, in the name of the '
ccetus pastorum,' and
intended to pacify Casaubon, was little adapted to do so,
being written in a canting tone, alleging their well known
god-fearing character as proof that they could not have
wronged him.
7. As there are men who continually grow richer
without effort, so there are others who are continually
impoverished without any fault of their own. Capital,
small or large, requires an attentive eye to nurse it, and
the scholar's attention is necessarily elsewhere. Isaac
Casaubon seems never to touch money but to lose it. He
lost for himself, he lost for his sister, he had lost before
for his mother. His own little patrimony at Bourdeaux,
his wife's dower at Geneva, his sister's portion, all disap-
peared, not spent, but Biographers rap out the con-
lost.
secrated phrases about bearing losses with philosophy.'

'
Philosophy teaches the contrary lesson it teaches the all- ;
importance of money, as the condition of moral activity.

' Ep. 600. 2 Burney mss. 367.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610, 233
Casaubon's financial calamity dwelt on his mind and

interfered seriously with his reading: ^'For some months
past I lost that spring of mind which used to bear
have
me amid my studies.'
up,
Casaubon's financial grievances are a pervading topic of
his diary and letters, in which they occupy a more prom-
inent place than will be approved by those who think that
scholars ought to affect to live on greek roots. This
biography is not intended as an apology, but as a portrait,
and therefore must present what it fijids. But indeed no
apology is needed. If it be to a man's credit to be un-
worldly, Casaubon was eminently unworldly. His money
troubles are the troubles of a man who could neither get
it nor keep it, a man for whom the world is too keen and
sharp, who is surrounded by money-
conscious that he is
getting creatures more able than himself. Nor does he,

any more than any other philosopher, desire wealth apart
from its uses. Through all his moanings and wailings, his
outcries, and wringing of hands, the one object of his
existence is perceptibly in his thoughts, leisure and books
— books and leisure to read them, the scholar's life —
income only as its means and guarantee.
He does not complain of the insufficiency of his salary.
Indeed his salary and pension together were of larger
amount than the average of academical or scholastic
incomes at the time. Besides this there come occasional
presents, not often such munificent gifts as those of the
king and Harlay. Then he got something, small —but
something, for his books from the booksellers, something
also from dedicatees for dedications. Chouet, the Genevan
bookseller, was to give him a half escu per sheet for
revising his Suetonius, and something besides
— ' quantum
sequum erit' —for new matter ^ He takes boarders occa-
sionally into his house, but only the sons of great people,
'
Ep. 587 :
'
Ab aliquot mensibus alacritatem illam prorsus amisimus, qusE
studia nostra plurimura sublevabat.'

"^
Burney mss. 365. p. 62.
who might be expected to pay, e. g. lord Herbert ^ of

Cherbury, the two sons of Calignon, the chancellor of
Navarre, and the son of Sapieha, chancellor of Lithuania.
And though the rent of his house in the faubourg S. Ger-
main is uncommonly high, it should seem that Mercier
des Bordes had some arrangement by which he shared it
with him, as well as, possibly, provided his country retreat
at Grigny. But, on the other hand, the scale of living,
and every other expense, especially firewood, was then, as
now, excessively high in the capital as compared with the
provinces. At Montpellier 30 livres had been sufficient to
find him a lodging. In Paris he must pay 400. A parisian
laquais would spurn the modest portion which would be
accepted as suitable with a daughter, by a provincial
bourgeois. When
Nimes offered Casaubon
the city of
1 800 livres, they told him that he would find it more at
^
Nimes than the larger salary he was actually receiving.

At one time difficulties experienced in the payment of
his stipend counted as one of his standing troubles. The
aversion of Rosny (Sully) for all pensions was proverbial.
He justly dreaded Henri's facility in granting orders on
the treasury, and resisted or evaded payment as long as it
was He
had acquired the character, most
possible.
valuable to any keeper of an exchequer, of being a dragon
of the public money. He was the terror of the holders of
orders, whom he snubbed and humiliated even when
compelled to pay^. Casaubon had at first to run the
gauntlet of Sully's antechamber, to go and wait hours, and
then be told to come again another day.
March 13, 1601. This day also wholly lost. Went to
'
^ Life of Lord Herbert, p. 67, about 1608, in company with Aurelian

Townsend :
' Througli the recommendation of the lord ambassador, I was
received to the house of that incomparable scholar, Isaac Casaubon, by whose
learned conversation I much benefited myself.' Cf. Ephem. p. 641: 'Angli
hodie nos adierunt.' Patrick Young, son of Sir Patrick, was intended to have
been sent to Casaubon in 1608. Smith, Vita Junii, p. 9.
'^
Ep- 45^' ^ Lestoile, Reg.-journal, p. 531.
IV.] PARIS. 1 600-1 610. 235
Rosny, who gave me plainly enough to understand what

I may look for at his hands. . . De Thou and other great
friends who really care for my interest, have no influence
with this barbarous man.'
'
December
ig, 1603. Some work early then to Rosny, ;
but fruitlessly; he was at home and disengaged, but I

could not get speech of him.' In October 1604, Scaliger
writes to him that he is not afraid of Henri abandoning
^
him; 'more is to be feared from the dragon that guards

the golden fleece, than from your avowed enemies. He is
the only person who can convince the king that "plus
quam arcam unius iropvopoo-Kov."
capere intestina philologi,
But Sully did not take this view of their comparative
claims. Casaubon's demands were a bagatelle by the side
of the lavish extravagance which Sully was daily called on
to meet. To mistresses so many 100,000 livres. To the
great nobles so many milHons. Sully himself was on the
pension list for 20,000 francs. But then king and nobles,
these were beings who had a right to existence ! Sully's
own account of the matter wasHenri invited Casaubon ^, '
to come and assigned him a pen-

to Paris with his family,
sion which permitted him to live as becomes a man of that
sort, who is not called to govern the state.' Besides the
just dislike of 'mere nothings 'which the true pursekeeper
has. Sully wanted to see Casaubon do something for his '
money,' and told him so ^ Vous coutez trop au roi,

:
'
monsieur vous avez plus que deux bons capitaines et

; ;
vous ne servez de rien!

Even the professors of the college royal could not get
their nominal salaries paid. Etienne Hubert, for example,
an intimate friend of Casaubon, and a man of real merit,
was regius reader of Arabic. He had been employed by
the government in negotiations with the Algerines, and
sent out to Morocco. On his return he was rewarded with
' Seal. epp. p. 271. ^ CEcon. royales.

' Esprit de Henri iv, p. 104.
the chair of Arabic. The king gave the chair, but Sully
had to pay the salary, and never did. For himself, Casau-
bon's own personal favour with Henri got him out of the
difficulty. '
When you
be paid you come to me
want to '^,
and I will give you a password, which will enable you to get
your money. Never mind Rosny it is his share of the ;
business to say the disagreeable things ; the saying the

pleasant things I keep for myself.' Accordingly, in the
later years of the Paris residence we find no further
complaints from Casaubon of non-payment. What the
nature of the password was we are not told. But what-
ever it was, it was good only for Casaubon himself. He
failed entirely to get the same privilege for Hubert. In
vain he used his own small influence, and got Harlay to
promise matter up. Harlay undertook to speak
to take the
to Sully, and said the affair would soon be settled. It
never was settled, and Hubert was obliged to leave his
arabic studies and chair, and go off to Orleans, to earn his
bread by the practice of medicine.
Among all the pensions ^, that to Casaubon was the only
outlay Henri made on literature. And the exception con-
firms the rule. Even in this unique 2000 livres, literature
had the least share. The consideration for which it was
given was only partly Casaubon's services as librarian it ;
was much more the anticipated conversion. To the last

Henri continued to expect the recantation, to urge it
through Du Perron, and to refuse Casaubon's repeated
request ^ to be dismissed. These applications were made
through Villeroy*, through Sully himself, nothing loth.
' I quote these words of the king from '

L' esprit de Henri iv,' p. 104, which
gives, as its authority, manuscrit in 4°.'
'
^ Henri iv. invited Malherbe to court, telling him '

qu'il lui ferait du bien.'
He never did anything. It was not till after Henri's death that the poet
obtained a pension of 1500 livres from the government of the queen regent.
^ Exercc. in Baron,
p. 42.
' Ep-
557 Que sa Majestd
:
'
me permette me retirer ailleurs, sit6t que mon
grand ouvrage de Polybe . . . sera achevg.' Cas, to Villeroy, June, 1607.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 237
Sully was mollified, and permitted himself to be gracious

to Casaubon when he found that his pensioner, instead of
hanging on about the court for what he could get, wanted
much more to be gone elsewhere. It was Henri's per-
sonal good will that chained Casaubon so long in the
uncongenial life of the intensely catholic capital. It would
perhaps be unjust not to allow that some humane feeling
mingled with the egotistic monarch's arriere pensee. He
treated his scholar, whenever he saw him, with so much
bonhommie, that we cannot but wish that he had been
able to appreciate him. We feel disposed to say with
Scipio Gentilis ^, ' One
wanting in your great
thing only is
king to make him he does not sufficiently

perfect, viz. that
value your learning. O if he only knew latin to be able !
to do so!' Casaubon well understood that nothing but

Henri's personal favour protected him. The thought
could not but often occur If anything should happen to :
'
— it was too dreadful If that thread should break, what

!
would become, not merely of Casaubon, but of the whole

!
huguenot population of Paris
8. Death began, as time went on, to be busy among his
friends. In and patron Calignon,
1606 died his friend
chancellor of Navarre, one of the few great men who
remained stanch huguenots, and yet retained some
influence at court. In 1607 he lost Lefebre, his trusted
physician, who best knew his constitution^- Lefebre
had attained the age of seventy-two, but Hadrian Willems
of Flushing was cut off in the flower of youth. In him
Casaubon had just found, what he had long sought in
vain, a young and eager disciple, athirst for. knowledge,
and giving his whole soul to acquiring it. He had come
^ Burney mss. 364. p. 137 :

'
Ad summum et perfectissiraum omnium virtutum
culmen una res deesse magno regi videtur, quod virtutem et eruditionem tuam
non satis intelligat, intelligeret autem satis, si latine modo sciret.' Scipio
Gentilis to Cas. 1609.
^ Ephem. p. 475 :
' Sapientissimus medicus atque exercitatissimus Faber sic
tractandas vires hujus infirmi corpusculi judicat.'
with an introduction from Scaliger, and had at once re-
commended himself Casaubon by his simple modest

to
manners, and ardour of study. He was a student of medi-
cine, and was eager to penetrate the great secret of nature.
Such means of observation as the medical school of Paris
afforded he used industriously, but thought, as was com-
monly thought then, that more might be learned from the
arabian writers. Though every part of knowledge had
attractions for his ample curiosity, arable was the immedi-
ate point of contact between Hadrian and Casaubon.
Hadrian had come to Paris more for the sake of being
near Casaubon than for the schools ^. Isaac soon found
that whatever might be his own superiority in greek, in
arabic the young Fleming was qualified to be his teacher.
'
He had thumbed Avicenna by constant use ; the Koran
was so familiar to him, that after you,' Casaubon writes to
Scaliger^, suppose no European would come near him.'
'I
He was preparing to go in the suite of the french ambas-

sador to Constantinople, when he was
seized with inflam-
mation of the bowels, and died after a few days' illness.
His projects and accomplishments vanished into air! and
Casaubon's arabic reading was discontinued when the
instructor and the stimulus were withdrawn ^. Charles
Labbe, though intimate, and even useful, never came into
the place which Hadrian's death left vacant.
The death which searched Casaubon most deeply was
that of Scaliger. Had he lost, in losing him, only the
patron of his fame and fortunes, the true and sympathetic
friend to whom he told the secret troubles of his life, the
loss would have been heavy, and at fifty irreplaceable.
But Scaliger was, besides this, the oracle who could
resolve his learned difficulties, the only reader who could
appreciate his classical work*. For whom should he
1 Seal. epp. p. 185 ' Non urbis
: celebritas, sed eximia eruditio tua evocavit.'
^ Ep. 402. " Ep.
548.
' To appreciate Casaubon's books was claimed by Scaliger as his peculiar
privilege. Seal, opuscula, p. 520. epp. p. 301. .
IV.] PARIS. x6oo-i6io. 239
write, now Scaliger was not there to read ? Others might

applaud, but was with a purbhnd admiration. The death
it
of Scahger was Hke the setting of the sun. It was now, not
dark, in the republic of letters, but starlight only. To the last
he saw and read everything that came out, with his facul-
ties and his memory perfect, and appraised it at its value.
In his correspondence with Casaubon his amiable quaUties,
often obscured by his contact with a malignant and un-
scrupulous party, come into full evidence. Their inter-
course had been conducted wholly by letter. They never
met. Scaliger left France for Holland in 1593, before
Casaubon quitted Geneva; and Casaubon, though often
scheming a visit to Leyden, had never found it possible to
put the design into execution. Yet a fast and intimate
friendship had grown up between them. There is,
perhaps, hardly another instance on record of such a
perfect intimacy created and maintained without personal
intercourse. Something may have been due to the medi-
ation of friends, especially Richard Thomson and young
Dousa, towards exciting in Scaliger affection for the man,
whose learning he had begun to respect from his books.
It is the charm of their mutual correspondence, which we
have still complete on both sides, that in it we can trace,

from its first germ, the formation, growth, and development
of this perfect friendship, which, from first to last, was
never once clouded by a moment's suspicion, disagree-
ment, or misunderstanding.
Casaubon introduced himself to Scaliger by an epistle,
simply asking for his acquaintance, —an epistle such as he

addressed to many other men of learning. The request
was prompted by the yearning for sympathy, which every
—
engrossing study creates, a yearning which found no
response in theological Geneva. Nearly twenty years
younger than Scaliger, unknown, Casaubon
and still
ventured to approach the prince of and on

letters, timidly,
his knees, with homage, which would seem overacted,
only that it is not acting at all. Scaliger, at first somewhat

condescending and patronising, as Casaubon grows bigger
and bigger, gradually admits him to an equal familiarity
of address, conceding to him distinctly the superiority
in the matter of greek reading. This is done without
affectation, without mortification, rather with undisguised
satisfaction in the discovery. From the moment he saw
the Suetonius (1595) he wished to get him called to Leyden,
and endeavoured it, but in vain ^. After Casaubon was
settled in Paris, Scaliger was steady in advising him to
stay, where he was tolerably well off, and ever endeavoured
to soothe his friend's restless fears. But he pressed for
^
the visit which was ever promised. Should it please '
the Almighty Father to prolong my days till the spring,

that I might receive you here, I should indeed be happy
in seeing that which many things forbade me ever to
hope. If you do think of coming, take my advice, and
—
come in May not earlier. In this climate, winter leaves
its mark even so late; no trace of spring is visible till
Taurus is pretty well set. But only come come even in ;
midwinter if you choose to do so. We will counteract

him by the cheerful fire which I will keep in your bed-
chamber, sparely furnished maybe, but clean for I have ;
only to offer the " concha saHs puri," and a heart which
is devoted to you.' Casaubon replies^, 'That he had
resolved not to be a burden to Scaliger during his stay in
Leyden, but rather to go to the inn. After such an invi-
tation, however, he was afraid he should not be able to
resist the temptation.' Though ScaHger speaks of his

humble saltcellar, the Heidelberg bookseller, CommeHn,
thought his entertainment, on his visit to Leyden, magnifi-
cent. This invitation was sent in 1604-5. Then the
visit was deferred from year to year. In the autumn of
1608 the weakness which began to confine Scaliger to his
bed declared itself, and the visit never took place at all.
1 Seal. epp. p. 153. ^ Seal. epp. p. a68. ^ Ep. 428.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 341
Twelve months prior to his last illness, Scaliger had

made a and dividing a few memorials among his
will,
friends, he left Casaubon a piece of plate 1. Touchant ce '
peu que j'ay d'or ou argent en oeuvre, je legue au Sieur

Isaac Casaubon soubs maitre de la librairie du roi, une
coupe d'argent doree avec son estuy, que les messieurs
des etats de Zeelande m'ont donne^.' He tells Casaubon
that he had given him something I have left trifling ;
'
remembrances among my friends, proofs of affection, not

of wealth. Enrich them I cannot, nor will they expect it
The little matter I have left you, I could wish had been
better and larger but I trust it will gratify you, as it is an
;
honour to me to have named you even in my last will.'

So well was it understood that Casaubon was the nearest
and dearest, that it was to him that Heinsius addressed the
graphic and touching narrative of the hero's last hours.
Casaubon was to communicate it to de Thou. To Casau-
bon was assigned, by consent of all the friends, the
composition of a prefatory eloge to Scaliger's collected
essays, which was published in 1610, a piece which Scipio
Gentilis, cast away in the pine-barrens of Franconia,
could not read without tears ^. Indeed, Casaubon had not
waited for death to sanctify such an effusion, but, had
given vent to his feehngs in a preface to Scaliger's greek
translation of Martial, a panegyric upon the living which
was intended as compensation for the brutal attack of the
'
Amphitheatrum,' and was taken by Scaliger as such *.
Casaubon's letters to Scaliger are truly autobiographical.
In the whole folio volume, among more than 1200 letters,
there are none which have the same confiding tone, the
' This cup is left by Casaubon's will '

to that sonne, who walkinge in the
feare of God, shal be fittest to sustayne my family, I doe give the cup of M''.
Scaliger. of moste happie memory.' See note A in app. to sect. lo.
' Burney Mss 376, and see Bullet.de la soc. prot. 18. 595.
' Burney mss. 364. p. 141.
' Seal. epp.
337 Ego profecto iilam non ad
p. :
' meam laudem, sed ad
defensionem mei comparatam esse judico.'
R
perfect truth that what is said will fall on a friendly ear,

and be secure of friendly response. Scaliger is an accurate
and satisfactory correspondent replying himself to each
:
topic started in the letter he is answering; a punctuality

which Casaubon does not imitate. From no one does
Casaubon receive in his griefs that solid comfort which
Scaliger was prompt to offer. I cannot tell you,' writes
'
Casaubon ^ in July, 1608, the satisfaction your last gave

'
me. It was so unmistakably evident how much you loved

me, and how deeply you felt my adverse fortune. You
were the only one who sympathised with me when I was
swindled by the petty tyrants of the lake (Geneva). And
now again this thunderbolt has fallen on my house (death
of Philippa), your letters show that you feel it with me.
The labour you spent in writing to me was not thrown
away, 8te y^pov, the reading of your epistle was no small com-
fort to me.' Casaubon's affectionate nature having found
a strong soul to which to cling, abandoned itself to the culte
of the hero with a devotion which bordered on idolatry. '
I
know,' he writes ^ what the good and the learned

in 1605, '
owe to you how much more do I owe

; Were I to !
spend my life in your service, in executing your commands,

I could not repay a tenth part of the debt. What a father
is to you are to me I am your devoted client.'
a son, that ;
While the loss was recent he writes to Kirchmann ^

'
What tears are enough at this funeral ? Past ages have
never seen his like; perhaps no future time will. The
more conversant any one becomes with letters, the more
grand he find that incomparable hero in his writings
will !
To Du Plessis Mornay he says*, 'His death has taken

away all my courage. Now I can do nothing more.'
To all these losses, sorrows, and vexations must be
added another constant source of misery. This was the
habitual ill-health of himself and almost all his family.
' Ep. 606. 3 Ep. 460.

* Ep. 6a8. « Ep. 624.
IV.] PARIS. 1 600-1 6 10. 343
Madame Casaubon, besides her twenty-two confinements,

was always ailing, often alarmingly ill, though she
survived her husband, notwithstanding, many years. On
the occasion of these frequent attacks, which seem to have
been of the nature of intermittent fever, Isaac was
assiduous in waiting on his wife, and sacrificed his hours
without a murmur. The
were equally trouble-
children
some; first one, then another, sometimes all at once,
January, 1604, he writes to Du Puy, 'Since you left us
we have hardly spent a single day free from illness, either
of myself or my wife, or both.' September 12, 1610, the
diary has, '
My wife, setting off to receive the sacrament
of the Lord's supper, had no sooner entered the barge
than she began to be unwell. She communicated, but
was immediately after brought home by our two friends,
M. Herauld and Dr. Arbault (the physician), and she now
lies suffering from a severe attack of fever. Meanwhile
the greater part of our children are in bed with fever, and
I too have begun to be unwell. God eternal, look upon
this prostrate family.'
Upon Isaac himself the shadow of death was slowly
advancing for years before the closing scene. His
ailment was constitutional, but was aggravated by the
sedentary life he had led from his early youth. Scaliger
already in 1606 knew of him, by description, as 'tout
courbe d'estude he was then only forty-seven. August,
;'
1610, is the first occasionon which the diary notes the

passing of gravel, though as a symptom which had ap-
peared some time before. He is always dosing himself
with purgatives, or being treated or bled by his doctors.
After the death of Lefevre, who best knew how to treat
'
this weakly carcase of mine,' there were Arbault and

Mayerne, -the latter of whom he again met in England.
From what we hear of their treatment, it seems to have
been governed exclusively by a fear of fever, and by the
presence of gravel. He drinks Spa water, which was as
R 2
procurable in Paris then as now. For years he had used

little or no wine. 'Wine does not make men more
disposed to study,' he says in correcting <^tXâi; for
îkocTo^lav in Athenaeus, 5. i. As early as 1597, Varanda,
the Montpellier physician^, used to tell him that if he
continued to live as he was then doing, he would have,
like Achilles, a glorious career but a short one.
The bodily languor, of which he constantly complains,
manifested itself in a dejected and apprehensive condition
of mind. This grew upon him. He begins to consider

himself a marked man, against whom the fates have
conspired. His letters are lost ; no one else's are, of
course ^. ' I recognise my luck, a man to whom for
montjis past nothing has happened, but what is disagree-
able and contrary.' This general tinge of sadness not
only colours the diary, it is visible in all he writes. He
expresses ' his fear that traces of this depression will be
found in the Polybius in the commentary, no doubt, for it
;
could hardly infect translation. Translation, demanding

close attention and watchful care, but no intellectual elas-
ticity,was just the occupation to deaden sorrow. Polybius,
he tells Rittershusius *, had been his refuge and solace,
the only anodyne of his suffering under the loss of his
daughter, which else had been unbearable. Heavy grief,
such as this, drove him to his books lesser annoyances ;
and worries took him from them ®, and so fretted his mind,
'that he must almost renounce the Muses.' This happens
especially on occasions of Madame Casaubon's absence.
The cares of the household are then thrown upon him
a hungry craving for her presence takes possession of
him he is in positive anguish if she does not write by
;
every post she postpones her return from Grigny for

; if
a single day, he is the most wretched of men.

There is, indeed, in the faces, as in the words, of all
^ Ep. 133, where Veranaeus is, no doubt, Varanda. * Ep. 604.

' Ep. 623. * Ep. 6n. 5
Ep. 584.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 345
the old huguenots of Henri iv.'s reign, a common trait
of mournfulness. They write as men for whom hope is
extinct, whose cause is lost; with a consciousness that

they belong to a past age, that they have nothing to
look for in this world. They sit waiting for death as the
hour of relief. ^'
My last sad consolation,' writes Scaliger,
in 1606, '
is that if any general disaster is in the air, death
is near at hand to deliver me.' Calignon, set. 57, sank
under the weight of chagrin in the same year, saying,
'^'good men had no reason to desire to live.' Du Plessis
Mornay we have seen retire broken-hearted to his
petty governorship of Saumur; D'Aubigne was equally
estranged de Thou struggled, alone and in vain, against
:
the spirit of the times, and the tendencies of the age ^.

Forgetfulness was surely the only condition on which
a huguenot could live in Paris. It is surprising, after what
had occurred, after 1572, and the ten subsequent years, to
find them within twenty years domiciled in the capital,
still stained with their blood, and going about among
a populace which was still taught to execrate them.

The administration of Henri iv, though not what can be
called a strong police, was firm and just enough to be
respected. Yet no executive has been secure against
surprise by the excitable Parisian mob, and much mischief
could be done before armed help could come. Scaliger's
estimate of the situation at the time of the huguenot panic
of 1605 seems to put it in a clear light. Himself in a safe
retreat, yet having his most valued friends in the place of
danger, and in intimate relations with the french embassy
at the Hague, he was better informed than Casaubon,
though on the spot. He writes July 24, 1605, 'The two
principal topics in your last, viz. the perpetual terror
' Seal. epp. p. 337 :

'
Ultima est ilia consolatio, sed miserrima, quod si qua
futura est calamitas, eo brevior erit, quo propius a morte absum.'
2 Thuani Hist. 6. 381.
' [De Thou, however, was not himself a huguenot ; see aniea, p. 59 ]
inwhich you live, and the offer from Nimes, require more
time,and more consideration, if I am to make an advised
answer. But I can now only write a few hurried words,
as young Vassan, who takes this, is leaving immediately.
You tell me you do not think yourself safe where you are,
where bad men have the upper hand, and the influence of
the good is diminishing daily. I make allowance for
some misgiving; there is too much ground for it, you
share it with all good men and I cannot be surprised that
;
you should have thought of removing. But if one looks

more closely into the grounds of this panic, it does not
certainly seem to me that there is sufficient reason for
forming any such desperate resolution. After all, the
bad have not yet reached such a height of power as to
have the good at their mercy; nor under the present
sovereign is the innocent less safe there than the bully.
I do not see any ground for thinking that you cannot
continue to live there in safety. If you come to the
inscrutable future (r6 &br]Xov rod iieXXovros) and urge that
the part of prudence is to anticipate the fall of the house,

and not to wait till it has tumbled in upon you, I remind
you that a man is a man, and not God, who alone can
know future events. If it is the part of the wise to
suspect a calm, I rejoin it is also his part not to believe
every alarming rumour.'
The obscure allusion in the last sentences is to what
neither of the correspondents would put into words, but
what was in both their thoughts. The catastrophe of May
14, 1610, was felt, and known to be coming, even then, at
five years' distance.
It was not, then, mere which urged
fretful restlessness
Casaubon, during his twelve years' sojourn in Paris, to be
always planning to leave. The uncertain tenure of his
office, the insecurity of Ufe itself, combined, with the
wearying distractions of society, to engage him to seek

quiet and safety elsewhere. It was so well known that he
IV,] PARIS. 1600-1610. 347
was on the wing, that overtures were being continually

made to him, from various quarters. With each of these
he dallied for a time, but when it came to the point, the
negotiation was always broken off. The real reason was
that he could not make up his mind to offend Henri iv,
who made his stay a personal matter, and would have
made his departure a personal quarrel. By going else-
where he might get rid of importunate visitors, but would
sacrifice valuable friends. And what library could replace
to him the royal library ?
Of all city, which had so
places Geneva, his native
wronged him, was be the chosen Zoar. Yet
least likely to
his friends in Geneva, Lect and Diodati, were not without
hope. In 1601, Lect writes^ that their poverty, and the
Savoy fort, prevented them from thinking of establishing
a second, or extraordinary professorship of classics, and
that it was equally impossible to disturb the actual holder,
Du Laurens, in the professorship which had been Casau-
bon's. After the destruction of the fort, Lect writes again
that they had Godefroy to be professor of law, but
invited
that he could never describe the academy as flourishing,
till they got Casaubon back. It was at Lect's house that
Casaubon was lodged during his visit in 1603 ^ Lect was ;
also his lawyer in his Genevan affairs, and was a member

of the council. So that there was no want either of good-
will or opportunity on Lect's part. But we do not find
that Casaubon much encouraged these overtures, if they
can be so called. He had outgrown the situation. He
was aware that Geneva, with its narrow religionism, was
no longer any place for him. Church politics were the one
only interest in the calvinist capital. They had given
Casaubon a handsome reception, in 1603, poor as they
1 Burney mss. 365. pp. 60. 68.

"
At the time of this visit, Lect writes to Goldast, Goldasti epp. p. 118,
mentioning Casaubon's being at Geneva, but without any hint of his being
invited to remain,
were ; pubhc banquet, but it was as

had invited him to a
a 'distinguished coreligionist;' and Pierre Du Mouhn
shortly afterwards received the same honour ^. For learn-
ing there was in Geneva not a spark of intelligence,
sympathy, or appreciation. Casaubon too must have been
shocked at the poverty-stricken aspect of the city. Beza,
in a letter dated October i8, 1603, describes it^: 'This
poor republic supports a burden under which it is a
miracle that it does not sink; being obliged to keep up
a garrison of from 300 to 400 men. The very houses are
fast becoming ruinous, and all things are much changed
since you left.' Godefroy, who at first accepted the
invitation sent him, when he saw what the place was like ^,
preferred to return to Heidelberg. The duke of Savoy,
unable to capture the city, had succeeded in nearly ruining
it. Had Casaubon ever seriously entertained the thought
of returning to settle at Geneva, it became impossible after
they had confiscated his father-in-law's property, and he
had proclaimed them in Paris as hypocritical thieves
We have seen * that, at an earlier period of his life, Cas-
aubon might have been glad of a call to the university of
Heidelberg. The position which was then desirable, was
become now highly eligible. The Palatinate, its court and
university, had been making rapid progress not only, in
political importance, but in education and culture. It was
become the intellectual centre of western Germany. Re-
finement is perhaps a term hardly applicable to any German
court of the period. Hunting and hawking, heavy feasts
prolonged to swinish intoxication, were the serious
occupations of the princes and nobles; genealogy their
only science. Frederick iv, elector Palatine (ti6io), was not
exempt from the failings of his class, and possibly hastened
his end by intemperance. Yet the debasing habits of his
• Du Moulin, autobiographie, Bullet, de la soc. prot. 7. 342.

" Bullet, de la soc. prot. 20. 162.
' Goldasti epp. p. 118. * See above, p. 74.
IV.] PARIS. 1 600-1 6 10. 349
nation and class ^ had not extinguished in Frederick iv. a

taste for better things. He was able to take an intelligent
share not only in the administration of his hereditary
principahties, but in the political complication which was
enveloping the Palatinate in its fatal web. The electress
Louisa Juliana, daughter of William of Orange and
Charlotte of Bourbon, imported into her german court
something both of french breeding, and of republican
simplicity. The best men of the protestant party, such as
Christian of Anhalt, came and went as frequent visitors.
Lingelsheim, who had been and was now
preceptor,
was a devoted admirer of Scaliger,
minister, of the elector,
and had been for some time among Isaac Casaubon's
correspondents. Marquard Freher, another member of
the prince's council, eminent as a teutonic antiquary, had
corresponded with him since 1594. Another link with
Heidelberg was Bongars, one of Isaac's best friends and
earliest patrons, who was agent, or envoy, for France to
the german princes, and was perpetually passing between
Paris and the Rhenane cities. Christian of Anhalt, dur-
ing his had taken much notice of Casaubon.
visits to Paris,
To von Buwinkhausen, the Wiirtemberg envoy, he had

dedicated his Gregorius Nyssenus. All these were men of
influence and position. Beside them Casaubon was lie
with the more eminent men of letters they were not —
—
many who were to be found on the upper Rhine, with
Denis Godefroy, with Gruter, Jungerman, Scipio Gentilis,
and stood himself in the light of patron to the young
Saumaise, a french scholar, who was now engaged in
disinterring the ms. treasures of the Palatine hbrary.
It was natural, on both sides, that Casaubon should
think of Heidelberg as his place of retirement, and that
' Stamler writes to Rittershusius, in 1603, that Pacius declines a call to

Heidelberg because ' a principe indocto, cui docti et literae sordent, aulici plus
quam studiosa juventus et professores amentur.' Vita Camerarii, p. 201.
There was, however, a not inconsiderable amount of life in the university.
See the vague panegyric of Hausser, Geschichte der Pfalz, 2. 260.
the Palatine Athens should offer an invitation. In August,

1607, Casaubon gives Lingelsheim to understand that he
may have to leave Paris ^ :
I have little doubt, most noble sir, that Denis Godefroy

'
has reported to you something of the conversations we

had, with much mention of you, during his visit to this
place (Paris). He may have hinted to you that the
present state of tranquillity we have enjoyed by favour of
the Almighty for some years past, is only on the surface,
as it were skin-deep, and is watched with much anxiety
by those who can read the signs of the times. During the
late distemper of our prince, all good men were in great
alarm. I, for my part, was meditating flight. God was
merciful, and restored health to him, on whose safety ours
depends. I trust I may never see a day so woful to our
France. But should it happen otherwise (which God
forbid) I have resolved upon taking refuge among you,
and placing me and mine out of danger.'
On this hint, the elector's council authorised von Buwink-
hausen to make overtures to Casaubon. What was pro-
posed to him was a theological chair of some kind,
probably ecclesiastical history. The offer did not come
till July 1608, but it must have been decided on some time
before, as Lingelsheim speaks of it ^ as already mooted in

November 1607, and Scaliger, at Leyden, knew of the
intention as early as March 1608. He wrote to Casaubon
then, and received for reply ^ that he had heard something
of the sort talked of, but did not believe there was anything
in it. In December 1607, Lingelsheim expresses himself
as '
out of patience with the usual dilatoriness with which
Casaubon's business proceeds.' In July 1608, the offer
was made in form. Casaubon, with many professions of
his own unworthiness, accepted. The arrangements were
to be completed after the return of the envoy, who was
going out of town for a short time. He did not return as
' Ep. 562. ^ Lingelshemii epp. ep. 80. ^ Ep. 593.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 251
soon as expected, and when he did the matter was not

resumed. Why, I am unable to explain. Casaubon
speaks 1 of impediments— quae id inceptum circumstent
'
impedimenta '—in a way to imply that they were on the

german side, and not on his.
After Heidelberg, the most eligible offer was from
Nimes 2. The college of arts in this town was a founda-
tion of Francis i, which had survived the troubles of
religion. Like the town generally, it was protestant, and
managed by the consuls. The administration of the
college was conducted by a rector, who was by the statutes
one of the professors, elected for two years only. But he
was re-eligible, and in practice it had become customary
to continue him in the office as long as he chose. The
celebrated Julius Pacius, in the course of his wandering
existence, had held the rectorate
for two or three
at Nimes
years. When he were to quit Ley-
Scaliger said that if
den, the place he should choose to set up his staff in

would be Nimes*, he had in view not only the climate,
but the character of the college.
Theology was less exclusively dominant there than in
any of the other protestant academies. This is not
saying much and though there were teachers of some
;
repute at the college, among them several Scots, there was

not sun and air enough for a Casaubon, much less for a
Scaliger. In 1605, however, the consuls made Isaac the
formal offer of a chair, and the rectorate. They would
give 600 crowns, and a roomy house. The amount shows
the importance they attached to Casaubon's presence, as
the previous rector, Charles d'Aubus, had only a third of
1 Ep. 623.
^ The account which pastor Borrell has given of the academy of Nimes,
Bullet, de la soc. prot. 13. 288, would have been more valuable if the authorities,
on which it is based, had been cited. [See now, for a full account of the
Academy of Nimes, Claude Baduel et la Reforme des Etudes au XVI' Steele, par
M. J. Gaufrfes, Paris, 1880.]
^ Scaligerana, p. i6g :Si je voulois demeurer en quelque lieu, je choisirois
'
ce pays de Nismes pour y planter mon bourdon.'
a5a ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
the sum. Even Pacius at Montpellier, where he now was,

was only 500 crowns, besides fees however. Six hun-
at
dred crowns was the highest honorarium then paid to any

teacher in the faculty of arts, and was only given in rare
cases ; e. g. it was what had been offered to Lipsius to
induce him to settle in the university of Paris. ' Never,'
writesCasaubon^ 'do I remember have been in greater
to
perplexity as to what I should do. For months past I

have been agitated by this deliberation. When I think of
my studies, I should choose to live and die here, where
there is wealth of books. And de Thou bids me not to
think of removal. I must consider my great patron too,
who, I know, likes me— one point only excepted. And
!
then the distance from you (Scaliger) ' In 1606 the

negotiation is still pending. Adam Abernethey, one of
the Scottish regents, writes to Casaubon^ promising
himself great profit in learning from his settlement at
Nimes. But across this proposal came the more eligible
Heidelberg offer, and Nimes was dropped.
Another place of retreat, of which Casaubon had once
thought, was Sedan ^. In the little court kept by the due
de Bouillon, there were to be seen nobles and princes,
among them the duke's nephews, the sons of the elector
palatine, resorting thither as a place where they could
combine a protestant education with the advantage of
learning the french tongue. It was not that he might mix
with princes and nobles that Sedan was chosen by Isaac
as M eric's school. As a kind of frontier fort on the
confines of the protestant north, it offered facilities for
escape in case of a religious outbreak. We find, however,
no actual proposal for settling there made by Isaac. The
unsettled relations between the duke and the french
government in these years made it uncertain how long the
little principality would continue to enjoy that semi-inde-
' Ep. 456. '^

Burney Mss 363. = Ep. 233.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. %t^^
pendence which was the only guarantee of its preserving

its protestantism.
At one time Isaac planned a visit to Venice. This was
suggested by Fra Paolo. Not that the father invited him.
On the contrary, he gave him a hint to stay away. '
The
;
might easily disagree with him ^
air of Italy a significant '
hint from one who had just escaped assassination. Casau-

bon had been in correspondence with this remarkable
person since 1604. It was indeed a correspondence con-
ducted under difficulties. Casaubon could not use the
channel of the french ambassador, his former friend, now
become, like all perverts, an ultramontane enrage. Conse-
quently, his letters were long on the road one of them, ;
with a copy of the Polybius, eleven months ^. Casaubon

had introduced himself to Fra Paolo in his usual way.
The father knew of him, of course, and not only knew of
him in 1604, when Isaac had already acquired a name, but
had done so ever since his notes on Diogenes Laertius.
This fact shows how closely Fra Paolo watched the
publishing world. A scrubby volume, of no particular
mark, published in the capital of heresy, had not escaped
his eye. In 1606, when father Sarpi's writings on the
interdict reached Paris, Casaubon's attention was imme-
diately arrested by them. Have you seen,' he asks ^
•
'
Scaliger, 'the brochures which have been published at

Venice within the last few months ? If you have, I should
hke to hear your opinion of them, especially of that of the
great father Paul. In reading them, I cannot but hope
that the time is at hand when letters and sacred learning
may find a place in those countries.' This hope was
hardly uttered before it was extinguished by the settle-
ment of the dispute, France, as always, throwing its
weight into the ultramontane scale. But Fra Paolo still
lived, in spite of the papal daggers. Accordingly, in
> Ep. 811. * Burney Mss. 365. ' Ep. 542.
254 ISAAC CASA VBON. [Sect.
March 1610, when deHvered from the task of revising his

Suetonius, Isaac planned a visit to Venice ^. '
I wish to
see the country, and the learned men who are there, but
above all the greatest of them, the famous Paul. I desire
also to see with my own
eyes the greek church 2, and to
make myself acquainted with the faith and observances
of the greek nation. God eternal, do thou forward me
on this journey, if it be for the promotion of thy glory,
and the welfare of me and mine if otherwise, prevent it.' ;
The events which shortly followed may have been the

answer to this prayer, making the Italian visit impossible.
Saumaise formed a few years later a like purpose, but
was diverted from it by a dream ^. Saumaise's object was
to see the classical remains. It will be remarked, as charac-
teristic of the predominance of theological ideas in Isaac
Casaubon's mind, that, though his life had been spent upon
the classics, and latterly upon Roman History, Polybius,
Suetonius, the Augustan historians, he never thinks of
the Roman architecture among the objects of a journey to
Italy. What he wishes to see is the greek church The !
importance of the monuments was not generally recognised

by the scholars till the end of the century. To Casaubon,
as to his contemporaries, the ancient world was comprised
in books. Clement, writing the life of Saumaise in 1656,
asks, ' What had, or has, Rome, that the learned should be
so desirous of seeing it ? Everything which can promote
learning and the knowledge of antiquity, be it inscriptions
or monuments, is now to be had printed, or engraved,
with accuracy, and with far greater neatness and distinct-
ness, than they would be seen in situ.'
On the other hand, it must be placed to Casaubon's
credit that he recognised the importance of Paolo Sarpi,
and gives him the epithet of 'great,' which is here well
* Ephem. p. 734.
^[Casaubon is apparently referring to S. Giorgio dei Greci, the church of the
Greek community in Venice.] ' Clement, Vita Salmasii, p. xxix.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 255
placed. He who Du Perron seemed 'like any other

to
monk'/ was a man whom Casaubon would fain have
made a pilgrimage to Venice to see. Among other traits
by which our Robert Sanderson reminds us of Isaac
Casaubon, is a speech of his recorded by Walton^, that
he wished he had gone as chaplain to sir Henry Wotton,
on the Venetian embassy, as was intended, as by that '
means I might have known one of the late miracles of

mankind for general learning, prudence, and modesty.
Padre Paolo.'
Fra Paolo continued to correspond with Casaubon,
and to procure him books, such as, especially hebrew
books ^, could not be met with in France. Casaubon
particularly prized his letters *. One of these has a
peculiar value, as putting forward the father's position
towards his own church, as a position for which he could
expect sympathy from Casaubon ^. '
I commend you in
that you disapprove those persons who seek to force
the fathers to be of their minds. Indeed that kind of
interpretation by violence
is most reprehensible but ;
no less a wrongdone to the same fathers when an

is
authority is claimed for them which they never thought

of claiming for themselves. Who wishes to be taught by
the fathers, should first learn from them, how much
weight properly attaches to their words.' He quotes
passages of S. Augustin in this sense and proceeds :
'You meet with absurdities on this subject among your

friends as well as among ours, and I would not have you
lose any temper thereat. As long as there are men, there
will be fanaticisms. The wisest man has warned us not
to expect the world ever to improve so much that the
better part of mankind will be the majority. No wise
man undertakes to correct the disorders of the public
estate. Be it enough for you, if you do some good to me.
1 See p. 195. ° Life of Sanderson, Works, 6. 326.
'^
Burney mss. 365, p. 286. * Ep. 812. = Burney Mss. 365 p. 288.
The wise man again saith, that he who cannot endure the
madness of the pubhc, but goeth about to think he can
cure it, is himself no less mad than the rest. Since God
has enabled you to see the truth, do you, like Timotheus ^
sing to yourself and the muses. The just shall live by
his faith. Leave the rest alone, your own mind is theatre
enough for yourself. —Venice, August 17, 1610.'
It is natural to enquire why was not Casaubon invited

to Leyden on Scaliger's death in 1609 ? That place was
not filled till 1632 by the call of Saumaise, who was
expressly invited, not to teach, but as Voorst insists
in his funeral oration ^ 'that he might shed upon the
university the honour of his name, illustrate it by his
writings, by his presence.' The intervening

adorn it
period is an unhappy page of dutch history. Patriotism

and public spirit were lost amid doctrinal disputes, in
which, barren and unmeaning as they were, all the in-
tellectual energy of the schools of Holland was merged.
In 1653, Gronovius (J. F.)'' writes thus bitterly of the
decay of Leyden :
'
Expect nothing from us in letters, I
do not say great, but not even liberal, or becoming a
gentleman. This condition of things has long been
preparing. As far back as Scaliger's death, when they
might have had Casaubon for lifting up a finger, he was
kept out of it, as Bochart was lately, by the jealousy
of the very persons whom he thought he could most rely
upon. They expelled Vossius, they expelled Meursius.
Themselves, formed a single disciple, or
they never
follower who was worth
anything; never gave any
advice worth having about the method of study. Their
' [For Timotheus read Antigenidas: Cicero, Brutus 50. 187.]

" Clement, Vita Salmasii, p. xlii Ut nominis sui honorem academise huic
: '
impertiret, scriptis eandem illustraret, prsesentia condecoraret.'

' Burmann, Syll. 5. p. 208 ; Casaubonum, cum post Scaligeri mortem, per-
'
cussione, ut sic dicam, digitorum possent habere, excluserunt illi maxime

semuli,quos ille sibi fidissimos ibi putabat.' There can be no doubt that
Dan. Heinsius is the person intended.
IV.] PARIS. 1600-1610. 357
only object was to deter or suppress rising talent, while

they openly professed a cynical contempt of the very
studies which had brought themselves into notice.'
Casaubon had many friends in Holland, which was now
becoming a centre of learning, and rendezvous of learned
men. Vulcanius, Baudius, Bertius, Scriverius, Cunseus,
Drusius, Meursius,—with all these he was in relations
more or less close. With Grotius he had been in corre-
spondence since 1602, and became personally acquainted
with him in England at a later period. Vandermyle,
the ambassador from the States General to the court of
France, was among his patrons. But his principal corre-
spondent at Leyden, after the death of Scaliger, was
Daniel Heinsius. They were both united in the culte
of the hero, and this was their only bond of union.
Heinsius did not realise in his maturity the promise of his
early years. Instead of a second Scaliger he turned out
a fine writer. An elegant lectures and
latinist, his
orations were charming. he edited various
In this spirit
classical writers, with commentaries in which superficial
knowledge is thinly concealed by refined taste. His mind
—
was given elsewhere, to pushing his fortunes and he —
wrote of the classics as a man of the world writes of them.
Casaubon, who saw the Poetics, the Theophrastus, and
the Horatius, cannot have been blind to their worth-
lessness. But he will not say so. It was not that he was
disarmed by the constant homage paid by the com-
mentator to himself as 'vir incomparabilis,' it is that the
memory of Heinsius' devotion to Scaliger protects him
from criticism, nay, even extorts praise of the garrulous
notes, elegant, witty, but uninstructive. But Casaubon's
praise is cold, and altogether his correspondence with
Heinsius, though it was continued to the last, is the most
unsatisfactory of any that has been preserved after they
cease to write about Scaliger. The two correspondents
are always complaining of each other for not writing,
s
358 ISAAC CASAUBON.
and wishing each other to write oftener, and when they

do write, they have nothing to send each other but forced
comphments. Casaubon would have sent over Meric to
study under Heinsius, whose eager nature and ready
abundance made him an excellent teacher. But in 1610 it
would not have suited Heinsius' purpose to have had Isaac
himself at Leyden, any more than the call of Saumaise
suited him in 1630.
APPENDIX TO SECTION IV.
Note A. p. 144.
In the Tr^sor des merveilles de Fontainebleau, par le Pere

'
Dan,' 1642, is an account of the conference, founded upon
information given to the author by one who was present. One

incident, in which Casaubon's name occurs, I have not met with
elsewhere. P. 162 Alors un certain ministre de I'erreur, qui
:
'
estoit proche du sieur Casaubon, luy ayant dit qu'il n'y avoit
point au texte grec (of S. Chrysostom) de negation, et Casaubon,
qui tenoit le livre, luy faisant voir du contraire, il demeura si
confus qu'il se retira promptement parmy la presse, et servit
de risê a la compagnie. le roy dit alors ce bon mot; "que
c' estoit un jeune carabin, qui apres avoir tir6 son coup de
pistolet, s' estoit retire a I'^cart."
Note B. p. 153.
The authorities for Casaubon's seven removals of abode in

Paris are as follows. Ep. 541 :Spatio annorum vix septem,
'
septies hue illuc libraria mea supellex est circumlata.' i. He

arrives in Paris March
6, 1600, at de Vic's hotel. Ephem. p.
234 : 2. March he
28,leaves de Vic to become the guest of his
wife's cousin, Henri Estienne. Ephem. p. 239 'Cujus probitas :
nos illexit ut ejus hospitio vellemus uti.' He leaves for Lyon May
30, and returns, this time with all his household, to Henri
Estienne's. Ephem. pp. 261, 298. 3. Oct. 25, he first establishes
himself in an apartment of his own. Ephem. p. 306 Demum :
'
conducto hospitio.' It is very uncomfortable. Ephem. p. 326 :
'
Incommodi non parum ex habitatione priore,' and 4. he quits it,
Jan. 24, 1601, for one in the house of viri honesti D. Georgii.'
'
5. July 17. Another removal. Ephem. p. 360: 'Familia in

has aedes migravit.' This was a house found him by Achille
de Harlay. Gillot, ep. fran9. p. 105: 'Monsieur le premier
s 2
26o APPENDIX TO SECT. IV.
president qui Tayme comme sa vertu le m^rite, I'a log(5 bravement

et assez pres de nous.' Ephem. p. 360 '^dium commoditas.'
:
Ep. 385 Abest longius a bibliotheca.' 6. October, 1604. Ep.

:
'
433 Mihi tandem inventum hospitium, illud quidem angustum

:
'
et non nimis commodum, sed in quo tamen, ego atque

uxor, hoc praesertim rerum statu, acquiescimus. Dominus
aedium est senator Gallus, sive Coq, qui vastissimam domum
sibi nuper aedificavit, et angulum quendam a reliquo corpore
separavit quod mercede locaret. t6 ivoUiov est aureorum centum.'
It was in the faubourg S. Germain. Address of letters, Burney
Mss. 365. p. 23. 7. Finally, he settled close to the library. Ep.
461 Notissima est Franciscanorum \avpa, in qua regione habito
:
'
prope aedem illorum.' Ep. 456 Libras pendo annuatim in hac

:
'
urbe quingentas.' Address of letters, Burney mss. 364. p. 12,

'vis-a-vis des Cordeliers.' Madrid he began to frequent in May,
1604, Ep. 397, Schulze, ep. 9. La Bretonniere was substituted
for Madrid in the summer of 1606, Burney mss. 365. address of
letters. Grigny was acquired in 1607, Epliem. p. 540.
Note C. p. 156.
The long struggle of the university of Paris against the Jesuits

(1564-1620) has been generally treated as an episode of the
history of the Gallican church. It ought to be viewed as an in-
tegral part of the history of letters and civilisation in France.

The official history by M. Jourdain, which is sufficiently copious
in point of detail, does not place the true issue clearly before the
reader. University reform was the upon which the
terrain
liberals contended with the reaction. On as on every
this,'
other point, the victory, after the avenement of Henri iv, re-
mained with the catholic and obscurantist party. This fact is
entirely disguised, or ignored, in the general histories, which
make much of the reformation of September 18, 1600. Ultra-
montanism, indeed, received a signal check. The authority of
the lay sovereign was vindicated, as against the ecclesiastical.
Whereas the previous 'reform' had been carried through by
a cardinal legate, in the name of the pope, the reform of 1600
was conducted without reference to the legate, by a royal com-
mission. This point, and it was a great one, gained for the
gallican and national party, the reformers had exhausted their
strength. The first article of the new statutes enacted the
APPENDIX TO SECT. IV. %6i
exclusion of all non-catholics not only from teaching, but from
being taught, in the public schools. Whatever de Thou and

Achille de Harlay may have wished, they could not have got
Casaubon appointed one of the professors of the college royal.
M. Martin, indeed, makes him one. Hist, de France, lo. 478 En :
'
d^pit des lettres patentes de Charles ix, qui avaient exclu le

protestant Ramus, Henri iv. appela parmi les professeurs le
protestant Casaubon, I'^rudition incarnê.' M. Martin adds
that the reform of 1600 was so sound and durable that au fond '
nous en vivons encore.' That is true, except that the insignifi-

cance of the university of Paris in point of science and learning
dates from 1572 instead of from 1600. For a full expose of the
character of the statutes of 1600, M. Martin refers to 'un tres-
bon chapitre of M. Poirson's elaborate monograph on Henri iv.
'
M. Poirson is equally blind to the capital fact of this reform,' '
viz. that it was the triumph of Catholicism. The university was

kept in subordination to the church. Over this decisive fact
M. Poirson glides, by the statement, 3. 763 Les statuts :
'
pourvoient des les premiers articles, a ce que la jeunesse des

colleges soit 6lev6e dans la connoissance et la pratique de la
religion, a ce que son education soit Sminemment chr^tienne.'
Note D. p. 193.
The Excerpta Eusebiana form the most considerable frag-

'
'
ments remaining of the greek Chronica of Eusebius. They

'
'
are found in cod. reg. 2600, a ms. of saec. 15, consisting of

miscellaneous extracts, grammatical, historical, etc. They are
printed in Scaliger's Thesaurus Temporum,' Add. p. 224, and
'
more fully, in Cramer, Anecd. Paris. 2. 115. The copy sent

to Scaliger at Leyden was made by Charles Labbe, and collated
with the original by Casaubon. Ep. 446: 'Contulimus, et
studiose dwdypa^jôv ipsius (Labb6) cum autographo contendimus,
ut de fide lectionis dubitarenon debeas. Quod si qusedam
occurrent mendosa, occurrent autem nonnulla, scito non aliter
in regio codice esse scriptum.' The errors which Cramer
attributes to Scaliger's text are, according to Bernays, corrections
silently made by Scaliger. See fuller account of the find, and
,
the delight which it gave Scaliger, in Bernays, J. J. Scaliger,

Bel. no. 73, Casaubonische Excerpte.
V.
LONDON.
1610-1614.
Or possible places of refuge in case of necessity, there

remained — England. Had it been 200 years earlier,
nothing would have been more simple, than that a

learned man, who was dissatisfied in Paris, should have
migrated to Oxford, for a time, or for But now it life.
was different. Neither North nor South Britain entered

into the comity of nations, in such a way that natives of all
countries indiscriminately circulated through our univer-
sities, either as students or professors, as they had once
done, and as they still did in the other parts of western

Europe. Casaubon tells Baudius ^, It is not the manner '
of the english to import distinguished men of learning

from other countries.' And Thomson writes to the
same ^
;
'
Our english students seldom travel abroad, so
that you need not wonder that you see so few of them
where you are.' But the settlement of the foreigner
in London was of common occurrence, while, more often
still, travelled englishmen contracted intimacy and main-
tained correspondence with continental scholars.

Alberic Gentilis had recently died (1608) as professor
of civil law at Oxford ; Saravia was still living as canon of
Canterbury; Theodore Diodati was residing in Alders-
' Ep. 853 :

'
Non est mos Anglorum, ut viros eruditione claros aliunde
accersant.'
"^
Baudii epp. p.514 ;Angli nostri studiosi raro peregrinantur, quare mirum
'
non est si pauci ad vos confluunt.' Thomson to Dom. Baudius, 1605.
LONDON. 1610-1614. %e'i
gate Dr. Raphael Thoris, a native of Flanders, lived

;
in Broad Street; and Lobel at Highgate, though in

extreme old age. Even at the universities, in the first
twenty years of the seventeenth century, more than
twenty names of foreigners, entered or graduated at
Oxford, may be found in the records.
Besides, there were other conditions, at the present
juncture, which might serve to recommend England to
Casaubon as his choice, or reconcile him to it as a
necessity.
The reigning prince was a lover, if not of learning, at
least of a kind of theological lore which borrowed its
lights from learning. James

surrounded himself with
i.
divines whose talk was of fathers and councils. He doth '
wondrously covet learned discourse,' writes lord Howard

to Harington ^, not indeed of the grand classical antiquity,
for which none about him had eye or ear, but the bas-
tard antiquity of the fourth century. They searched
the ecclesiastical writers for precedents in support of
English episcopacy, but they read them in the original,
and this served to maintain greek at a premium. For the
first and the last time in our annals, the court was the
theatre of these learned discussions. Notwithstanding
foibles which have handed down his character to ridicule,
neither the understanding nor the attainments of James
were contemptible. But his speech and action had a taint
of puerility which degraded them. The ironical nickname
of the British Solomon incurably clings to the only English
prince who has carried to the throne knowledge derived
from reading, or any considerable amount of literature.
Despised by the men of business as a pedant, James

had by far the best head in his council ^' In the piteous
'
condition of learning and the learned at that time, without

patron or home, it was natural that the eyes of these
' Harington, Nugse antiq. i. 390.
^ Spedding, Life of Bacon, 4. 278.
outcasts of society should be directed to the only court in

Europe where their profession was in any degree appre-
ciated. And Casaubon was not wholly without acquaint-
ance and correspondents even among insular Britons.
We have seen how his position at Geneva led to his
acquaintance with the 'roving Englishman,' and in the
instances of Wotton and Thomson even to intimacy. In
1601, Spotswood, then only minister of Calder, afterwards
archbishop of Glasgow, and Andrew Lamb, afterwards
bishop of Galloway, came over to Paris in the suite of the
duke of Lennox, ambassador extraordinary from the king
of Scots. Even in 1601, Casaubon was sufficiently known
to be sought out by foreigners of curiosity who visited
Paris. Spotswood brought, not exactly a message from
James vi, but told Casaubon that his learning and piety
were well known to that learned monarch. Spotswood
urged him to address a letter of compliment to James.
Casaubon did so, and wasted, to his great grief, two days
in penning an inflated epistle in the usual style of tasteless
adulation, which Spotswood carried back and duly de-
livered. James rephed to his dearest Casaubon, telhng
him that, 'besides the care of the church, it was his fixed
resolve to encourage letters and learned men, as he
considered them the strength, as well as the ornament,
of kingdoms.' He concluded by hoping that Casaubon
would visit him in Edinburgh, now he was so near, as
he would much prefer talking to him to writing to him.
Casaubon could from this time reckon a crowned head
among his regular correspondents. But James' accession
to the Enghsh throne, which was the signal for others,
who had overlooked him before, to fall on the knee before
him as suitors, only deterred Casaubon from further
correspondence. Indeed his stock of flattery must have
been exhausted, and the two letters which he addressed
in 1601 and 1602 to 'a sovereign such as Plato had
imagined but never seen,' consisted of very commonplace
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 265
incense. He not only did not join the throng of apph-

cants, but -did not
even write the congratulatory epistle,
which might naturally have been expected of him. He
would not 'come with his pitcher to Jacob's well as
others do/ as Bacon said of himself. He had indeed
soHcited, through Spotswood, the charity of the king of
—
Scots, but not for himself, for Beza, who in extreme
age was without the most necessary comforts, for the —
Academy of Geneva, which was struggling to exist with
an empty exchequer and no resources ^. From this time 1
there were constant reports among Casaubon's friends in

France and Germany that he had been invited to England,
long before any thought of this kind had been entertained
by any one in this country. In 1603, L'Hermite had
heard it at Soleure ^. In 1609, Scipio Gentilis had heard
it at Altorf. '
Nugae, nugae,' writes Casaubon ^ in answer
to this letter. '
I have been by the king,
invited, but not /
and in a way quite different from what you suppose.'

The invitations were from friends to pay them a visit, not
offers of preferment from a patron.
Gradually Casaubon began to plan a visit; but a visit
might be a reconnaissance. He would see if the island

could afford him a safe retirement from the worry and
controversial baiting which made his life in Paris intoler-
able. He mentioned the scheme as a thing he had in
view, to Scaliger. Scaliger discouraged it. As early as

1604 he wrote * :
—
Surely you will not give up a cer-
' ;
tainty for an uncertainty. Settlement in a foreign country

is at best but a hazardous experiment. You would put
yourself to the cost of a removal, and then only be
laughed at by all the court monkeys for your credulity. I ^
could tell you much of the English, what a disagreeable :
people they are, inhospitable to foreigners, particularly
churlish to Frenchmen, against whom they cherish a
' Ep. 343. " Burney Mss. 364, L'Hermite to Casaubon, 1603.
' Ep. 630. * Scalig. Epp. pp. 241. 253.
traditional antipathy. If itbe in the fates that you are

to settle in England, at least do not precipitate the event.
Wait till you are called ; do not offer yourself, and sell
your venture at as high a price as you can.'
Scaliger's advice wasby his own feeUngs. He

dictated
overlooked one attraction which the English invitation
contained for Casaubon, because it would have been no
attraction for himself In 1604, when Scaliger's advice as
above was given, Casaubon had hardly begun that dis-
satisfaction with the calvinist worship which in 1610 had
grown into a serious grievance to his conscience. He
had been gradually worked into this state of mind by the
necessity of daily encountering the catholic disputants.
The ministers of his own communion scouted antiquity,
of which they were ignorant, and which Casaubon re-
garded as the only arbiter of the quarrel. Books fell in
his way written on this side of the channel, in which he
met with a line of argument very different from the un-
instructed but presumptuous dogmatism of the calvinist
ministers. He found to his surprise and delight that
there were others besides himself who could respect the
authority of the fathers, without surrendering their reason
to the dicta of the papal church. The young anglo-catholic
school which was then forming in England took precisely
the ground which Casaubon had been led to take against
Du Perron.
The change of face which English theology effected in
the reign of James i. is, to our generation, one of the best
known facts in the history of our church. But it is often
taken for granted that this revolution was brought about
by the ascendancy of one man, whose name is often used
to denominate the school as the Laudian school of divines.
Laud was the political leader, but in this capacity only the
agent of a mode of thinking which he did not invent.
Anglo-catholic theology is not a system of which any
individual thinker can claim the invention. It arose
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 267
necessarily, or by natural development, out of the contro-

versy with the papal advocates as soon as that controversy
was brought out of the domain of pure reason into that
of learning. That this peculiar compromise, or via media,
between romanism and Calvinism developed itself in Eng-
land, and nowhere else in Christendom, is owing to causes
which this is not the place to investigate. But that it was
a product, not of english soil, but of theological learning
wherever sufficient learning existed, is evidenced by the
history of Casaubon's mind, who now found himself, in
1 610, an anglican ready made, as the mere effect of reading
the fathers to meet Du Perron's incessant attacks.
England thus seemed to open to Isaac Casaubon not
only an asylum from the teasing persecution of the
convertisseurs, but a church whose doctrines and minis-
trations were more congenial than were afforded him in
his own communion, and which in a great measure
realised the ideal he had formed from the study of catholic
antiquity.
His wish, formerly entertained, to visit Venice in search
of the greek church, now gave place to a desire to visit

England, and see for himself the english church. He
mentioned his wish to the king, and begged leave of ab-
sence. Henri always put him off, wishing the irrevocable
step of conversion to be taken before he trusted him out
of his sight. But Casaubon, though obliged to defer its
execution, persisted in his intention. On April 20 he
wrote to James i, intimating clearly the wish at which he
had before only distantly hinted. But he could not leave,
even for a visit, without an open rupture with a master
to whom he was bound by duty, gratitude, and interest.
On May 14, 1610, these bonds were severed in a fatal
moment by the knife of a wretched fanatic. The first
moments of terror were passed by Casaubon at Grigny,
where he was when the news reached him. The king
was wounded. The evening was spent in dreadful sus-
2,68 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
pense. Next morning a special messenger sent out by

Madame Casaubon brought the real truth. Death had
followed instantaneously upon the second stroke of the
assassin's knife, but the secret had been so well kept that
Lestoile tells us ^ that at 5 p.m. it was only at the Louvre
it was known that the king was dead. Casaubon deter-
mined, whatever the danger might be, to share it with his
friends, and immediately returned to Paris ^. The terror
of the huguenots was sufficiently visible in the irresolution
of Sully. He
on the 14th, to drive to the Louvre,
set off,
thinking the king only wounded. But finding he was

dead, he dared not show himself, and retired to the arsenal.
It was not till the next morning that he ventured to ap-
pear in his place at the council. The protestants had
expected the mob to rise and repeat '72. No movement
of the sort took place. The Parisians were stunned for
the moment by the greatness of the blow.
The assassination took place on May 14. On the 17th
Du Perron returned to the charge. Casaubon was sent
for, and had to hear a lecture upon the true sense of some
of the passages usually relied on against transubstantiation.
The cardinal saw that if he were to have Casaubon it must
be now. The tie that had bound him to France was
severed. He knew Casaubon's cherished wish to visit
England, and foreboded in what the visit would end.
Both parties felt that the crisis of the long struggle was
come. Casaubon, simple-minded as he was, must have
understood that he was now at the mercy of the court. The
alternative offered him now, whatever it might have been
before, was conversion or dismissal. But the cardinal,
with a fine tact, continued to treat the question as one of
pure learning, and love of truth. He makes no allusion
to Casaubon's altered circumstances, avoiding thus any
' Registre-journal, p. 586.

' Ep. 69s ;
' Ut quicquid bonis futurum esset, sors illorum mihi cum bonis
esset communis.'
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 369
alarm to his conscience or his pride. Casaubon, on his

part,though aware that the bread of his family is at stake,
and though agitated to distraction by the complication in
which he finds himself entangled, exhibits himself to us, not
only in his familiar letters, but in the secret pages of the
diary, endeavouring, with an honest and honourable soul,
to find out on which side his actual opinions placed him. It
is clear that his struggle is not between his conscience

and his preferment, it is an intellectual struggle, an
endeavour to choose between the rival churches.
It is not surprising that historians, looking at the broad
outline of things, should have fixed on Casaubon the
charge of 'wavering.' to the round
Meric has replied
assertion of Heribert Rosweyd that his father Isaac had
promised the cardinal to make his recantation at Whitsun-
tide, but was anticipated by the english invitation. The
only answer which this unsupported assertion admitted of,
or deserved, was a flat contradiction. It was simply a lie
with a circumstance, such as were hatched by the dozen in

the Jesuit colleges of that period. But impartial historians,
e. g. Hallam^, have spoken of Casaubon's 'wavering' as
a fact. If there be a moment in his life on which the

charge of having wavered can be fixed, it is the moment at
which we are now arrived. Yet at this very moment, the

perversion of his eldest son, John, of which he heard
August 14, drew from him the bitter cry of pain which is
recorded under that date. The heart from which that cry
of paternal anguish was wrung was in no mood to fraternise
with the crew of intriguers by whom the blow had been
dealt. What on a cursory inspection of Casaubon's remains
looks like wavering will, I think, be found on a closer view
to be a more complex mental state. He was indeed in an
intellectual difficulty, but it was that he found his own
opinions coincide neither with Calvinism, nor with
ultramontanism. He had been forced by reading, and
' Hallam, Lit. Hist. 2. 302.
ayo ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
controversy, into a middle position between the two,

and did not yet know how far the position thus created
was a tenable one, or that it was shared by others
besides himself. Circumstances were preparing his re-
moval to a country, in which, to his surprise, he found
a whole national church encamped on the ground on
which he had believed himself to be an isolated ad-
venturer.
Meantime he had escaped into the country, and hid
himself in his retreat at Grigny as much as his duties in
the library would allow. The cardinal, too, had graver
business to call him off from his pursuit of Casaubon.
Things in France were rapidly going in the direction
which had been foreseen. The first shock had sobered
parties and inspired a momentary patriotism. On June i,
Casaubon wrote that the hand of providence was visible
'^
in the unanimity of all the great men and nobles to fly

to the aid of their country. Before another month his
language is changed. On June 25 he writes to Heinsius ^:
'
The most grievous thing to me is the murder not being
pursued in the way of justice as it ought to be. It is
notorious whose teaching it was that instigated the fatal
deed, who they are who have proclaimed regicide as a
principle ;
yet we sleep on in utter indifference.
I cannot
express to you the anguish of mind from which I am now

suffering. It is not mere regard for my own individual
prospects which tortures me, and makes me pass sleepless

nights, but a sense of the public calamity which is fallen
on my country.'
On June 15 the engHsh embassy had written^ to the
same effect: 'The duke D'Espernon doth act, if not the
chiefest, at the least the most busy and intruding part in
this comedy,— I pray God it do not prove a tragedy,
who, joyned with the count of Soissons and the jesuites,

together with some of the greatest officers, doth begin by
' Ep. 674. 2 j-p
g^g_
" Winwood, Memorials, 3. 189, Beaulieu to Trumbull.
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 271
their meanes to encroach upon the chiefest authority and

administration.' To same
writes on
the effect Casaubon ^
September 6 Things here are come to that pass that we

:
'
shall all soon be mere slaves of the loyolites. I know my
countrymen well enough to know that they will not submit to

the yoke without some convulsive spasms but submit they ;
will in the end the powers that be are engaged on that

;
side.' Nor was it only the court which was inclining to

the roman and Spanish interest. The passions of the mob
were engaged in the cause, and in the hot nights of mid-
summer the panic of the huguenots was renewed. If
there were an outbreak, they knew that they would be the
first victims. The Jesuit writers affirm that these terrors
were feigned. They may have been unreasonable—
panic always is —but they were real. Casaubon's diary
records that on July 19 he was unable to do anything,
owing to his friends flocking in terror to his house, which
was in the most dangerous (the latin) quarter. On July
XI Beaulieu ^ wrote from Paris There have been such :

'
alarms taken these three or four nights by those of the

weaker side, that the duke of Bouillon and the prince of
Conde . . . did up with all their household in arms
sit
almost all those nights long. ... A man can see nothing
almost in the streets but carrying and providing of arms
in every house, as it were upon assured expectation of
imminent disorder.'
It was in the thick of these alarms that the decisive
England reached Casaubon's hands (July 20).
invitation to
It was official invitation from the archbishop of
an
Canterbury^. As far back as March, or earlier, definite
proposals had been sent him in an unofBcial way through
sir George Carew, the ex-ambassador, in whose household
Philippa had died. The archbishop (Bancroft) now writes

himself, reiterating the terms which had been before
proposed. Casaubon was assured 'that his coming
' ' Winwood's Mem. 3. 191.
Ep. 684.
' Bui-ney Mss. 263, printed ap. Russell, Ephem. p. 1097
among them would be welcomed by them all; that a

prebend of Canterbury, then actually vacant, was reserved
for him and as the income of the stall might not be
;
sufficient for hismaintenance, a promise was added that

it might be increased from other sources. He might
come over and see for himself. Or, if he chose to throw
himself for good upon the generosity of the king, and to
rely upon the assurances now given him by the arch-
bishop, he might remove his family at once. In the latter
case he was to draw upon the english embassy for ^^30 for
the expenses of the journey. Any how, when he comes he
would find the archbishop ready to do his utmost in his
behalf. Finally, the archbishop, while leaving the choice
entirely to Casaubon's own discretion, seemed to recom-
mend a private retreat, in preference to a public with-
drawal from the French service.
The terms communication were somewhat
of this
vague, but Casaubon was able to put an exact value upon
them by the aid of sir G. Carew's letter of March 12.
The archbishop, it will be observed, speaks of the king's
generosity, and the archbishop's honour. This was
delicate, him was a con-
as the provision designed for
made up out of the bishops' own purses.
tribution to be
The prebendal stall was valued at ;^88, besides house, fuel,
and corn, and the bishops were to subscribe among
themselves what would make it up to equal what he was
getting in France, he could be further provided for out
till
of church revenues. The king does not appear to have

promised anything, though he may have intended to give
him something more in the church. The invitation was
from the archbishop, but there can be no doubt that the
king himself was promoting the step. As early as 1608,
Bancroft had carried a copy of the '
De libertate eccle-
siastica ' to James, who had been so delighted with it, that
for many days he could talk of nothing but Casaubon ^
' Burney mss. 366. p. 141.
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 1']'^
The Canterbury were not of the archbishop's

stalls at
collation. But Bancroft was not unwilling to be the
channel of communication, as it cost him nothing, and it
was well understood in England that Casaubon was as
little inclined to favour Bancroft's enemies, the puritans,
as the king's enemies, the ultramontanes. He viewed
Casaubon, and no other view was taken of him by the
other persons concerned, the king excepted, as an instru-
ment of controversy, which it was desirable to enlist in
the service of the english church. James himself, who
was just now very busy with pamphlet writing, and who
was commissioning his ambassador at the Hague ^ to '
find some smart Jesuit with a quick and nimble spirit

to write against Vorstius, doubtless designed employ-
ment of the same sort for Casaubon. But he also pro-
mised himself much delectation from this addition to his
sanhedrim.
After the receipt of the official invitation, Casaubon still
lingered some months in France. The delay was caused
by the difficulty of obtaining the necessary permission
from the court. He did not think proper to make the
clandestine departure which Bancroft had suggested.
He applied for, and at last obtained, a furlough in form.
It was understood he was to make a visit of a few
^ that
weeks, leaving his family and his library behind and ^ he ;
solemnly engaged himself to return whenever he should

be summoned.
The ambassador extraordinary, lord Wotton of Marley,
who was on his return to England, offered him a place in
his suite. Besides a free passage, he thus enjoyed many
advantages above the ordinary traveller. Yet his suffer-
ings were such as to make us wonder at the readiness
still
with which our ancestors met the dangers and horrors of
' Winwood's Mem. 3. 311.

' Ep. 864 :
'
Qui paucas hebdomadas me hsesurum in Britannia spoponderam.'
' Ep. 700.
T
the channel. We abridge his own graphic narrative from

the diary and ^
the letters to his family
The cavalcade were eight days on the road between
Paris and Calais, which they reached October 15. Here
they were detained, waiting for the king's ship, which was
to be sent to bring over the ambassador.
'The 17th of October was Sunday, when I would fain
have joined public worship, but had to think of somewhat
else. For my lord had ordered two transports, one for
our baggage, the other for the horses; and the whole
morning was spent in getting them on board. As the
ship of the royal navy did not arrive, my lord was much
in doubt whether he should wait for it, or should hire one
that lay in the harbour, where there were some 150

vessels, small, and mostly fishing boats. As we could
hardly hope to set sail this day, my lord bade us sit down
to dinner. Himself and his lady would not eat, in case
they might, after all, have to go on board. We sat down
and had gotten to about the second course, when word
was brought that the wind had now become dead against
the passage to England. Upon this the ambassador and
his lady also sat down. After dinner I walked down to
the harbour, and had hardly returned to the inn, when
I found the face of things changed, and that we were to
sail at once. A ship had come from England, not indeed

a king's ship, but one of large burden, too big to enter the
harbour, and was now at anchor a league out to sea.
We were rowed oif to it in boats, I having wrapped my-
self up in my galligaskins against the cold. It was about
two when we got On board, and the wind being favour-

able, we hoped to be at Dover in about three or four
hours. Joyful therefore, I stepped on to the big ship, the
firstvessel of any size I had ever seen, with three sails
and the royal arms of England on a silken flag. We got
under way, our hopes mounting high, when on a sudden
' Ephem. p. 769, compared with ep. 691.
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 375
the wind veered round dead against us. Do what we

could, we could not make head against it, and night
coming on, the captain knew not whereabouts we were.
One while we were said to be within ten miles of the
English coast ; then back at Calais or Peronne, or I know
not where. Having never been at sea before, I was
badly sea sick from the and for some hours suffered
first,
much from pain and faintness. Nothing could exceed the

kindness shown me by my lord and lady and by many of
the suite. They took me down into my lord's private
cabin and placed me in his bed. At last the violent rain
driving my lord and lady off the deck, I was obliged to be
removed to an aftercabin with many charges that I should
be taken care of. Here I could have done pretty well but
for the plague of mischievous beasts; which came out of
the sailors' clothes on which I lay. To me and all of us
the night seems incredibly long, and I understood the
force of the words in the Acts, " they wished for the day."
When at last we reached the harbour we had a narrow
escape of being wrecked against it in entering it, the
prow of the vessel being heavily crushed. But we es-
caped harm and were at last safely housed in our inn.'

From Dover his first thought was to write home a full
account of the perils he had braved. He had already

written from Amiens to his son John, and his nephew
Isaac. He repeats his cautions, and puts precise
questions, to which he demands precise answers. ^ As '
you love me and respect my commands, I charge you to

let me hear from you at London how my wife is, and how
she takes my absence. My books and papers you will

take especial care of. The king's library, Isaac, is in
your individual keeping. Do not be too easy in ad-

mitting anyone into the room, and never more than one
person at a time. Explain to monseigneur de Thou how
it happened that that volume I borrowed of him was not
' Ep. 691.
T 2
returned before my departure, and let no one touch the

book except by his orders. Tell your mother that those
English coins which Madame Gentilis let me have, and
which I wrote to say I had left behind in my study, I
found in my chest, in a corner where I had stowed them
myself .... Let me have an account how Gentille,
Jeanne, and Anne behave; as for Paul, I persuade
myself he is already grown quite a scholar. Tell me
also about Marie, whom I did not embrace at parting,
and about the rest of the children about all the Des-
;
bordes family. Has my wife been to Grigny? What has

she done about that rascally bailiff? In short, tell me
everything, public or private, which I ought to know.'
At Canterbury he was detained some days by the
hospitality of his travelling companion, Benjamin Carier.
Carier was one of the prebendaries, and was now proud
to introduce Casaubon to the chapter, of which it was
intended that he should become one. It is characteristic
of Casaubon's irritability and placability, that he now com-
mends the obliging entertainment he met with from Carier,
as warmly as he had before grumbled at his selfishness
during the journey. Carier was one of the high church
party, and boasts to Casaubon^ that he always says the
morning and evening prayer, as the law prescribes. He
it was who afterwards received Casaubon's dividend, as
prebendary, and accounted for it to him.

Carier's kindness may not have been altogether dis-
interested. The deanery of Rochester becoming vacant
a year later, he sought to avail himself of Casaubon's
supposed interest at court to get it for him. He pleaded
that 'the deanery was a very poor one, and that he,
holding the living of Thornham in the neighbourhood,
had advantages for the exercise of hospitality at Roches-
ter.' Bancroft was not averse to pluralities ;
'
a doublet
is necessary in cold weather,' he is reported to have said.
* Burney mss. 363. Carier to Casaubon, 161 1.
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614. a77
But the deanery was given to Milbourne, and shortly

afterwards Carier, being abroad, caused great scandal,
in high church circles, by going over. He was a man of
more than common reading, and possessed some books,
many of which were new to Casaubon, who did not neglect
the opportunity of going through them. Among others \
he mentions the Calvino-Turcismus, in which Rainolds,
the roman catholic brother of the president of Corpus,
made out an ingenious parallel between the calvinists and
mahometans, ^* a book, on account of its style and recondite
learning, by no means to be despised.'
Casaubon was delighted with Canterbury, both the
place and the people ^, though the church services seemed
unnatural to him, and he felt it odd to be keeping a saint's
—
day S. Luke's which happened during his stay. —
On October 29, he set off for London, and was hos-
pitably received at the deanery of S. Paul's by Overall, as
had been arranged for him by Carier. No time was lost
in presenting him to the archbishop, to whom he was
taken the very day of his arrival. He was most graciously
received by the venerable prelate, who detained him some
time in conversation ^. It was at once intimated to him
that if he could make up his mind to stay in the country,
it was the wish of the king and the bishops that he should
do so. Two days afterwards, he paid a second visit to

Lambeth, and this was the last time he was to see
Bancroft, who died a few days after this interview,
November 12. In him Casaubon thought he had lost a
special friend and patron *. He did not promise himself
the same friendliness from the new archbishop. Abbot
^ Ephem. p. 779.
"
Ep. 1045 Cum hospitis mei, turn aliorum prsestantissimorum virorum
; '
eximia humanitate ita sura captus, et loci elegantia atque amoenitate sic quotidie
.'
oblector . .
^ Ephem. p. 781 : '

Fuit mihi cum eo multus sermo.'
' Ephem. p. 797 :
' Quantara jacturam fecerim in morte archiepiscopi videor
incipere intelligere.'
had had no share in inviting Casaubon to England, and

his ^'behaviour and carriage toward the greatest nobihty
in the kingdom, was,' what Laud thought, 'very insolent
and inexcusable.' In this respect Casaubon was agreeably
disappointed. Abbot was uniformly friendly to him, sent
for him often to Lambeth or to Croydon, made him a present
regularly at Christmas, and consented to be godfather to
a son, James, the only child born to him in England.
The other bishops vied with each other in welcoming
him, and feting him, in the hospitable english way, by
entertaining him at dinner. Overall not only took in Isaac
himself at the deanery, but also his wife and family when
they arrived. Here he made his home for the first twelve
months, from October 1610 to September 161 t, though it
seems probable ^ that, at least during the dean's absence,
who had a house out of town at Islington^, Casaubon
provided his own household expenses. Nor did their
civility wear out with the novelty. We find him, up to
the last, dining with them both privately*, and on their
grand occasions ^, and presents are sent by them at
Christmas to himself or to Madame Casaubon ^.
The bishop of Ely was able to report to the king that
Casaubon's reputation was borne out by his conversation.
James was impatient to make trial of the new man, and
ordered him to be brought out to him to Theobald's.
Casaubon, nervously solicitous about the etiquette of the
english court, thought that no one less than the archbishop
could instruct him, and went out to Lambeth to ask how
he was to behave. Bancroft, who must have been amused
at his simplicity,made him stay to dinner, and calmed his
fears, gratifying him at the same time by the marked
attention he showed him. On November 8, Casaubon
1 Clarendon, Life, i. 65. » Ephem. p. 827.

•
Burney mss. 364. ••
Ephem. p. 978.
^ Ephem. p. 1049. « Burney mss. 364. p. 337.
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 279
was taken out to Theobald's in Lord Dunbar's carriage ^.

Casaubon met the gracious reception which he had been
led to expect, and had the honour of being the principal
figure in the circle which stood round the royal chair at
supper.
James' learned repasts have been often described,
among others, by Hacket ^ :
'
The reading of some books
before him was very frequent, while he was at his repast
he collected knowledge by variety of questions which he
carved out to the capacity of different persons. Methought
his hunting humour was not off, while the learned stood
about him at his board he was ever in chase after some
;
disputable doubt, which he would wind and turn about

with the most stabbing objections that ever I heard and ;
was as pleasant and fellow-like in all these discourses, as

with his huntsmen in the field. Those who were ripe and
weighty in their answers, were ever designed for some
place of credit or profit.' Seat and food were for sacred
majesty only. It is ill talking between a full man and a
fasting, says the proverb scarcely less so between one
;
sitting and one standing. It happened this first day, that
the king was taken up with a new french pamphlet against

himself. The pamphlet was anonymous, and he was
attributing it to the one name best known to him, that of
cardinal Du Perron. Casaubon was able to undeceive
him, to him the name of the real author, as well as
tell
something about him. James was well satisfied, and

Casaubon was ordered to attend again the next day.
1 Sir George Home, cr.

160s earl of Dunbar, at this time, 1610, keeper of
the privy purse, the king's declared favourite, of whom Hume says, Hist, of
Engl, that 'he was one of the wisest and most virtuous, though the least
powerful, of all those whom he honoured with that distinction.' Dunbar's
influence, however, overbore that of the whole bench of bishops on one
memorable occasion, when he got Abbot promoted to Canterbury instead of
Andrewes.
2 Life of AbP. Williams, pt. 1, pp. 38, 227 ; cf. Jessopp, Life of Donne, p.
xxviii.
38o ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
Casaubon was rapidly established in the royal favour.
The king was insatiable of his conversation, was always

sending for him and keeping him talking for hours. James
talked well himself, liked a good hearer, but was ready,
which is not always the case with good talkers, to listen in
return. In graver conversation he was perhaps even
superior to what he was in light talk ^. He loved specu- '
lative discourse upon moral and political subjects and his ;
talent for conducting such discussions is a frequent theme

of admiration, not only among his courtiers, but in the
unsuborned writings of the foreigners who visited him.'
Casaubon on his part was a ready talker^, and if his french
was not good, his matter was inexhaustible. His memory
supplied him with an endless store of diversified informa-
tion on the topics which James liked best. The conversa-
tion was conducted in french, which James spoke fluently^,
though we may suppose with a scotch accent. Casaubon,
who never could accomplish english, and was compelled
with the bishops to stumble on in latin, found his tongue
set free in the court circle *.
Of these conversations, serious or gossiping, he has

only recorded one, and that very scantily ^ It was one of
the November 1610, on the day on which the
first; in
king commemorated by a solemn service his delivery at
Gowrie house. The conversation was directed by the
king to general literature. Of Tacitus, James said they
were wrong, who thought him the one historian, who was
a master of political wisdom. Casaubon was delighted to
reply that in his late preface to Polybius, he had passed a
similar judgment; and that the historical lesson to be
' Chambers, Life of James i, a. 154.

' Thorii Narratio :
'
sermonis promptissimi.'
" Ephem. Hodie regis pietatem, doctrinam et facultatem utriusque
p. 931 :
'
sermonis Gallici et Latini nobis mirari licuit.'

* For the king's conversation with La Boderie about Casaubon, see Carte
Papers 86; Boderie 2 fo. 471; La Boderie to Villeroy, Londres, 17 Nov.,
1610. •-
Ep. 704.
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 281
learnt from Polybius was far more instructive. The king

blamed Plutarch for his partiality against Csesar.
In Commines he
noticed his flippancy, and his hatred of
the english. Casaubon, whose idea of a king's conver-
sation was formed upon that of Henri iv, wise and ruse,
but one who had at most read Amyot's french Plutarch,
was astounded by finding here a king who could pronounce
opinions original, and not unjust, on classical authors,
which he had read himself. M. Sainte-Beuve ^ suggests
that James disliked Commines for his constitutional opinions
in favour of the rights of the etats,
and adds that there is no
levity in the judgment which Commines passed on english
institutions. In the king's remark on Tacitus we may
probably trace a reminiscence of Buchanan, and a revolt
against the notions of his master. Casaubon, when he
wrote the passage in his preface to Polybius, was thinking
of Lipsius, and meant that the history of the world on an
oecumenical scale was a nobler study than that of a court,
which exhibited only the triumph of vice and personal
despotism. So that the coincidence was more seeming
than real.
The king was now bent upon retaining Casaubon

permanently in England. He
had come over professedly
on a short visit. But had been understood at the
it
english embassy that Casaubon was gone prospecting. In

October the ambassador had reported to Winwood^:
'M. Casaubon is gone into England, in the company of
the lord Wotton, to make a tryall, whether the condition
that is offered him for the settling him there shall be to
his liking.' An official application was now made to the
french government, and an indefinite permission of
absence was accorded. That it was a leave of absence
and not a dismissal, and that his french pension was to
run on, were favours secured for him by personal friends
— de Thou or Villeroy. De Thou's prudence desired to
1 Causeries du lundi, 14. 403. ' Winwood's Mem. 3. 226.
keep open for him a retreat into France, which circum-

stances might any day render expedient. Casaubon, on
his part, in consenting to remain for a time, reserved his
duty to his own sovereign. I consider myself,' he writes
'
to Fronto le Due ^, '

now and always, as long as breath is
in my body, the queen's servant.' been ad- He had in fact
mitted, before quitting Paris, to an interview with Marie

de Medicis, who had strictly charged him to return soon.
He had pledged himself to do so, whenever summoned.
Stepmother as Paris had been to him, it cost him a pang ^
'
to bid a long farewell to my country and friends.' And
he tells de Thou ^ that he cannot shake off the painful
'
sense of being an exile though it is true that the singular

;
kindness with which he is treated by the king softens to

him not a little the want of home.'
The king gave the best proof of the interest he took in
his new acquisition by providing for him, at once, himself.
Bancroft's plan was, as we have seen, that the bishops
should subscribe the difference between the income of the
Canterbury prebend, and the stipend of the royal librarian.
The king came forward at once with a pension of ;^300 a
year from his own purse, in addition to the prebend of
Canterbury, and a promise of something more on the
church establishment hereafter. A stall at Westminster
was named *. This promise was not fulfilled why I can- ;
not explain, as on Saravia's death, in January 1613, the

opportunity was afforded.
The patent conferring the pension runs thus * : James,
by the grace of God, etc., to all men to whom these
presents shall come, greeting.
'As our progenitors have heretofore beene careful! to
call into their realme persons of eminent learning, agreeing
in profession of religion with the church of England, and
' Ep. 725. " Ephem. 796 :

' Durum est et asperum.'
Ep. 702. * See note A in Appendix.
* Rymer, Feed. 16. 710, reprinted in Russell, Ephera. p. 1122.
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 383
here to make use of them for the furtherance of learning

and religion among their people ; as namelie of ^ Paulus
Fagius, Martin Bucer, Peter Martyr, and others ; soe have
wee, in regard of the singular learning of Isaac Casaubon,
and of his concurrancye with us and the church of
England in profession of religion, invited him out of
Fraunce into this our realme, here to make his aboad
and to be used by us as we shall see cause for the service
of the church and for his better support and maynten-
;
ance, during the time of his aboade here we are pleased ;
to give unto him, and of our especiall grace certayn know-

ledge and meer motion have given and graunted and by
theis presents, for us our heires and successors, doe give
and graunt unto the saide Isaac Casaubon a certayn
annuitye or pension of three hundred poundes of good
and lawfull money of England by the yeare
. . Witness our self at Westminster the nynteenth
. .
daye of Januarie 1611.'

In 1610, James had already begun to feel the pressure
of poverty. Even Cecil could not make the income of the
crown cover the expenditure. In 1612 the annual deficit
had reached ;£'i6o,ooo, with a debt of ^^500,000. The king
was unable to pay even his brewer's bill. If in this situ-
ation of the exchequer we are disposed to look at
Casaubon's pension with the eyes of the lord treasurer,
we may observe how trifling is its amount, in comparison
of the sums which the king habitually lavished on the
favourites, who brought him nothing but pubHc hatred
and disgrace. James was facile in giving away, rather than
liberal. From weakness of character, he yielded to the
1 Paulus Fagius (Buchlein) and Martin Bucer (Putzer) came to England

together, on the invitation of AbP. Cranmer, in 1549. Zurich Letters, 3. 535.
They were entertained at Lambeth before they were removed to Cambridge.
Peter Mart3T (Vermigli) had preceded them. He came to England in 1547, in
company with Bernardino Ochino. A
bill of the expenses of their journey
from Basel, amounting to ;Î26 7s. 6rf., as sent in to the privy council, is printed
in the Archseologia, 21. 471.
importunity of the hungry suitors, by whom he was sur-

rounded. In Casaubon's case, what was given was
unsolicited, and had at least the colourable appearance of
being patronage of learning. James was purchasing some
credit at a very cheap rate. The £2,00 a year spent on
Casaubon is some set off against the thousands afterwards
squandered on unworthy favourites on Carr, or Villiers. —
Casaubon proceeded to take out letters of naturalisation,
and to look forward to a permanent settlement in this
country. But if, in coming over, he had indulged any
hope of being master of his own time, of acquiring at last
that otium for which he had been all his life sighing
'
'
the leisure, that is, to toil from early dawn till deep into
the night in the execution of some cherished literary
scheme —he was soon undeceived.
The first and great claimant of his time was the king.
Instead of tiring of him as the novelty wore off, the
demand him became more frequent. It grew to be an
for
established custom that he was to present himself every
Sunday ^ As James was little in London, but always on
the move from one hunting seat to another, Casaubon was
dragged out to Theobald's, Royston, Greenwich, Hampton
Court, Holdenby, Newmarket, wherever the court might
be ^. Sometimes, not always, he had the convenience of a
court carriage. When the distance obliged him to spend
the night, he had to provide his own lodging, as the
accommodation at these royal residences was but scanty ^.
In writing to James from Paris, in April, Casaubon had
naively proposed, as the one object of his visit to England,
that he might have a good talk with your majesty*.'
'
He
' Ephem.p. 964 Ad regem prout soleo KaB' kKaarrjv Kvpian^r.
:
'
' Ep. 794 Ilia ipsa die juberet me rex se Londino proficiscentem sequi.'
:
'
' Voltaire says of the court of France in

1562, Essai sur les mceurs, 3. 233
' On couchait trois ou quatre dans le meme lit, et on alloit k la cour habiter une
chambre oil il n'y avait que des coffres pour meubles.'
Ep. 664
* Majestatis tuae sensus omnes propius cognoscere, et qui mihi in
:
'
mentem veniebant posse eidem comraunicare.'
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 285
was now taken word; and before the end of the

at his
year he had had enough of it. Not that he grew tired of
the king. He tells de Thou ^'that he found him greater
than report, and thought him more so every time he saw
him.' In February 1613, he writes ^ 'I enjoy the favour of
this excellent monarch, who is really more instructed than
most people give him credit for. He is a lover of learning
to a degree beyond belief; his judgment of books, old and
new, is such as would become a professed scholar, rather
than a mighty prince.' But it was the ruin of his leisure.
Casaubon was flattered by the attention, while he chafed
under the outlay of time it occasioned. Time spent in
conversation, however agreeable, was to him time lost.
He begs Montague^, Lake, the king himself, to permit
him to bury himself in his study, and to present any
observations he may have to make by their mediation.
'
It is not fitting for one so lowly as I am to approach so
great a monarch, save through a third person *.'
One consequence Casaubon of this establishment in

to
the circle that stood round the royal chair was, that his
thoughts were more and more turned from their own
direction. Learning ceased to occupy his mind, and he
was now engrossed by the ecclesiastical topic, which was
the paramount object of interest in this society. He
occasionally thinks, with a sigh of regret, of his unfinished
Polybius. But he never touches it. The king, who had
started on axiom imbibed from Buch-
his career with the
Ep. 693: 'Majorem fama sua inveni, et quotidie magis magisque invenio.'
'
Ep. 864. Casaubon's language about James to others is honourable to the

^
king, and, I think, with some exceptions (see Epp. ep. 249), not overcharged.
His language to James himself is adulatory. But it was the style of the court,
and meant nothing, or meant only wonderful for a king.' Bacon, nay Selden,
'
was equally lavish of the dialect of flattery, the latter to an extent which raised
in Dr. Aikin, Lives of Selden, etc. p. 37, ' a painful sense of the degradation
incurred by literature when brought in collision with power, unless supported
by a proper sense of its own dignity.' The words of Selden to which Dr. Aikin
refers are in Selden, Op. 3. 1400. See note B in Appendix.
' Ep. 696. * See note B in Appendix.
2,86 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
anan, '
ought to be the most learned clerk in
that a king
his dominion,' now never read anything but controversial
divinity, and chiefly the pamphlets of the day. Nothing '
escapes him,' Casaubon writes to Fronto ^. To cardinal

Du Perron he writes ^, '
Neither his private affairs nor
public business interest his majesty so deeply as do affairs
of religion, and his desire of bringing about concord
among members of the church.' This temper
the divided
of the english court was well understood on the continent.
Fra Paolo regrets ^ that the king of England was become
'
a doctor of divinity.' I come from England,' Grotius '
writes in 1613 *, where there is little commerce of letters

'
theologians are there the reigning authorities. Casaubon

is and he could have found no place
the only exception ;
in England as a man of learning; he was compelled to

assume the theologian.' Heinsius sent Casaubon a copy
of his edition of the Poetics.' Casaubon took the book
'
with him to court to read himself^, but he does not speak

of it to the king, and only tells him that Heinsius has
sided against the arminians.
Casaubon at first lamented this growing ecclesiastical
passion,which was swamping better tastes both in court
and church. In November, 1611, he writes^ to Charles
Labbe If you wish to know what I am doing here, I
:
'
can only report that all my old studies have entirely

ceased. The
and learned as he is, is now so
king, great
entirely taken up with one sort of book, that he keeps his
own mind and the minds of all about him occupied exclus-
ively on the one topic. Hardly a day passes on which some
new pamphlet is not brought him, mostly written by
' Cas. ep. ad Front, p. 37 ;

' Nihil ilium fugit eorum quae a vestris hominibus
scriptitantur.'
* Cas. resp, ad card. Perr. p. 4.
' Paolo Sarpi, Lettere, 88.
* Grotii Epp,
p. 751 Ne huic quidem locus fuisset in Anglia ut
:
'
literatori,
theologum induere debuerit.'
'-
Ep. 754- " Ep.
753.
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 287
Jesuits, on the martyrdom of Saint Garnett, the sufferings

of the english catholics, or matters of that description. All
these things have to read and give my opinion upon.'
I
In March, 1613, things had not altered. He writes to a

friend ^ As long as I shall stay in England, I see that I
:
'
must make up my mind to forego classical letters. Our

excellent and most religious king is so fond of theology,
that he cares very little to attend to any literary subject.'
Grotius recollected in 1628 that Casaubon had told him
'^,
'
that he had now laid aside all his interest in the military
affairs of ancient Rome. Henri iv, greatest of monarchs
and of captains, had put him upon them. But, after his
removal to Britain, he had transferred his studies and his
interests to other matters, viz. religion and religious con-
cord, for which alone the king of England cared.'
The call of the greatest scholar of the age to England,
and endowment out of the revenue of the english
his
church, was a creditable act of government in a country
and a church whose history is not illumined by any public
spirited patronage of science or learning. The incident
figures in the histories of the church in this capacity. It
is disappointing, when we come to look narrowly into the

transaction, to find that this solitary instance of disinter-
ested patronage of learning is no instance at all. Then,
greek scholarship, however eminent, was not a commodity
for which king, bishops, or parliament of England would
have paid £300. The king was delighted to find in Casau-
bon a new gossip, deferential, without being obsequious,
whose memory was an inexhaustible store of book learn-
ing. The high church bishops sought for their party the
credit of a distinguished convert from puritanism, and they
intended to employ his pen in behalf of their cause,
1 Ep. 872.
Grotii Epp. ep. 184. app. ' . .
' translatum in Britanniam studio quoque
: .
se eo transtulisse, quo vergeret animus regis, cui non tam arma quam pax et
religio cordi.'
Struggling in 1610 against unpopularity. The reading

public saw Casaubon the vindicator of the civil power
in
against the spiritual tyranny of the bishop of Rome, of the
protestant faith against popery. All these parts Casaubon
had to submit to act with as good a grace as might be.
When historians credit James with surrounding himself
with learned men, it should be added that it was with
learned divines only. There did not exist in this country
any distinct class of scholars, or guild of learning, such as
had been found in Italy in the 15th century, or as is formed
by the german professoriate of our day. When Rittershu-
sius wanted to secure a copyright in England for an edition
of the Novellae'
he was printing at Altorf, Casaubon
'
assured him that ^ the precaution was unnecessary the

' ;
Enghsh printers care nothing for that sort of book. The

only reading which flourishes here is theology no books ;
but theological books, and those of english authors, are

published here. The educated men in this part of the
world contemn everything which does not bear upon
theology.'
There was, indeed, a set of men in England to whom
the title of learned is eminently due, though their reading
was directed, not to the classics, but mainly to the anti-
quities of their own country. Camden, Cotton, Spelman,
above all, who formed the society of
Selden, and those
antiquaries, were not only the best set of their time, but
one which we shall hardly match in our later history.
Bacon had been among them before he sold himself for
official advancement, and Andrewes had imbibed something
of their spirit. But this set of men was neglected, or

frowned upon, by the court. If James showed in 1610
some interest in Camden's Annals,' it was only in respect
'
of the political capital he reckoned to make out of it, or
' Ep. 766: '

. . . typographi Angli ejusmodi libros non curant. sola est,
qu« hie floreat, sacra Theologia ; soli fere libri theologici, et fere Anglorum,
qui hie eduntur.'
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 289
with a view to the vindication of his mother's character.

Bacon had appealed to the king in the 'Advancement
of Learning,' and had satisfied himself that there was
no hope from that quarter, for help for the Instauratio '
Magna ^' In 1609, Bacon doubts if he can still interest

Andrewes in his speculations, as he intimates in sending
to the bishop his 'Cogitata et Visa^.' Instead of en-
couraging Bacon, the bishops were scheming a college at
Chelsea for the production of more controversial divinit3^
The king gave a patent, and licence of mortmain, and
actually nominated seventeen fellows and a provost^- A
Jesuit pamphleteer had taunted Andrewes with having got
a bishopric by reading Terence and Plautus. This is an
imputation on his character from which Casaubon must
defend him * 'In the last thirty years he has rarely
;
had Plautus in his hands Terence never once. If in his

;
writing any traces of his classical reading are to be found,

let the blame rest on his retentive memory, and on the
giver of that mental endowment.' Aptly enough, though

in jest, the earl of Suffolk advises sir John Harington ^,
'
You you are not handsome, you are not
are not young,
finely ; you come to courte, and thinke to be
and yet will
well-favoured ? why I say again " good knight," that your
learning may somewhat prove worthy hereunto your ;
latinand your greek, your Italian, your Spanish tongues,

your wit and discretion, may be well looked unto for a
while as strangers at such a place, but these are not
the thinges men live by now a days.'
How entirely the soul of true learning, viz. the spirit
' Spedding, Life of Bacon, 4. 23. " Ibid. p. 141.

3 Fuller, Ch. Hist. 10. 3, 19.
'
Cas. ep. ad Front, p. 159: 'Accusat praesulem quod Terentium et Plautum
legerit juvenis in academiis nam ex eo tempore, h. e. ab annis 30, Plautum vix
;
in manus aliquando meminit sumsisse Terentium ne semel quidem attigit.

;
Siqua igitur veteris lectionis vestigia in scriptis senis venerandi apparent, accuset
felicem illius meraoriam.'
= Nichols' Progr. 2. 414.
U
of investigation, was wanting in the circle which sur-

rounded James, and into which Casaubon was now ma-
triculated, is evinced by what happened to Selden in
1618. He published in that year his History of Tythes.'
'
It is the work of a legal antiquary, and if not in point
of arrangement a model of historical criticism, it follows

the true path of critical inquiry. Selden, with Scaliger's
example before him, had raised himself to the idea of an
historical investigator; inquiring into facts, not drawing
up a case. The History of Tythes,' written in this spirit,
'
was received with a howl of rage by the learned divines

of the court circle. They could not conceive that a book
could be written on tithes, which was neither for, nor
against, the church. The high commission court was
brought down on the unfortunate author, who had com-
mitted the crime of carrying historical criticism into the
region of ecclesiastical antiquity. This error Selden was
compelled to apologise for, by a court of
and to retract
which Abbot, King, Buckeridge, and Andrewes, were
members.
But though the Jacobean divines do not constitute an
epoch of learning, they represent a stage on the road to-
wards it. Critical inquiry was not only unknown, but was
proscribed. Yet a zeal for reading and patristic research
characterised them, which abated the raw ignorance of the
preceding century. They were led into the region of
learning. Barren as their controversial pamphlets are,
yet theology approached the ground of scientific criticism
more nearly than amid the bandying of scriptural texts,
which had been the controversial form of the century of
the reformation. Anglicanism was purging itself of its
fanaticism, and leaving that element to the puritans. It is
true that all study was theological, and that the theology
was contentious, not scientific. But at any rate there was
study. A german visitor, young Calixtus, always said^
' Henke, Calixtus Leben, i. 149.
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 391
Germany had not done as much in

that 'his tutors in
spurring him on to the study of ecclesiastical history as
had the english bishops, and the well stored libraries he
had seen among them,' during his visit in 1612. The
influence of Andrewes on Cambridge could not but be
beneficial. We
find him ^ making continual search and
'
inquiry to know what hopeful young men were in the uni-

versity ; his chaplain and friends receiving a charge from
him to certify what hopeful and towardly young wits they
met with from time to time.' The instructions issued by
the crown to the vice-chancellor of Oxford ^, according '
to which young students were to be incited to bestow

their time in the fathers and councils, schoolmen, histories
and controversies, and not to insist too long in compen-
diums and abbreviations,' are in the same direction. You '
must not suppose,' Casaubon writes to Saumaise^, 'that

this people is a barbarous people ; nothing of the sort ; it
loves letters and cultivates them, sacred learning especially.

Indeed, if I am not mistaken, the soundest part of the
whole reformation is to be found here in England, where
the study of antiquity flourishes together with zeal for the
truth.'
At fifty-one friends are but slowly made. Yet men who

have long been before the world in their books, do not
approach each other for the first time as strangers. In
this circle of divines Isaac Casaubon was soon at home,
but there were two with whom he became specially
intimate ; the only two native Englishmen,' he says *,
'
'with whom he lived on intimate terms in London.'

These were the bishop of Ely and the dean of S.
Paul's.
' Isaacson, Life and Death of Andrewes, p. xvii.

" Heylin, Life of Laud, p. 71.
' Ep. 837 Haec gens nihil minus est
: ' quam barbara, amat et edit literas,
prsesertim autem sacras, quod si me conjectura non fallit, totius reformationis
pars integerrima est in Anglia.'
* Ephem. p. 916 ;
'
Quos solos Anglorum familiares habeo.'
U 2
aga ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
Lancelot Andrewes, just (September 1609) translated

to Ely, was a prelate who united a sincere piety with
a genial wit, and who, if he had not been a bishop, might
have left an eminent name in english literature. For a man
who had been long about court, who had the preaching
gift, and was in the way of preferment, his reading was
considerable, though it has been much overrated. He had,
in common with many english divines his contemporaries,
an extensive acquaintance with what may be called the
'apparatus theologicus.' He knew enough of the latin
and greek whether another
ecclesiastical writers to find out
man knew them. He knew
enough to appreciate Cas-
aubon's knowledge of them. He had been a prime mover
in bringing Casaubon to England. He had thus taken on
himself the obligation to befriend him. But when he came
to make Casaubon's acquaintance, the character of the
man suited and Profound piety and
attracted the bishop.
great reading, common them at first in
to both, placed
sympathy. Of bishop Andrewes, it is affirmed ^ that he '
daily spent many hours in holy prayers and abundant

tears.' Casaubon's diary is one prolonged litany.
Andrewes was ^ indefatigable in study from childhood to
age. From the hour he rose, his private devotions
'
finished, to the time he was called to dinner, which was

not till twelve at noon at soonest, he kept close to his book,
and would not be interrupted by any that came to speak
with him. He would be so displeased with scholars that
attempted to speak with him in a morning, that he would
say, he doubted they were no true scholars that came to
'
speak with him before noon.' When, after his promotion

to a bishopric, his own studies were cut short, he was
ready to encourage those of others ^- He sent Bedwell to
' Isaacson, Life and Death, etc , p. xiii. ^ Ibid. p. xxv.

Cas. epp. 831 Hie dignissimus pr^sul non solum est doctissimus, sed
:
'
etiam egregie favet literis itaque Bedwello pecuniam pollicitus est necessariam
;
ad Thesauri Arabici editionem.'
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 293
Leyden to study arable, and promised to bear the charges

of printing his Thesaurus Arabicus.' In tastes thus ahke,
'
Andrewes and Casaubon had the further bond of com-

munity of theological opinions. And the coincidence of
opinion had the charm of rencontre. Their opinions had
been arrived at by each independently. The two had not
been formed in one school, but had found out primitive
antiquity, each for himself in a different country, and
without communication. It was a source of ever fresh
delight and surprise to them to find how independent
reading had conducted them to identical results.
With these conformities of character and opinion, there
was sufficient intellectual difference to lend the interest of
contrast to their intercourse. As when Ben Jonson
encountered Shakespeare, it is the coUision of learning
with wit. Casaubon might admire the nimble suggestion,
the ready memory, the prompt repartee of his new friend.
Andrewes must have felt that he was in the presence of
one who knew more than himself, of the things of which
he knew most one, the relation of whose knowledge to
;
his own was that of the whole to the part. They soon
mutually delighted in each other's society. Andrewes
carried Casaubon to Ely with him, kept him there as long
as he could make him stay, and pressed him to go down
again in the following summer. Casaubon writes of him
to all his friends to de Thou that ^ he is a man whom if
;
'
you knew you would take to exceedingly. We spend

whole days in talk of letters, sacred especially, and no
words can express what true piety, what uprightness of
judgement, I find in him.' To Heinsius he says^, 'I am
by way of seeing the bishop daily. one of a few He is
whose society enables me to support being separated from

de Thou. I am attracted to the man by his profound
and charmed by a graciousness of manner not

learning,
common in one so highly placed.' Again, in 1613, he tells
' Ep. 741. ' Ep. 754.
^94 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
Heinsius \ If you come over here you will receive the

'
warmest welcome from the bishop of Ely he longs to see ;
you at Ely House.'

With all these endowments of nature and education,
Andrewes had not risen above his surroundings. His
piety had not softened his heart, his reading had not en-
larged his intellect. Nothing in his writings rises above
the level of theological polemic, or witty conundrum
making. He warns Bellarmine what he may expect if he
should be caught in England ^. He was one of the knot
of bishops who planned, and deliberately carried through,
the wanton execution of Legatt. He sat on the com-
—
mission in the Essex case and there is a lower depth of
infamy — gave his voice for the divorce.
The dean of S. Paul's had taken in Casaubon, and
entertained him as his guest for nearly twelve months.
Yet so much in his company, there is little reference
to him in Casaubon's remains. The kind attentions and
hospitality, both of the dean and of Mrs. Overall, are
warmly acknowledged in a letter ^ which is a record of
Casaubon's gratitude. A short note from the dean to Cas-
aubon * contains an invitation to him to go out of town
to visit him, in his country house at Islington. Among the
Adversaria of 1610 is a memorandum, that the dean had
suggested on Hebr. 10. 5, that ar&ij,a is a corruption of otrla
with reduplication of the final s of the preceding word
and that he proposed to read i Cor. 6. 4 interrogatively.
It may be noticed that even in this rough note, for his own
eye only intended, Casaubon cannot name Overall without
adding 'vir longe doctissimus,' a testimonial which is of
vastly more weight than A. Wood's ^, '
one of the pro-
foundest school divines of our nation,' or than Camden's ",
'
a man learned all round.'
1 Ep. 881. ' Tortura Torti, p. 47.

' Ep. 739. * Burney Mss. 364. p. 337.
° Athen. 2. 812. ' Camden, Annales, p. 849.
v.] LONDON, 1610-1614. 295
Casaubon writes to Heinsius ^ that among the men

in England who deserved the name of theologian were
the bishop of Ely, the bishop of Winchester, and the dean
of S. Paul's. But at this date his acquaintance with enghsh
churchmen was limited. When he visited Oxford he be-
came acquainted with several, of whom two at least, Abbot
(Robert) and Prideaux (John) deserved the compliment
equally with the three he names. Prideaux was rising
into distinction as tutor, and 1612, rector, of Exeter. He
particularly affected foreigners. In his time, and by his
means, the resort of foreigners to Oxford, which the re-
formation had broken off, seemed to be revived for a short
time, and on a small scale ^. Some of these were young
matriculated students others, older men, who only rented
;
chambers in the house, 'to improve themselves by his

company, his instruction, his direction.' His manners
were more polished than those of the average academic,
and Casaubon was attracted* to him at once. As
Prideaux was selected by the archbishop to reply for
Casaubon to Eudaemon-Joannes, the preparation of the
pamphlet led to much correspondence between the two.
Prideaux, who was a young and rising man, was very
anxious to be received into the favoured circle of court
divines, and saw his way to this by the medium of the
pamphlet. He was nervously desirous that what he wrote
should be satisfactory to the king, and that it should have
Casaubon's recommendation in that quarter*. He suc-
ceeded in pleasing the king and the archbishop by his
pamphlet, and was rewarded for it by the Regius
professorship of divinity. But this was after Casaubon's
death.
Of his principal Cambridge friend, Richard Thomson,
'
Ep. 744. '^
A. Wood, Athenae, 3. 269.
'Ep. 903 Ita :
'
me nuper cepisti, cum isthic te primum vidi ; multo magis
quum te loquentem audivi.'
' Ep 915 :
'
Non dubito quin ea res optimi regis animum tibi sit conciliatura.'
2,ge ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect,
something has been said before. Thomson was among

his earliest acquaintance. TravelHng to Italy, as tutor to
some nobleman, Thomson had made some stay, as most
Englishmen did, at Geneva. It was he who had introduced
Henry Wotton to Casaubon, and, more than this, who first
mentioned Casaubon to Scaliger. Thomson may thus be

said to have been the discoverer of Casaubon, as it was
through Scaliger that Casaubon became known to the
Parisian friends. Thomson was a book and manuscript
hunter, and had helped Casaubon to some things of this
kind, which he would fain have had regarded as presents,
but on this point Casaubon was scrupulous. Nor was it
only gratitude which bound Casaubon to Thomson.
Thomson's amiable qualities attached Casaubon he was ;
a favourite with Madame Casaubon, and he is the only

correspondent to whom the children send their remem-
brances. In his university (he was M. a. of Clare) he was
well considered as a scholar, and was on the company
of translators of king James' bible, for Hebrew. But he
had also coquetted with many classics, greek and latin,
helping any of his friends in their editions. He had given
suggestions to Casaubon for Suetonius, for Polybius, for
the Augustan historians, and to Farnaby for Martial. He
had talked of editing himself the Epistles to Atticus,
and Zonaras' Lexicon, but never did anything. He was
drawn, like his friend, into the theological vortex, and his
literary schemes ended in a polemical tract.
After his arrival in England, Casaubon occasionally saw
Thomson, and always with pleasure. Richard Thomson
and the bishop of Ely are two men in whose society time
is not lost 1- When he visited Cambridge it is Thomson
to whom Casaubon belongs, who, as matter of right, shows
him over the university. And when, afterwards in 1611,
Ephem. p. 876; A prandio nihil prorsus neque tamen poenitet, nam totum
'
;
tempus fui cum magno praesule D. Episcopo et amicissimo

Tomsone.'
v.] LONDON. 161C-1614. 297
Thomson got into trouble, it is to Casaubon he turns to

befriend him with the bishops ^
Outside the circle of court divines, or '
the theologians,'
Casaubon formed hardly any acquaintance during his
engHsh residence. His relations with the antiquaries,' as '
we may call the non-theological men of letters, were

merely distant.
Bacon's name is the symbol of so much, that we may be
naturally desirous to find any traces of his intercourse with
Casaubon. Casaubon had read Bacon's De
In 1609, '
Sapientia Veterum,' and, struck by the originaHty of the

piece, had spoken of it in a letter to Sir George Carew.
Sir George had told Bacon of Casaubon's good opinion.
Bacon, who was at that time desirous^ of making the
acquaintance of learned men beyond the seas,' wrote the
'
following letter to Casaubon :
Understanding from your letter to the lord Carew that

'
you approve my writings, I not only took it as a matter for

congratulation, but thought I would write to tell you how
much pleasure your favourable opinion had given me. My
earnest desire is, as you rightly divine, to draw the
sciences out of their hiding-places into the light. To write
at one's ease that which others are to read at their ease is
of little consequence ; the contemplations I have in view

are those which may bring about the better ordering of
man's and business with all its turmoil. How great an
life
enterprise this is, and with what small helps I have

attempted it, you will perhaps learn hereafter. Meanwhile
you would do me in return a very great pleasure if you
would communicate to me your own plans and occupations.
' See below, pp. 350, 351.
^ Spedding, Life, 4. 146. Birch appears to me to have rightly fixed the date
of Casaubon's letter (to which Bacon alludes) to somewhere between October
1609, and March 1610. In Bacon's Comm. solutus, Spedd. 4. 64, is a paper
headed Q. of learned men beyond the seas to be made, and hearkening who
'
they be that may be so inclined.' Mr. Spedding, 4. 145, explains made '
persuaded to take an interest in the Great instauration.' It appears to me

'
that made is to be referred to Q. = ' enquiry to be made.'

'
'
For ever think that this intercommunion of pursuits

I
conduces more to friendship than poHtical connections or

mutual services. I think no man could ever more truly
say of himself than I can, " multum incola fuit anima mea."
Indeed, I seem to have my conversation among the ancients
rather than among these with whom I live If in
anything my friendship can be of use or grace to you or

your's, assure yourself of my good and diligent service
and so biddeth you farewell, friend, etc' Your
This letter is but a draft, and was never sent. It may be
conjectured that Casaubon's coming to England about that
time removed him from the category to which Bacon's
memorandum referred. While Bacon's mind was occupied
with the speculations of the Sapientia Veterum,' he might
'
tell Casaubon that '

I seem to my conversation among
have
the ancients rather than among those with whom I live.'
This was a passing phase. If he inquired about Casaubon,
Bacon would learn that he was too much engrossed with
the episcopal pamphlet warfare to be available for the
purposes of the De Augmentis Scientiarum.' We know ^
what Bacon thought of church controversy. Had Bacon

frequented the bishop of Ely, he might then have chanced
on Casaubon. But we learn from his own letter ^ that he
now saw little or nothing of the bishop, and that from this
very cause, that your lordship hath been so busy in the
'
;
church and the i!)alace, disputing between kings and popes
a sentence which hardly disguises Bacon's contempt for
the bishop's occupation.
With William Camden, the '
Pausanias of Britain,' as
A. Wood calls him, Casaubon would naturally be more in

sympathy. In the early Genevan days,- when an exile
from learned societ}^, Casaubon had ventured, among other
feelers, a letter to Camden, desiring his acquaintance on
the ground of his admiration of the '
Britannia.' In his
remote corner, difficult as books were to get^ this small
' Spedding, Life, 4. 137. ^ Spedding, Life, 4. 141.
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 399
volume, published in London, and relating to distant

England, had not escaped Casaubon's watchful eye. The
same letter intimated to Camden respectfully, but un-
hesitatingly, that the word '
was not derived from
Britain '
'
Brith and ravia ^.' The head master of Westminster was
not accustomed to have his greek questioned. He did
not condescend to alter his derivation in the edition of
1607,* and the acquaintance made slow progress. But
when Casaubon was settled in Paris, Camden, now become
Clarencieux, and in regular correspondence with the
British embassy and with de Thou, heard much of Cas-
aubon. The books Casaubon was known to be writing,
formed part of the public news with which William Becher
entertained Camden. And so, through the embassy,
Camden sent Casaubon a copy of the new edition of his
'
Britannia,' 1607. Casaubon returned the compliment by
sending Camden a copy of his Polybius
;
though he
'
'
could hardly hope much appreciation of his labour from

one who identified -tannia with ravLa.. When Casaubon
came to England, the acquaintance went no further.
Camden lived now at Chiselhurst. A journey thither was
the business of half a day. For some reason or other,
perhaps because of his close connection with Wotton
and Savile, Camden showed no desire to cultivate
Casaubon.
We do not find that sir Robert Cotton appreciated
Casaubon much better than Camden did. We hear ^ of
his spending one day with sir Robert, or probably in his
library. He could have access to it, as he offers to search
it for the purposes of Charles Labbe ^. And Cotton had
' Taii'm = a narrow strip of land, like a loose riband or streamer. See
Wesseling on Diodorus, i. 36. Dio Chrysost. p. 83. But Camden writes
ravia, or, in all editions after the first, tania, and affirms that the glossarists
explain it as 'regio.' Casaubon remarks that the word is not greek. Perhaps
Camden got his word from Stephanus, who says, Thes. p. 1308 At ravia, pro
:
'
plaga, regio, tractus terrarum nescio unde afferatur.'

^ Ephem. p. 1036. Ep. 753.
3C0 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
pointed out to Casaubon that ' nos ' was the reading of the
passage in Rishanger, where Parsons chose to print
I'VOS.'
It must not be one cause of his
forgotten, however, that
not extending his acquaintance more widely must have
been, that his time was now closely occupied with the
work imposed upon him.
We have seen that Casaubon contemplated at first only
a short visit to this country. When he became Overall's
guest, he did not think that he should remain at the
deanery for a whole year. His stay in England was pro-
longed '^
from interval to interval, but was still considered
by himself as provisional. He experienced a sense of
relief in getting away from Paris ^. '
My country, dear as
it is to me on many become, by the murder of
accounts, is
my prince, an object of loathing and aversion.' He cannot

bear to see those whose doctrine instigated and author-
ised the deed lording it in the scene of their crime.
Then the reception he met with here, and the succession of
occupations forced on him by the king, detained him, but
always subject to the pleasure of the french government.
'
The most whose subject and servant I am,'
christian king,
is his style. There was difficulty in getting leave for
Madame Casaubon to come over greater still in getting ;
his books. He was more than a year in England without

his familyand without any of his books. Madame Casau-
bon joined him in October 1611. The queen regent flatly
refused permission for his library to be sent him *. More
than once he learns that he is to be immediately recalled.
• Exercc. in Bar. ded. p. 12, and proleg., where he quotes Matthew Paris,
' Vita Abbatum,' from a ms. which sir R. Cotton had shown him ' in sua Ubraria.'
The letter in which he aslis for these references to be given him on paper is in
Birch's papers, Sloane mss. 4164. p. 220.

^ Ep. 705 : 'Cum paucos menses destinassem evenit longe aliter.'
Epp. 698, 699.
^
* Ephem. Regina negat se permissuram

p. 843 :
'
ut deferatur hue bibliotheca.
June, 161 1.
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614, 301
James had to request as a personal favour to himself the

loan of Casaubon. His leave of absence is indefinitely pro-
longed ; but he is not discharged. As for his books and
papers, he may have some of them, just what he requires
for the thing he is now writing ^. These are enough for
his shorter pamphlets but when he comes to write ;
against Baronius he wants them all. Madame Casaubon

returns to Paris to plead the cause. She waits upon the
queen You have done well to come back,' was the
:
'
answer of Marie de Medicis. I have written to your '
husband to return at once, and it is my pleasure that you

do not go back to England to him.' There had to be
more negotiations, a contest between the two courts for
the possession of Casaubon ^. Casaubon is to stay a little
longer Madame Casaubon may return. The books,
;
some of them, may go for present use not all, a third ;
part, and not the most useful books ^

we must retain ; '
some lien upon our subject.' His french pension even is

continued to him, but from term to term. He does not
consider himself permanently settled when he has done ;
with Baronius there is nothing that need keep him in

England another hour *.
At first he had been a guest or a lodger of the dean of
S. Paul's; then of Madame Killigrew. At Michaelmas
161 1, he took a house in S. Mary Axe. The house was
found for him by Abraham Aurelius (Auriol), minister of
the french congregation, who himself lived in Bishopsgate
ward^. S. Mary Axe ran from Leadenhall to Camomile
Street,and is described by Stowe as " 'a street graced
with good buildings, and much inhabited by eminent
' Ep. 749 :
' Nondum plenam missionem a regina impetravi.'
^ Ep. 732 : ' Uxorem in Angliam
psene detinuit reglna, vetuit redire
sed, ;
mox, consilium de rae revocando aut omissum est, aut intermissum.'

^ Ep.
733 Ne, semel nactus meam bibliothecam, patriae obliviscar.'
:
'
* Ep. 8ro: Hunc librum si dedicavero

' nihil est quod rae in hoc regno
. . .
vel horam unam teneat.'

^ Camden Society, vol. 82. p. 70.
° Stowe, Survey of London, 1. 420.
3oa ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect,
merchants.' At an earlier period even country gentlemen

had dwelt in S. Mary Axe, as sir Edward Wotton had his
town house there. But the Wottons had migrated further
west before Casaubon came to settle in the street. In
September 1613, he removed to one more commodious,
and further west, in the '
new rents,' Drury Lane. He is
only here provisionally; and though the discomforts of

London are great, the compensations are not a few.
Indeed, the two years, 161 1, 1612, were, on the whole,
peaceful and not unhappy years. He enters in his diary,
on his fifty-third birthday, an expression of thankfulness,
that he has passed the year ^ without serious disaster, or
cause of complaint ; and this is the only entry of the kind
in The means of subsistence were provided
the diary.
forhim not altogether insufficiently he was honoured ;
and made much of at court; above all, he was happy

in the free exercise of the rights of conscience. The
anglican ritual exactly met his aspirations after the decent
simplicity of primitive worship. Almost his first intro-
duction to the ceremonial of our church was on the
notable occasion of the consecration of the Scottish
bishops, October 21, 1610. He was highly pleased with
the order of that service ; with the ordinary celebration of
the communion in S. Paul's with the washing of the feet;
on Maundy Thursday though his presbyterian senti-

;
ment was at first inclined to find a little too much pomp •
and pride mingling in the solemn scene of an episcopal

ordination ^. But on the whole he preferred the anglican
ceremonies to the bare and naked usages of his own
Ephem. 918
^ Sine graviore noxa aut querella.'
:
'
The same impression had been made upon Sully, when he came over in
'^
1603. Barlow, Hampton Court conference, p. 38 My lord of London put his

:
'
majesty in mind of the speeches which the french embassador Mo*"'. Rogne
gave out upon the view of our solemne service and ceremonies, that
. .
" If the reformed churches in Fraunce had kept the same orders among them
which we have, he was assured that there would have bene many thousands of
protestants more there, than now there are."
v.] LONDON. 161O-1614. 303
communion. His infant son James was baptized, and

Meric confirmed ^, according to the anglican ritual, not, as
all their brothers and
had been, by the calvinistic
sisters
ministers. He approves the lent fast, and the use of the
cross in baptism. On the points on which the high and
the low party within the church differ, at least on the real
presence and on confession, he inclines rather to the
sacerdotal side. But he did not forsake the french
congregation, of which he continued to be a member.
He attended the preaching from time to time, though not
seldom hearing doctrine from which he differed, and
philology which he knew to be rotten ^ and was on terms ;
of friendly intimacy with the ministers Cappel and Auriol,

who were assiduous in attending him in his dying
moments.
In one main feature his London life exactly resembled
the routine of Paris. It was a life of incessant toil, and a
constant struggle to protect his time against the encroach-
ments of visits and visitors. EngHsh men of letters at this
time were few, and those few did not draw to Casaubon.
Casaubon had been accustomed in Paris to the gossips
crowding to him ^. It was not to be expected that enghsh
callers would flock in shoals in London, to the house of a
man who could not speak their language, and who was
ignorant of what was going on. Nor was London, Hke
Paris, the resort of the learned foreigner, to whom it offered
no attraction either in books or men. Here, too, Casaubon
was free, both from the pushing intrusion of the cathoHc
proselytizer, and from the sans ceremonie of the hugue-
not residents, made gregarious by common misery. He
was further relieved from his duties at the library.
All this was favourable to work. But the claims on his
> Ephem. pp, 950. 1054. 823. 817, 818.

^ Ephem. p. 854 :Pastorem Marium audivi ...
' qui ab interpretatione veterum
et doctrina longe abiit, nee minus a significatione verborum avvepyttv et

TtKfoOTJvm: ' Ephem. p. 694.
time, official and social, from which he was relieved, were

replaced by others no less troublesome. In Paris he was
the king's servant, but he did not belong to the court. In
London though of one so humble it could not be said he
was of the court,' yet, according to the distinction drawn
'
by lord Clarendon \ he followed it. He was with the '

'
king, as we have seen, every Sunday, sometimes also on

week-days, and these were not audiences, but attendances
prolonged for hours. With the going and the returning,
the attendance never took less than the whole day ; when
the court was two or more days. When
in the country,
from May 5 to September 19 he has not seen the king, he
thinks this a long interval ^. James, who was on progress
in the southern counties, returned to Whitehall on
September 8, but did not stay ^, and on September 19
Casaubon goes out to Theobald's, and is honoured with a
long and serious colloquy on various matters *. He must
also occasionally visit prince Henry ; after his death,
prince Charles ; often the archbishop. The archbishop is
out at Croydon. This, we might imagine, would consume

the whole day, yet Casaubon will find time after his return
to write some part of the genealogy of the Herods. He is
invited to dineby the bishops, by the french ambassador,
by the ambassador of the czar of Muscovy, by the prince
of Baden, by the lord mayor of London. Overall takes
him to the banquet of the Merchant Taylors, than which
'he never saw anything more magnificent.' He is often
at Madame Killigrew's, sees much of the french pastors,
as of his compatriot, Theodore de Mayerne =, first phy-
sician to the king, and of Raphael Thoris. Abraham Scul-
' Clarendon, Life, i. 36 :

' Thomas Carew . .followed the court, which the
.
modesty of that time disposed men to do, sometime before they pretended to be
of it.'
Êphem. p. 1014. = Nichols, Progr.
of James i, 2. 677.
*Ephem. p. 1014 Gravia cum rege de rebus variis habui coUoquia.'
:
'
' Theodore Turquet was born at Geneva, 1573, and may have known
Casaubon at Montpellier, where he took the degree of m.e. 1597.
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 305
tetus, then residing in London, is much with him and

welcome. Occasional visits from foreigners, though more
rare than at Paris, happened now and then ; as when the
due de Bouillon, attended by his Sedan ministers, Justell,
Cappel, Du Tiloir, came over and had to be attended to.
James, in his capacity of theologian, is professionally
curious to have explained to him the points of doctrine in
which the church of Sedan differs from the church of
Paris. Then a new libel of Scioppius appears, and has to
be read and elucidated to the king. Ite studia nihil '
!
vobiscum mihi ecce totum diem in aula egi ad 10 horam

;
noctis,' is the entry on May 15. He may say his friends

are few, but they are too numerous for continuous work.
'
June 7, 1612. Roused out of bed almost before break of
day to attend upon some friends, which took a long time.'
•
June 18. Went to spend the day with the excellent Bed-
well, with my wife and so on.
;
'
Of the foreign visitants who came to him in London

two deserve separate mention. The young Georg Calix-
tus was in London, in the summer of 1612, in the course
of that four years' travel, by which he sought to counteract
in himself the narrowing influence of the lutheran bigotry,
by which he was surrounded even in liberal Helmstadt^.
Calixtus, though only twenty-six, had already conceived
the idea of going back to the study of the fathers, in order
to retrieve religion from the suspended animation in
which it was held in the orthodox formularies. At his
age Calixtus must have been without acquisitions, but he
possessed vision and aims. The young aspirant, who
had raised himself above lutheranism, was naturally anxious
to approach the veteran scholar, who was known to have
himself emerged from Calvinism. Casaubon granted him
two interviews, which naturally left a deeper impression
on the younger, than on the older, man. Calixtus, whose
life labour was an Irenicon,' may have found himself
'
1 Georg Calixtus, b. 1586, f 1656-
X
Strengthened by the sympathy which Casaubon would

accord to this direction of his youthful admirer. Casau-
bon, who was in infrequent correspondence with Caselius
(Johann Chessel), would be able to
Calixtus' teacher,
learn that even among the lutherans there were some not
so wholly lost to humanity as Scaliger used to affirm^.
But Casaubon was now absorbed day and night in the push
to finish the Exercitationes,' and even so promising a
'
visitor as Calixtus counted only as one more thief of time.

On the day on which he saw Calixtus the second time,
Casaubon has only entered in the diary sacra synaxis, '
amici, studia^.' Beyond the brief remark that he had

found him ^ learned and of no common taste in letters,'
'
there is no note of their intercourse. With this recom-

mendation he sent off Calixtus to de Thou in Paris.
With his other visitor, a name renown than
of greater
Calixtus, Casaubon, though at high pressure on Baronius,
spent, reluctant yet willing, many hours, even days.
Grotius* was in London in March and April, 1613. He
was already in correspondence, and in ecclesiastical sym-
pathy, established through correspondence, with Casau-
bon. Their point of view was sufficiently like for them to
be classed by the historians * together among the waverers.
Their aim, the reunion of Christendom, was the same.
They sought it by different roads Grotius, by the states- ;
man's road of a comprehension Casaubon, by

political ;
the theologian's, a merging of minor differences in a com-

mon Christianity, on the basis of the primitive centuries.
Casaubon was introduced to Grotius at the young prince
of Baden's lodging. On this occasion they had a long ^
met afterwards as often as they could.
conversation, and
Casaubon took him to dine ' at the dean's, the bishop of
' Scaligerana 2". Martinistes,
p. 151 ;
'
il n'y a point de gens si ignorans et
barbares qu'eux en Alemagne.' '^
Ephem. p. 936.
^ Ep. 818 :
' Doetum et judicii in literis non vulgaris.'
• Grotius, b. 1583, f 1645. s
E. g. by Hallam, a. 31a.
" Ephem. p. 975 :
'
Detentus diu.' ' Ep. 886.
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 307
Ely's, and the french embassy. On April 30, Grotius and

the dean were entertained at supper by Casaubon. Gro-
tius says ^ that '
they saw each other daily.' Common
sentiments brought them together, but Casaubon soon
felt the personal fascination of Grotius' talk. He cannot
express ^ the happiness he enjoys in this intercourse. '
I
knew him before to be a wonderful man ; but the superi-

ority of that divine geniusno one can properly appreciate,
without seeing his countenance, and hearing his conver-
sation. Integrity is stamped on his face in his talk is ;
exhibited the union of exquisite learning and genuine

piety. Nor is it I who am so taken with our visitor
only ;
all the learned and good who have been introduced to

him have fallen under the spell, and the king more than
any one.' Upon Grotius' mind the memory of this inter-

course remained still fresh after five-and-twenty years.
In 1639 he writes Gronovius (J. F.), Of the pieces of

^ to '
good fortune which have befallen me in the course of my

life, I reckon it among the chief that I had the regard and
affection of that great man, whose piety, honesty, and can-

dour, were not less remarkable than his vast all-embracing
erudition. can look back, without sadness, to those
I
times, gloomy as they were, and those trying occasions, in

which I guided myself by his counsel, and those of the
party which he approved.'
He contrived to make all these calls upon his time
compatible with unremitting industry at his desk. The
whole space of time lived in England was three years and
eight months, a period of broken health and ebbing
strength. In this time he wrote i. Epistola ad Fron- :
tonem, 171 pp. 4to. 2. Responsio ad epistolam Card.
Perronii, 81 pp. 4to. 3. Exercitationes in Baronium, 830
pp. fol. 4.Epistola ad Lingelshemium de quodam Scioppii

libello. 5. To these must be added the letters, both of
^ Grotii Ep. ep. 184. app. :

'
Cum quotidie simul essemus.'
^
Ep. 881. ' Grotii Epp. ep. 1168.
X 2
business and friendship, of which some 280, written in

England, have been recovered and pubHshed. These
letters would form a thick 8vo volume, reckoning the
average length of a letter at two pages. But we know,
from the diary, that the published letters are but a part of
what he threw off, all from' his own pen. There is of
course some repetition of the sense, thoughts, and words
to different correspondents. On the other hand, many-
are elaborate compositions,some of considerable length,
and nearly all was a material
in latin. Letter writting
part of every day's work when a foreign courier was ;
starting, the whole day was often thus occupied. The

letters, even if not on affairs of consequence, are always
worded with care and thought, and the latin, though
without the racy flavour of Scaliger's latin style, is by
no means commonplace. 6. The diary continued to be
regularly kept, and the english portion of this occupies
295 pages Bvo of print.
Over and above what he writes himself, he has to read
over, and advise upon, what others write. When he
arrived in England, October 1610, Andrewes had nearly
completed his Responsio' to card. Bellarmine's Apo-
' '
logia.' Casaubon had the task of reading this over, and

making corrections, which corrections the author adopted ^
Then he had to begin the Epistola ad Frontonem.' '
The writing, correcting, and printing this took up the

greater part of 161 1. When this task was disposed of, he
hopes to be able to get his time for his own readings. He
has immediately to begin another, the '
Epistola ad Card.
Perronium.' He composes this, or rather writes it over,
in a few days, for the matter is supplied by the king ^, and
Casaubon has only to find the latin. But the king and
' Ephem. p. 792 :

' Meas notulas non neglexit, imo pluris fecit, quam mere-
ban tun'
^ Ep. 839 :
' Le roy s'est servi de moi pour secretaire, mais la piece est de sa
majesty . . . il a exactement medite cette sienne reponse.'
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 309
the coterie of bishops had to revise and retouch. The

court was at Royston, and it was the hunting season. It
took time to get the piece corrected, and written over, so

that it was not sent to the cardinal till Dec. 29, 1611.
We may easily understand that it took more trouble and
time to be secretary to the epistle, than to have composed
it. It was sent to the cardinal in ms, but he printed it,
with his own, to which it was the answer, in Paris.

Casaubon was ordered by the king to print an authorised
edition in London, and to write a preface, which was to be
at the same time an answer to another libel of one Pelle-
tier, a Jesuit. The preface was to be his own, and yet he
was to be told what he was to say in it. Before the book
was off his hands came a pamphlet of Vorstius, which so
absorbed James that for days he could talk of nothing
else ^, and Casaubon must be there to be talked to about
it. James must reply to Vorstius. But Casaubon is not
to be used against the arminian heretics. He is hardly
sound himself there ^, and besides he is to be kept for the
catholic controversy. And he is no longer to be frittered
away in this skirmishing business. He is to attack the
Annals of Baronius ^. Casaubon

This was a compromise ;
would be contending for the cause, while at the same

time he would be treating matter which had more interest
for him than the pamphlets on which the last eighteen
months had been spent.
It is impossible not to regret that Casaubon, who could
have done work which no one else could, should have

been kept to writing pamphlets, which scores of others
could have written quite as well. But it must not be
1 Ep. 799 : '

Serenissimum regem ita occupatam animi mentem habuisse
in recente quodam libro Vorstii, ut plures dies alia de re fere nulla mecum
ageret.'
^ Ephem. p. 896 Laudo regis zelum pro religione. scimus viros graves,
:
'
et apprime doctos de Bertio non ita sentire, neque de Arminio.'

3 Ep. 810: 'Ut immunitatera aliarum angariarum mihi pararem, et maximo
tamen regi satisfacerem.'
supposed that he shared he this regret himself, or that
was writing as a hired advocate for a cause in which he

was lukewarm. It is to him, not the cause of the king
and bishops in which he is fighting, it is the cause of the
church of God, the cause of civil society against the
common enemy, the bishop of Rome, and his emissaries.
Coming from France, he knew, better than the anglican
bishops, what that ultramontane yoke meant, against which
the english church was struggling. He tells Schott ^ that
it was horror at the assassination of his prince that had
driven him to the meditation of this subject of the roman

claims. In writing his Frontonem in defence
'
Epistola ad '
of James, he was thinking of Henri iv. The act of

Ravaillac was well understood to be the legitimate, how-
ever remote, result of the theories of the ultramontane
school. He writes to HoescheP, 'If you want to know
the cause of the king's death, read the " Directorium
Inquisitionis." The murder of my great Maecenas has
so enraged me against the mystery of iniquity, that I
think it now a part of my religion to make public pro-

fession of belief (in the royal supremacy).'
The anti-papal controversy of James' reign is as obsolete
for our generation as any other theological squabble, and
the books, in which it is consigned, are equally forgotten
Casaubon's among the rest. But those who are ac-
quainted with the situation of affairs at that period, are
aware that this was no brawl of rival divines. The
cathoHc historian'*, following the catholic reporter La
Boderie, draws a ludicrous picture of James, withdrawing
from affairs of state and the pleasures of the chase,
shutting himself up with his doctors, and concocting an
argument to prove the pope to be anti-christ. Nothing
Ep. 777 :
' Ipse ixiiiv aeKovri ye Bv/jw ad tractationem ejusmodi argument!
animum appuli. quis coegit ? inquies. dicam tibi quod res est. ilia atra et nefasta
dies,' etc. 2
Ep. 827.
^ Lingard, Hist, of Engl. 7. 78; cf. Churchill, Gotham, 6. 2; 'And pamphlets
wrote when he should save the state.'
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 311
that James did was done becomingly. His pedantic

him open to the sarcasms of the french am-
vanity laid
bassador. At a later period he forfeited the confidence
of his subjects by a catholic policy; by the Spanish
negotiation, the french match, and the inadequate support
of his son-in-law and the protestants of Germany. But in
161 1 he was heartily contending against the still advancing
tide of the catholic reaction. The form in which this was
threatening Europe was indeed that of military force, but
it was also an invasion of opinion. The Jesuits did not
draw the sword in Germany until they had gained a
footing in the minds of men. The books and pamphlets
they were now disseminating were what made the thirty
years' war possible. When the enemy was successfully
avaihng himself of the power of the press, it was wise
and necessary that he should be niet on the same ground.
Nor was James fighting for his own skin, nor even, as he
phrased it, for the rights of princes. The hopes of the
ultramontane party at this moment embraced no less than
the re-conquest of Christendom to the holy see ; the exter-
mination of heresy by and sword, as Scioppius had
fire
It was no
boldly proclaimed in his Ecclesiasticus (161 1).
mere paper warfare. The powder-plot, which we try to
forget, or laugh at, was a recent fact; the murder of
Henri iv. more recent still. The S. Bartholomew, the
Armada, and the cruelties of Alva in Flanders, were not
incidents of a legendary fore-time, but the exploits in
which a menacing and aggressive party gloried, and which
they hoped to repeat or to outdo.
Casaubon's share in the interchange of pamphlets
between England and Rome was not large, though it
was more than could be well spared out of a life which
closed at fifty-six.
It might have been expected that the powder-plot, by

its atrocity, would have originated a reaction against the
party by which it was conceived. This was the case in
our own But not so on the continent. The

country.
ultramontane pamphleteers had been able to excite con-
siderable sympathy for the conspirators, and especially
for Garnett. He was represented by them as a martyr
to the inviolability of the secret of confession. These
representations were making so deep an impression on
when they reached England, authenticated
the public, that,
in an elaborate statement by cardinal Bellarmine, it was
necessary to oppose some official denial ^ This was done
by the king himself in his own name. James published a
'
Monitory epistle to all christian monarchs, free princes,
and states,' and prefixed it to a new edition (1609) of his
former pamphlet, 'Triplici nodo triplex cuneus.' In this
monitory epistle he asserted that Garnett had acknow-
ledged his being cognisant of the plot, otherwise than in
confession. At the same time a more elaborate answer
was prepared by Andrewes, then bishop of Chichester,
in which this thesis was maintained at greater length,
and authenticated by citation of Garnett's written con-
fessions. This answer was published, in 1609, under the
title of Tortura Torti,' and has a historical value, because
'
two of the papers cited as written by Garnett are no

longer extant among the rest of the original papers
relating to the plot. But so strongly was the current of
feeling running in favour of the ultramontane party, and
so superior were the means of influencing opinion pos-
sessed by the Jesuits to those which the protestants could
employ, that neither the king's affirmation, nor the bishop's
vouchers, could stem the tide. The belief in Saint Garnett,
the martyr of the secret of confession, grew amain, and
soon blossomed into a miracle. The myth of Garnett's
straw, germinating in the fancy of a silly enthusiast, grew
in a short space into such proportions that it became the
theme of a diplomatic correspondence. Received with
' Bellarmine's book is ' Responsio Matthsei Torti ... ad librum inscrip-
tum, Triplici nodo triplex cuneus.' Col. Agripp. 1608.
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 313
entire faith in catholic countries, the legend excited so

much interest in Spain, that the english ambassador was
directed to make a representation to the Spanish authorities
on the subject \ It was thought that Casaubon's name
might help to abate the delusion, which was gaining for
the catholic party dangerous sympathies. English tes-
timony was of light weight in catholic countries it was ;
thought that the attestation of an independent foreigner,

whose character for veracity was unimpeachable, might
be listened to. This is the origin of Casaubon's 'Epistola
ad Frontonem,' 1612, of which David Jardine says that
'though new Casaubon acquitted
to this kind of writing,
himself well in His statement wants the keen edge
it.'
and point of Andrewes' dialectic, but it is also free from

the bishop's cavil and passion for verbal victory. Having
to deal with opponents whose case was a tissue of un-
scrupulous misrepresentation, he meets their perversity
not with excited passion, but with a grave statement of
the simple facts. It is characteristic that he is more
angry when he has to correct Baronius' chronological
errors, or mistranslations of greek, than over the most
provoking distortion of fact in the Jesuit account of the
powder conspiracy. He earned the praise of moderation,
but beyond this he neither obtained credit for his clients,
nor reputation for himself, by going into the quarrel. He
became a mark for the vulgar personalities which are the
ordinary missiles in party warfare. Hitherto he had lived
where he reigned without
for science, in a region apart,
rivalry or contradiction. He had now descended into the
arena where, muscle for muscle, the arm of a butcher
might be more powerful than his.
• Winwood's Mem. 2. 336. Cornwallis to Salisbury, August 29, 1607. The

growth of the fable of ' Garnett's straw ' is traced in detail by Jardine, Gun-
powder Plot, pp. 266 seq. In this instance, as in that of La Salette, we have
in our hands the means of following, step by step, the genesis of a catholic
legend.
There was, of course, an '

answer forthcoming to the
'
'
Epistola ad Frontonem.' It was from a Jesuit pen,
and one only second in its clever smartness to that of

Scioppius ^ The Responsio of Andreas Eudaemon-
'
'
Joannes, stripped of its flippant rhetoric, reduces itself

to a reassertion of what Bellarmine had before affirmed,
viz. that Garnett had been executed for not divulging
the secret of confession. But it was quite successful.

Reassertion was argument enough for the catholic
pubhc. As Casaubon had failed to reach them, Abbot,
the regius proffessor of divinity, was put on the con-
troversy, and restated the case of the crown in greater
detail, and with more elaborate proof In vain. Abbot
had no greater success than Andrewes or Casaubon.
CathoHc literature had become a system of falsehood
and imposture. Catholic histories continued, and con-
tinue still, to repeat that Garnett had suffered, not for
treason, but for religion.
Upon this vain effort to stem the reactionary flood, our
scholar had flung away precious months. It may have
been some perception of this waste of power which deter-
mined the king's resolution that Casaubon should do no
more pamphlet work. He is to have no more tasks set
him. His whole time shall be devoted to the work on
church history.
We have seen how, in the earliest days, Casaubon had
desired to devote himself to sacred studies. Both his
literary ambition, and his love of learning, concurred in
taking this colour from the deep religious impressions of
his youth. We have seen how he became a classical
student and editor in spite of himself Strabo, Suetonius,
Athenaeus, Polybius, and the rest, were successively taken
' Eudsemon- Joannes' book is Responsio ad epistolam Isaaci Casauboni.' The

'
only edition I have seen is Colon. Agripp. 1612, but it may be a reprint.
Abbot's book is ' Anlilogia adversus apologiam Andreee Eudsemon-Joannis.'

Londini, 1613, 4°.
v.] LONDON. 1610-16x4. 315
up as interimistic jobs,
mere exercises to keep his hand
he could get freed from the entanglements of life,
in, till
into the pure empyrean of that happy leisure which formed

his ideal, when he would concentrate his matured powers
upon sacred criticism. This longed-for ^ otium we have ' '
seen him pursue from Geneva to MontpeUier, from Mont-

pellier to Paris, from Paris to London, as the vision still
fled before him. He is now, April, 1612, in his fifty-fourth
year. Though entered on the decline of
life, though a
friendly physician can read the fatal sign on his brow, he

feels no intellectual decay he may still have years before
;
him enough for the production of some capital work on

the antiquities of the church. He is removed above want,
if not altogether above anxiety on the score of provision
for his family. He is to have no more pamphlet work.

He may select his own subject, or rather the subject he
has already selected himself is the very one which will
best please his patron.
The refutation of Baronius was an employment which
was not suggested to him first in England. We have
seen that he had long meditated it. In 1605 he only took
up Polybius because the ultramontane policy of Henri iv.
dared not permit criticism on a book which the see of
Rome would not allow to be contradicted^. Now that
he he recurs to his cherished idea. He will satisfy
is free,
himself by writing on church history. He will satisfy his

party by destroying the credit of the catholic historian.
The early and constant bent of Casaubon's mind had
been towards theology. But what was commonly known
by this name, doctrinal or systematic theology, as taught
in the schools, lay entirely outside his walk. His reading
had led him at once to the sources out of which had been
'
Ep. 1023 : '
Omnino otia quaerimus, si ita modo visum fuerit D. O. M. Ea
enim molimur in Uteris, quae animi tranquillitatem desiderant.'
^ '
Quasi a Baronio dissentire sit nefas,' says Rigaltius, Contin. Thuani, 6.
470.
3l6 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
constructed that ^'web of subtlety and spinosity,' the

scholastic theology. He was in possession, as hardly
any one else had been, of the key of ecclesiastical anti-
quity. Having exhausted heathen greek, he had gone on
into christian greek. At first as greek only, but he had
found it full of a new interest. Casaubon never reads as
a grammarian in pursuit of words. He is thoroughly
realistic. He is, indeed, quite alive to the importance of
seizing the exact sense of words, but only for the sake of
that which is to be learnt from the words. The true ap-
proach to christian antiquity is through pagan antiquity.
The continuity of history is complete. There is no break.
As the christian empire is the pagan empire under a new
name, outcome of the greek
so christian literature is the
classical literature. It is not only built up with the old
materials, like the forts which the Turks constructed with

the sculptured blocks of the greek temples, it issues from
the greek sources of thought. In earlier times, Casaubon
had dreamed of treating this period of literature in the
spirit of In 1596, at Geneva, in the

learned research.
plenitude of his acquirement, he had proposed to bring
out Athenaeus first, then to dispose in like manner of
^
Polybius, after which he would ' set an example to our
side, that, forsaking these gladiatorial combats so perni-
cious to the christian world, they should busy themselves
rather in illustrating the affairs of the ancient church, and
the holy fathers.' Gradually he is drawn into the vortex
of controversy. Instead of approaching the history of
the church from the classical side, he will approach it
from the and the interests of his own day.

modern side,
The conception which he had formed of christian archae-

ology fades, and mixes itself with the idea of proving
' Bacon, Advancement of Learning.
''
Ep. 1008 Majus opus movebimus et nostro exempio praeibimus hominibus
;
'
partium nostrarum ut ad res veteris ecclesias et sanctissimos patres illustrandos

novam operam conferre malint, quam ad andabaticas istas pugnas, toti orbi
christiano tam perniciosas.'
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 317
how church of Rome has strayed from primitive

far the
]
faith and worship. His indignation at the blunders of

Baronius is as keen as ever, but he is no longer the
scholar indignant at a literary impostor; he is the theo-
logical polemic, burning to turn these blunders to account
in the quarrel of his church with Rome. The centre of
his interests, which once was scientific, has become de-
nominational. He who in 1605 had written to Du Perron ^
the proud boast that all his studious hours had been given
to the search of truth, not to exhibitions in the arena of
paper warfare, was catching the infection from his environ-
ment, and on the way to rejoice in fighting. He regularly
reads the flying sheets with which the press teems, which
kind friends send him sometimes in early copies, before
publication, and in which he now finds his own name
recur with increasing frequency. He knows what answers
are in preparation, and rejoices beforehand in their
crushing eff"ect.
^
' As for Bellarmine's book,' he says
on one occasion, I can leave it '
alone, as he will soon
see it quashed by Barclay fils as dead as a mouse in a
trap.'
This being Casaubon's own disposition, we cannot

charge it upon the english king and bishops, he that
gave the rest of his life to antagonistic writing, and that

he threw his learning into the unfortunate shape of a
critique on Baronius.
Casaubon had never seen the Annales till the summer '
'
of 1598. Geneva was too poor to buy books, and the

circulation of Baronius, large as it was, was wholly
catholic. Protestant cities, such as Geneva and Mont-
pellier, had probably not seen a copy. During his stay
'
Ep. 417: 'Ego vigilias omnes meas amori veritatis in quocunque genere
literarum semper impend!, non Koyo/iaxiais irpis eiriSeiîv comparatis.'
^
Ep. ad Front, p. 38 : ' Qui suum ilium librum ...
a Barclai filio . .
videbit brevi soricina neenia confossiorem redditum.' [Soncina nenia ^Plautus,

Bacchides, iv. 8. 48) apparently means 'a mouse-meat sausage.' For nenia in
this sense, see Arnobius vii. 24, 25, and Festus, pp. 161, 163, Muller.]
in de Vic's house at Lyon in 1598, Casaubon first fell

in with some of the earlier volumes'. At de Vic's sug-
gestion, he sent a letter to Baronius, expressing the
sentiments of respect and admiration which had been
excited in him by the first reading. Baronius returned,
in 1599, a copy of his 8th volume, which was just out,
and a civil reply ^, in which he persisted in regarding
Casaubon's compliment as a feeler. '
He rejoiced to
find him knocking at the gate of the church, for no less
could he understand by his commending the work of
an orthodox man.' In an Italian, a cardinal, and a holy
man, we might naturally view this letter as preluding to
a bargain. And Clement viii. did, afterwards, send Casau-
bon an intimation that he might have a pension of 1300
crowns if he chose to go to Rome for it. But the suspi-
cion would be unjust to the simple-minded character of
Baronius^. His narrow education led him to regard the
ark of Peter as possessing the same supernatural attrac-
tions for all, which it had for himself Casaubon, an
equally candid soul, took the letter in this light, as a
proffer of amity. In 1603, he sent the return compliment,
in the shape of a copy, or promise to send one the first
opportunity, of his '

Historiae Augustae Scriptores,' with
a civil allusion to the places in the notes in which *
' my
calculations differ from yours.' Baronius replied, not
expressing any interest in the Augustan historians, or
in Casaubon's criticism on himself, but great concern
for his salvation. ® ' He would be pleased to receive
' Ep. 175: 'Contigit mihi dum Lugduni otiosus agerem tuum opus cum
Baronii annalibus nondum mihi tum visis, posse contendere.'
Burney mss. 363. ap. Russell, i. 32 'Cum tantopere orthodoxi hominis
^ :
scriptacommendas, plane pultare te ecclesiae catholicae januam satis intelligo.'

^ Dr. Donne, however, Letter to sir H. G.
p. 33, writes I have known that:
'
Serarius the Jesuit was an instrument from cardinal Baronius to draw him
(Hugh Broughton) to Rome, to accept a stipend only to serve the christian
churches in controversies with the jews.'
' Ep. 338, also in Baronius, Epistolse, ep. 165.
' Burney mss. 363. ap. Russell, i. 115.
v.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 319
the book, but much more so to hear that the announce-

ment, so often made, of his conversion, was true.' This
was a kind of correspondence which it did not pay
Casaubon to maintain, and he let it drop. He is now
in possession of a copy of the '
Annales,' and his respect
for the compiler's learning is rapidly vanishing. He
is irritated by the vogue of a book so uncritical and
unscholarlike, and proposes to review it, philologically
only —not otherwise. Even a philological review of a
roman book is impossible in France, in face of the
reaction, and Casaubon turns to Polybius since he could
do no better. When then, in 1612, he undertakes a
review of the '
Annates,' he is but reviving an old pro-
ject,for which he had already got together materials.
Baronius meanwhile had profited by the correspondence
of 1603, for in his next edition he adopted every one of
the corrections Casaubon had made, but without acknow-
ledgment.
APPENDIX TO SECTION V.
Note A. p. 282.
All the biographies of Casaubon endow him with a prebend

of Westminster. In doing this they have followed each other
without enquiry. The first who mentions the Westminster
prebend is Almeloveen, in his Casauboni vita, p. 54, prefixed
to his edition ofCasauboni epistol^, Rot. 1709. Almelo- And
veen relied upon the Ephemerides, in which Casaubon made
the following entry, 18 kal. Jan. ' 1610 Literas episcopi :
Bathoniensis ad me scriptas accepi, jussu regis scriptas. Deus

bone, quam quibus mihi rex suam singularem bene-
laetas !
volentiam patefacit et rebus meis consulit. Duas prsebendas

assignat, Cantuariae unam, alteram Westmonasterii, quae for-
tasse ad duo millia librarum annul reditus accedunt.' The
original letter of Montagu is not preserved, but Casaubon
appears to be quoting its words. All that the words warrant
is that two prebends were designed for him. He was actually
put in possession of the Canterbury stall, but never of the stall
at Westminster. And as there is no further mention of West-
must have been dropped.
minster, the intention Almeloveen
is very careful, and, writing in Holland, may readily be
excused for having taken this distinct promise for sufficient
proof of the fact. The error was corrected by Beloe, Anecdotes
of literature, 5. 126 ; but the correction remained unheeded by
all the biographers and church historians since Almeloveen,
except the painstaking and accurate Hallam, Hist, of lit. 2. 274.
[Garasse, in his 'Elixir Calvinisticum '
(1614) p. 19, assumes
Casaubon to have held some sort of appointment at Westminster
'
quid in Westmonasterio Londinensi, quid Cantuariae aliud
quserat quam lautum beneficium ?] '
The dean of Westminster has had the books of the chapter

examined for me, and no trace of Casaubon as prebendary is
found in them.
APPENDIX TO SECT. V. 3^1
Note B. p. 285.
Casaubon's account of his intercourse with James i. is so

it may be thought overcharged by
favourable to the king, that
those who have accustomed themselves to think meanly of that
prince. Those whose impressions of character have been
chiefly derived from modern histories will find, that, as they
become better acquainted with the contemporary memoirs,
their estimate of James' abilities will be raised. Casaubon's
language to James is adulatory. But then such was the style
of the english court, and had been to Elisabeth, whose vigorous
understanding is not questioned. And even when the king is
spoken of, there doubtless mingles in the panegyric something
!
of the feeling '
Wonderful At any rate, what
for a king '
Casaubon has said of James' parts and acquirements, does not

go beyond what was said of him by the two Englishmen most
competent to judge. Bacon and Selden. As illustrating Casau-
bon's high estimate, I quote a passage from Selden, 0pp. 3.
1400: 'He (the king) then also most graciously vouchsafed
to have speech with me, as the time permitted, of divers parts
of learning which either offered themselves out of the consider-
ation of that book, or obviously fell into his so searching a
discourse, and this, twice at Theobald's and once at Whitehall
and atevery of those times, besides the exceeding sweetness of
this nature, which I, being convented before so great a majesty,
largely tasted of, Lsaw, with wonder, the characters of such a
fraught of learning, of such a readiness of memory, of such
a piercing fancy joined with so absolute a judgment in him,
as if his greatness in all these abilities had been no less than in
his hereditary titles.' Add George Herbert ap. Cooper, Annals
of Cambridge, 3. 125.
Y
VI.
CASAUBON ON BARONI US.

The german reformation is imperfectly described, when
it is considered as an appeal to scripture versus tradition.
It was rather an appeal to history. The discovery had

been made that the church, as it existed, was an institution
which no longer corresponded to its original, that it was a
corrupted, degraded, perverted institution. The appeal to
scripture was not itself the moving spring of the reforma-
tion, it was the consequence of the sense of decay and
degeneracy. As the doctrine of the fall of man was the

key of human, so the doctrine of the corruption of the
church was the key of ecclesiastical, history. The refor-
mation appealed to the because in this the earliest
bible,
record of the church, had a measure of the deviation
it
from type which had been brought about. This corrup-

tion was not the mere rust of age which gathers about all
merely human institutions. The church was the work of
God, and time alone would not have marred and scarred
its divine lineaments. Its degradation was the work of a
mystery of iniquity, the visible
special principle of evil, the
embodiment of which was now enthroned on the seven
hills.
This thesis was worked out by the '

Magdeburg cen-
turies.' In this protestant delineation, the church starts
in the apostolic age in perfect purity, and is perverted by
a process of slow canker, till it has become changed into
its opposite,and is now the church not of Christ, but of
anti-christ, an instrument not for saving men but for
destroying them.
ON BARONIUS. 323
The '
Centuries ' had not any great success as a pubH-
cation. The strictly lutheran public was not numerous,
and not rich. It was not a book-buying public. But
though the thirteen folios of the Centuries, 1559-1574,
had no extensive circulation, the historical thesis of
which they were the laborious evidence made a deep
impression. At Rome, the centre of Europe, where,
almost alone, a general view of the current of public
opinion was attainable, it was felt that an answer, or
antidote, was urgently required. It was provided with
an eclat, and upon a scale, which extinguished the
centuriators.
S. Philip Neri, the founder of the oratory, cast his eyes
upon a young Neapolitan, who was burning with the
fervour, epidemic at the period (end of cent. 16), of de-
votion to the cause of the church. From preaching and
hearing confessions, in which the ardent youth was con-
suming his energy, the father took him to give lessons
on church history in the oratory of S. Jerome, at Rome^,
Beginning as sermons for the edification of the congre-
gation in that church, these deliveries grew into lectures.
The lectures arranged themselves in a course, which in
thirty years, the lecturer Cesare Baronio (f 1607) repeated
seven times. As he went on, his studies in preparing his
lectures became more and more searching and extended.
His director gradually led him on, till he found himself
insensibly engaged in the production of his vast work, the
'Annales ecclesiastici.' The duration of Baronius' labour
was that of his He began his popular readings in
life.
the oratory he died set. 69, while engaged on his

aet. 21,
thirteenth volume. He had waited till he was forty-nine

before he began to pubhsh. Perhaps no modern historian,
not Gibbon or Grote, ever devoted the whole of a life so
' Baronius has given his own account of this origin of his work in the
'Annales' themselves, under a.d. 57, § 162, With characteristic modesty, he

does not name himself.
Y 2
entirely to one historical work, or made such a noviciate.

The author must have succumbed under the magnitude
of an undertaking too vast for a single workman, had he
not had support from without. As long as S. Philip Neri
lived he kept his disciple to his work, urging, stimulating,
commanding, as he had to exact from him a day's task-
if
work^. The and the saints, especially SS. Peter

virgin
and Paul, gave him special aid, and the Almighty blessed
him with unbroken health to his dying day. Without
these helps he could not have supported the continued
labour of reading and extracting. Baronius, like Bellar-
mine, employed no amanuensis. His notes, and extracts
even, were all made by his own hand ; in this unlike the
centuriators, who worked with a subordinate staff of ten
paid clerks.
In other respects, the unsuccoured and thankless toil
of the centuriators offers, and petted

to the cherished
lot of Baronius, as great a contrast as the bleak and
sandy wastes of Mecklenburg to the sunny shores of the
Mediterranean. The archives of the Vatican, and all the
resources of the Italian libraries, were thrown open to him.
The papal press printed for him the wealth of the church;
defrayed his charges; its highest dignities rewarded his

success. Commenced as edifying homilies to an ignorant
Roman congregation by a young priest little less ignorant
than themselves, the work, as it grew in size, grew into a
reputation for learning, little short of supernatural. Its
one for each century,
circulation, for its bulk, twelve folios,
was unprecedented then, and without example since. The
libraries of all the monasteries, of the cathedral chapters,
of the Jesuit colleges and houses, the princes and prelates,
throughout the catholic world, took off edition after edition.
Vol. I of the Annales saw the light, Romae ex typo-
'
'
'
graphia Vaticana 1588,' and Clement enumerates five com-
' Atberici, Vita Baronii, p. 30 :

'
Durus quodammodo diurni pensi exactor.'
VI.] ON BARONIUS. 325
The volumes were dedicated

plete editions before 1610.
to none below popes, emperors, and kings, the author
condescending to bestow one at last on Henri iv. after
he had qualified himself to receive this certificate of
orthodoxy. The book was translated, commented, sup-
plemented, continued till, not its faults, but its very com-
pleteness, arrested its circulation. In the great Lucca
edition 1738-1787, it had grown to thirty-eight vols, foho,
and thus purchase was made difficult, and perusal im-
possible. And it was finally supplanted by the elegant
compendium of Fleury, which gave its contents to the
world ^ in the universal language of literature.
At the opening of the seventeenth century the relative
position of the two religious parties was reversed. The
catholic party had recovered, and more than recovered,
their ascendancy in the west of Europe. It was a moral
ascendancy over opinion of which they now found them-

selves possessed, an ascendancy founded on superiority
of numbers and wealth, but intensified by religious zeal.
They were fast making way to intellectual preponderance.
At this moment appeared Baronius' Annals.' A work of '
such vast compass, dealing with an important theme,

would have been, at any time, a considerable phenomenon
in the literary world. Appearing at the moment it did, it
had the significance not of a mere literary publication, but
of a political event. The Centuries had shown the
'
'
history of the church as the growth of the spirit of evil

waxing through successive ages, till it was consummated
in the reign of anti-chrlst. Baronius exhibited the visible
unity and impeccable purity of the church founded upon
Peter, and handed down inviolate, such at this day as it
had ever been. The whole case of the romanists, and
especially the supremacy of the see of Rome, was here
' Fleury, Hist, eccles. hv. 75. i ' Ici

. [1198] finissent les annales du cardinal
Baronius, que j'ai principalement eu pour guide dans cette histoire.'
set out, under the form of authentic annals \ with an im-

posing array of pieces justificatives, of original documents
which were inaccessible to the protestant centuriators,

and extinguished their meagre citations from familiar and
printed books. The unsupported theory of the protestant
history is refuted by the mere weight of facts. When we
read as an event of 44 that in this year Peter trans-
a. d.
ferred his episcopal chair from Antioch, where he had

been seven years bishop, to Rome, where he continued
for five-and-twenty years to administer the affairs of the
church, we are reading a bare fact as well known at Rome
as the transactions of the year 1544. The protestants saw
their historical pleadings, not answered, but eclipsed. They
had been the aggressive party they were now put out of ;
court. The Annals transferred to the catholic party the

'
'
preponderance in the field of learning, which ever since

Erasmus had been on the side of the innovators. It was
the turn of the protestants to feel the urgent need of an
antidote to Baronius.
Exterminated in southern Europe, ground to the dust
in France, threatened with violence in Germany, it was
only in Holland or Britain that the protestant party had
strength or heart for any
undertaking. But
literary
neither in Holland nor Britain were there the resources
for a history on the scale of Baronius. And there was
only one man who possessed the knowledge requisite;
he was some way past fifty, and exhausted by a life of
desk-work. Yet Casaubon resolutely girded himself for
the fray. The idea was not new to him; he had long
contemplated the plan of an answer to Baronius in the
only shape in which it was possible.
At his age a rival church history was not to be thought
' Baronius states, Annal. eccles. pr^f., his own purpose to be catholicse '
ecclesiae visibilem raonarchiam a Christo domino institutam, super Petrum fund-

atam, ac per ejus legitimes verosque successores, Romanos nimirum pontifices,
inviolate conservatam . . . per singula tempora demonstrare.'
of. Nor is it clear that if such a history had been written

it would have commanded much attention, much less
that it would have driven the 'Annals' out of the field.
What had the protestants to set against the mysterious
'archives' of the Vatican, whose records had been kept
by seven notaries ever since the days of S. Clement ? It
is true the documents were not forthcoming;
oldest
they had, perhaps, been destroyed in Diocletian's persecu-
tion. But no matter. All that was important in them was
well known; it was an office tradition; a fact whose
notoriety dispensed with proof
Besides, the success of Baronius had been due to his
having met a popular demand. There are periods when
destructive criticism is the vogue, and only he who speaks
against the established beliefs can obtain a hearing.
Such a period had been the first half of the i6th century.
Another access of the same temper was to occur again in
the i8th century. But, about 1600, what the religious
public wanted was a conservative reconstruction of the
ecclesiastical legend. An uneasy feeling had been dif-
fused by the reformation, which troubled pious souls,
as if the hagiological tradition contained a fabulous
element. It was poison, this sceptical suspicion, for how
could the fabulous have got in, unless it had been wilfully
put there ?
The history of the catholic church had long ceased to
be regarded as history. It was an edifying story, in
which the devotional effect, and not the matter-of-fact,
was the object of the narrator. The hagiographer had no
idea of imposture, of palming off as true that which he
knew was not true. The plenitude of his faith in the
church supported anything which was, or could be, told
to the honour of the servants of Christ. It was not mere
scepticism, it was an entirely new view of the church,
when the protestant critic began to regard the church
as an institution in time and place, and to ask if this or
3a8 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
that alleged event was a real event —had actually hap-
pened.
This desire to believe, this pious v^îsh to have the
legend authenticated, was what Baronius met and satis-
fied. He gives the substance of historical evidence to the
supernatural chronicle of the early and middle age church.
The surprising vogue of his history was due to its want
of true historical criticism. His pages embody, and sanc-
tion, with a vast apparatus of quotation, all the romantic
legends so dear to the faithful but uneducated catholic.
And while he preserved round the church story that
picturesque haze which faith cherished and which his-
torical science would dissipate, he satisfied the require-
ments of the political churchman by turning the annals
of the church into one long proof of the supremacy of the
roman pontiff.
A protestant history, which had no saints, no miracles,

could have had no success. History cannot be negative,
it must have something to narrate. All that was pos-
sible therefore forCasaubon was criticism. There was
one side on which Baronius was vulnerable, and on that
side Casaubon resolved on making his attack.
The Annals was a work of gigantic labour. In the first
'
'
flush of its early triumph, the imposing array of author-

ities, the exhaustive compilation of all the passages, had
overwhelmed criticism, and it passed for a work of learn-
ing, not only in catholic universities, and in Italy, where
the tests of learning had ceased to exist, but generally.
Casaubon himself, as we have seen, had been impressed
by his first sight of the earlier volumes in 1598. But as
time was given for examination of the details, it began to
appear that the champion of the church was not only
wanting in historical criticism, but destitute of the more
elementary acquirements necessary for extracting the
sense of ancient writers. Had the 'Annals' been the
work of a scholar, it was impossible that in so enormous
a mass of facts there should not have been errors. A

benedictine monk is said— but the authority ^ is not first-
rate, for it is that of the professional gladiator, Scioppius
—to have found 2000 errors in Baronius. And Lucas
Holstenius, afterwards, professed to have swelled the
number to 8000 ^. But mere mistakes are but errata and
can be corrected. Casaubon gradually discovered that
Baronius' errors were errors of scholarship. Rather he
was not in possession of the elements of learning. He
knew no hebrew, no greek ^ He was totally destitute of
the critical skill which is implied in dealing with ancient
authors, so as to meaning. In fact this vast
elicit their
grand front and stately chambers,
historical edifice, with its
was a house of cards, which a breath of criticism would
demolish in a moment.
Casaubon did not detect the imposture at once on
If
first looking into the book, it must be remembered that he
only had the reading of a volume casually, and while he

was engrossed with other subjects. At the very first
reading he had felt, and had expressed to Scaliger*, his
keen perception of the difference between the real learning
of the 'Thesaurus Temporum' and the 'Annales.' Be-
sides, Casaubon himself was in steady growth, and in the
ten years which followed 1598, raised his standard of
judging, and especially enlarged his knowledge of eccle-
siastical antiquity.
He was at first disposed to attribute the citation of

so much apocryphal on the part
literature to bad faith
of Baronius. He could not beheve that any one who was

in the habit of handling the remains of the greek and
' Ap. Colomies, Bibl. choisie, p. 153.

^ Guy Patin, Lettres, 25 ftv. 1660, to Falconet.
^ This was well understood in protestant circles. See Cappelli Vindiciae pro
Isaaco Casaubono, 1619 Deerat illi [Baronio] sane linguarum orientalium
:
'
cognitio, grsecam vix primoribus labris delibarat, disciplinis mathematicis im-

paratus erat.'
* Ep. 175 :
'
Ita demum didici . . . inter îAa\^9«ai' et gratiae aucupium
interesse tantum.'
latin writers, should not know better. Here he was

undeceived by Fra Paolo, to whom he had communicated
this suspicion.While speaking meanly of the work, the
father vindicated the character of the author. 'Those
who know the man,' he writes^ to Casaubon, 'will not
easilybe persuaded to think him dishonest. It is want of

mind, of critical knowledge. I knew him at Rome, before
he put himself in the road to preferment, or had got the
itch of writing, at a time when the cure of his soul was his
only business. I never knew a more simple being. He
had no opinions of his own he caught up the opinions of
;
those he lived with, and obstinately maintained them, till
some new person supplied him with a new one. He was

without judgment, if you please but " dolus malus " there ;
was none about the man. I cannot think that he is an

antagonist worthy of you and it has always been matter
;
of surprise to me, that his work should have stood so high,

as it has, in public esteem.'
Further study of the Annals convinced Casaubon of
'
'
Baronius' good faith. But it was at the expense of his

understanding ^- The prestige of the work had imposed
upon him at first. It had seemed impossible that a his-
tory, which all the world was agreed to regard as a learned
work, should not have some title to be so considered.
He was irritated, as a scholar, by the vogue of an un-
scholarlike work. He lamented, as a citizen, the triumph
of the evil cause. He thought he could not render a
better service to the church than by exposing the spurious
character of the hterary idol of Rome. It was not Baro-
nius he was going to attack, but Italian erudition, the
1 Ep. 8ii.
^ On one occasion Casaubon
is compelled to admire the dexterity of Baronius.
It is where having become pope, has to be whitewashed. Adversaria,
Vigilius,
3. 103 Diligentiaa plus semper tribui Baronio, quam acuminis. at cum video
:
'
qua dexteritate concinnet metamorphosin Vigilii non possum quin

. . .
exclamem, si verum non est, at est ingeniose inventum.'
sham learning which the old impostor was substituting for

the sham miracles of the dark ages.
This was the spirit in which he set about the Exercita- '
and had been preparing the materials long before

tiones,'
he came to England. If we enquire what success Casau-
bon had in his enterprise, we shall be compelled to admit
that it was not a decisive triumph.
The form in which he cast his matter was unfortunate.
The Exercitations are a collection of detached notes on
'
'
the Annals.' They follow the order of the Annals,' but

' '
have no other connection than the chronological sequence.

There is no common thread of argument to give unity
to the composition. Such miscellaneous common-place
books, as Hallam^ has said of Turnebus' 'Adversaria,'
'
can only be read in a desultory manner, or consulted
upon occasion.' But when such notes are not merely
desultory, but in a strain of censure, sometimes descending
to mere fault-finding, the reading becomes not only dis-
tracting, but distasteful. Casaubon has sufficient respect
for himself and his adversary not to descend to the black-
guard scurrilities of the pamphleteers of the day, but he is
upon the reader to wonder at the ignor-

too often calling
ance and fatuity of Baronius. His criticism wants the
repose of immeasurable superiority, such as characterises
the greatest critics, e.g. Lobeck's Aglaophamus ^, in his
treatment of Creuzer.
This great disadvantage in point of form, viz. that the
'
Exercitations ' are a critique of another book and follow
its arrangement, has obscured the credit which would
otherwise have followed the same material if better ar-
ranged. As it is, the book has formed a mine of re-
ferences which have been very useful to the compilers
' Lit. of Europe, ±. 482.

^ Friedlander, Gedachtnissrede, p. u :
' Der Ton des Aglaophamus bewahrt
im Ganzen die voile Ruhe unendlicher Ueberlegenheit.'
of '
notes ' on the New Testament for the last 250 years ^.
Nor is it all attack. There are incorporated in the book
some dissertations in which Casaubon comes forward to
instruct the reader directly. Such a portion are the
chapters on the different names by which the Eucharist
was spoken of in the early ages ^ a chapter which has ;
furnished Waterland^ with a great part of his refer-

ences in chapter i. of his Review of the doctrine of the '
Eucharist.'
A desultory critique, passage by passage, of another
man's book, prolonged through nearly 800 pages in folio,
does not constitute attractive reading. What would the
'
have been, if Casaubon had Hved to carry
Exercitations '
out his design ? He proposed to set over against Baro-

nius' twelve folios, volume for volume of his animad-
versions*. Of this monster criticism the volume which
we have is only the first half of the first volume—a mere
fragment
Besides the fault of their original design, the '
Exerci-
tations '
have a fault of execution.
There were two points on which Baronius lay entirely
at Casaubon's mercy, i. His entire want of greek, and of
classical learning of any kind. 2. His employment of the
apocryphal literature, and production of the roman fabu-

lous history, as if it were matter-of-fact. Casaubon could
have assured his victory, however little worth it might
have been, had he confined himself to exposing the
blunders of one who thought that the word missa (the '
'
mass) was the term in use at Jerusalem in the time of

S. James or the credulity which relied on the false
'^j
Decretals, which even Bellarmine had given up. But

Casaubon has not confined himself to matters of language
' See Crenius, Animadw. p. 123, for instances of unacknowledged borrowing
from Casaubon's '
Exercitationes.
" Exercitt. pp. 500-586, ed. Lond. 1614. ' Works, vol. 7. pp. 20-43.
* Ep. 782 :
'
Duodecim tomis totidem libros oppono.'
^ Exercitt. p. 582.
or history. He has gone in for theological controversy,

thus forsaking the vantage ground of learning, and letting
himself down on that of mere opinion. When he first
planned the work, he had intended, of such matters, only

to touch what bore on the regalian rights^. He was
gradually led on to other controverted points of theology.
Indeed, he did this sparingly^, and, as the english bishops
thought, too sparingly. Andrewes, who looked over the
sheets, he would not spend so much time on
wished '
mere questions of chronology.' Casaubon was hampered

by his position as protestant champion. Both his public
and his patron expected to see the doctrinal errors of
Baronius refuted. They thought that Casaubon's name
would carry the weight of his authority in the arena of
religious dispute. His occasional descent into the sec-
tarian controversy has only the effect of lowering the tone,
and obscuring the character, of the whole work. Even as
a polemical success the blow dealt at the papal historian
would have Casaubon had confined himself
told more, if
which were unanswerable, and

to his critical corrections,
not committed himself to disputation on mere matters of
opinion.
^
Hallam has expressed his opinion that in mere theo- '
logical learning, Casaubon was behind some english

scholars.' These general comparisons of degrees of
learning admit neither of being proved nor refuted. Of
Englishmen living at the same time as Casaubon, there
are but two who could be brought into competition with
him, Selden and Andrewes. But Selden was only thirty
years old at the date of Casaubon's death, and his re-
searches had lain in a field not the same as those of
Casaubon. The comparison with Andrewes is more
1 Prolegomena in Exercitt. : ' Ilia solummodo attingere consilium erat, quae
ad jura principum pertinent.'

^ Ep. 79s : Mere theologica parce attingo.'
'
= Lit. of Europe, 13. 311.
possible. Casaubon himself Andrewes ^ that he

said of '
was deeply versed in the fathers,' and he was certainly

a man of much greater originality of mind than Isaac
Casaubon. Yet Andrewes could no more have written
the Exercitations,' than Casaubon could have composed
'
one of Andrewes' witty sermons. From the brilhant cut,

thrust, and parry of Andrewes' pamphlet fencing, Casau-
bon's dull matter-of-fact style is far removed ; but from
a single one of the '
Exercitations ' there is more to be
learned than from the whole volume of the '
Tortura
Torti.'
The material facts of the primitive history of the christian
church lie in small compass, and are in Baronius and
Casaubon alike. The difference here is not in extent of
reading, but in the power of using the facts. Casaubon
possesses them as knowledge, and can reason upon them
for chronological and philological purposes. Baronius
amasses them as a compiler; when he attempts to reason
upon them, he falls into ludicrous misconceptions, and yet
misconceptions not of a nature which admits of being
made very palpable to the general reader. Where Casau-
bon had the greatest opportunity, and where he has not
used it, is in the legendary character of Baronius' whole
construction. Baronius has swept into his repertory
everything that could be found, true or false, probable or
absurd. The anile fables, and apocryphal legends, which
had accumulated round the scanty nucleus of the early
christian story, are consecrated in the Annals as serious '
'
portions of church history. He makes, indeed, some

faint effort to discriminate. Though he inserts everything,
yet he sometimes expresses a doubt of his apocryphal
narratives, e. g. ^ of the dialogue between S. Paul and
Dionysius the Areopagite at Athens. He rejects the
' Adversaria, 28. 4 :

' Soleo observare singula dicta viri sapientissimi, et in"
patrum lectione exercitatissimi, D. episcopi Eliensis.'
^ Annales eccles. 52. 10.
Constantine endowment, but it is on the a priori ground
that would be unworthy of the church to have accepted,

it
as a gift from the emperor, what it already held 'jure

divino.' This modest. beginning of criticism, like that of
Bochari, who would reduce the 600,000 traditions of Islam
to 70,000 ^, was unacceptable to the high party. Baronius
is severely taken to task for his doubts by the Spanish
Jesuit, a Castro, and the dominican, John de la Puente.
Baronius is too sceptical for the Spanish taste. The fact
that Casaubon has not used his advantage in this respect
betrays his own limitation as a historical critic. He con-
stantly notices Baronius' recourse to apocryphal autho-
rities, but it was not in him to take his stand on the broad
principle of historical investigation, and to require that
church history should be subjected to the same rigid
scrutiny as all history. If he expresses a doubt of^
Hydaspes, Hermes, and the Sibylline oracles, it is not on
critical grounds, but on the a priori improbability that
God would have allowed the Gentiles to have had fuller

prevision of the gospel revelation than was granted to the
Jews. The genuineness of the epistles of Ignatius he is
ready to establish ^ by new arguments. He knows the

*
late date of the ' Areopagitica,' but then here he had
Valla, Erasmus, and Scaliger to enlighten him. Epipha-
nius ''is far too ready to give credence to trifling fables,'
and the fathers generally, both greek and latin, often
blunder in matters of history ^. But these same fathers,
in matters of doctrine, become authorities ; they are ap-
pealed to by Casaubon as judges in the last instance.
The appeal indeed is not to the individual father, but to

him as representing the behef of the church of his time.
As an argumentum ad hominem against Baronius, who
'
[4000 ; see note in Smith's edition of Gibbon, vol. vi. p. 229.]
" Exercitt. i. 10. * Exercitt. 16. 150.
* Ibid. 16. 43. p. 565. ' Ibid. 15. 7.
« Exercitt. i. 2 : 'In liistoria, et in iis, quae fidei non sunt, graviter hal-
lucinari.'
maintained that the church had never varied in doctrine

or belief, and had been throughout what it now was, this
appeal was admissible as a controversial expedient.
But
Casaubon goes much beyond and thinks that in this,
ascertaining the opinions of a father he is not merely

learning the opinion of a given period of the church, but
obtaining truth valid for all ages. Baronius' Annals'
' was
a lengthy pleading, a pamphlet in twelve volumes folio, in
support of the authority of the existing church. Casau-

bon's '
Exercitations '
is among the earliest of the array of
anglo-catholic attempts to set up the authority of 'Anti-
quity '
as the canon of religious truth.
If the fathers are, to this extent, placed above the
application of historical interpretation, much more are the
canonical books. In his notes on the N. T. (1587) Isaac
Casaubon had shown a disposition to follow the true path
of philological interpretation. Taking given words, what
does the language require that they should mean ? This
principle of exegesis was not so difficult of application
while, as an annotator, he was dealing with each passage
singly. Now, when he has to consider the collective
effect of a number of collated passages, he allows it to be
overridden by the theological principle, the so-called
'harmonia dictorum biblicorum.' Statements in the
gospels must be reconciled 'per fas atque nefas.' Many
pages e. g. are wasted over the discrepancy as to the day
on which the Passover was eaten. Baronius defends the

common view which makes the fourth gospel conform to
the synoptics Casaubon the opposite, which squares the
;
synoptics by S. John. But Casaubon, equally with Ba-

ronius, assumes that it would be blasphemous to suppose '
'
discrepancy in point of fact ^.
It is creditable to Casaubon that, in a period of
' Exercitt. p. 466 :

' Mira res et vix credenda de hominibus qui did se
christianos et haberi postularent ... (to say that) Matthseum, Marcum, Lucam
in temporis circumstantia lapses, ab Johanna esse correctos.'
theological excitation, when religious passion was daily

translating itself into overt acts of violence, he treats his
opponent, if not with courtesy, at least with respect. Yet
his anger is occasionally roused by Baronius' blundering
misconstruction of everything he touches ; and when he
has occasion to speak of the fry of pamphleteers, he is not
seldom savage 1, and sinks into the tone of the railing
divine. But though he observes the forms of civility
which the cardinal's public position and private character
imposed, it is clear that Casaubon's respect for his op-
ponent diminished, instead of increased, as he subjected
his work to closer examination. He came to recognise
that the demolition of Baronius was scarcely a work of
criticism at all, and
Fra Paolo had been right in
that
telling him that Baronius was not an antagonist worthy
of him. In March 1612, he writes to Grotius^, 'I begin
to realise the magnitude of the task I have undertaken,
now when it is impossible to back out of it. Not that I
have much trouble in confuting Baronius' sing-song,
mostly childish stuff, theman himself without learning,
letters, or theology. What costs me most effort is the
extra work
have imposed on myself, viz. to set out,
I
under each head of controversy, what was the belief of

antiquity.*
The dissemination and permanence of books depends
on many various causes. Criticism goes for very little;
'habent sua 'Les classes influentes ne sont plus
fata.'
celles qui de Tocqueville ^

lisent,' writes'un livre, ;
quelque soit son succes, n'ebranle done point I'esprit

public' It would be difficult to show that the reputation
of Baronius was sensibly affected by Casaubon's review.
The 'Annals' sank under their own defects, and the
' See Exercitt. p. 513.

^ Ep. 779 : ' Neque in confutandis nseniis Baronianis magnus mihi labor
pueriles saepe sunt; ipse indoctus, cifiovffos, a9eo\6y!)TOS.'
' Corresp. 29 juillet, 1856.
Z
change in public taste. The hagiological temper in the

reading parts of Europe, which had enjoyed a forced
reviviscence during the cathohc reaction, could not main-
tain itself Baronius was entertaining reading. As such
Scahger had read the first eight volumes in one summer^;
a feat, even of eyesight, for a man over sixty ^, and occu-
pied in his working hours with a laborious undertaking of
his own. In this respect the competition of the secular
romance, which came in in the 17th century, tended to
throw hagiography into the shade. But the decline of
Baronius' reputation for learning, which, we learn from
Lestoile^, began before Casaubon wrote, injured it more.
Because the Annals did not sink out of sight at the

'
'
touch of the enchanter's wand, the Exercitations ' were '
proclaimed a failure by exulting enemies and disappointed

friends. The Savile set were happy to think that Casau-
bon could not do what he had prevented them from doing*.
Richard Montagu laments^ that the very learned Isaac
Casaubon was not a theologian that he followed Scaliger ;
even in his paradoxes; that he made much of trifles

critica titivillitia that he spent all his labour on the
;
volume of the gospel history, and not on the later periods

that he allows himself irrelevant digressions. These
were things that could be said at the time by the envious
'friends.' He did not please his immediate patrons, the
bishops, who wished now that Casaubon had handled
Baronius a little more roughly^. Like their successors
in the i8th century, who regretted Butler's 'want of
vigour',' they had no means of knowing which was in
• Scaligerana 2°. p.
24 Tota sestate octo ejus volumina legi.'
:
'
* Vol. 8 of theAnnates came out in 1600.

' '
' Registre-journal, 16
Jan. 1607 Baronius depuis un peu a perdu beaucoup
:
'
de sa reputation.' * See below,

p. 375.
° Apparatus ad Origines eccles. praef. § 65 seq., and app. p. 136.
' Colomies, Bibl. choisie, p. 151 ' Les eveques auroient souhaite que
:
Casaubon eut traits Baronius un peu plus rudement qu'il ne faisoit, a quoi sa
candeur et sa modestie ne pflrent jamais consentir.'
' Byrom's Journal, March,
1737.
VI.] ON BARONIVS. 339
the right, and thought want of passion a sign of weakness.

The puritan party wished to see Baronius well abused,
and charged with disaffection the man who would not
stoop to do it^ To take up what Casaubon left un-
achieved, has been a favourite project with the protestant
party. Richard Montagu went over the same ground
again, to show how Casaubon ought to have done it,
but could not, in his 'Analecta exercitationum ecclesi-
asticarum.' Gerard John Voss had written, and was
encouraged by Laud, then bishop of Bath and Wells, to
publish something, which never appeared, of the kind^.
Nor is anything more known
of the work of Jacques
Godefroy, which he offered and which was approved
to,
by, the synod of Charenton in 1631 ^. Blondel, Magendie,

Flottemanville, published critical remarks or corrections
of Baronius *.
Such was the opinion of contemporaries. As for the
judgment of posterity, there is none worth mentioning
to record. The 'mot' on the catholic side, 'that Cas-
aubon had only knocked down a few battlements of
Baronius' building,' is worth as little as that which
Almeloveen^ opposes to it, 'that if he did not kill
Baronius, he inflicted deep wounds.' The last professed
criticism is that of Leclerc, written in the year 1709*. He
says that Casaubon, 'in undertaking to refute Baronius,
had undertaken a work above his strength, i. He had
not sufficiently meditated the first principles of theology.
2. He had not sufficient knowledge of chronology. 3. He
' Montac. app. prsef. § 75: Ut contumeliis incesserem et opprobriis, quod
'
nostri vellent, et non factum accusantur (sic).'

' Laud to Voss. ap. Colomife, p. 153 and see Yossii Epistolae, 2. p. 66.
;
^ Quick, Synodicon, a. 302.

* A
Wood, Fasti, 161 1 'James Martin, of Broadgates Hall, had ended his
:
work against Baronius, but what that was he tells us not, neither in truth can I
tell.' No wonder A, Wood could not tell. Casaubon, writing to Martin, tells
him that he (Casaubon) has nearly ended his work on Baronius. This is the
only foundation for A. Wood's statement.
' Vita Cas. p. 58. ° Bibl. choisie, 19. sag.
Z 2
34Q ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
was not sufficiently read in christian antiquity, but had

only got it up for the purpose of this book.' I only cite
this criticismbecause it is that which the biographies to

this day continue to reproduce as a judicious summing up
of the case. All that it proves is, that famous reviewers in
lyog judged of books without reading them, and that we
copy their judgments.
No one was less satisfied with his work than the author
himself. It was but a fragment of his vast scheme. He
designed, if he lived, a continuation of it, but on a more
constructive plan. He proposed^ to exhibit an impartial
picture of the internal and external form of the ancient
church. This wish was never fulfilled. Among the
Adversaria" are some very short notes on the later
volumes of Baronius, some of which are printed by
Wolf ^. The single volume of the Exercitationes is all '
'
that was ever realised of the vast schemes of ecclesiastical

history which had been conceived early in the Genevan
period, and which had been postponed, but never given
up. In 1596, aet. 37, rising fresh and confident, rather
than exhausted, from his long labour on Athenaeus, he
announced to Bongars* that he should now proceed to
Polybius; 'after which, if I live, with God's aid I shall
put my hand to a greater undertaking. I desire to set
an example to men of our side, how that leaving these
gladiatorial fencing-matches, so mischievous to the chris-
tian world, they should turn themselves to the illustration
and the affairs of the primitive church.'
of the holy fathers,
How sad must have appeared to himself the contrast
between the promise and the performance eighteen years
later ! Writers are apt to flatter themselves that they are
not, like the men of action, the slaves of circumstance.
They think they can write what and when they choose.
But it is not so. Whatever we may think and scheme, as
Ep. 950. ' Tom. 3. and torn. 14.
^ Casauboniana, pp. 123-180. * Ep. 1008.
soon as we seek to produce our thoughts or schemes to

our fellow-men, we are involved in the same necessities of
compromise, the same grooves of motion, the same lia-
bilities to failure or half-measures, as we are in life and

action. Compared with the vast designs we frame in
youth, all production seems a petty and abortive effort
VII.
LONDON; ELY; CAMBRIDGE.

1610-1614.
Casaubon is apt to complain of the reluctance he finds

in himself to put pen to paper. When he did do so, his
hand moved with rapidity. '
Fervet opus/ he says of the
review of Baronius^, and it is strictly true. He began to
turn his attention to the subject early in the year 1612,
some time about the middle of January. He was re-
volving the matter for several weeks, and directing his

reading towards the period comprised in Baronius' first
volume. such a wide field reading was not yet
But in
become search, and he has freedom enough of mind to
be enjoying S. Chrysostom, in Savile's magnificent edition,
which was then in progress I On March 23 he is ready
to sketch a plan in outhne of the work he is to write ^.
On April 27 he begins to compose*. 'After long de-

liberation, meditation, preparation, I set myself seriously
to work on my criticism of Baronius, may God bless the
undertaking! Thou, merciful Jesus, knowest that it is
not vanity, or desire of empty fame, which moves me to
undertake a work of such magnitude, but the single
!
purpose of defending truth
At first he writes out detached criticisms. On July 27
he records the commencement of the continuous text of
' Ep. 923.

^ Ephem. p. 926 ;
' In Chrysostomo fui et hodie, legique multa illius, praesertim
quae scripsit in cap. 6. Johannis.'
' Ephem. p. 923. * Ephem. p. 928.
LONDON. 1610-1614. 343
his book ^. His progress, rapid as it seems was not to us,

answerable to his own fervid impatience. August 12, On
he writes ^, I never quit '
my work, and yet I do not get
on as I should hke.' He toiled on, sweating, more than
'
enough (sudavi plus satis per hos intensissimos calores)

'
through the hot months, refusing the bishop's invitation

to go with him into his diocese, and on the last day of the
year could congratulate himself on having reached the
400th page^. On April 20, 1613, he announced to de
Thou that he had arrived at the end of so much as he
meant to publish* as a first instalment, of the whole, —
that is, of the book as it now stands. On May 16 the
rough draft has, by successive writing and rewriting of
parts, been brought to a state in which he can begin
copying it out for press. He now allows himself a little
holiday, the first since he began the work in the January of

1612. He visits Oxford, though, in this visit, he has
partly inview to make extracts from books in the Bodleian,
not to be had in London. On his return, on June 9, he
begins to write out for press, and sends off the copy to
the printer as fast as he gets it done. On June 18 printing
begins. The compositor is not lacking in industry, but
does not work up to the author's impatience, and being
king's printer, is taken off occasionally^- Casaubon can
keep ahead of the press. In August, the production
was at the rate of a folio '= four pages in foHo, per day,
'
at which rate Casaubon calculates it will require 150 days
1 Ephem. p. 928 : '

Hodie observationes in Baronium serio sum aggressus
nam hactenus magis paravi subsidia ad scribendum quam scripsi; nunc, deo
duce ... ad opus manum adraovi.'

2
Ep. 830 ; Equidem nullum tempus intermitto
' ; etsi quantum promoveam
me sane poeniteret.'
= Ephem. p. 958.
•
Ep. 883 :
'
Perveni, dei beneficio, ad finem ejus partis quam nunc sum
editurus, qu^ etsi satis erit magna, ultra Domini vitam tamen non pertinget.'
'
Ep. 931 :
'
Oper^, etsi ill^ quidem non cessant, segnius tamen pergunt
quam ut incitatje cupiditati meae faciant satis.' Ephem. p. 991 Operis inchoati
: '
editio cessat.'
344 ISAAC CASA [/SON. [Sect.
to finish^. He hoped
would be out by the new year. it
Gradually this date receded; 'You know what it is to

get a book through the press,' he writes to de Thou^.
On November he has passed the 500th page, but
i8,
there are 220 pp. more

to come, and the introductory
epistle, etc. to write yet. On February 14 he finishes
the epistle to the reader, and at on March 23, the last,
volum.e is had not been for

presented to the king. If it
the pubhsher, Bill, the volume, it seems, would not have
ended at page 773. The author could, and would, have

gone on indefinitely, but the publisher insisted upon
getting it out in time for the Easter Frankfort fair, and
Casaubon had to leave out part of his long discussion
on the Eucharist. After all, the copies which went to
Frankfort went without the prolegomena, which could
not be printed off in time ^.
The whole work, from the first preparatory notes to the
day of publication, was achieved in two years and two
months. Casaubon shrank from no drudgery. He had
written over the whole, with his own hand, two or three
times; parts of it even four times*, adding much at each
revision, though also rejecting much as unsatisfactory
upon review^- The indexes even he must make himself
a fact which accounts for their excellence.
The mere clerical labour undergone was severe for one
in broken health. In a book depending so largely on
textual authorities, the mere reference involves great toil.
Yet mere reference was the lightest part of what had to
be done. a comparatively easy thing to accumulate
It is
citations. Exhaustive research is a different process,—

process, which, while it has much fatiguing exertion of
' Ep. 906 :

' Quolidie folium unum editur ; ita duratura est h^c editio dies
iprfaainovs centum et quinquaginta plus minus.'
^ Ep- 931 :
' Non te fugit quid sit libros edere.'
''
Ep. 941. 4
Ep ggj
° Ephem. p. 942 :
' Quaedam hodie, sed quae mox displicuerunt.'
• Ephem. p. 1037 ; ' Illiberales istse curse de indicibus.'
VII.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 345
eye and memory, derives its whole value from the in-
telligence which directs it, and is engaged in sifting the

material. It was here a great disadvantage to him that he
was without his own copies of the necessary books, copies

in which he knew his way about, guided by the finger-
posts which he was in the habit of marking in the margin as
aids to the memory, quos usu contrivi.' Yet the citations
'
actually made use of in the Exercitations were only a '

'
small part of the whole he had accumulated ^ I have sur- '
passed the most diligent he says ^. Erycius

in diligence,' '
Puteanus, who writes that I am abandoning myself to the

sloth and luxury of a court, and have renounced letters,
can have Httle notion of the hard and laborious life I lead !
Of this research there could be no record. It is merged

;
in the recurrent formula of the diary, '
hodie studia ' or
TO. lyKVKKia. how many volumes have
In such enquiries,
to be gone from which nothing is reaped!
through
Wearying as his task-reading must have been, his recrea-
tion was only reading again. In September 1612, e. g. we
find him spending his leisure hours ^ on a ms. rabbinical
'
'
commentary. At another time he reads * a pamphlet sent

him by the king, '
Trois tr^s excellentes predications,' etc.,
'not worth spending a moment on, but for the passages

in which the preachers unite in lauding the doctrine of
parricide.'
It is only occasionally that the name of the book read
is entered in the diary. From the commencement of the
'Exercitations' to the end, i.e. two years and a half, the
following are all that are chronicled Cyprian Chryso-
: ;
stom; 'many pieces of him;' 'good books, especially
• Ep.
931 Exhaurire adversaria mea si voluero, ante annos aliquot non
:
'
possim manum de tabula.'

^ Epp.
844. 923 Qui putant me Tpv<p^v in hac aula, et Uteris airoToâaBm ut
:
'
SuribH Puteanus, parum norunt serumnas laboriosissimae vitae raese !
^ Ep. 832 : Quicquid superest vacui temporis, ejus magnam partem impendo
'
lectioni commentarii Hebraici in Pirke Avot.'

* Adversaria, torn. 28.
; ;
Chrysostom '
'
homilies of Chrysostom ' Chronology of
Liveley in ms. ; Jael Moris, b.m. ; Dionysius Areopagita ;
'Lutheran books;' Hospinian, Historia sacra; Rainolds,

Liber Prselectionum ; CEcolampadius, Dialogue on the
Eucharist, read with '
admiration of the learning of the
man, and his acquaintance with the greek fathers ;' Sermons
of S. Augustine; Tostati; and June ii, 1614, 'much in S.
Augustine.' This is the last book mentioned as read.
Comparing this hst with the '
Exercitations,' we see how
from being any record of the reading done
far the diary is
at the time. The Exercitations' quote nearly 300 different
'
authors, reckoning the Councils only as one, and taking

no account of the texts of scripture quoted. Though the
'
Adversaria ' are mostly without date, yet some of the
extracts from books can be identified as belonging to the
last two years, e. g. Tostati is only named on one day in
the diary 1. But we find from a note in the Adversaria ^,' '
that he had gone through the voluminous commentary

on S. Matthew, which could hardly be done in a part of
a day.
We have seen how Casaubon groaned over the self-
imposed task of editing Athenaeus^, and longed to have
done with it. The more serious labour of refuting
Baronius, on which others had engaged him, he held to
with unflagging zest. He only took one hohday in the
two years and two months, and that was for a short
visit to Oxford. During the whole of his english resi-
dence, he made in all four country excursions, his attend-
ances at court not included. In Feb. 161 1 he went to
Dover meet and escort Madame Casaubon. In April,
to
he paid a visit to sir Henry Savile at Eton. In August
' Prid. kal. Aug. 1613 :

' Reliquum diem in Tostato posui viro magno, ut illis
temporibus, et pio.'
' Advers. torn. 28 ' Tostati
: obiter quasdam observabamus cum ejus vastura
commentarium in Matthasum percurreremus.'
' See above,
p. no.
VII.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 347
he went with the bishop of Ely into his diocese, and

resided with him at Downham for two months.
It was Andrewes' custom to spend three months in the
summer in his diocese. The air of the fens did not agree
with him 1, been otherwise, his many duties
but, had it
required his presence in town the greater part of the

year^ We have seen above* the force of the mutual
attraction which brought these two men together. On
November 5, 1610, in the very first days of Casaubon's
arrival in town, they had a conversation of some hours,
in which the knowledge and sense of Andrewes greatly
impressed Casaubon*. On November 24, the bishop,
who is hard at work, the king urging him, on his answer
to Bellarmine, reads part of
it to Casaubon and the dean,
thathe may have their corrections. From this time

Casaubon sees the bishop almost daily 5. It seemed
almost a matter of course that when Andrewes quitted
town he should take Casaubon with him.
for his diocese
They started July 26, (161 1), and stopt at Cambridge,
which it took them two days to reach. Here they were
lodged at Peterhouse, of which the bishop was visitor.
The master, Richardson, was a man of some reading ; at
least he had read and in a line of reading not
in his youth,
—
very common he knew something of the imperialist
chroniclers. The dispute between the emperor Henry
IV. and the see of Rome was a subject that interested
Casaubon just now, and Richardson obliged him with the

loan of books on the subject, and others ^, to Downham.
Four years after Casaubon's visit, 1615, Richardson was
' Isaacson, Life and Death, etc., p. xxix : 'The air of that place not agreeing
with the constitution of his body.'
^ It would seem that the bishops of Ely were habitual non-residents. Masters,
Life of Baker, dedic, speaks of Bp. York's 'unusual residence in his diocese.'
' See p. 292.
' Ephem. p. 783 :
'
Cum sapientissimo et doctissimo viro D. Episcopo Eliensi
aliquot horas posui.'
^ Ep. 754 :
' Mihi cum illo praesule quotidiana consuetudo intercedit.'
' Burney mss. 365. p. 350.
promoted Casaubon 'will

to the mastership of Trinity.
excuse the notes which he had scribbled many years ago
on the margin of his Optatus Milevitanus, and which were
only intended as aids to memory.' The next morning
Casaubon was shown over the colleges by his old corre-
spondent Richard Thomson, who, though it was vacation,
was to be found in Clare Hall. After dining at Peter-
house, the bishop and Casaubon went on to Downham,
making a call upon the dean at Ely by the way.
In this summer retreat in the country, Casaubon enjoyed
forty-eight days of peace and leisure, without the daily
urgency of a literary task. These few weeks were all of
english country life he was destined to see. The flat fen
of Donnington is not a favourable specimen of our rural
scenery, but Casaubon thought it beautiful ^, coming from
S. Mary Axe. Though he had lived at Montpellier, he
thought the apricots of the isle of Ely rivalled those of
France in flavour. He was struck with the wealthy
appearance of the country. He saw
something of pro-
vincial life, accompanying the bishop on a progress, or
visitation, which he made to Wisbech and the neighbour-
hood. Here Casaubon, who was a keen observer of any-
thing new, made acquaintance with the bittern and the
bustard, with turf fires and stilts. He enquired into the
fattening of godwits for the London market; into the
manufacture of rape seed the culture of hemp the con-
; ;
struction of the Ely '

lantern.' He was pleased at being
able to verify, in the isle of Ely, the description in the
^
'
Panegyrici ' of the trembhng bog in the Low countries.
The current volume of the diary was taken down to
Downham, but on this progress Casaubon allowed him-
self to be separated from it. He made the notes of these
six days on a separate sheet of paper, which is still
^ Ephem. p. 865 Ipse ager Dunnitoniensis

:
'
et re et specie pulcherrimus est.'
' Eumenius, Paneg. Constantii, c. 8.
VII.] ELY. i6li. 349
preserved among his 'Adversaria,' and on his return to

Downham copied them into the diary.
His greatest pleasure in this retreat was the conver-
sation of the bishop, from whom he was not willing to be
parted^. But they could not be together all day, and
Casaubon could not do without books. It should seem
that in bishop Cox's spacious palace, on which Andrewes
also^, during his ten years' occupancy, expended a con-
siderable sum, there was no library. The bishops had no
official libraries. Andrewes had a very choice collection
of his own, but it was in London*. During his three
months' abode at Downham he depended on supplies
from Cambridge. The master of Peterhouse undertook
to supply Casaubon, but seems to have ill taken the
measure of his voracious appetite*. In these days in
which he was reading, not to write, but simply for
reading's sake, he read Baronius, '
Prsescriptiones ad-
; ;
versus haereticos ' Camerarius, Vita Melanchthonis
' ' Id.
;
'
Epistolae Contra Campianum
;
*
Whitaker,
Eunapius ; '
'
Optatus Milevitanus; several volumes of the writers

on the dispute between the emperor and the pope,
published by Goldast. These last were new to him,
being only just published. The others he had read
before, and had not asked for. They were Richardson's
selection for him. But Casaubon, famished as he was,
was not nice in his choice, and was not sorry to go over
old ground at leisure. Of Camerarius' epistles he made
^
copious notes. ' Whoever desires to make proficiency in
the art of living piously should read them.' Hadrian
' Ephem. 864 Libenter facio ut a tanto viro ne divellar.'

:
'
^ £2440 altogether on Ely House, Downham, and Wisbech Castle. See

Isaacson, Life and Death, p. xv.
' See Andrewes, Works, vol. p. cxiv. j..
* Burney mss. 365. p.

350 Credo te librorum tibi cupere aliorum copiam
:
'
fieri, cum priores superiore septimana missos longe ante hoc temporis totos
evolveris.'
' Ephem. p. 862 :
'
Legat eas epistolas qui vult in arte vitse hujus pie degendae
proficere.'
Junius' Animadversiones,' another offer of Richardson's \

'
'
though often handled by me, yet, in the dearth of other
books, I was not sorry to read again, for the author was
really a learned man.' Even on the progress, he could
not be without a book, and took Eunapius and Whitaker
with him for the purpose. At the house of a gentleman
in Wisbech he saw the Prophecies of Abbot Joachim in
latin and italian^. He writes from Downham to de Thou
that ^
' I contrive to support myself by the conversation
of the bishop, and by reading such books as I can get
hold of here.'
But country life without books could not long charm
him. And reading for reading's sake was now no longer
possible to him. The furor of mere acquisition had now
come be the ambition
to to reproduce, to rebuild. He
becomes more and more restless. He worries himself
because his time is lying idle ; because he is not grinding
work of which he is ever dreaming, and
at the theological
which never came to anything. He loads the autumnal

air of the pleasaunce at Downham with sighs and groans
because Madame Casaubon is away in France, and because
he does not hear from her by every post, i. e. twice a
week*. I am amazed at this continued silence of my
'
wife and all my people What can it mean ? It is torture !
to me, torture!' He fixes a day for his departure. The

bishop will not hear of it ; him with the golden
detains '
chains of courtesy.' Thomson, who is at Bury S. Ed-

munds, implores him to defer his departure till Friday*,
when he is coming over to Downham, that he may have
the benefit of Casaubon's powerful intercession with the
' Advers. torn. 25. p. 121. » Advers. 25. p. 115.

' Ep. 743 :
' Sermonibus cum ipso, et librorum, quos hie nancisci possum,
lectione, me sustento.'
Ephem. p. 864
* Ad hoc silentium uxoris et meorum stupeo. Deus bone
:
'
quid est quiddicam? quid suspicabor crucior, crucior animi.'

! ?
' Burney mss. 366. p. 251 'Tu, nisi incommodum sit, in diem Veneris
:
profectionem tuam differ.'
VH.] ELY. 1611. 351
bishop, 'to whom he entirely entrusts himself and his

case.'
There was a cabal, in his own college, Clare Hall, to
turn him out of some university office he held. Some
allegations could be brought against his morals. Thom-
son, though of english parentage, was a native of Holland,
and had perhaps imbibed the taste of the country. But,
besides a weakness for strong waters, he was suspected of
a much more criminal weakness for Arminianism. The
archbishop had been made to conceive a very bad opinion
of him. '
How I am to recover his favour,' writes Thom-
son^ to Casaubon in 161 1, 'I have not yet been able to
discover any channel.' As for thecharge of his enemies
that he was not qualified to preside over the exercises in
the schools, he declares it to be ridiculous. Things must
have gone to a great length, for in August, 161 1, Thomson
is informed that the master of Clare is getting a memorial
against him signed in the university. ^'What is most

grievous to me is that they have gone the length of
waiting on the bishop of Ely to calumniate to him my
walk and character, nay, a thing which is ludicrous, to
represent that I am unfit for my office. As if I were such
a fool and so inexperienced as not to be qualified to
preside over the disputations in the schools.' This letter
reached Casaubon while he was staying with the bishop
of Ely. He seems to have thought that the best way to
impress Andrewes favourably was to him see Thomson. let
Accordingly, Thomson was invited to Downham, and the

three together passed an evening in that talk which alone
compensated Casaubon for being kept out of his study.
The further issue of Thomson's affair is not known to
' Burney Mss. 366. p. 251 :

' Hujus gratiam quomodo mihi conciliem viam
iiullam invenire aut aperire hactenus possum.'
^ Ibid. -.
'
Quod prsecipue mihi cordolio est etiam rev. episcopum Eliensem
convenire ausos super moribus ac vita mea, imo, quod ridiculum prorsus est,
super insufficientiam regiminis.'
353 /SAAC CASAVBON. [Sect.
me. This is name occurs

the last occasion on which his
in conjunction with that of Casaubon. Thomson endea-
voured to propitiate the bishop of Ely by writing a
pamphlet in defence of his '
Tortura Torti K'
After many postponements, Casaubon's feverish im-
patience to get back to his books tore him away from

Downham, in spite of the bishop's manifest displeasure
at this disregard of his hospitality. He stopped again
at Cambridge on his way up, went over the rest of the
colleges, and being pressed by the master of Peterhouse,
stayed a second night in order to meet the professors at
supper at the vice-chancellor's^. The literary character
of the conversation pleased him, and he made the ac-

quaintance of Harrison, who was able to show him two
books which were new to him: Hugo, abbot of S. Victor,
'On the Psalms;' and a volume of the numerous works of
Dionysius, called the '
Carthusian.'
In Casaubon gave himself no holiday. The
1612,
bishop of Ely would gladly have taken him down into
his diocese again. And there was the more inducement
to Casaubon to go, as the heat of London in that August
was excessive. Plus aequo sudavi,' Casaubon writes to
'
de Thou. On the vigil of S. Bartholomew, August 23,

o. s. the bishop writes from Downham ^ :
If you had been here you would have escaped heats

'
of all sorts, those of the dog-days inclusive. At Downham

we never know what heat is. It is true I have caught
a fever, but from cold, exposing myself too long to the
chill of the evening. In the city the radiation from so
many walls, against an atmosphere thickened with coal
smoke, and fog, makes what is with us a very small
puppy (of a dogstar) into a molossian hound. . . Come
' Elenchus refutationis Torturae Torti pro rev. episcopo Eliense adversus
Martinura Becanum, 8°. Lond. 1611.
^ The diary, p. 887, has Cancellarium.'

'
' Burney MSS. 363, printed in Andrewes' Works, Bliss, 1. xliii.
VII.] ELY. i6ii. 353
to me, therefore, down here; come, if you will, on the

day you left us last year, S. Augustine's day; and may
the saint be more propitious

your return than he was
to
to your departure last autumn, when he expressed his
displeasure at your leaving us by a storm of rain. Come
and see a fair celebrated throughout England ^ or if you ;
have no taste in fairs, you shall have a hebrew S. Matthew,

which is in Corpus library.
Do be persuaded to come, I shall get well at once if I
'
can only see you. If it is only a few days' relaxation it

will do you good. You shall shoot a deer, and rest after
your three months' hard labour. We will let you go
away when you please. Be so good as to remember that
the hand which writes these lines has the ague. God keep
you long to be an ornament to letters.'
' On Sturbridge fair, see the exhaustive references of Mayor, ' Life of
Bonwicke,' pp. 153 seq. [and a paper read by the late Cornelius Walford before
the Library Association at Cambridge in i88a].
A a
VIII.
VISIT TO OXFORD,
1613.
In May, 1613, having finished the volume of 'Exer-

citations/ at least in the rough draft, and Madame
Casaubon being departed into France, Casaubon takes at
last a holiday, and an excursion out of town.
He had long meditated a visit to Oxford. He had an-

nounced this intention at court some time before. The
^
king took a great interest in the occasion. ' What, not
cried James in surprise at seeing him
!
off to Oxford yet '
again in April; 'you don't seem much in earnest about

going.' Thinking the delay might be emptiness of pocket,
he removed this difficulty by a present. At last, on
Thursday, May 17, having^ locked up his library and
taken the key with him, he left London, and went to sir
Henry Savile's at Eton. Two years before, Savile had
engaged him ^ to make the same tour, and Casaubon had
promised to meet him on August i at Oxford. The
scheme had been more than once proposed*, but had
not been executed. Savile supposed the difficulty to be
want of the means of locomotion, and, surprised to hear
that Casaubon had been many months in London, and yet
not set up a horse, placed his own carriage at his disposal,
' Ep. 822: 'Videris rem non multum curare.'

'^
Burney Mss. 366.
" Burney mss. 366. p. 55 :
'
De kal. Aug. Oxonii vide ne vadimonium deseras,
nisi antea tibi commodum fuerit, hue venire, illudque iter una conficere.'
* Burney mss. 366. p. 56 :
'
Toties spem fallenti.'
OXFORD VISIT. 1613. ^t^K^
and offered to send it for him any day that he would

orders Casaubon's delay was due partly to his much
occupied time, but partly also to his little incHnation for
Savile personally. He would have preferred to have
made his appearance at Oxford alone, but it was im-
possible, when sir Henry made a point of himself doing
the honours of his university.
On Friday, May 18, Savile, who was at the same time
provost of Eton and warden of Merton, took him in his
coach ^ to Oxford, twenty-seven miles, as Casaubon is
careful to note. He must have found them long ones,
as the distance by the old road was over thirty-seven^,
and notwithstanding Savile's persistent attention to
as,
him, no cordiality ever existed between the two men.

If common
studies were sufficient to cement friend-
ships, was the one man in England, in whose
Savile
society it might have been anticipated that Casaubon
would have found himself at home. Their correspond-
ence had'begun by letter in 1596, when Casaubon, at
Thomson's instigation, had written at the same time to
Camden and Savile, as the two Englishmen who interested
themselves in greek learning. Casaubon had asked Savile
for aid in his Polybius Savile had sought, and received,
;
collations, or communication of mss, for the Chrysostom.

Nor was theological diversity here a bar to intimacy, for
Savile was even more anti-puritan than Casaubon him-
self*. But there was an innate antagonism of character
which Casaubon, insignificant in
dissociated them.
presence, the most humble of men, but intensely real,
' Burney Heus tu, post tot menses quibus hseres Londini,
mss. 366. p. 52 :
'
nee nos non esse ? haec mihi, qui ad diem quemvis a

invisis, scribis te Ittno&orr^v
te prsestitutum currum tibi meum praesto futurum receperim ? mone ad

. . .
quem diem te Londini jubeas automedonta meum expectare.'

* Ephem. In rheda ipsius.'
p. 980
'
:
' Onthe reckoning of distances in miles in the 17th century see the remarks
in Wheatley's preface to Smith's ' Description of England.'
* A. Wood, Hist, et Antiq. i. 1590: '(Savilius) vir a supervacaneis hisce
catharorura inventis alienissimus.'
A a 2
knowing what he knew with fatal accuracy, and keeping

his utterance below his knowledge. Sir Henry, the
munificent patron of learning, and devoting his fortune
to its promotion, with a fine presence, polished manners,
and courtly speech, was not free from the swagger and
braggadocio affected by the courtiers of James and
Charles. He would enact the patron, but he also desired
to be accepted by the experts as an expert, because he
patronised them. Aubrey had heard Hobbes say ^'that
he (Savile) would faine have been thought to have been
as great a scholar as be well with
Joseph Scaliger.' To
Savile, you must not only accept his patronage, you must
admit his greek scholarship. In his acknowledgments to
those who assisted him in the Chrysostom, Isaac Casaubon
is named indeed among a crowd of scholars, but Savile
^
will owe his admission to the royal library, or rather the

admission of our copyists ' ' (nostri librarii), to nothing less
than to the interposition of the '
ambassador of my sove-
reign.' He liked to have learned men about him, not that
he wanted to hear what they had to say, but that he might
show them. No one but he must exhibit the lion of the
day to the university, and he now had the glory of driving
up High Street in full term, bringing in his coach Isaac
Casaubon, a little respected as the first greek scholar living,
much envied as a prime favourite of the monarch.
Notwithstanding their long journey, Casaubon was
out immediately to take a survey of the colleges and
halls, —a survey which he completed, with his usual
plodding thoroughness, on Saturday morning. The
splendour of the buildings filled him with admiration of
^'the piety and magnificence of our ancestors.' Above
all the then, as now, unfinished design of the great cardinal
struck him with wonder at the grandeur of the conception.
As evidence that the sources of founders' munificence
' Aubrey, Lives, 2. 524. ^ Chrysost. 0pp. torn. i. lectori.
" Ephem. p. 980 ;
'
Nostrorum majorum pietatem et magnificentiara.'
VIII.] OXFORD VISIT. 1613. 357
were not dried up, he noticed that much building was

going on at Merton, where Savile was just finishing
the fine fi-ontage towards the meadow. Besides this^
there was the usual rebuilding going on^, occasioned
by the perishing of the oolitic stone. A middle-age
building, says Michelet, is no sooner finished than it
requires to be repaired.
After dinner he was taken to see the Saturday dis-
putation in the divinity school at which the regius
professor of theology moderated. The regius professor
at this time was Robert Abbot, master of BalHol. Abbot
was a man of some reading, and, though he had a brother
who was archbishop of Canterbury, and though he had
been able to prove the pope to be anti-christ, was not
unworthy of the position he held. Casaubon was already
acquainted with Abbot, who was occasionally about the
court. Now that he came to see him officiate, he was
highly satisfied both with the ability and the doctrine of
the regius professor. His conduct of the disputation was
everything that could be desired. On the critical question
of faith and works,' for which
' all ears were then highly
sensitive, he entirely satisfied Casaubon's judicial mind.
He took, as became his office, a moderate position, not
repudiating the Calvinism of the old school, and making
sufficient concession to the arminianism of the new school.
It was well known that his own habits of thought attached
him to the calvinistic side, and that he had no sympathy
with the new anglo-catholic modes of thinking, which
were rising into consideration, and were being pushed
on by the younger zeal of Laud. Abbot, too, was a rising
man, and on his preferment, and was accordingly contri-
buting his pamphlet to the grand battle which was raging.
His 'Antilogia' was inHhe press at the time of Casaubon's
visit. As he was going over in it, in more detail, the same
' Ep. 899: Quasdam collegia a fundamentis nova extruuntur.'
'
^ See above, p. 314, note i.
ground which Casaubon had travelled in the Epistola ad '
Frontonem,' and had for the purpose the same collection

of papers from the Tower records which had been in
Casaubon's hands ^ this formed at once a common topic.
Casaubon saw that he could not consult a more judicious
critic, and put six sheets of his '
Exercitationes ' into his
hands with the entreaty that he would revise them in good

earnest ^.
On Sunday, sir Henry exhibited his guest at both

sermons, taking him to dine between times at the deanery
at Christ Church. Casaubon was furnished by the arch-
bishop with letters of introduction to the dean. On
Monday, Savile left to return to Eton, and the dean
insisted^ on Casaubon transferring himself for the re-
mainder of his stay to the deanery. The dean was
William Goodwin, a man of no learning, but a judicious
ecclesiastic, who accumulated the duties of the arch-
deaconry of Middlesex with those of his deanery 'vir
—
probus et plus ' is all Casaubon can say of him —but who
would not fail in the exercise of hospitality to a "man who
came recommended by the archbishop. He maintained
his acquaintance with Casaubon, and visited him in
London afterwards.
The usual honorary degree was, of course, offered, nay,
pressed on him*. But Casaubon's good sense steadily
dechned a decoration which, from being lavished on rank
or political partisanship, is no proper distinction of learn-
ing or letters.
He did not come with any special interest in the working

of the academical system. But some points in Oxford life.
Calendar of State papers, domestic, Jas. i.

'
Ephem. p. 983
" Meum opus D. Abotio communicavi, qui utinam seriam
:
'
censuram exerceat.'
" Ephem. Volentem, nolentem in suas wdes introduxit.'
p. 981 :
'
' Ep. 885 Scio cogitare illos titulis magnificis me ornare.' Ep. 899
;
'
:
Omnes ituBava-^Kai sunt ab iis adhibitse ut me summis honoribus insignirent,'

'
Vni.] OXFORD VISIT. 1613. 359
those especially which contrasted strongly with the usages

of Paris, impressed themselves upon his never inobservant
eye. In Paris, as in the Jesuit colleges, the scholars were
as schoolboys, and as such were looked after by the
principals and the regents. In Oxford, on the contrary,
the students lived as young gentlemen, in their separate
chambers apart, only meeting for the college exercises,
and common meals. The heads and fellows of colleges,
though governing and teaching the inmates of their
respective houses, lived for themselves and for learning
or if not for learning, at least with other than paedagogic
objects; an arrangement which approved itself to him
highly ^. The heads of colleges, some of them, lived like '
noblemen, splendidly, yea, magnificently, having an income

of loooo livres annual.' Hence the virtue of hospitality,
which, whatever else has been wanting, has never failed
in Oxford. Casaubon's refusal of their honours did not
damp welcome which the colleges were ambi-
the hearty
tious to offer him. It was one succession of banquets,'
'
writes Casaubon^, among which Magdalen was distin-

guished by its sumptuosity^. Abbot, with all his occupa-
tion on his book, was not behind the dean in hospitality,
but entertained the stranger on May 28, with princely
magnificence *, which the recent annexation of a canonry,
and of Ewelme, to the professorship of divinity by James,
enabled him to show. Casaubon must have mentally
compared these scenes with the condition of the Paris
school, its buildings ruined, and its funds dilapidated by
civil war. He never saw the Sorbonne in all its glory,
such as it became after a generation of peace, when
' Ep. 899 :

' Quod valde probavi, abest a collegiis Anglorum ilia, quam vocant
nostri psedagogicam vitse rationem . . . res studiosorum et rationes separatae
sunt; quod valde probavi.' These words were not understood by Hallam, who
quotes the passage, Lit. of Europe, 2. 231.
^ Ephem. p. 984 :
' In perpetuis conviviis versamur.'
' Ephem. p. 983 :
' Pransi sumus in Coll. Magd. lautissimo apparatu.'
* Ephem. p. 983 :
' Regie apparatu suos convivas excepit.'
Quesnel ^ says, Une licence de theologie de Paris est,

'
dans le genre des exercices de litterature, un de plus

beaux spectacles qui se trouvait au monde.' To this
wealth of the colleges Casaubon ^ once ascribed the self-
conceit of Englishmen; forgetting that he had had to
make the same complaint of the Paris regents when he
first came in contact with them ^ The self-complacency
of the Parisian academic certainly was not due to wealth.
The passive victim of all this feasting, Casaubon, devoted
many hours each day of his stay to reading. The focus of
his interests, and one principal object of his journey, was
the Bodleian. Only opened in 1604, this library, so rare
then were public libraries, had already begun to attract to
Oxford men from foreign parts and distant countries. The
arrangements were favourable to work. It was open for
six hours a day, three in the morning, and as many in the
afternoon. It was closed for two hours at eleven or twelve,
then the hours of dinner in the colleges *. As the pubHc
exercises were resumed in the afternoon, and common-
rooms as yet were not in existence, dinner, however
sumptuous, could not last beyond one or two o'clock,
according to the season. This system of official punc-
tuality in the service of the library contrasted very favour-
ably with the usage of the king's library at Paris, where
the librarians had no hours ^, and admission to which was
matter of special request and favour.
From what has been said of Casaubon's reading, it may
appear that he is omnivorous, and that nothing comes
^ Vie de M. Arnauld, quoted by Jourdain.
'^
Ep. 831 ' Est insitum huic nationi, ut sua amet, aliena ne admittat quidem
:
ad aliquam comparationem. Florentissima enim et ditissima sua collegia ipsis

animos faciunt ut omnes non vereantur prae se contemnere.'
^ See above, p. i68.
' These early hours held their ground till the middle of the eighteenth
century. In 1753, Horace Walpole, Walp. to Bentley, found that fashion
'
has so far prevailed over custom, that they have altered the hour of dinner from
12 to I.'
° Cas. Ep. ad Bibran. ed. Schultze, p. 7 :

'
Die lunse bibliothecam Jortasse
adibimus.'
amiss to him. This is almost, but not quite, so. His aim
was to interpret the ancients ; and as this could only be by
themselves, he desired to read all the remains of the greek
and But the want of assorted libraries, and
latin writers.
of the catalogues to which such libraries have given
occasion, made it difficult to know what texts had been
printed since the beginning of the art. Still more was the
coming across an inedited ms. an affair of chance. Casaubon
is all his life through straitened in the matter of books.
'
It has been one of the heaviest disadvantages of my
studies,' he says ^, '
that I have hitherto lived among men
who did not care to have even the most necessary books.
I have therefore been obliged to supply myself out of my
own purse, with almost all the ancient authors whom I
have read. Some there are which I have never been able
to procure at any price such as Palaephatus, of whom I
;
once met with a ms. at Orange, but have never seen since.
Here at last (Paris), by divine favour, I got one and read
it greedily^.' On he came, for the first
settling in Paris
time in his life, into comparative plenty. The removal to
London was, in this respect, a double deprivation. He
had left all his own books behind, and found nothing
which could replace to him the libraries of the king, and
of de Thou. Indeed Bill, the king's stationer, had a
general order to supply him with the books he required
for his work on Baronius. But Bill was himself very
poorly supplied with books from abroad. Even a book
published in Oxford ^ was not procurable in the London
' Adversaria, torn. 7 Non minima studiorum nostrorum infelicitas hasc,

:
'
quod hactenus inter homines viximus, qui libros ad lisec studia necessarios non
multum curarunt. itaque quoscunque fere legimus, veteres scriptores sere ndstro
nobis parare sumus coacti.'
^ It would seem from this that the Aldine .ffisop, 1505, which contains the
greek text of Palaephatus, De incredibilibus etc., was even then a rare book,
' '
as it is now among the scarcest of the Aldines. [Palaephatus was also to be
found in the Basel edition (1543) of Cornutus De Nat. Deorum.]

2
Ep. 964 Nunc in urbe ejus exemplum non inveni apud librarios, quia est
:
'
editus Oxonii.'
shops, SO was the book-trade organized in England. If

ill
this was the case with new books, it was still more with
old books. Thomas Savile mentions ^ that he could not
get a copy of the 'Notitia' at the booksellers either in
Oxford or London. Casaubon had occasional access to
Cotton's Library, a collection rich in^ chronicles and
antiquarian books, but not either classical or patristic. He
therefore entered the Bodleian, a man with a vigorous
appetite, who has been for some time on short rations.
He threw himself greedily upon the stores thus opened to
him, and in the twelve days over which his visits to the
library extended, he made the best of his time.
His name was entered upon the register of readers as of
Christ Church ^, though he had refused the degree which
would have entitled him to call for any book as matter of
right. He must have read as a stranger, introduced by
the dean of Christ Church. His particular enquiry was
for such books as were unattainable in London. We
must not think of the Bodleian then as the magnificent
collection which it has since become, but as in its first
infancy, before even the Selden was aggregated to it. Of
greek mss. in which it is now rich, it possessed, at that
time, very few. Yet few as they were, the demand for
them was less. Holstenius, who was there in 1622, writes
to Meursius *, that he had buried himself in the Oxford
'
libraries, turning over greek and latin mss, which no one

in those parts thinks of troubling.' After the wealth of
greek which he had been accustomed in the united
to
King's and Medicean libraries at Paris, the Bodleian must
have seemed to Casaubon poverty indeed ^. What they
' Camdeni Epp. p. 9.

''
Ep. 940 :
'
Legi in bibliotheca Cottoniana ejusdem libros De vita abbatura
S. Albani.'
' Registrum S de actis in domo congregationis f". 440 b.
' Holstenii epp. p. 10 Delitui in Oxoniensium bibliothecis, veteres codices
;
'
grsecos latinosque sedulo excutiens, quibus nemo istic locorum negotium

facessit.' ° Ep. 899 :
'
Nihil ad regias opes.'
VIII.] OXFORD VISIT. 1 613. ^6^
had were produced for him. As he wanted to read, not to

collate, new was what he looked out for, and he
material
fastened on the Thesaurus of Nicetas Choniates. This
was not the valuable Choniates which we now have, which
was only brought from Constantinople by sir Thomas Roe
in 1628, but an abridgment or series of extracts from the
*
Thesaurus '
which had been made for cardinal Pole. The
magnificence of the paper and the splendour of the calli-
graphy 1, 'the largest folio, the thickest paper he ever saw,'
made it the show book of the library. But Casaubon was
not content with looking at it, he sate down to read it, and
read it through. And he not only reads it through, but
makes twenty-three pages of extracts, in greek, for future
use. He read also S. Basil, Commentary on Isaiah, then
inedited ; Leo a Castro, ditto Ephrem Syrus, in Gerard
;
Voss' translation ; Juan de la Puente, a book by him, lately

brought out of Spain, read, and seven pages of extracts
made, mostly in Spanish. Euthymius Zigabenus, whom he
had read in Paris, but could not get in London, he found
in the Bodleian ; also Suisseth, a long sought for book '
(diu optatum librum). The first two volumes of the new
edition of the Concilia^, though three or four years old,

could not be seen in London, as we may infer from the
pains taken to extract the council of Chalcedon, in fifteen
pages of close writing. A Euchologion ^, Osiander, Har- '
monia quatuor evangeliorum Lipsius in Suetonii tres ;

'
posteriores libros, Offenbaci 1610; Wakefield, 'Syntagma

;
de Hebraeorum codicum interpretatione ' Laurentius
Suslyga, 'hastily looked over,' but yielding nevertheless
thirteen pages of extract; Joh. Ferus 'in Acta Aposto-
lorum ;
'
another anonymous commentary on the first twelve
;
chapters of the Acts ; Boethius, 'De rebus Scotiae ' Alvianus
^ Adversaria, 28. 53 : 'In maxima et crassissima papyro, quam unquam videre

memini.'
^ Romse, ex typographia Vaticana, torn. i. 1608, torn. 2. 1609.
* Venet. 1602.
;
Pelagius, De planctu ecclesiae Espencseus, two works oiF
'
'
;
his ; Rainolds, De ecclesiae romanae idololatria
'
all these '
are noticed or extracted in the Adversaria. But there were

doubtless other things of which no mention is made either
in the diary, or in the Oxford memoranda, e. g. he says ^
that the tractate '
De coena domini,' which is included
among the works of S. Cyprian, is not Cyprian's, but the
work of some middle-age writer, as I read in a ms. of the '
library at Oxford ^.' After six hours' reading and writing at

this pace in the library, there must be recreation. This he
takes, on his return to the deanery, by more reading, but
of a lighter sort, such as Wake's Rex Platonicus,' or by '
taking lessons in rabbinical hebrew from a young man of

that persuasion ^.
It is sad, but not surprising, to read in the diary, that in

the second week of this regime, as he was ascending the
Bodleian stairs, he was seized with sudden giddiness

in the head.
What with the sermons, and the disputations, and all
this reading got through, there does not seem to be much

time left to be given to mere acquaintance. It would
seem working academic of that day was as much
that the
burdened with official engagements as now. A month
later we find Abbot writing * that he is so driven by the
business of commemoration, that he hardly has time to
draw breath, much less to write letters. What intercourse
Casaubon had with the leading men of the place had to be
got during the meals. Men of learning, who could
venture to challenge him to discourse of books, were but
few. Indeed, it is an error to imagine that such have been,
at any time in our university annals, numerous. Casaubon
only found three men whom he distinguishes as in this
' Exerc. in Baron, p. 515.
" ' Ut legi in MS. codice illustris bibliothecae Oxoniensis.'
' [See infra, p. 368.]
* Burney mss. 363, p. 23 :
'
Comitialium jam negotiorum ^stu laborans, ut vix
respirandi tempus habeam.'
VIII.J OXFORD VISIT. 1613. ^3,6^
category Abbot, Prideaux, and Kilbye.

: Of Abbot we
have already spoken. Prideaux (John) was rector of
Exeter, who afterwards (1616) succeeded Abbot as regius
professor of divinity. He, like Abbot, inclined to the old
puritan, or calvinistic, party in the university,
and was very
obnoxious to the young arminian set^ He had been
engaged by the bishops to answer the last hbel of
Eudaemon-Joannes, in which Casaubon was personally
attacked, and some correspondence had already passed
between the two on this subject. The tendency of eng-
lish divines just at this time was to disuse latin in their
books, and to adopt english. Prideaux was one of the
few who adhered to the old-fashioned latin, and owed
his selection partly to this circumstance, as it was neces-
sary to answer the Jesuits in the language in which they
wrote.
Casaubon was enjoying in the fullest measure that
flattering homage which at either of the english uni-
versities is ever accorded to the
eminent foreign scholar.
How was he shocked, when the rector of Exeter came up
to him, and enquired, with a serious air, If it were true '
that his fatherhad been hanged?' Prideaux, in reading

Eudsemon-Joannes 'Answer to Casaubon,' had been
'
puzzled by finding repeated allusions to a rope^- Casau-

bon had had as early as January some sheets of this
pamphlet sent him from Germany. He had looked at
them hastily, and thrown them aside ^ as frivolous. He
had not even noticed, careful reader as he was, the
' See Montagu's flippant letter, Cosin, Correspond, i. p. 22 Prideaux hath :

'
threatened to write against me. Utinam. But I think he distrusteth himself at

his pen. For he saide to my lord of Oxford, that though I were a good scholer
at my pen, and wrote well, yet he doubted not but att an argument he could
plunge me. The man thincketh well of himself, yet if k. James please, I dare
look him in the face, in his owne scholes.'
^ Resp. ad epist. Is. Casauboni, p. 143 Quod ut :
' tuo te fune strangules
ipsemet scribis.'
' Ephem. p. 966 :
' Hodie vidi librum Andreas Eudaemonos Johannis adversus
me, futilem sane.'
^66 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
allusions which Prideaux spoke ^. He could only-

of
conjecture what their meaning might be. Afterwards, by
the aid of an Antwerp correspondent, Sweertius, he
traced to the Jesuit college in that city, the head of which
was Scribanius, the author of the 'Amphitheatrum,' a story
that his father, Arnold, had been hanged. The calumny
was ben trovato,'
'
and wounded Isaac to the quick. No
possession was more treasured by him than his father's
good name, and the memory of his saintly life devoted to
the cause of the church, through the days of terror. He
was very solicitous that this lie should be replied to, and
after his return to London he furnished Prideaux with that
narrative of his father's last moments, which has been
before quoted But the incident threw a cloud over the
^.
bright days of his reception at Oxford, which was further

dimmed by another adventure of a different kind.
Of the three men whom we have named as having
specially cultivated Casaubon during his visit, Kilbye
(Richard) is the least known. His intimacy with Cas-
aubon was probably founded on their common hebrew
tastes, as, besides being rector of Lincoln College (1590),
Kilbye had also lately become regius professor of Hebrew
(1610) He had been one of the translators of the bible
^.
Oxford company, the prophets and had written, but not —

published, a commentary on Exodus, * the chief part of '
which is excerpted from the monuments of rabbins and

Hebrew interpreters.' He also continued
Jean Mercier's
commentaries on Genesis, and would have printed them,
'
but was denied.' Casaubon was intimately lie with Josias

Mercier, the son of the author of the book in which Kilbye
' Ep. 896: Antequam te convenirem nihil ejus scivi.'

'
' See above, p. 26 Prideaux, Castigatio cujusdam circulatoris,

; p. 224.
[Richard Kilbye was collated to the prebend of Milton Ecclesise in the
^
Cathedral Church of Lincoln on the 28th September, 1601. Hardy's Le Neve,

ii. 188. See also Macray, Annals of the Bodleian
' '
p. 67, and Verneuil's
' Nomenclator there quoted.]
'
* A. Wood, Athen. Oxon. 2.

287.
took this interest^, and had himself a high value for his
commentary, which he had selected in 1599 for his
morning devotional reading^. Kilbye's mss. are lost,
but from five letters of his to Casaubon, and from a
single printed sermon, we may gather thus much ^ ; that
he was a man of some reading beyond the common. His
citations are from books not read by every one, and come
in aptly, as if supplied by memory, not looked up for the
occasion. An allusion to S. Cyprian, even in a short
letter*, has the same appearance of naturalness. Further,
that he was pious and retiring that he still continued ^ ;
he was fifty-three at the time of Casaubon's visit— to

occupy himself with hebrew reading, to which occupation
may, perhaps, be ascribed the neghgence, and even in-
correctness, of his latin. At his lodgings Casaubon saw
an early copy of Raphelengius' Lexicon Arabicum^, the
only other copy in England being the bishop of Ely's'.
Casaubon could not get one for himself in London.
Kilbye is a fair specimen of the academical professor of
his time with some reading, but without learning or even
;
the conception of it as a whole; his knowledge and his

ideas confined within the narrow circle of ecclesiastical
interests and ecclesiastical motive.
It was under the sanction of the professor that a young
' Ephem. p. 357:

' Magni Merceri doctissimus filius.'
' Ephem. Cepi Merceri in Jobum scripta legere, facturus deinceps
p. 129 :
'
hoc matutinum exordium studiorum, donee omnia illius magni viri perlegero.'
' The sermon is a funeral sermon on Dr. Holland, regius professor of
divinity, and rector of Exeter, preached at S. Mary's, March 26, 1612. A copy
with MS. corrections in Kilbye's own hand, is in the Bodleian. The five letters
are in the Burney collection MS. 364. ;
* Burney MSS. 364. 323: "^Deus namque providos non praecipites amat, ut
scite Ciprianus.'
' Burney Mss. 364. 322 :
'
Multum enim fateor me eorum (i. e. Judaeorum)
scientia delectari.'
' Published 1613. This copy is now in the college library, to which Kilbye
left 108 volumes of books, hebrew and latin no greek. ;
' Ep. 898 Ego nullum adhuc exemplar illius lexici potui hie nancisci. duo
:
'
tantum hactenus vidi exemplaria, unum in manibus Eliensis, alteram Oxonii

apud professorem hebraeum.'
Hebrew, who went by the name of Jacob Barnet, found

occupation and a Hvelihood by giving instruction in
Hebrew to the students. He was in favour with the
authorities, for Casaubon met him also at the rector of
Exeter's. Getting into conversation with him, Casaubon
was not only struck by his natural capacity, but was sur-
prised to find so young a man not only a thorough master
of the language, but deeply read in the books of his
nation ^. '
The lore he possesses in
vast mass of talmudic
a measure far beyond what have ever met with in any jew I
before ; and, rare thing in a jew, he knows latin.' The

opportunity was too good to be lost, and Casaubon imme-
diately took him on to read rabbinical hebrew with him.
Nor did he stop here. When on Monday, June 4, he
bade farewell to the university, he carried off Jacob with
him to London in his own hired coach, and installed him
in his house. Here he kept him as his inmate for a
month. He found profit not only in his lessons, but in
his conversation. Casaubon's close work, however, upon
the '
Exercitations '
prevented his profiting by this domest-
ication at any other time than at meals ^. Though the
Jesuits afterwards pretended that, as he had gotten his
theological references from cardinal Du Perron, so Casau-
bon had his hebrew from Jacob the Jew.
He soon found that he could not afford the burden of
an additional inmate and was obliged to return him to
'',
Oxford. Jacob had for some time past evinced dispo-

sitions towards Christianity, and now added to the interest
excited by his rare learning, that of catechumen. In this
capacity Casaubon sent him back, fortified with letters of
recommendation to his university friends, and especially
to the regius professor of hebrew, whose special protege
he was. Casaubon wrote no less than nine letters in one
' Ep. 924 Literis Judaicis et Thalmudicis supra fidem doctus.'

:
'
^ M. Casaubon, Pietas, p. loi Rarissime eos coUocutos nisi inter epulas.'

:
'
' Ephem. p. 990 Nostris semper conatibus obstat res angusta domi.'
:
'
day on his behalf, and took the earliest opportunity of

speaking to the archbishop, and even to the king about
him. Abbot wrote himself from Croydon to the vice-
chancellor, and enjoined Kilbye to undertake in person the
instruction of the promising convert^. The conversion
became the topic of the day in the university. All the
ceremony were arranged before-
details of the baptismal
hand by the most scrupulous anxiety.'
authorities with the
The archbishop ordered a sermon to be preached, the
vice-chancellor named a preacher. Twisse of New col- .
lege, the preacher, prepared his sermon. The vice-chan-

cellor was to administer the rite. There being then no
form of adult baptism in the anglican ritual, and no pre-
cedent being known, Casaubon was consulted as to what
should be done ^, and the archbishop allowed an ex-
tempore, or, at least, an occasional prayer to be used,
another offence to the rising ritualist party. A keen
debate arose in the council of doctors, heads, and proctors,
as to the fittest time for the ceremony. Some, thinking of
the bird in hand, wished to have the public baptism as
part of the entertainment of the 'Act' (July 8). Kilbye
deprecated haste, and demanded to have the long vacation
for the decent instruction of the neophyte. The convert
himself was impatient to make his confession, but Kilbye
moderated his ardour. Kilbye's opinion finally prevailed,
and Michaelmas day was fixed for the edifying spectacle.
In September, Kilbye reported to Casaubon that all was
going on well, that his pupil promised excellently^, and
that he hoped he would turn out a second James, and
'
faithful disciple of Christ.'
1 Burney mss.
364. p. 323 Kilbye to Casaubon, July 13, 1613
;
lUustrissimus:
'
archiepiscopus banc provinciara mihi dedit ut ilium instruam in articulis fidei, et

misteriis Christianas religionis.'
^ Ibid. p. 326 : '
Si aliquem Judaeum baptisatum videris, ore ut caerimonias
quas vel ipse videris, vel ab aliis intellexeris. Uteris tuis denunties.'
' Ibid. 364. p. 326 : '
Optime spero de Jacobo quod futurus sit alter Jacobus
Christi discipulus fidelis.'
Bb
37° ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
Michaelmas approached, and all was ready— all except

the chief actor. The day before the ceremony was to
come off, Jacob had decamped. The heads were furious
at having been duped the proctors' emissaries were sent ;
out, horse and foot, to scour the country. They suc-
ceeded in capturing, without regard to the limits of their

jurisdiction, the on the road to London. The
fugitive
vice-chancellor committed him to gaol, for what offence —
is not clear— as even Casaubon ventured to surmise that '^
to decline baptism is not a misdemeanour by the law of

England. However, they kept him locked up in Bocardo,
a miserable hole, where he was like to have died of filth
and starvation 2- The rector of Lincoln, who was most
compromised, was most indignant. He played with his
victim, as a cat with its mouse, having him out of his hole
every now and then to remonstrate with him on the
wickedness of his conduct, but not paying any attention
to hisrenewed offers of abjuration ^
Casaubon was also deeply mortified at the part he had
been made to play in the comedy. It threw a cloud upon
what was otherwise a most gratifying visit. He was
naturally very indignant. But when he heard of his
suffering in his confinement, and that some of the doctors
were bent upon having him further punished, he forgot
the affront* in his sympathy with learning, and exerted
himself both with the archbishop and the king to procure
his release. This was not effected till December, but
Jacob was banished the university precincts. ^ It will '
' Ep. 924 :

' Nam quod nolit fieri christianus, crimen legibus puniendum,
opinor, hoc non est ; sed tantum quod simulaverit.'
^ Ibid. .
'
Periculum esse, ne homo infelix fame et paedore pereat in illo duro
carcere.'
^ Burney mss. 364. 327 :
'
Ssepe famulum meum mitto, ut ilium ad me adducat,
et postea reducat.'
' Ep. 924 :
'
Etsi detestor ilHus perfidiam, non possum tamen non aliqua ejus
tangi commiseratione propter excellentem ipsius doctrinam.'
' Burney mss. 364. 322.
be long,' writes Kilbye, before another jew of such attain-

'
ments comes among us. Had he but put on Christ, what

an aid he might have been to hebrew studies in this place
It is any one ever to understand the
quite impossible for
hebrew doctors by his own unassisted efforts, unless he
has been first initiated by one of that nation.' The only
one who came well out of the affair was Twisse, the
preacher on Michaelmas day. Finding his prepared dis-
course balked, he delivered one, at a few hours' notice, on
Jewish perfidy, which was highly relished, at least by the
calvinistic party, to which Twisse belonged. Either for
his sermons, or for his german descent^, he was no-
minated, in 1614, chaplain to the princess Elizabeth, and
went with her to Heidelberg ^-
The glimpse we get of the interior of the university of

Oxford during Casaubon's visit, transient as it is, is yet
one of the most intimate which chance has transmitted to
us from that age, prior to the time of Anthony Wood.
It shows us, in clear relief, the old and well-established
features of the place, a character which was imprinted on

it before the reformation, and which belongs to it still, in
spite of many superficial changes, as it did in the time of

James i. We find a school where much activity prevails
in the routine instruction, and where the time and force of
the resident instructors is much consumed in the for-
malities of official duty, and the management of their
'
A. Wood, Athenee Oxon. 3. 170 Twisse was " natione Teutonicus, fortuna
;
'
Batavus, religione calvinista."'

^ Vanini's Amphitheatrum, published 1615, gives a later glimpse of Jacob the
Jew. ' quidam temporibus meis ludseus in Anglia, ut Christi fidem

Fuit
susciperet, et ab Oxoniensi Academia perhumaniter fuit exceptus cum vero ad ;
sacrum lavacrum deducendus esset, aufugit, captus est. Rex ex benignitate

dimisit. Oifendi eum aliquo tempore post Lutetise Parisiorum in aula regia, ubi
in sermone mutuo quem duximus, Anglorum avaritiam mirum in modum
sugillabat, ut tum prae cseteris nationibus vel maxime dediti sint uni liberalitati,
illamque quibuscunque possunt rationibus erga extraneos ostendant, praecipue
vero in ipsum Hebrseum, quem per duo annos magnificis impensis aluerunt, ut
Christianam religionem amplecteretur.' Amphith. p. 65.
B b 2
37a ISAAC CASAUBON.
affairs. Of any special interest in science, learning, or

the highest no trace. The conception
culture, there is
of classical learning as Casaubon conceived, and at-
tempted to realize it, was unknown. What science there
was in England was in an attitude of hostility. Neither
Selden nor Bacon was ever a fellow of a college. The
great marking fact of the university, within, was the an-
—
tagonism of the two church parties the puritan-calvinistic
party in present possession ; the arminian-ritualistic rising
by aggressive acts and words ; S. Mary's pulpit the arena,
the sermons the event of the week. The ecclesiastical
interest absorbs or overwhelms every other. Outside,
the whole institution is regarded by the government as
an instrument of party, to be supported, and to be used,
against the two oppositions, the catholic, and the puritan.
The professors and governors are all clerics, who look for
their provision and promotion in the church, from the
government and the bishops, and endeavour to qualify
themselves for it by writing pamphlets and preaching
against popery and puritanism. The university thus shows
itself as an intimate member and organ of the national
life ; taking its full share in all the party feeling, passion,
prejudice, religious sentiment, which were current in the
English nation, but wholly destitute of any power to
vivify, to correct, to instruct, to enlighten.
IX.
LONDON.
1610-^1614.
On Monday
June 4 (May 24, o. s.), Casaubon, taking
Jacob with him, left Oxford, and staying the night with
sir Henry Savile at Eton, reached London on Tuesday.
He returned to the work over which he was now killing

himself, and and vexations ^ to which I am now
to cares '
no longer equal,' he writes in August to Heinsius. The

^
island of the blessed,' as it had seemed to him at first,
'
began to disclose features common to the rest of the

world.
The first cause of discomfort grew out of the work on
which he was engaged.
At the end of 1612, he had written out fair a specimen
section of his Exercitationes,' and sent it to the archbishop
'
for revision or approval. Nor was the archbishop the

only person to whom he had shown portions. One friend
in particular, whom he will not name had the sheets for
^,
correction. This friend, who was perhaps the bishop of

Ely, neither returned them, nor yet read them. Casaubon
repeatedly asked to have them back ; sent Wedderburn to
fetch them; in vain. He suspected that they had been
lentby the person in question to some one else, and could
not be got back. This suspicion was founded upon a fact
'
Ep. 913.
' Ep. 703 : De meo in hanc /ja/so/jwc i/^ffoi/ adventu, puto, audivisti,' to
'
Heinsius, January, 1611.

^ Ephem. p. 968 ' Chartas meas Baronianas dedi recensendas cuidam amico,
:
viro probo, optimo et longe doctissimo.'
which had come to light a little before, December 1612.
Abraham Scultetus, chaplain to the elector Palatine, who

was now residing London, informed him that a ms. had
in
been received, by London bookseller, of a critique on

a
Baronius by an english divine. It was going to be pub-
lished immediately. Scultetus was able to get the sheets
for Casaubon's inspection. His surprise may be imagined

when he recognised, as he believed, his own plan. The
arrangement of the EngHshman's book, which, like his own,
was in latin, the order of topics, were the same. The same
errors of Baronius were corrected, the same passages of
authors were cited. He afterwards discovered that the
friend he had trusted had not betrayed him. The
whom
detention of his copy was due solely to delay in reading it
over. The friend had read it with care, and returned it
with remarks evincing much knowledge ^. The copy had
never been out of his keeping. But other persons had
seen portions, and Casaubon had talked unreservedly of
the plan and topics of the book on which his whole energy
was now expended. Indeed, it was probable that the
plagiarist had profited by his talk, rather than by any
furtive copy. For on closer inspection, notwithstanding
many coincidences, the details of the Englishman's book
were found to differ widely from those of Casaubon's,
though the plan was stolen. Casaubon tells de Thou^
that the English author 'is really learned, but my own
footing, as the older student, is perhaps rather firmer.'
A more modest self-appreciation was never uttered. For

it can scarce be doubted, that we have in a book published
in London ten years afterwards, 1622, 'Analecta eccle-
siasticarum exercitationum,' the material of the book which
Scultetus detected, and brought to Casaubon. We have
therefore in our hands the means of comparison. Pro-
^ Ephem. p. 968 :
' Optimi viri . . . integritatem cum summa doctrina perspexi.'
''
Ep. 848 :
'
Est ille quidem vir doctus, sed nos annis graves fortius pedem
figimus.'
IX.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 375
bably no one will ever care to institute it. Yet it is not

uninstructive. It gives us a clear notion of the wide differ-
ence between a master of ancient learning, and a clever

university-bred scholar, who holds a brief, and can
accumulate passages of ancient authors in support of
*
a view.'
Casaubon was not long in discovering that the writer of
the sheets was Richard Montagu, a young fellow of Eton,
who was now on his preferment, and was reading the
fathers accordingly. It was quite clear, then, by what
hand this stone had been launched. Montagu was a

protege of Savile, who had brought him to Eton to assist
him upon the Chrysostom. As Savile thought himself
a better man than Scaliger, Montagu was at least a Cas-
aubon. The set were indignant that the foreigner should
reap the credit that was to be got by refuting Baronius.
The native jealousy was piqued by the expectation with
which the public, at home and abroad, were looking for
Casaubon's book^ They would show that there were
learned men in England. This was the cause they alleged
for the secrecy of their manoeuvre; the fear 'that those
foreigners should steal from the books of Englishmen^.'
The archbishop, however, interfered. would cause
It
scandal to attempt to forestal a book on which Casaubon

had been publicly, nay officially, engaged. He compelled
Montagu to suppress his book. In 1622, when Abbot
was in disgrace and powerless, and Casaubon had long
been dead, Montagu published his materials. He may
have become ashamed of his sharp practice, as he asserts
in his preface ^ 'that his collection had not been made
1
Burney MSS. 366. p. 164. In September, 1613, Scultetus writes from
Heidelberg, ' Equidem confirmo tibi a multis annis nullum opus tanta cum
aviditate expectatum fuisse, quanta hocce tuum.'
Ep. 848: 'Ne isti peregrini ex Anglorum scriptis proficiant. Haec fuere
'^
verba magni cujusdam viri (i. e. Savile).'

^
Prsef. in Analecta Non in ilium finem ut in vulgus aliquando et hominum
: '
conspectum emanarent.'
with any view to publication.' Montagu was a clever and

spirited writer, and was ready to answer anybody on any
subject. He undertook to 'answer' Selden's '
History of
Tithes.' He wrote so well that the high church party,
and Anthony Wood, thought ^ he had demoHshed Selden,
to whom he stood in the relation in which Boyle did to
Bentley. But if Montagu, in 1622, was ashamed of his
baffled trick, he was not the less bitter against Casaubon.
The Analecta affect to defend Casaubon against his later
'
'
critics, Rosweyd and Bulenger. Under the cloak of

deference to the '
vir doctissimus,' we find a running fire
of carping correction of Casaubon's '
Exercitationes
maintained. The animus of the Savilian circle is still there,
though Casaubon has been dead eight years. Indeed,
Savile himself can hardly speak of Casaubon with patience.
In a letter to sir Dudley Carleton ''', undated, but after Cas-
aubon's death, he writes, 'Among your advertisements
from Mr. Stade, for all reall defalts in the copyes, he may
supply them out of another copy there, and upon
knowledge had what they are, they shal be supplyed from
here (for a small tear in a leafe, hee is too nice). The
"Thesaurus " he mentions, Mr. Casaubon tooke that worke
out of my handes above two yeares before his death. To
whom, as best able to performe it, both for his learning
and experience that way, and for his ability of body, I
yeelded, and so from him hee must fetch it, I feare, yf hee
will have it.' When the reader comes presently to the
physician's account of Casaubon's wasted appearance for
some years before his death, he will be able to appreciate
the cruel sarcasm of the words '
for his ability of body.'
Nor was the jealousy of the scholars whose reputation
was thrown into the shade by Casaubon's presence in
' A. Wood, Athenas Oxon. 3. 370 : '

He (Selden) was so effectually an-
swered by Tillesley of Oxon, Richard Montagu and Stephen Nettles of
Cambridge, that he never came off in any of his undertakings with more loss of
credit.'
' State paper office, Domestic, James i, vol. 9a. no. 95.
IX.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 377
England, the only source of ill will. He began, after

a time, to meet with cold looks in the social circle even
from those whom he had best right to think his friends.
'
I make out these English
cannot he writes to de Thou
;
'
in November 1612, 'those of them with whom I was

acquainted before my coming over, seem now not to know
me. Not one of them ever speaks to me, or even answers
if I speak to him. The reason of it is a mystery to me ^.'
Hallam, commenting onthis passage ^, supposes Casaubon
'tohave become generally unpopular.' But this was by
no means the case. With the king he continued to the
last as much a favourite as at the beginning. He was sent
and detained as long in talk, which sometimes
for as often,
became very confidential. One of the most notable
instances in the diary occurs as late as June i, 1614, little
more than a fortnight before his death when he records ; :
'
Whitsunday but had to go to the king, from whom I
;
heard things which surprised me much, which His Majesty

communicated to me in private''- I am reminded of
Juvenal's " Ad generum Cereris, " etc., and the Sicilian
vespers, but these things must be kept a dead secret.'

The explanation of the mystery is to be found in Hoskyns'
speech in the House of Commons a few days before*, in
which he said, as reported by Chamberlain Hoskyns, ;
'
forsooth, must have his oar in the boat, and tell them that
wise princes put away strangers, as Canute, when he
meant to plant himself here, sent back his Danes, and the
Palsgrave had lately dismissed all the English that were
about the lady Elizabeth, and withal, to what purpose he
knew best, put them in mind of Vesperae Sicilianae.' The
bishops continued throughout no less friendly. He was
' Ep. 241 Nemo illorum
: ' me vel verbulo appellat, appellatus silet. Hoc
quid rei sit, non scic'
* Hist, of Lit. 2. 311, 11.
* Ephem. p. 1063 :
'
A quo mira didici quae mihi kot' iliav Rex serenissimus
et optimus narravit. meminero versus illius,' etc.
* Chamberlain to Carleton, ap. Birch, i. 321.
as much and invited as he desired nay more than

visited —
suited with his intense passion for work. He is frequently
receiving substantial presents from them, at other times
besides Christmas. In May 1612, the bishop of London,
King, sends Madame Casaubon 'a little remembrance,'
with an apology for not having called during his being in
London, and adding a hope that he will pay him a visit at '
Fulham ^, four miles beyond Westminster.' In November

of the same year, the king and the archbishop were god-
fathers, by proxy, to his english son, James. The bishops
of Bath (Montagu), and Lichfield (Overall), and lady
Carew, were present. Morton, dean of Winchester, sends
him presents, invites him to dine (April 1613), and in the
words of Morton's biographer^, 'this love thus begun
between Morton and Casaubon was never intermitted in
their lives, nor obliterated by death.'
In the very letter ^ in which Casaubon makes this com-
plaint of the English, he speaks of visiting Camden of sir :
Robert Cotton the best of men, a candid soul, a true noble-

'
man' (vir optimus, candidissimus, et vere nobilissimus),

with whom he has often talked of de Thou's History.' '
Yet we have seen * that he did not make friends among

the antiquaries, or the wits. He was less likely to make
them among the courtiers. If any class of persons be meant
in his words to de Thou, it must be the place-hunters who
infested James' court. He was much thrown in their
way, and they must have envied his frequent closetings
with James, opportunities which they would have known
how to turn to account. Unable to speak english, his
intercourse was necessarily confined to those who were
willing to communicate with him in french or latin;
french, which the average Englishman speaks indifferently
and reluctantly latin, in which the painful effort to follow
;
Casaubon's foreign pronunciation was naturally shirked.

1 Burney MSS. 364. p. 367. ''
Barwick, Life of Bp. Moreton, p. 72,
^ Ep. 841. ' See above, p. 297.
IX.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 379
Disinclination to talk to the solemn calvinist, whose dress

and manners bore the obnoxious stamp of Geneva, would
be strongest among the fashionable set, the waiters on
providence, with which the court of James i. was more
than ordinarily beset. The preferment hunter is always
discontented; having no self-respect, he has no appre-

ciation. One of the most conspicuous of this class was
one whom Casaubon
might have with reason expected to
befriend him. And
is probable that though Casaubon
it
makes his complaint a general one, by the plural phrase

^
all those I have known before,' he intends a single
'
individual, whose behaviour particularly mortified him.

be remembered that sir Henry Wotton, when at
It will
Geneva in 1592, had lodged in Casaubon's house ^, to '
his very great contentment.' Their friendship, thus

begun, surs'ived Wotton's remissness in his money trans-
actions, which had given Casaubon so much trouble.
Since then they had corresponded, and in most affec-
tionate terms, for some years. In 1601, Wotton undertakes
to write every week from Florence, and in greek, for
which Casaubon had inspired him with an enthusiasm ^.
He would dedicate to Isaac Casaubon one of the many
books which he was always going to write, and never did
write. June 20, 1602, he is back at Florence after a long
absence in Germany*. 'He recalls, and would fain ask
heaven to give him again, those days in which they
watched the setting sun together.' His book, which he
is going to write, is On Fate,' and is to be in greek, and
'
to be dedicated to Casaubon. Nothing delays its publica-
' Ep. 841 :Quoscunque habui notos.'

'
^ See above, p. 40.

' Burney mss. 366 Te praelucente versabor inter incorrupt!
:
' aevi auctores.'
* Burney Saepe repeto illos dies at reposco in quibus, ut
mss. 367. p. 75 ;
'
tuis verbis utar, solera una condebamus.' This letter is not signed, and is
ascribed in the catalogue of Burney MSS. though with a ?, to Campanella. It is
in sir H. Wôtton's hand, and is his reply to Cas. ep. 1021. Casaubon's reply to
Wotton, at Florence, is Cas. ep. 292, dat. Lutet. 12 kal. Sext. 1602.
380 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sec*.
tion, but the expectation, which has been raised by a

certain friend at Venice, of having a complete Hierocles
'
On Fore-knowledge and Necessity.' He knows the
excerpts in Photius, but '
in a matter of such importance
he is Casaubon ^ replies in
not satisfied with extracts.'
the same tender tone, 'Ah! what days those were when !
heedless of the lateness of the hour we passed whole

nights in lettered talk I hanging on your stories of all
!
you had seen of many men and many lands you pleased ;
to hear somewhat of my desultory readings Oh that ! !
was life worth living pure happiness I cannot recall

! !
those times without groaning in spirit.'
So wrote Casaubon in 1602. Wotton forgot his

promise of the weekly greek letter, and did not write the
book ^. Before he left Italy a change had come over his
sentiments towards Casaubon. In 1610 he writes to
Hoeschel at Augsburg 2, expressing himself as disgusted
with the courtly strain of compliment in the preface to
the Polybius*. In February, 161 1, Wotton returned from
Venice. Casaubon expected to welcome a friend. But
he was disappointed. Sir Henry, a younger son, with no
patrimony and expensive tastes, had commenced the career
of place-hunting, and was now too fine a gentleman to
be seen talking with an old pedant. Signor Fabritio
(Wotton's nickname) swaggered it about the king ^ with '
his pictures and projects,' but was not at home to

Casaubon, who became shy of paying visits which were
' Ep. 292.

Hannah, Poems of Wotton and Raleigh, p. xiv
^
Though he sometimes : '
amused himself with looking after printers, he seldom committed anything to

press.'
' Heumann, Poecile, i. 582 :
'
O quam multis displicet ilia nuncupatoria
epistola ! non critici est sed aulici.'
quae profecto
* Chamberlain writes, March
3, 1614, Birch, 1.301: 'Touching the Fabri-
cians, it skills not what they say or write, for they stand but aloof, and are of
the most that know least and surely their employments go but slowly forward,
;
and is more but an even wager whether either of them, for all their forwardness,
shall enjoy the place they pretend.'
° Chamberlain to Carleton, Aug. 11, 1612.
JX.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 381
evidently unacceptable. At the request of de Thou,

however, Casaubon wrote to Wotton to ask for a memoir
on the Venetian quarrel, which Fra Paolo had entrusted
to Wotton for de Thou's special use in his History.' '
Wotton vouchsafed no answer. After repeated appli-

cations, he at last said ^ that he was writing on the
'
subject himself, and should retain the memoir for his own
use.' ,
Casaubon himself writes indeed in one place ^, as if the

bishops of Ely and Lichfield, Andrewes and Overall, were
his only english friends.'
'
But this must be understood
of close and constant intimacy. For it is evident that
Morton, Barclay, and others whose names occur in our
narrative, were attached to him. And intimacy is of slow
growth for a man of fifty, who is also a close student.
Of acquaintance less than intimate, he had, as the diary
testifies, more rather than less than we should have ex-
pected from a man of his habits, who could not speak the
language of the country. It was true that he had taken
his side with a party, and he had to take the consequences
of his position. In this respect emigration had been a
change for the worse. In Paris he had belonged to the
downtrodden party of the huguenots, whose lives were
held on sufferance from the street mob. But he had
enjoyed the exceptional encouragement and protection
of the court. In coming to England he attached himself
'to the dominant party. But government, even in the time
of James i, was government by a party. Those who
shared its favours had to share also its unpopularity.
Coming over to this country at the invitation of the king
and the bishops, Casaubon might imagine at first that
he was the adopted guest of the nation. He found him-
self only the favourite of the church party. The zeal of
the puritans saw in Casaubon, whose books they could
' Camdeni Epp. p. 139.

"^
Ephem. p. 916.
382 ISAAC CASAVBON. [Sec*.
not read, only the champion of prelacy, the deserter from

the calvinistic camp. The wits of the Mermaid were
jealous of the foreign pensioner, and the 'prentices
thought it meritorious to 'eave 'alf a brick at the French-
man! His windows were more than once broken by
stones. He appealed, not to the city authorities, but to
the archbishop, for protection. He had lived, he said,
twelve years in Paris, in the most bigoted quarter of the

city, and other furious enemies of
close to the cordeliers,
his church, without molestation. Now the streets were not
safe to him ^, he was pursued with abuse, or with stones,
his children were beaten. On one occasion he appeared
himself at Theobald's with a black eye. Some ruffian
had him a blow with his fist, probably while the
hit
coach, in which he was driving, was progressing slowly

through the narrow and crowded streets of the city. The
blow was so violent a shock to his emaciated frame, that
at first he thought 'he had lost his right eye^.' The
burglary committed in his house on the night of March i,
1614, appeared to Casaubon a part of the system of annoy-
ance, but is only an instance of the general insecurity, and
want of police in the London of that day.
Hallam suggests that these outrages proceeded from
'
the popish party,' a suggestion still more unfortunate than
that lately mentioned ^. The London street bullies were
not likely to have heard of his learned letters against the
Jesuits. Had the catholics ventured to assault Casaubon,
he would have been immediately taken under the protec-
tion of the 'prentices, who were violent no-popery boys. ' '
Only a few years later, 1618, the sacred person of the

Spanish ambassador was hardly saved from their violence '*.
' Ep. 1056 :

' Liberi saspe pulsati ;
probra saepe in nos conjecta ; lapidibus
quotidie fere incessimur.'
^ Eph. 936 :Oculura dextrum pasne amisimus, icti a nebulone quodam pugno,
'
cum in rheda veheremur sine ulla plane causa.'

. . .
' Above, p. 377, note 2.

' Chamberlain to Carleton, Aug. 15, 1618, ap. Birch.
IX.] LONDON. 1 610-1 614. 383
If any religious party instigated the assailants in Cas-

aubon's they were undoubtedly the puritans.
case,
But there no evidence of religious antipathy against
is
Casaubon, whose arminian leanings were known only to a

few. Nor are we to think, in 1614, of those terrors of the
night, the Hectors, the Muns, or the Tityre Tus, a later
form of ruffianism. It is probable that it was simply as a
foreigner that he was obnoxious. The worst attack was
in June 1612, at the moment when the animosity of the
London mob against the Scotch was at its height, so that
the Scottishmen were bodily afraid,' and 300 of them
'
passed through Ware, on their road northwards, within

ID days^. From onwards we hear of
Elisabeth's reign
continual conspiracies of the Londoners against the
French and Flemings who, driven to emigrate by religious
persecution, settled in London and ruined english trade ^.' '
The british workman, awkward and indocile then as now,

could not compete with the superior intelHgence and
thrift of the French. There were 10,000 foreigners in
London alone in 1621. And trade rivalry apart, when is
the time that a Frenchman has not been fair game in the
streets of London? In 1584, Giordano Bruno^ suffered at
the hands of the London cockneys similar insults, and says,
'
They thought when they had called you " foreigner,"
they had established your any kind of ill
title to receive
usage.' Nor was the old subdued in the follow-
brutality
ing century, when John Bull still thought it becoming
to express his contempt for a Frenchman to his face*.
' Nichols, Progr. a. 449.

* See Stowe's London, 2. 205, etc. Cooper, Lists of Foreign protestants,
p. iv.
' Cena della cenere, vol. i. p. 146 :
'
Una plebe irrispettevole, incivile, rozza,
rustica, selvatica, male allevata

e che conoscendoti forastiero, ti
. . .
ghignano . ti chiamano cane, traditore, straniero, e questo a presso loro

. .
e un titulo ingiuriosissimo, e che rende il supposito capace a ricevere tutti i

torti del mondo.'
* E.
g. the Thames wherryman, who told Voltaire, CEuvres, 29. 393 Qu'il :
'
aimoit mieux gtre batelier sur la Tamise qu'archeveque en France.'
Milton was doubtless drawing from his own London

experience, when he described ^ '
The sons Of Belial,
flown with insolence and wine,' wandering forth at night-

fall to riot, injury and outrage.
were not wanting to compensate
Friends, and kind ones,
him for these annoyances of London. His house, indeed,
was no longer the rendezvous of callers or of gossips, as
it had been in Paris; but by this he was the gainer.
One source of expenditure of time was thus cut off, by his
ignorance of the language. In other ways the want of
english was felt by him as a severe trial. He was cut off
from knowledge of the events of the day; he was only
half at home in the english church. He had begun, in
1609, at Grigny, to take lessons in" english, chiefly that he
might read Rainolds' books, and those of other anglican
writers ^ His progress, at first, had delighted him. But
the lessons were dropt from want of leisure. Of sermons,
he could gather the general drift, no more. An english
book he could make a shift to look over. But when he
has to use Garnett's confessions for his pamphlet^, he
must have them translated into latin for him*. But he
could not understand what was said to him, and as for
speaking english himself, he thought himself too old to
begin to learn ®. An old man at his A B C is an object of
'
just contempt.' What he suffered in consequence from

english servants and London tradesmen may be imagined.
Madame Casaubon had not even got as far as her hus-
band. Don't be anxious about your wife,' Savile had
'
written to him in February, 1611", 'she is a woman, and
'
P. L. I. 498.
° Ephem.
p. 693 Quod sciebam Rainoldum et alios
:
'
summos theologos in
ea lingua multa exquisita scripsisse.'
^ See above, p. 313.
* Ephem. p. 845 Ese, quum:
' sint scripte anglice, danda mihi opera est, ut
aliena opera adjutus, ipsas perlegam et intelligam.' His own notes from these
papers are in latin. Advers. 25. p. 65.
" Ep. Turpis profecto res est senex elementarius.'
704 :
'
" Burney Mss. 366. p. Sa : ' Da uxore noli solicitus esse ; ipsa, ut est
IX.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 385
will learn more english

in three days than you will in as
many But she did not try. She hated the
centuries.'
country and abominated the climate. In the event of
settling in England they had relied upon Philippa, who
had acquired the language in attendance on lady Carew.
Madame Casaubon could not get on with english servants,
yet upon her Isaac was entirely dependent for the conduct
of the household, and in her absence was liable to be ter-
ribly imposed upon. When he had been three years in
the country he had not yet learnt to distinguish the names
or value of the english coins. He once gave ^ a jacobus
by mistake to a needy compatriot who was preying on his
simplicity and had asked the loan of an angel. When he
had to keep the household accounts, he was astonished at
the amount of the outgoings ^. The cost of a new suit to
appear at court in seemed to him ruinous. The postage
of letters ^ to a man who receives so many, and to whom
authors send their books, is a heavy tax. His own books
must be presented to various great persons, as to the
king, and then they must be bound*. Books published
abroad were very costly in London. Books, too, must
be had for his own use, and must be paid for in cash,
except to Norton, the king's wealthy publisher, who
would give credit. In May, 161 1, he was at the bottom
of his purse, and resolved, till his wife's return, to spend
no more on books, with a caveat, however, which a book-
buyer will appreciate, ^ unless I should meet with some-
'
thing very scarce.' By August, the account at Bill's
ingenium mulierum, unico triduo plus discet in lingua nostra, quam tu tribus
seculis.'
' Ephem. p. 1007.
^ Ephem. p. 993 Non solitus administrare pecuniam, cum video impensas
:
'
hujus domus obstupefio.' Ephem. p. 996 Rationes cum multis composui, et

:
'
miror impensas hujus domus.'

^ Ep.
757 Immani pretio redimendus fuit ille mihi fasciculus.'
: '
' Ephem. p. 812: 'Regi dedi e meis libris quos hie potui reperire
. . .
etsi auro contra caros . . . omnes magnifice compactos.'

' Ephem. p. 838 :
' Excepto si quid occurrat rarius.'
C C
Norton's successor— had grown to 300 livres,sum which

a
he groaned over, but made shift to pay. During Madame
Casaubon's long absence in 1613, the administration was
an interim. The household got on anyhow.
^
My affairs '
are in deplorable confusion, but all will be set right when

my wife returns.'
It is somewhat perplexingCasaubon, after his to find
settlement in England, as much hampered by pecuniary

cares as ever. At one time he says, that in London he '
wanted everything but money, and of that for the first

time in his Hfe he had no lack.' This may have been
a moment when he found his purse full. For the
general tone of the diary is that of distress. ^'I am
overwhelmed with cares, business, expenses.' He seems
to have been at last driven to such straits, that it was
requisite to make an application to the king for relief ^
Some vague promise was made him *. But a little later,
when it became apparent was failing, a that his health

renewed promise of further help was sent him by the
king^. This was not till May 1614, a month before his
final illness. We must suppose that the necessity was
urgent before he could bring himself to beg. He had
long avoided doing so. But he did not escape the sar-
casms of the Jesuit pamphleteers on this head. That
Casaubon was gone to England to make money out of the
british Croesus was too obvious an imputation to be
neglected *. When these gibes were mentioned to James
' Ephem. p. 998: 'Omnia mea susque deque; restituentur in suum locum
si uxor venerit.' Cf. eph. p. 988 Vides, bone deus, dissipationem hujus
:
'
domus.'
" Ephem.997; 'Obruor sumtibus, negotiis, curis.'
p.
' Ephem. 1046
p. Ne meas ipse mihi spes prseciderim scribens ad regem
:
'
serenissimum, quem alioquin scio esse mei non mediocriter amantem.'

' Ephem.
p. 1051 Ab episcopo Bathoniensi audivi quam nihil insit solidi spei
;
'
nuper excitatae.'
^ Ephem. p. 1056 Hodie venit ad me D. Bathoniensis jussu regis ut de rebus
:
'
meis meliora in posterum poUiceretur.'

" See Eudaemon-Joannes, Responsio ad epist. pp. 160, 163, and passim.
TX.] LONDON. 1610-1614, 387
he said to Casaubon, Since your coining, you never once

'
asked me for anything you know you would have got it,
;
if you had.' These insinuations of the Jesuits were indeed

but the echo of the gossip of the english court. Carleton
writes ^ :
'
I was the other day with the bishop of Ely, and among
other talk lighted upon Casaubon, who, it seems, is scant
contented with his entertainment of ;^30o a year, being

promised greater matters by the late archbishop, who
bestowed a prebend upon him at Canterbury, which he
valued at six score pounds a year, and falls out not
worth the fourth part. But his greatest emulation or
envy is at Turquet's preferment, who hath £\<xi pension
of the king, ;£^400 of the queen, with a house provided
him, and many other commodities, which he reckons at
;î4oo a year.'
This gossip may not be accurate as to the figures, but,
while it shows the ill-will of the courtiers towards the
pensioner, it points to what was certainly a fact, that
Casaubon's money difficulties were the talk of the court.
As to the value of the stall at Canterbury, we learn, from
Carier's report to Casaubon ^, that it amounted, including
the rent of the prebendal house, to ;£'ioo for the first year.
This, with the £'yxi a year from the crown, and the french
pension, which continued to be paid to the last, was an
income which, we should think, ought to have raised
Casaubon above want, if not placed him in easy circum-
stances. But, it would seem that with the increase of his
means, the drain upon them increased. His pervert son,
who remained behind in Paris, was dependent upon him.
His nephew, Isaac Chabanes, though he had been taken
into the service of the dutch ambassador had to be occa- '^,
1 Birch, Court and Times of James i, i. 149.

' Burney Mss. 363. ap. Russell, Ephem. p. 1185.
' Bibl. nat. coll. Dupuy, 708, p. 86; of. Cas. ep. 902, and Is. Chabanes to
Cas. Burney mss. 367. p. 8.
C C 2
388 •
ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
sionally assisted. He supported his sister Anna, who

took what he could give, and abused him for not giving
more. Meric was at Eton, and though on the foundation,
must have cost something. For the younger children he
had a tutor in the house, James Wedderburn, a tutor who
was modest enough to confess that the salary which
Casaubon gave him was more than he ought to have,
relatively own merits or to Casaubon's
either to his
means ^ Besides these, Madame Casaubon had her re-
lations, whom she had fetched from Geneva and Lyon to
live either in the house, or dependent upon it; ^'Asif,' he

says, '
I was a prince and could maintain whole families
besides my own.' These were outlets for money, which
occasional presents from king or bishops would go but
little way to meet. And there are repeated allusions to
losses he was sustaining in France, probably of his wife's
property. The circumstances are not explained : but it
was to see after this business that Madame Casaubon re-

turned to France in 1613. She cannot have been altoge-
ther unsuccessful, as we hear of a bill of exchange for
2300 livres coming over, with which, in her absence Cas-
aubon did not know how to deal. Thus, though his
income was more than doubled, pecuniary anxiety weighed
on his mind as heavily as it had done in Paris. July 28,
1612, he enters, 'A day of sadness and vexation. I had
my time free for study, but I made no way, my mind being

distracted with divers cares.' In 1613-14, while engaged
on Baronius, it is the same cry of distress. November 14,
1613, 'O wretched house this! not a single day passes
without heavy grief of both of us, my wife and myself,
from the cause, which thou, O God, knowest In several
!
'
places of the diary where this secret cause of grief is
1 Burney mss. 366. ap. Russell :

'
Salarium mihi a te constitutum est, majus
quidem illud, quam ut ei fortunse tuse vel merita mea respondeant.'
" Ephem. p. 1000: 'Quasi ego regulus essem aliquis, at possem integras
familias alienas alere.'
IX.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 389
touched upon, some later hand, probably Merle's, has

erased the material words ^ It is only a conjecture that
this unexplained sorrow is the pressure of pecuniary want
which in other places is spoken of without disguise.
While thus suffering from straitened means, he had to
hear the taunts of the catholic party writers, that he had
sold his conscience for english gold.
Till his removal to England, Casaubon had enjoyed
almost entire immunity from the party pamphleteers.
This exemption, when every other less conspicuous
huguenot man of letters was being bespattered with dirt,
was due to the full expectation, which was all along enter-
tained, of his becoming one of theirs at last. But when he
took service under the king of England, this hope was
necessarily abandoned. The prohibition was taken off,
and Casaubon's troubles were aggravated by a new
one, till now unknown. And when he himself became
a pamphleteer, and lowered himself to answer Emmanuel
Sa and the Amphitheatrum,' he ought to have been
'
prepared to take the inevitable consequence. His Epistle '
to Pronto' was published in October 161 1. It was not
likely that such a challenge should not be taken up. The

most conspicuous protestant writer of the day was here
stating the case of the most powerful of the only con- —
siderable — protestant sovereign. The sectarian interest
was stimulatedby personal animosity in the recollection
that this champion of the king of England had come so
close to them, and yet had drawn off from them. The
'
spretae injuria formae was all the more galling, because
'
the wooing had been long and passionate.

A concentrated fire was ordered to be directed upon his
position. The principal assailants were Eudaemon-Joannes
' See e. g. Ephem. p. 1037 Omnium quae hoc anno praeter animi sententiam
:
'
nobis acciderunt est longe maximum malum [an erasure] tibi, Deus seterne,
notum . . durat enim, durat, et nunc quam angit me et uxorem meam
.
tristissima ilia cura et dirissima soUicitudo.'
and Rosweyd, two Jesuits, the Louvain professor Erycius

Puteanus, Bulenger, and the notorious Scioppius. The
incisive pen of Scioppius made him the most telhng and
feared hbeller of the day. But no party could trust him,
and the authorised answerer of the Jesuits was now
'
'
Eudaemon- Joannes, or L'Heureux. Of this voluminous

pamphleteer I can find no authentic account ^. Dr. Abbot,
the regius professor of Oxford, had been told that he was
Fisher, theenghsh Jesuit^. But this was only a guess, and
a wrong one. His own account of himself was that he was
a native of Crete, educated in Italy, and that his family
name was Eudsemon- Joannes ^. However this may be, his
pamphlet against Casaubon shows an acquaintance with

*
enghsh affairs, and London gossip, which can only be

explained by the excellence of the secret intelligence which
the Jesuits knew how to secure. His style, not so trench-
ant as Scioppius', is yet forcible, and his management of
his topics adroit. He has the great advantage over his
adversary, that, though he writes in his own name, he is
covered by the corporate interest of the society of Jesus,

and has the sympathy of the great catholic party. In this
point of view it is noticeable that though Eudaemon-
Joannes does not venture openly to avow the gunpowder-
plotters, he makes it evident that the party secretly
approved them. The gunpowder-treason wanted but
success to have been inscribed, like the S. Bartholomew,
on the banners of the catholic church.
Two points in the Responsio ad epistolam Is. Casauboni,'
'
may be selected for notice as illustrating this life, and the

history of letters.
I. The Jesuit assumes the tone of superior learning.
Eudaemon-Joannes, notwithstanding his Cretan birth, knew
* [Witte, Diar. Biogr., gives December 24, 1625, as the date of his death.]
' Antilogia, ep. ad lectorem.
" Confutatio Anticotoni, p. 106 ;Responsio ad ep. Is. Cas. p. 99 Me a
:
'
puero a prsestantissimis viris Orlandino, Tursellino, Valtrino, Bencio institutum.'

* See above, p. 365.
IX.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 39T
hardly anything of greek '. He says himself^ that greek

books were so scarce in Italy that we are obliged to use '
latin translations.' He has nothing that can be called

learning, and no acquirements, as his numerous pamphlets
testify, beyond those of a well-trained academical man. Yet
he can assume, towards the most learned man then living,

the airs of supercilious patronage. This fact is evidence
of the high reputation which the Jesuit training, both in
their colleges and in their professed houses, had by this
time attained. Because Casaubon has not gone through
the curriculum of their colleges, he can be spoken of as
'
imperfectly educated The first greek scholar of the
^.'
day can be told by a writer who can barely read the letters,
that he is not only not in the second, but barely in the
'
third class*.' This prestige of their training they trans-

ferred to controversy, and every puny Jesuit adopted the
language of contempt for his opponent's learning, So
Knott, in 1634^, scorned at the ignorance of the english
clergy ; and Scioppius, in 1615 ^, said,, that '
if James were
richer than the Pici who dwell on the golden mountains,
he be able to get together twenty learned men in
will not
England,' in allusion to the Chelsea college scheme.
In their assault upon Casaubon's credit, this arrogancy
of the guild stood the Jesuits in good stead. It was more-
over combined with the ordinary professional jealousy.
The clerical writers affected to .treat Casaubon as a scholar
' Cas. ep. ad Front, p. 150: 'Grsecae linguae esse imperitissimum, quae
legi illius mihi dudum persuaserunt.'
^ Cappell. Vindiciae, p. 30.
' Responsio ad ep. Is. Haec homo disciplinarum expers non
Cas. p. 51 :
'
satis dijudicat.' Ibid. p. 7 : Imperitum grammaticum.' Ibid. p. 14

' Rusticum :
'
dialecticse.' Ibid. p. 25: 'Qui ultra Suetonium et Lampridium pslttaci more

loquitur.'
• Responsio ad ep. p. 179: ' Grsecse linguse, cujus te deum facis, viri prae-
stantissimi in scriptis tuis ita exiguam cognitionem deprehenderunt, ut te ne in
secundis quidem, vix etiam in tertiis numerent.'

' As quoted by Chillingworth, Relig. of Protest., Works, i. 46.
" Holofernis Krigssederi Responsio ad Epist. I. Cazoboni.

. . . Ingolstadt,
1615, p. 82.
who had presumed to encroach upon a profession to which

he was not bred. Because he had read the classics
forsooth he thought himself qualified to dabble in the
!
high mysteries of theology. The reciprocal jealousy of

professions dates from the existence of professions, and
is not confined to the clerical order. So the lawyers
sneered at Saumaise when he wrote on usury. But in
the present instance, in the 17th century controversy,

a momentous fallacy was involved in the assumption that
philology was one science, and theology another. Casau-
bon's reply to the Jesuit taunt was that he had always, from
his youth, been a student of theology. He ought to have
replied in the memorable words of Scaliger ^, Our '
theological disputes all arise from ignorance of grammar.'

It was a question of interpretation and of the interpretation —
of books, greek and latin, written at given dates. In the
controversy on the claims of the roman church, the appeal
was an appeal to antiquity and of the meaning of antiquity,
;
the scholars are the judges. From the Jesuits the Savile
party borrowed the taunt, and Montagu is perpetually
regretting that Casaubon was not more of the '
divine.'
2. The other point to be noticed in Eudaeraon-Joannes

is the dexterity with which the Jesuit controversialist
intermingles his personalities. The object being to destroy
the effect of Casaubon's book, this object is more effectually
served by discrediting the writer, than by answering his
arguments. The general reader is more attracted by
personalities thanby reasoning. Every topic is produced
which could lower Casaubon in the eyes of the reader;
and the insinuations and suggestions are not made at
random, but are founded on fact, and have the local
colouring. The Jesuits knew enough of the history of
•
Casaubon's mind to know that, in his ultimate decision

against the roman claims, he had been decided by
' Scaligerana i». p. 86 :

' Non aliunde dissidia in religione pendent, quam ab
ignoratione grammaticse.'
IX.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 393
the preponderance of evidence as it presented itself to him.

But the circumstances of his Hfe made the charge of
venaUty plausible, and they urge it unceasingly. He has
sold his conscience to the king of England. At his age,
drawing towards the close of a blameless hfe, he has parted
with his integrity to purchase the short-lived favour of
a fickle court, and to bear the indignant murmurs of the
home-born Englishmen at finding a foreign grammarian,
a corrector from Stephens' press, preferred before them ^-
The fleshpots of Egypt, the 'nidor AngHcanae cuHnse,'
were surely hardly worth the price Casaubon had paid
for them
Kind friends took care that Casaubon should see what
was thus being said of him. Lingelsheim sent him part
of the sheets from Heidelberg before the book was out.
Swert sent the book itself from Antwerp, and a third copy
was given him by^ 'a great man.' Casaubon was neither
curious nor sensitive about what was written of himself,
and on glancing over the sheets of Eudaemon-Joannes'
effusion, it seemed to him so trivial ^ that he threw it
aside, without reading it through. His glance must have
been very cursory, for quick and observant reader as he
was, he had not noticed the allusions, three at least—to —
the rope. Prideaux pointed these out to him at Oxford *.
Isaac, indifferent to abuse of himself, could not bear
a word breathed against the memory of his father. He
now became urgent that the book should be answered ®-
It was decided by the king and the bishops that Casaubon
should not waste any more time on controversy. He

should give himself, without interruption, to the review
of Baronius, and the rector of Exeter should answer the '
Cretan^.' Prideaux did this in a smart pamphlet,

1 Scaligerana i". p. 178. ' Ep. 875.
' Ephem. p. 966 Librum
:
' futilem sane.'
* See above, p. 365. ''
Ep. 871.
' Ep. 857 : ' Non vult serenissimus rex ut ego vel horulam unam ponam jn
naeniis illis confutandis.'
'
Castigatio cujusdam circulatoris qui Eudsemon-Johan- . . .
nem seipsum nuncupat, Oxon. 1614.' This rejoinder

. . .
goes through every topic, almost through every paragraph,

of the Responsio ad epistolam Is. Casauboni,' retorting
'
it on the respondent in the style of Andrewes, but hardly
with Andrewes' wit. The allusions to the rope were '

'
left to Casaubon himself to answer. This he did in a long

digression inserted in the '
Exercitationes Baronianae.' It
is that narrative from which our knowledge of Arnold Cas-

aubon's and death, and of Isaac's childhood, is derived.
life
Prideaux also printed the interesting paragraph at length at

the end of his own pamphlet. Few copies of Prideaux's
pamphlet survive, a proof of its small circulation at the time.
But the incorporation of the autobiographical fragment in
the '
Exercitationes ' made it widely known on the con-
tinent ; and its touching sincerity has naturally attracted the
attention ofall those who have written of Isaac Casaubon.
Eudaemon-Joannes, however, was decent and rational

compared with the next assailant. Encouraged by the
success of his libel on Scaliger, Scioppius now attacked
Casaubon with the same weapon prodigious lying. —
The pamphlet against Casaubon comes about midway in
the series of Scioppian libels, a series, which in its extent,
its savage licence, its ingenuity, and audacity of fiction
has not its equal in extant literature. Having scarified

the king of England sufficiently in the Ecclesiasticus,
161 1, and the Alexipharmacum, 1612, Scioppius gave out
that he was next going to fall upon the king of England's
dog. It was part of his tactic to designate his victim, and
thus enhance the sting by the torture of suspense. The
'
Holofernis Krigsaederi . . responsio ad epistolam Is.
Cazoboni was published ' at Ingoldstadt, 1615, but it was

written at Madrid more than a year before. Frenzied by
vanity, spite, and disappointed ambition, Scioppius had
gone to Madrid in search of notoriety, and of the reward
of his catholic zeal, which was incessantly promised, and
IX.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 395
never received, at Rome. As Casaubon died in July, 1614,

he would never have seen the Holofernes,' had not '
Digby, enghsh ambassador 'in Spain, transmitted to his

court a MS. copy — ' stolen ' said Scioppius, but, no doubt,
by his own contrivance. The allegations of this libel are
equally atrocious, and equally unfounded, with those of the
'Scaliger hypoboHmaeus,' but they are not equally well
aimed. As long as he is rallying Casaubon on his situation
as arch-paedagogue to the king of England, when he is por-
traying Isaac Casaubon flaunting it in surplice and hood,
playing at prelacy, he is piquant, and at least within the
bounds of probability. But when he goes on to charge

upon Casaubon swindling, lechery, adultery and unnatural
crime, and in support of these accusations to tell detailed
stories which are pure inventions of Scioppius' malignant
imagination, the libel has overshot its mark, and becomes
flat stupidity.
The character of Casaubon was too well established

and too widely known for any of this dirt to be credited
outside the convents and the Jesuit colleges. Casaubon
had not, like Scaliger, created by criticism a host of
enemies. Scioppius, indeed, used to boast that he had
killed Casaubon, as he had killed Scaliger ^ But we find
from the diary that these horrible calumnies did not affect
him seriously. Even the more plausible insinuations of
Eudaemon-Joannes gave him, except so far as his father
was touched, little concern ^- The suggestion which came
most home to him was that he had been bought by the
king of England. This was a suggestion exactly calculated
for the english mind, and it took. The 'purse of the
english king,' the scent of the anglican kitchen,' were the
'
stock phrases. Still these were political or religious
opponents, or the native party jealous of foreign pen-
' Graevius, Prsefat. in Eremitam, De vita aulica M. Casaubon, Pietas, p. 76.

;
^ Ep. 880, to Lingelsheim :

'
Noli putare aliquid molestiae ex illo fatuo libro
me cepisse.'
sioners,whether french or scotch. It gave him deeper

pain when he heard that Schott had said of him that he '
had sold his conscience for gcJld ^.'

Andreas Schottus deserves a niche in the history
of learning on more than one account. His name is
connected with the discovery of the '
monumentum
Ancyranum,' and he was the first editor of Diogenianus,
a task for which his knowledge of greek, however, was
insufficient. His insufficiency is almost excused by his
modesty. His love of classical learning was genuine, and
what Scaliger said of Marc Welser might be applied to
Schott, that 'it was only his religion. which prevented him
from knowing a great deaP,' Schott was a native of
Antwerp, attracted, when young, into the society of Jesus,
by the hope of finding in it the means of satisfying his
love of reading. He was soon undeceived, and had to
spend the best years of his fife regenting classes in their
various colleges in Spain and Italy. Forty years of this
mechanical routine destroyed his mind, and broke his will,
but he preserved his tastes. In 1597 he returned to the
college of the society in Antwerp, and was settled there
for the remainder of his life. At seventy-seven, his age
when he died (1629), he was Still teaching the rudiments,
but he had been released from the worst drudgery, and
for many years was chiefly engaged in translations, edi-
tions, or collections of classical and patristic remains.
Under the pressure of the infirmities of old age, especially
that of failing eyesight, neither his interest nor his industry
was abated. His love of letters, and the fact that as a
young man he had been received into the Scaliger circle
in Paris, led to his correspondence with Casaubon as early
as 1602. It was not approved among spiritual martinets,
that a Jesuit should hold any intercourse with heretics.
1 Ep 876.
^ Scaligerana 2". p. 204: 'Velserum superstitio multa scire, et plura quara
scit, praepedit.'
IX.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 397
Even \'
father Schott, 'who often wrote to our people
in writing to Voss (G. J.) abstained from signing his name
at the end of his letter,. and subscribes himself^ 'the
darkling who translated Photius.' He sends Casaubon
his books; his ' Tullianse quaestiones ' in 1610, his 'Adagia
graeca' in 1611, with the request that he would not spare
criticism upon them ^. Casaubon responds. They are
on the footing of 'mi Schotte,' and 'mi Casaubone,'
though they have never seen each other. There was
that in the gentle virtue of the Jesuit which suited with
Casaubon's own disposition *. When as a young man I '
first read your books, I conceived from them an esteem
for your character, which has been confirmed by what

others have since told me of you.'
When, in 161 1, Casaubon published his 'Letter to
Fronto,' he had occasion to speak of the 'Amphithe-
atrum,' and he did so with the reprobation with which
all good men spoke of it. Now Schott was not only a
Jesuit, but was a member of the very house at Antwerp
presided over by the author of the Amphitheatrum,' '
Scribanius. Schott remonstrated with Casaubon, re-
minding him that the 'Amphitheatrum,' though mentioning

his name^, had abstained from offering him any affront.
*
The author, you know, is my principal I am under hirn ;
in this house ^. He would gladly embrace you in the

Lord, as within the church, rather than see you where
you are. That you may think of him more favourably,
he sends you a volume he has lately published
—
" Controversiarum libri " you will like it as devotional
' Colomies, Melange curieux, p. 833: 'Ecrivoit souvent a nos gens.'

Colomies, in this memorandum, is in error in assigning 1636 as the date
of Schott's death.
^ Ibid.: 'Tenebrio, qui Photium dedit latine.' Tenebrio maybe an allusion
to his blindness, or to his retired life.
' M. Casaubon, Pietas, p. 108 :

' Quo plura obelo fodies . . . tanto me
tibi cariorem existimabo.'
* Ep. 364. ' The name of Casaubon occurs in the Amphith. p. 114.
" Epp. ad Cas. ep. 40.
reading, and be better pleased with the style than with

that of the " Amphitheatrum."
These being the friendly relations of Casaubon with
the Antwerp Jesuit, he was deeply pained to receive,
from another correspondent in Antwerp, a copy of a
letter or paper in which Schott had written, alluding to
Casaubon The unholy thirst of gold ought not to be

;
'
more powerful than conscience.' The hand of a friend

deals more deadly blows than that of an enemy. When
Erycius Puteanus, the Louvain Jesuit, had made the same
insinuation in his Stricturae,' 1612, Casaubon had not
'
heeded it. But Schott's words wound him to the quick.

He vents his grief in expostulation^: 'Ah! my ancient
friend, what words are these which have escaped the
hedge of thy teeth That I should prefer gold to piety
!
That I lust at all after gold! It is not so, not so. He

who has persuaded you of this lies in a fashion worse
than Cretan, and measures my motives by his own. Had
I preferred gold to conscience, I should not now be in
England. The chancellor of France knows this; the
illustrious cardinal (Du Perron) knows
It is known this.
to the bishop of Paris, to all those in whose society I

lived in Paris, men of your own confession, whose veracity
is beyond suspicion. ... I pray you, illustrious sir, as
you regard truth, as you esteem innocence, recall your

sarcasm, and be on your guard against believing a greek
of Crete, a patron of regicide.' Schott did not respond
to this appeal, and their correspondence ended here.
Abraham Scultetus, the Heidelberg minister, on his way
home from London, called on Schott at Antwerp, and
wrote to Casaubon ^, '
If there be such a thing as a good
Jesuit, Schott is surely the best of the good.' But the
letter was not received in England, indeed was not
written, till Casaubon was no more.
Schott survived Isaac Casaubon fifteen years, and thus

' Ep. 876. 2 Burney mss, 366.
IX.l LONDON. 1610-1614. 399
which Meric was naif

lived to see Meric's 'Pietas,' in
enough to print three letters of Schott to his father,
by way of evidence of Isaac's erudition. The letters
are only evidence of Schott's modesty and amiability.
In one wish which Schott expresses in a letter, dated
Antwerp, January 1612, every friend of Isaac Casaubon's
memory must concur ^ 'I have received yours, most
:
illustrious Casaubon, and was very sorry to find you

still lingering in Britain. The learned, and the lovers
of greek, had much rather see you going on with Polybius
as you had begun, and finishing the commentary you
have promised, than going into a quarrel in which you
had no concern, and in which you can reap no credit, but
will rather tarnish the fame you have already earned
by your writings. You know how much the lustre of
Joseph Scaliger's name was dimmed in his old age, in con-
sequence of his assailing some members of our society,
from whom he had never received a single injurious word
men excelling in every branch of learning, such as Toleto,
Bellarmine, Possevin, Perier, and others^.'
Another catholic friend, Marc Welser, of Augsburg,
was offended, but not alienated, by Casaubon's descent
into the fray. Welser was a layman, but a great friend
and patron of the Jesuits. On their account he had
broken with Scaliger^, and Casaubon was now told by
Hoeschel* that he must be prepared to forfeit Welser's
friendship. But Welser, who perhaps repented that he
had quarrelled with Scaliger, would not give up Casaubon.
' Epp. ad Cas. ep. 40.
2 The notices relating to the life of Andrd Schott have been collected by-
Prof. Baguet, in a Memoir printed in torn. 23 of Memoires de I'academie royale

da Belgique, pp. 1-49. The author has looked at the volume of Casauboni
epistolse, 1709, with so little care as to attribute its publication to Meric
Casaubon, who died 1671. Gaisford reprinted the whole of Schott's notes on
Diogenianus in Paroemiographi Graeci, Oxon. 1836. Leutsch and Schneidewin,
in Corpus Paroemiographorum, 1839, retained only a small part, ' resecta omni
Schotti loquacitate in rebus sexcenties ingestis.'
* Scaligerana 2°. p. 246: 'II sera fasch6 de ce que j'ai escrit contre les
j^suites ; il ne m'escrit plus.' * Ep. 861.
'
What,' he writes to Casaubon, January 30, 1613, you '
imagine that I am angry with you because you have

muttered something against the Jesuits? Not so, I vow
by all that is sacred in our friendship. I am not irritable
by temperament, as all my acquaintance will tell you.
I confess that in matters of religion I am not accustomed
to hide my and if I did, you would not hold me

feelings ;
worthy of your But in the expression of my feeling,

love.
I should never go beyond the bounds of moderation
being restrained by a native instinct, by reason, by the

usages of my country, and by the position in which my
fellow-citizens have been pleased to place me.' This letter
justifies the character which Scaligerat another time ^ gave
of Welser, II est honnete homme, et ne maintiendra pas
'
les jesuites contre un homme docte.'

Welser, with de Thou and the liberal catholics now —
—
a small band remained still on friendly terms with Casau-
bon. Du Perron wrote to him, in June, 1612, in that tone
of moderation and respect which the cardinal's own high
attainments imposed on him towards a scholar^. He
regretted the libels of which Casaubon had been the
object, and emphatically declared that he himself had no
part in them. But the zealous party represented by the
Jesuits, Schott, Fronto le Due, Sirmond, silently withdrew
from the correspondence of one who had, as they thought

gratuitously, gone out of his way to constitute himself the
champion of a schismatical church and king. The whole
politics of western Europe at the time turned on ecclesias-
tical considerations. It was impossible that the same
feelings and interests should not dominate social life.

One neutral territory there was, that of learning, and this
Casaubon had himself voluntarily stept out of. He had
now to abide the consequences.
'
Scaligerana 2''.
p. 247.
° Burney mss. 367. For Du Perron's own controverey with Casaubon,
see p. 190.
IX.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 40 r
It was not only among the catholics, that he had alien-

ated friends. The calvinists of the continent were aware
that he had left them, that he neither shared their doctrinal
notions, nor sympathised with their resistance to govern-
ment. Cappel writes sarcastically from Sedan ^ in 161 1,
imploring him in his conduct of the controversy to spare
the puritans, and the gallic churches, from which for so '
many years he had sucked the milk of piety.' He insinu-

ates that Casaubon's leanings toward tran substantiation
were a relic of Du Perron's influence, which he had hoped
that Casaubon might have got rid of in England (' si quid
fuliginis adhuc superest ex convictu cum Perronio ').
The light in which Casaubon was now regarded by
his own church is put in such strong relief by a letter of
Du Moulin, that it is necessary to give it at length. It is
addressed to Montagu, bishop of Bath and Wells, and is
written shortly after Casaubon had left Paris for England

in 1610^ :
'
I am very loth, my
upon your much-
lord, to intrude
occupied time by this writing, yet I do hold myself

bounden to communicate with you on a matter which
seems to me to touch the common welfare of your, and
of our, church. And there is none other with whom I can
better and more safely lodge what I have to say, than
with yourself, whom know to be moved with zeal for
I
God, and also to have much influence with his serene

majesty.
'
The occasion of this writing is Isaac Casaubon, whose
present departure from hence to you inspires me with no
little anxiety. He is assuredly a man of pith, pious and
of good principle, but liable to be turned out of the way
by his fears, and his irritable temper. It is about three
years since that he began to think amiss in religion, and
to incline to popery. Some few heads remained which he
could not digest, e.g. the communion under one kind,
1 Burney MSS. 363. ' Colomesii Opera, p. 531.
Dd
papal supremacy, public worship in an unknown tongue,

worship of images, works of supererogation these things,
;
in which he continues to think with us, restrained him

from openly leaving us. On the other heads of con-
troversy he does not conceal his hatred of our religion,
which he abuses to the catholics, denouncing it as a
modern invention of Calvin. When I admonished him
on the subject, he would not take it from me, though we
are old and intimate friends. The origin of all this
mischief is a quarrel with the Genevese, who, he says,
as parties in a law suit, have robbed him of his wife's
portion. From that day he began to inveigh against our
ministers in general, and to pour his venom into the ear of
anyone who will listen. In this state of uncontrollable
passion cardinal Perron attacked him with his arguments,
easily worked upon a character of no steadiness, and in
fine very nearly shipwrecked him. He used to have
secret meetings with the cardinal, who
him upon
set
reading the fathers. Whatever he met with in them
which seemed to go against us, he greedily seized upon.
For his learning in philology and languages is truly great,
but having cultivated his memory rather than his judg-
ment, he is deficient in clearsightedness, and in apprehen-
sion of things, while his innate infirmity of purpose makes
him ready to yield to the opinions of those with whom he
is conversing. That a man of so much learning, and one
whom I highly esteem, should thus go to the bad, has
been a heavy affliction to me. I have endeavoured what
I could to bring him back to sounder views. But I have
had no success, what with his animosity against the city of
Geneva, and the urgent instances of the cardinal, who
knew how to season his arguments with promises.
'
The invitation of the king of England arriving at this
juncture, was therefore most opportune. I am now not
without hopes that by converse with your lordship, and
the other men of learning in your country, he may be led
IX.] LONDON. 16 10-16 J 4. 403
back into the right way. Time and removal may abate his
passion. I pray you, my lord, to help what you can
towards this end. I would venture to recommend as the

safest course to
pursue with him, that he be engaged by
some decent preferment to write on ecclesiastical history,
and in refutation of Baronius. Towardshe has this
already made large collections, and he
is a mighty oppo-
nent of the papal claims. Whatever he should write on

this head, would tend to edification. Anyhow I beg and
entreat you to secure him for yourselves, and to keep him
over there for if he return to us his defection is certain.
;
Certainly he did pledge himself to the queen, at his leave-

taking, to come back, and this he is bound to do. But if
he can obtain a settled position in England he will only*,
return for the purpose of bringing off his household
goods, and his library, which is very extensive. He will
be no small acquisition to England, being, as he is,
" facile princeps " in the republic of letters ; we shall be

released from a perpetual state of alarm on his account,
and you will have the satisfaction of having saved a soul
on the verge of ruin.'
If this letter had been merely one of theological denun-
ciation, it would have deserved no more attention than is
given by men of sense to such officious delators in general.
But Peter Du Moulin was no ordinary man, and his letter,
with all its ill will towards him who is the subject of it,
shows a shrewd appreciation of character and situation.
Nor, indeed, was its object that of damaging Casaubon.
Du Moulin wanted, what he says he wants, to get Casau-
bon out of Paris. But for this wish which he avows he had
private reasons of his own, which he probably did not
avow to himself. Du Moulin was a man of distinguished
ability, and powerful eloquence. He was a successful
disputant. Casaubon, with all his learning, had cut a poor
figure in the Fontainebleau conference. Du Moulin, with
no reading worth speaking of, had come triumphant out
Dd2
of many a set dispute with catholic doctors. When a man

of powerful intellect and no knowledge talks and writes
incessantly on matters of religion and morals, there is but
one resource for him, that is, to maintain that religion and
morals do not rest upon knowledge, and can be treated
without it. This is what Du MouHn did. His favourite
doctrine was, that scripture was so plain that it needed no
interpreter but each man's common sense ^- If he looked
into the writings of the fathers, it was not to use them, but
to find expressions which he could declaim against, as

deviating from the standard of genevan orthodoxy. Know-
ing, as we do, Casaubon's estimate of the grammatical,
critical, and collateral knowledge requisite for the interpre-
tation of any ancient author, we may imagine how he
chafed at sitting Sunday after Sunday to hear these
opinions inculcated with all the force of Du Moulin's
eloquence from the pulpit at Charenton, and how indig-
nant he was when he had to sit and hear Cyprian branded
as an '
was impossible to avoid a personal
anabaptist.' It
application of these tirades to Isaac Casaubon as he sate

there with his bowed form and pale face, bearing the
burden of all the learning belonging to the huguenot
congregation. Du
Moulin was aggravated by Casaubon's
silent but still more aggrieved when he
disapproval ;
heard that Casaubon had been pointing out to some

friends the errors of some of Du Moulin's interpretations
of texts. Moulin too was a great author. He had
Du
a ready pen, and writing in french, his books were
highly appreciated by his flock. One of them, his
'
Defense de la had been annotated by
foi catholique,'
Casaubon in the way he dealt with all his books, and many
of its errors pointed out on the margin. This book, pub-
lished in 1610, had been a good deal talked of in protestant
' Ephem. p. 824 :

'
Et voce, et scripto et ex ambone declamare solitus, me
audiente, sacram scripturam nullo habere opus interprete, sed omnia sirapliciter,-
Ut scripta sunt, esse accipienda.|
IX.] LONDON, i6iO-]6i4. 405
circles in Paris, and Casaubon had not concealed his

opinion of its shallowness. Du Moulin's ministerial pres-
tigewas endangered he went to Casaubon and demanded ;
the copy. Casaubon dared not refuse, and gave it up,

begging at the same time that he would take the remarks '
in good part ^.' This was in October, and it was smarting

under this rebuke from a member of his own congregation,
that the letter to Montagu was written. It was absolutely
necessary for Du Moulin's supremacy over his flock, and
for his comfort in the pulpit, that Casaubon should be kept

away from Paris If Jean Hotman is to be believed, Du
^-
Moulin had formerly, when in England, professed very

different sentiments, and had wished that the doctrine and
discipHne of the church of England could be transplanted
to France. He was now restrained, adds Hotman, from
attacking Casaubon by the obligations he was under to the
king and his ambassadors ^. Casaubon never knew of the
secret delation on the part of Du Mouhn, of which he had
been the object. Montagu handed the letter to the arch-
bishop, who discreetly kept it to himself. But Casaubon
did not conceal how much he had disapproved of Du
Moulin's preaching, and opinions. He writes to Madame
Casaubon*, '
I have heard M. du Mouhn maintain proposi-
tionswhich I detest, and shall detest, living and dying.
The theology of the learned prelates in England is quite
opposed to his.'
•
Ephem. p. 765 :
'
Rogavit sibi dari librum Apologise, etc. quem edidit, in quo
ego multa notaveram ipsius peccata magna.'
2 Du Moulin's Defense de la foi catholique
' "...
runs on to 576 pages.
There seemed no reason why it should not have run to double the number.
But it breaks off suddenly at the place his nimble pen had reached at 5 p.m. on
the fatal 14th of May La morte de nostre roy semblable a un grand esclat de
: '
tonnerre nous engourdit la main d'estonnement.'

=
Burney mss. 367. p. 23 Quant a nostre M. du M. (a later hand has
:
'
supplied the blank with Moulin ') il est imprudent, impudent, et ingrat, tout
'
ensemble. II a appris sa meilleure theologie en Angleterre et a receu trop

de bien de sa Majesty et de ses Ambassadeurs qu'il ose I'aitaquer en votre
personne." * Burney mss. 367. ap. Russell, Ephem. p. 1147.
4o6 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect.
Thus losing, or alienating, those who should have been

his friends, he had to submit to the unwelcome advances
of others who would be friends with Isaac Casaubon, be-
cause he was a friend of the king of England. It is the
fate of all men whose merits have gained them the notice
of the powerful, that the preferment-hunters seek to use
them for their purposes. Of course Dominicus Baudius
was early in the field. Having known Casaubon as a boy
at Geneva, and having occasionally written to him since, it
was necessary to announce to his old friend the fact of his
marriage (1613). It was also evident that that event made
it necessary that he should be provided for. Dominic
is confident that his own merits must sufficiently re-
commend him to the king of England, and that he has

only to show himself to be admitted at once to his intimacy ^.
But he thinks '
his own deserts and those of his fore-
fathers ' may be backed by Casaubon's recommendation.
The good-natured Casaubon speaks to several of the
nobles about Baudius ; among others to Sidney. It is
not enough. He must speak to the king. Casaubon does

^
speak to the king. ' King has been heard more than
once to express himself in terms highly laudatory of
Baudius. But there is nothing to be had. It is not the
custom of the english to call from other countries men of
distinguished erudition. Dictum sapienti sat.' Even this
flat assertion might not have stopped Baudius from coming
to push his fortunes in England, had not delirium tremens

closed his importunity very shortly after his receipt of this
reply *-
Lydius writes from Holland*: would be glad of any-

thing; would like to be minister of the dutch church in
' Baiidii Epp.

p. 451 Mea et majorum meorum virtute fretus confido me
:
'
futurum apud t6v KpaTovpra inter intimae admissionis amicos.'

^ Ep.
853 Non est mos Anglorum, ut viros eruditione claros aliunde
;
'
accersant.'
' Baudius, f Aug. 24, 1613. Chabanes to Casaubon, Burney MSS. 367. 8.
* Ep. 762.
IX.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 407
London. Lydius has be put off by the same assurance

to
that church dignities
'
in England are never given but to
native enghsh, that the number of theologians in England
is very great, for all students at the universities are
theologians. And as for the dutch church in London, the

king of England has no more to do with it than he has
with any church in Leyden, or the Hague.'
Cameron would like an ap-
writes from Bordeaux ^ :
pointment in his native Scotland, in the church, of which

the king is, under God, the head. I cannot doubt that '
you, who are so high in favour with him, can easily get it
done, if you will exert yourself ever so little. I was
known to the king when he was a boy and only three;
years ago, when I passed through England, on my way

hither, I was graciously received by him. The princess
Elisabeth is not ill-disposed towards me. And it will be
very creditable to you, a foreigner, to be recommending a
countryman of the king for his favours.'
Another countryman of the king's,' Alexander Hume,
'
wanted to have his latin grammar recommended to James'

notice. Casaubon does not toss the apphcation into his
waste-basket, but answers it at length, declining to say
anything in favour of the grammar, because it was
founded on the Ramist system, which he did not approve.
Theodore Canter, who had got himself into prison in
Holland, by his own fault, hoped Casaubon would move
the english ambassador to intercede in his behalf For a
friend whose sons had been his pupils at Geneva, and
who had read through all the Greek writers ^ who was
now in evil case, however much to blame, Casaubon is
ready to do what he could. But before he could take
up the case, he must be informed more fully as to its
merits.
Some sued in form of a dedication. Among the many
1 Burney mss. 363. ap. Russell, Ephem. p. 11 79.
" Scaligerana s". p. 42.
who now were anxious to inscribe their books with the

name of Isaac Casaubon may be mentioned Caspar
Barthius. He is mentioned, not because in his dedication
of his 'Auctores Venatici, Hanoviae, 1613,' he is more
fulsome in his panegyric than the rest, but because he
naively avows, in concluding, his hope that he may ^
' one
day visit England, and enjoy the advantage of Casaubon's
recommendation in the court of your serene prince, with
whom we knov/ that you can do anything.'
Nor was it foreigners only that he was to help to some-
thing. We have seen ^ Carier wanting him to get him the
deanery of Rochester, and Richard Thomson praying
him to mollify the archbishop in his favour. Casaubon
was too easily fretted by many things; but all this im-
portunity does not extort from him one harsh word
against the suitors. No man was ever more indulgent to
all the which acquaintance can take, except
liberties
when they took from him his time, the only possession
which he would not part with for any one.
His many anxieties, superadded to the pull of his daily
task on Baronius, and sinking health, made him more
and more dependent on Florence Casaubon. The bond
of affection which had united husband and wife from the
first, had been drawn closer by time, and common sorrows.
In the closing years of Isaac's life, to devotion was added

dependence. Next to Cod, whose presence is constant,
and to whom his soul is daily poured in pious effusion,
his wife is the thought of most frequent occurrence in the
pages of the diary. Younger and stronger in his native
land, he had watched over, nursed and protected her.
Weak, prematurely aged, cast away in a barbarous
country, weighed down by the daily grind of learned
research, the parts are reversed he is become dependent
;
' Ep. Nuncupatoria : Tua commendatione in aula serenissimi monarchse

'
tui, apud quern nihil non posse te scimus.'

' See above, pp. 276, 351.
IX.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 409
on her. Her long absences in France are severe trials to

him. He sinks under the weight of the cares which then
crowd on him \ How bitter is the parting! How tor-
turing her delay to return ! He is querulous ; then angry
with her for being away, though he sent her himself, and
on urgent business ^ He writes her a letter full of
reproaches. '
How can she stay away from him so long,
so much longer than there was any necessity for !'
Then
he tears the sheet up, and distresses himself that he was
so inconsiderate. The disorders in the household, unruly
children, untrustworthy servants, increase upon his hands
^
' and you, my wife, who ought to be governing this
family, are away from me.' There comes the hot July of
1613, and he is equally alarmed lest she should have set
off on the journey. Then he hears that, so far from

coming back, she was luxuriating in the country at
Grigny. What can she be doing at Grigny when her
'
presence is so much needed at home*.' Great part of

many days is lost out of pure fret and heartache, because
she does not come or does not write®. He sends his
sons' tutor, Wedderburn, to escort her over. He cannot
endure the suspense, he is fretting hinself to death ^.
Then he hears she is coming by another route.
Wedderburn will miss her. He must go himself. But
the Exercitationes' are in the press, and the daily tale
'
must be delivered to the printer. August 31, he sends a

servant to Dover, for Florence has not learnt a word of
Enghsh. She had already left Dover, and September i,
while he is deep in his writing, he looks up, and she is
' Ephem p. 987 Deus bone, deiicio sub onere curarum, et molestiarum, quas
:
'
affert mihi uxoris absentia.'

^ Ephem. p. 977 :
'
Urgebant negotia, quae omnino postulabant ut istud iter
uxor susciperet.'
^ Ephem. p. 996 :
'
Tu abes, mea uxor, quse domum regere debuisti.'
* Ephem. p. looi.
° Ephem.
p. 1002 Abstulit magnam partem diei mcEStitia et soHcitudo
: ' tristis
de uxore tamdiu absente.'

' Ephem.
p 1009 Desiderio pio pise uxoris dudum tabasco.'
:
'
Standing by his side. Oh

happy day. Little does she
know how to have him
short a time she She has just
is !
returned in time to save Uttle James, the enghsh son, who

was being starved by the wet nurse with whom he had
been placed in the country. They are separated no more,
till all too soon the day of final parting takes him away
before his time.

Casaubon had come over to this country in October,
1610. Florence did not join him till February, 1611. She
returned to France April 29, and was absent nearly six
months. His instructions on this occasion are character-
istic, containing not a word relating to his pecuniary
affairs, on account of which Madame Casaubon was
going ; his anxieties are all for his children, his books, and
especially his papers^. Je vous recommande nos enfants
'
que en tout douceur les instruisez a la piete, et aux

bonnes mceurs, et si ne venez tost, m'envoyer quelcun.
'Je vous recommande mes livres, que personne du
monde ne les manie, ni touche, que vous et mon nepueu.
Faictes que au plustost je les aye par voye seure, et le
tout par le conseil de nos amis, surtout de M. le President
de Thou, et de M. I'ambassadeur d'Angleterre. Vous
scavez que puisque nous fault icy demeurer quelque
il
tems, il m'est impossible de me passer d'eux, et surtout de

mon coffre oil sont mes papiers.
'
Si nos amis vous conseillent de haster vostre retour, il
faudra faire venir mes livres avec vos hardes par navire
expres. Mais quant a Isaac, je desire qu'il vienne avec
mon coffre.'
During he writes to John, the catholic son,

this absence,
entreating, commanding, him ^ to find his mother out, and
if she is at Grigny to take out his letters to her himself.
'
I have heard nothing from her these two months, and am
in tortures of suspense ; my life is hardly bearable

!
' Burney Mss. 367. ap. Russell, Ephem. p. 1147.

^ Brit. Mus. Addit. mss. 23101.
IX.] LONDON. 1610-1614. 41 r
Florence's second visit to France was from May 3 to

September i, 1613. The return to her charge of her who,
through the trials of eight-and-twenty years, had grown to
be the guardian angel of the house, protected Isaac from
many vexations, but could not save him from the doom
which was now rapidly approaching.
X.
LAST ILLNESS; DEATH;

CHARA CTERISTIC.
1614.
We
have observed that of Isaac Casaubon's mental
character more is known to us than of most men who
lived so long ago. happens also, that of his bodily
It
organisation we have
a memoir, remarkable for its
diagnostic skill, from the pen of Raphael Thoris^, his
physician, of whom Casaubon justly thought most highly.
The language of this memorandum may be the language
of an imperfect physiology; but for all purposes of
elucidation of character, and mental history, it is as com-
plete as had been written by a modern pathologist.
if it
Isaac Casaubon was the martyr of learning. While it

is not probable that he would have survived to a great age,
it is clear that his premature death, in his fifty-sixth year,
was brought upon him by his habits of life, unintermitted
study and late vigils. Varanda, the medical professor at
Montpellier, had told him, in 1597, playfully but with
^
meaning, that ' his career would be like that of Achilles,
glorious but brief.' Scaliger, who had never seen him,
knew of him as ^
' Baudius had
tout courbe d'estude.'
conjured him * to have some thought of his health. But
^ Raphaelis Thorii Epistola de Isaac! Casauboni morbi mortisque causa,'

'
[and De morbo et morte Isaaci Casauboni narratio ']. A Leyden printer

'
published the first piece in 1619. Both are found in Gronovius' collection,
from which Van Almeloveen reprinted them in 1709, adding an engraved
representation of the diseased part.
^ Ep. 132. ' Scaligerana 2". p. 45.
* Baudii epp. p. 116.
LAST ILLNESS. 1614. 413
friends are so apt to think that any one, who studies at all,
studies too much, that remonstrances on this head go for

nothing. When seriously urged to intermit his appli-
cation,and allow himself a holiday, Casaubon ^ used to
say 'that he had tried that remedy, and it had always
done him harm that he was never worse than when he
;
was doing nothing, and so compelled to think of his

ailments.'
This, his own account, is probably the true account of
the case. The mind was destroying the organism, yet the
mental excitement or occupation was, at the same time,
what kept the frame going so long. He could not rest.
The agitation of the spirits was necessary to life. As
positive disease established and his general bodily itself,
condition gradually sank, he would have become hypo-

chondriac, had he turned his thoughts towards himself
and his ailments. Instead of anxiously guarding his
own organic sensations, this man, who was dying daily,
was utterly careless of himself. He not only never
complained, but never nursed himself, till actually driven
from his books by fainting or by fever ^- The ever-
growing derangement of the functions, and degradation
of tissue, made growing mental depression,
itself felt in a
which however turned outward rather than inward. This

depression had taken, from the first, the direction of
devotional abandonment. The lowered nervous force in
the sensibilities, combined with calvinistic theory in the
understanding, submerges the hopes and affections tends ;
to withdraw them from life, and fix them upon the unseen.
The active energies, being insufficiently called upon,
become enfeebled. He became, every year, less able to
cope with the worry of life. A gloom seemed to be
' Thorii Narratio :

' Mihi antehac imperatum otium, a me qusesitum, sed
conatu irrito, imo pernicioso.'

^ Ibid. :
'
Homini sul negligent!, in studiis attento, ne conquerendi quidem
otium erat.'
settling on all external things. He complains^ that

wherever he looked, nothing but melancholy objects met
his view. He writes to Heinsius ^ in 1612, The deaths '
of so many of my friends remind me to think of my own,

which I do constantly. Whenever my hour comes, I
shall be well pleased to leave a world in which iniquity
abounds. Turn your eyes to what quarter of Europe you
will, you will see what must needs fill you with anxiety.
And nowhere is there any prospect of better things, all

grows worse and worse.' The least thing, a thunder
storm coming on while he is in the cathedral, throws him
into a state of nervous anxiety ^. Walter Scott had the
first warning of his own break-down in similar symptoms.
He enters in his diary, March 13, 1826 * : 'I am not free

from a sort of gloomy fits, with a fluttering of the heart
and depression of spirits, just as if I knew not what was
going to befall me. I can sometimes resist this success-
fully, but it is better to evade it.' In Isaac Casaubon, the
same cause, an overdriven brain, was now producing the
same inevitable results.
Nature him a puny and infirm frame.
had given
Though not so some other celebrated men of
little as
learning, as, e. g. Pietro Pomponazzo, as Melanchthon or
—
Lobeck, Casaubon was a man of^ small stature, 'cor-
pusculum tanto ingenio impar,' says Thoris. The same
observant physician, when introduced to him in 1610, was
astonished to see that ""such exalted wisdom could be
lodged in such a wretched tenement.' It did not need
'Ephem. p. 954 :
'
Nihil video praeter tristia.' ' Ep. 846.
Ephem. p. 846
' :
'
Cum essem in ecclesia Paulina, tempestas repente exorta
me anxium habuit.' Lockhart, Life of Scott.
'
' Clarendon, Life, by himself, i. 55 Mr. Chillingworth was of a stature

:
'
superior to Mr. Hales, and it

little was an age in which there were many great
and wonderful men of that size.' For noticing so 'trivial' a circumstance,
the historian is taken to task by Isaac Disraeli, Curiosities of Literature,
p. 282.
° Thorii Narratio :
' In tarn humili hospitio tam excelsam sapientiam
habitare.'
X.] LAST ILLNESS. 1614. 415
Thoris's experienced eye to read the sentence of death

in the emaciated frame, the sunken chest, the stooping
shoulders, the wasted features, the prominent cheek bone,
the dark ring round the eye, the hectic flush, the ac-
cumulation of phlegm in the air-passages, the hacking
cough. I foresaw ^ that his new calling in the service
'
of his majesty, and his own greediness of work, would

precipitate the became Thoris's
catastrophe.' Isaac
patient, and the worse symptoms then disclosed to him
verified the diagnostic of his eye, —the fevered pulse, the
labouring heart, the sleepless unrefreshing nights, the
long standing of his cough.
It must have been obvious to everyone that he was
dying. James must have seen it, when he was urging,
like a taskmaster, the progress of the '
Exercitationes.'
The worst however was not, and could not, be known till
the post mortem.' Some twelve months before the end,
'
there appeared symptoms which entirely baffled the

medical attendants, Mayerne and Thoris. The symptoms
indicated calculus; yet, on examination, the existence of
calculus could not be established. During the whole of
the time that he was working on Baronius, he was suffer-
ing tortures from a difficulty in the urinary passages. An
incessant desire to void urine was accompanied with the
impossibility of doing so. A protuberant swelling of the
left side made its appearance. The doctors, not knowing
what to order, prescribed the usual remedies for renal
disease, riding,and the Spa waters. He proposed to
drink the waters on the spot, but could not endure the
thought of being again in a catholic country, and therefore
consults Grotius if there ^ be not some town of the states
' Thorii Narratio :

'
Veritas, ne, ut accidit, odio quietis, laboris dulcedine, in
novo studiorum campo, in tanti regis oculis, homo impiger exsangue corpusculum
cursu concitato ad aeternam quietem praecipitaret.'
" Burmann, Syll. a.
433; Grotius to Heinsius: ' Casaubonum jam ssepe
ut ad nos transcurrat, invito, et facturum puto, et magis quia Spadanas
aquas adire jubetur a medicis.' Cf. Cas. ep. 933.
near Spa, where he can reside, and have the waters

brought him.
This was in 1612. Even in November 1613, his mental
vigour deluding him as to his physical powers, Casaubon
was projecting a visit to Heinsius at Leyden^. And in
June, 1614, when the end was imminent, he is contem-

plating a second part of the '
Exercitations ^,' '
in which
I design great things, viz. the assertion of genuine anti-
quity.'
In this condition, on June 24, 1614, his friends, thinking
to benefit him by a drive into the country, took him to
Greenwich. The party consisted of Isaac, the physician
Thoris, Barclay, and their three wives. They went in a
coach ^. The jolting over the uneven pavement of the
city shook the poor sufferer cruelly. He constrained
himself, however, to sit through the meal, and himself
proposed a walk through the park after it, during which
he was cheerful and instructive in talk as ever. When he
got home, he thought he felt better. But he passed the
night in cruel torture, voiding calculi, blood, and purulent
urine. When Thoris came to see him in the morning,
Isaac said, '
I am like Theophrastus, dying of a holiday
when Theophrastus had passed he his hundredth year,
went to his nephew's wedding, and gave up a day's study
to do it. But he never studied more, he died of it.' Thoris
and Mayerne were in constant attendance. Thoris wished
to attend him as a friend, and refused his tendered fee *.
When Casaubon insisted he took it, saying that he could '
not stand in the way of a patient's wish to exercise the

virtue of gratitude.' Nothing could be done, but to
' Ep. 925.

' Ep. 927 :
' Si dabit Christus vitam, magna moliemur in proxima parte, et
veram antiquitatem summa fide et diligentia asseremus.'
' Thorii Narratio :
'
Vectus rheda per duras paviraenti Londinensis salebras,
qua civitas longissime pertenditur.'
* Burney mss. 367 p. 137 Ne videar velle tibi pulcerrimae
:
'
virtutis (i. e.
gratitude) ansam praeripere, accipio aaTrjpiov libenter,'
X.] DEATH. 1614. 417
mitigate his sufferings by the hot bath and bleeding. He

sustained the combat with death amid dreadful torments,
borne with that entire resignation to the divine will, which
might have been expected from one whose life had been
one prolonged devotion. His one regret was, that he
must leave his work on church history unfinished. His
words latterly became inaudible, but it could be perceived
thathe was holding converse with that God, whom he had
never forgotten for a single hour of his life. He lingered
thus for more than a fortnight. On Friday, July 12 (July
I, o.he received the eucharist at the hands of the
s.),
bishop of Ely. After the ceremony, he signified his wish

to have the Nunc dimittis read aloud, and he accom-
'
'
panied the reader with failing voice. He had his children

brought to his bedside, gave them his blessing, one by
one, and straitly charged them not to follow the example
of their elder brother, but to continue in the religion in
which they had been brought up ^ At 5 p.m. he ceased
to breathe ^.
After death was discovered, what no diagnosis could

have detected, a monstrous malformation of the vesica.
The bladder itself was of natural size and healthy. But
an opening in its left side admitted into a second, or
supplementary bladder. This sack was at least six times
as large as the natural bladder, and was full of mucous
calculous matter. The malformation was congenital, but
had been aggravated by sedentary habits, and inattention
to the calls of nature, while the mind of the student was
absorbed in study and meditation.
Much sympathy was shown him during his illness. The
king sent ^ him an assurance that his pension should be
continued to Madame Casaubon for her life, and that he
' M. Casaubon, Pietas, p. 91.
2 Besides Thoris's an account of Isaac Casaubon's last moments was
letter,
written by Andrewes to Heinsius. A copy of the bishop's letter is in Advers.

torn. 9, from which it was printed by Bliss in his edition of Andrewes' Works,
' Birch, Court and Times of James i, i. 332.
II. xlv.
E e
would provide for the future of one of his sons. This part
of the promise received a speedy performance. A royal
missive had already, April 13, 1614, been sent to the dean
and chapter of Christ Christ, Oxford, requiring them
to admitt a sonne of Isaak Casaubon into the rome of a
'
'
scholler of the foundation of that house, that should first
become voide.' Accordingly, on August 5, Meric was

admitted to a studentship, which he held for thirteen
years ^.
As Isaac had designed to send his son to Leyden, we
may perhaps infer that he was not altogether satisfied with
what he had seen Oxford and Cambridge. But he had
at
acquiesced in the king's decision, andit had been arranged
that Meric was to spend some time at Christ Church,

before he travelled abroad to continental universities ^.
Isaac Casaubon was buried in the abbey * six bishops, ;
'
two deans, and almost the whole clergy of the metropoHs,'

followed the body. The funeral sermon^ was preached
by the bishop of Lichfield, Overall. The grave where his
body was laid was at the entrance of S. Benedict's
chapel. For many years there was no monument to
commemorate him, till one was supphed by the pious
remembrance of a private friend, Thomas Morton, then
become (1632) bishop of Durham ".
The assertion of the latin inscription, that Casaubon's
books will outlive the marble monument, is scarcely hkely
to be true. The inscription, doubtless composed by
Morton himself, is in better taste than many of that period,
' State paper, James i, docquet.

° Dean's entrance book Adm'*. Aug. 5.
:
'
Meric Casaubon, Callus, Gen. F.
18.' Meric was born May 4, 1599, n. s., and was therefore just fifteen.
^ Ep. 955 : Filii mei missionem ad vos regis serenissimi voluntas re-
'
tardavit, cui placuit ut in acaderaia Oxoniensi aliquamdiu maneret, priusquam

transmarinas academias adiret.'
* Andrewes to Heinsius, ubi sup.
° I cannot find that the sermon has been preserved.
" It was by Stone, and cost £60, The receipt for the amount is in Brit. Mus.
Addit. Mss,
X.] CHARACTERISTIC. 419
and the bishop is not answerable for the vulgar xto, as his
xpo is still visible beneath, as Mr. Scrivener^ has pointed
out. his tomb is not in the east, or
Fuller observes that '
poetical, where Chaucer, Spenser, Drayton, are

side,
interred, but on the west, or historical, side of the aisle.'
'
Casaubon's tomb was thus,' says dean Stanley ^, the first '
in a new and long succession. Isaac Walton, forty

years afterwards, wandering through the south transept,
scratched his well-known monogram on the marble, with
the date 1658, earliest of those inscriptions ofnames of
visitors,which have since defaced so many a sacred space
in the abbey. O si sic omnia! We forgive the Greek
soldiers who recorded their journey on the foot of the
statue at Ipsambul the Platonist who has left his name in
;
the tomb of Rameses at Thebes the roman emperor who ;
has carved his attestation of Memnon's music on the

colossal knees of Amenophis. Let us in like manner
forgive the angler for this mark of himself in Poets'
corner.'
A
few days before his death Casaubon had made a
will *. He leaves, of the goods which the Lord hath" lent
'
me,' to his wife, to choose between taking the half, or

betaking herself to her contract of marriage. To each of
his daughters he gives 200 crowns, the residue of his
estate being divided equally among all his children, John
excepted, who was provided for by a convert's pension.
But that this exclusion might not be construed as a
penalty, he leaves John a cup, value thirty crowns. M'.
Scaliger's cup is left to '
that son who, walking in the fear
of God, shall be fittest to sustain my family.' Florence is
sole executrix.
Florence Casaubon, as soon as she had settled her
affairs, returned to France. James acted most liberally
'
Codex BezEe, praef. p. 43.
^ Memorials of Westminster, p. 317.
* See it in Appendix, note A.
E e 3
towards her^, and, notwithstanding her antipathy to the

country and to our tongue, she came back to end her days
in London. In spite of the many attempts of the doctors
to kill her with the lancet^, she survived her husband one-
and-twenty years. She was buried in the cloisters of
Westminster Abbey, March ii, 1635^.
The catholic party had continued to beHeve that Isaac
Casaubon was at heart a catholic, and that the death-bed
would extort from him the confession which self-interest
had suppressed during life. The french ambassador sent
a nobleman to him to put the question direct^, In what '
religion he professed to die * ? '

'
Then you think, my
lord,' was the answer, have been all along a dis-
'that I
sembler in a matter of the greatest moment,' expressing

at the same time his horror of such deceit.
The ministers of the french church in London were in
constant attendance. If Casaubon received the eucharist
on the last day from the hands of an english bishop, he
could do this without giving umbrage to the french
ministers, on the score of the intimate friendship which
subsisted between himself and Andrewes. And before
the rise of the Laudian school, the english church and the
reformed churches of the continent mutually recognised
each other as sisters °.
Scioppius boasted that he had killed Casaubon by his

'
Holofernes.' The wonder is that with such an organisation
he should have survived his fifty-fifth birthday. Thoris,
as has been said, believed that the mind sustained the
' Comm. in Polyb. (1617), praef. p. 10 :

'
Majestatis tuse humanitate sus-
tentata.'
^ See Ephem. pp. 444. 516.
^ Register of Westminster Abbey
burials in church and chapels.'
;
'
* M. Casaubon, Pietas, p. Deinde rem ipsam vehementer detestatus et

91 :
'
aboinjnatus est.' The words 'rem ipsam' are to be understood only of an

act of dissimulation.
° During Elizabeth's reign the English embassy
in Paris had no chaplain,
and the ambassador attended the reformed prSche at Charenton. See con-
versation of lord Leicester with Laud, in Blencowe, Sydney papers, p. 261.
frame : what the muscular

was unequal to, the flow fibre
of energy from the brain supplied i.
He was carried on
by the ardour and passion of the work which was consum-
ing his strength.
It would be more plausible to say that Casaubon killed
himself over the '
Exercitations on Baronius.' Mere intel-
lectual labour, not pushed beyond fatigue, would not
appear to be destructive of vital energy. What depresses
the powers of Ufe is prolonged labour when combined
with anxiety. And anxiety is inseparable from the effort
of composition. Whether the instrument of composition
be a pen or a brush, whether the materials be facts, figures,
harmonies, the effort to combine the whole on a given
point exercises an exhausting influence, which the mere
accumulation of the data as they occur, does not. The
composition of the Exercitations made this demand on
'
'
Casaubon's There was incessant

shattered strength.
effort to combine all the extant textual data upon the
point in hand the imperative necessity pressing on his
;
mind, that his criticism, if it were to be worth anything,

should exhaust the authorities. Casaubon early noticed
his own disinclination to write ^. While reading afforded
him the keenest pleasure of which he was susceptible, he
took pen in hand reluctantly. As Burnet ^ says of bishop
Lloyd, He did not lay out his learning with the same
'
diligence that he laid it in.' The cerebral energy, ex-
' It is possible that this biological theory was popularised in medicine, when
medicine was classical, by its being the traditional account of Aristotle's case.
See Censorinus, Dies nat. 14 Naturalem stomachi infirmitatem, crebrasque
;
'
morbidi corporis offensiones, adeo virtute animi diu sustentasse (Aristotelem)

ut magis rairum sit ad annos sexaginta tres vitam protulisse, quam ultra non
pertullsse.'
^ Ep. s66 Quotidie adolescit in nobis oicvoi scribendi,
:
' et otii desiderium
ad studia sapientiee et philologise.' Ep. mi: Nos infinita '
quaedam et axpaTrj!
semper indies addiscendi libido facit in scribendo saepe omissiores. segre
aliquid
impetramus a nobis, ut scribendis iis, quae semel observavimus, operam et
terapus impendamus.'
* Own Times, 1. 345.
442 ISAAC CASAVBON. [Sect.
hausted by prolonged attention, was seldom exuberant

enough for the higher effort of combination.
Whenhe had written, he was dissatisfied with the
result His dissatisfaction was not with the manner or
^-
the style, but with the incompleteness of his work. If

he had had more time, he could have made more
research ^ 'I have the goodwill; what I have always
lacked is leisure, and freedom from anxiety, defects of
which my writings bear too manifest trace.' Almost a
formula for the beginning of his letters is '
etsi negotiis
obruor, et nutat valetudo.' One might think he had the
business of a bank, or a public office, on his shoulders.
Yet it was not so. He
had probably as large a share of
leisure as can be secured by any man who does not
withdraw into a solitary cell. But when the brain is
preoccupied by other currents, and the energy is drawn
off into books, calls for efforts of external attention alarm
and distress.
For Casaubon's aims no leisure would have sufficed.
Other effort has a limit, but in research the horizon
recedes as we advance, and is no nearer at sixty than it
was at twenty. As the power of endurance weakens with
age, the urgency of the pursuit grows more intense. It is
in vain that moralists warn antiquaries ^ to remember the

shortness of life. It is better to write nothing than
to produce incomplete work. And research is always
incomplete.
Casaubon killed himself over the '
Exercitations.' With
his mal-organisation, his life could not have been long,
but excessive labour, joined with mental anxiety, hastened
' Ephem. p. 942 'Qusedam hodie, sed quas mox displicuerunt.'

:
^ Suetonius, Tib. 65. comment. Animus non deest voluntas etiam superest
-.
'
;
otium Kal t& A/êpi/ivov hactenus semper defuerunt, quod nostra scripta produnt
nimis.'
' Hearne, in the Rambler, no. 71 'It is the business of a good antiquary, as
:
of a good man, to have mortality always before him.'
the end. Beginning/ says Thoris \ in the evening of

' '
and with shattered constitution, an undertaking vast,

life,
arduous, and " de longue haleine," he pursued it with an

energy and an assiduity of toil which younger men ought
not to venture to imitate. He possessed every mental
endowment required for the performance ; he had abundant
material accumulated. What he wanted was time. He
had begun, as Crassus said to Deiotarus, " to build at the
eleventh hour." But a man whose thoughts were on eter-
nity, who lived only in mental energy, Casaubon reckoned
not the number of his years, felt not the encroachment

of age, or the sap of health, or the decay of his body.'
All men of real science have probably felt something
of what Newton has expressed, the painful contrast of the
infinity of nature, and the insignificance of any one man's
knowledge of it. But the same is true of literature.
Wyttenbach has described ^ the mirage, from the illusion
of which no experience of others can save the incepting
scholar. From the vantage ground of my youth, I looked
'
down over the outspread stretch of life on which I was

entering, as upon a limitless plain. The task I had set
myself (an edition of Plutarch) seemed to lie close before
me, and within my grasp. But as age advanced, things
assumed a different aspect. The horizon of my span of
life drew nearer, that of my task receded. Ten years
passed away the end of my labour was not even in sight.
;
Five years more what remained to do was still more than

;
what was completed.'

Thus it has been the fate of many men of learning to be
crushed under the burden of their own accumulations.
Like Leonardo da Vinci, who was surprised by death aet.
67, before he had time to reduce his piles of ms. notes to
order, Casaubon must be reckoned among those who
1 Thorii Narratio : ' Magnum opus, et longioris animae, aggressus in vitae

crepusculo, et deliquio valetudinis . .
.'
* Plutarchi Opp. torn. i. praef. p. viii.
hoarded more than they could ever use. But was not
it
avarice, it was the irresistible instinct of acquisition. For

what he gave to the press was massive and yet it was, as ;
he often told Meric ^ a very small instalment of his multi-

'
tudinous schemes.'
He left nothing prepared for press
beyond a small part of
his intended commentary on Polybius. This was printed,
in Paris 1617, by Madame Casaubon, and amounts to no
more than 212 pages in i2mo. Florence religiously pre-
served all her husband's papers^, and carried them with her
when she returned to Paris after Isaac's death ^. The king
and Andrewes selected a few papers of a theological charac-
ter to retain, for any others they probably cared nothing.
The rest, along with the seven volumes of the Ephemerides,' '
remained in Paris, at first in Madame Casaubon's keeping,

but afterwards came into the hands of John Casaubon, the
eldest son. During this time they were lent freely, and
were given any persons who manifested curiosity to
to
see them. In this way the fourth fasciculus of the Ephe- '
merides' was lost irrecoverably. It contained the three

years 1604, 5, 6, and part of 1607, and as it must have
contained many particulars relating to persons still living,
was likely to be an object of great curiosity to the Parisians
of Casaubon's About 1619-20, John Casaubon entered
set.
the order of the capuchins, and his father's papers came

again into the hands of Florence, and of the third son,
Paul, who was living in Paris. They agreed to send them
over to England to Meric. Besides those which were
sent at first, Meric diligently collected any stray leaves
which he could hear of in the hands of friends of his
' M. Casaubon, Pietas, p. no: 'Nonesse multesimam partem suarura vigil-

iarum.'
^ M. Casaubon, Pietas, p. iii ;
'
Semper cavit sedulo, ne de iis parum sollicita
videretur, quae ad mariti raemoriam famamque pertinerent.'
^ The history of Isaac Casaubon's papersis given with great minuteness
in a letter from Meric to Philibert de la Mare, dated Canterbury, 1641. It
is printed below, Appendix, note B, from bibl. nat. Mss. fonds Moreau, 846.
father. As late as 1638, he recovered in this way a

volume of memoranda, which had turned up, and been
sent over by PauP. Meric had all these papers sorted,
and extracts made of everything which appeared of an
original character; critical remarks, opinions on books
or authors, etc. While he lived at Canterbury, M eric's
house, being on the high road to London, was much
resorted to by foreign scholars, to whom he was always
ready to show these documents. At M eric's death, he
left the six volumes of the Ephemerides,' as we have '
said, to the cathedral in which he had held a prebendal

''
stall more than forty years. The rest of the papers he

deposited in the Bodleian.
Here both the originals, and the excerpts which had
been made by Merle's direction, remained for many years
untouched by, most likely unknown to, any of the 300
or 400 resident recipients of the endowments of the
colleges. In 1709, a german philologian from Wittenberg,
studying in the Bodleian, unearthed them, and was allowed
by Hudson, the then hbrarian, to take a copy^. Adding
to Merle's excerpts other extracts made by himself, and
much extraneous matter, J. C. Wolf pubHshed, on his
return to Germany, a small volume under the title, ' Casau-
boniana,' Hamburg 1710. It was then the heyday oi Ana,
before the abuse of the had title, for trading purposes,
brought the species into such disrepute, that the abbe
d'Olivet, writing in 1743, could speak of them as 'the
disgrace of our age*.' Wolf's pubHcation was not calcu-
lated to raise the credit, either of the class of Ana, or of
1 Adversaria, torn. 22. p. 7 :

' Missa a fratre Paulo Casaubono novembri
mense anni 1638.'
^ Bibl. nat. ut sup. :
'
Omnem librariam supellectilem libere promsi, non ut
auferrent quicquam, sed ut viderent quod vellent.'
3 Wolf, Casauboniana, praef. p. 48 Ad Casauboni imprimis schedas, ut ad
:
'
aliaomnia, V. C. Jo. Hudsoni prolixo in me favore, aditus mihi patuit.'

>
Hist, de I'acad^mie fran9. 2. 197 Ces satires anonymes, ces Ana, ces
:
'
gazettes litteraires, dont le nombre se multiplie impunement tous les jours a la

honte de notre sifecle.'
Casaubon. Hitherto the termination had been understood

to denote reported conversation —the table-talk of the
learned, the wise, or the witty. Such were the Scaligerana
I*, i66g; Scaligerana 2*, 1666; Perroniana, 1666; Thuana,
T669 ; Menagiana, 1693 ; Sorberiana, 1691 ; Chevraeana,
1697. In entitling his book Casauboniana, Wolf incurs
the charge though innocently, allured pur-
of having,
chasers by a false description of his wares ^- Janson Van
Almeloveen had just published, at Rotterdam 1709, his
splendid collection of the Letters and Dissertations of the
two Casaubons, father and son. Public attention was thus
upon the
called again, nearly a century after Isaac's death,
name. Those who,
must have been the case with many,
as
found the epistles an undecipherable hieroglyphic, would
gladly seize on a book which promised a short cut to what
a giant in learning had to tell. Their disappointment must
have been great when they found nothing conversational
in the volume.
Casaubon had found a Boswell, it may be
Even if
doubted if his talk could have been effectively reported.

We have no account of his style of conversation, but
we are sure it had not the pith and epigram, which
constitute table-talk such as can be carried away, and
reproduced. Two mots indeed of Isaac Casaubon are
handed down. On his first coming to Paris, and being
shown over the Sorbonne* the old hall before it was —
—
pulled down his guide said, Voila une sale ou il y a '
quatre cens ans qu'on dispute.' Qu'a-t-on decide ? was '

'
the retort of the huguenot. The scene of the other

saying was also the Sorbonne^, where he had sate
In the course of a few years the termination ana received this extension,
'
and from denoting reported conversation, came to signify memoranda of reading.

A collection of such memoranda, which in 1716 had borne the title of Memoires '
litt^raires,' in a 2^. ed. in 1740, came out as Mathanasiana,

^ Menagiana, 2.
387 La premiere fois que Casaubon vint en Sorbonne elle
:
'
—
n'avoit pas encore 6i€ rebatie —
on lui dit Voila une sale oii il y a quatre cens
;
ans qu'on dispute il dit, Qu'a-t-on decide

: ?
' Menagiana,
3. 34.
through a long disputation in the barbarous' language

of the schools, which was still cherished in the con-
servative university of Paris. Casaubon remarked, on
coming out, that he had never heard so much latin
'
spoken without understanding it.' These repartees, col-

lected in the salons of Paris by Menage, who was a
year old at Casaubon's death, are the exceptions which
prove the rule. Casaubon was an abundant, but not
an epigrammatic, talker. He drew from his memory,
and not from his mother-wit. His a propos was that of
facts and instances, not of images. Whatever comes
up, he can pour out an inexhaustible stock of suggested
parallels. In the preface to '
Polybius,' to take one
example, he has to speak of the usefulness of history to
men of action ^. There immediately rushes upon his
memory a crowd of instances in point, from Hannibal
down to the Turkish sultans of late times. And this
muster-roll flows from his pen so easily, that we see it
is not the laboured compilation of the desk, paraded to
make a show of learning, but the lavish expenditure of
a boundless wealth. When Menage says ^ that Cas-
aubon ecrivoit de source,' he does not mean that he
'
drew upon his own genius or invention in opposition

to books. He means that he was not an index man.
He did not compile his quotations ; they suggested them-
selves by their relevancy. He thought of the object
through the words of the ancients. The amassing of
references did not become itself his object.
This habit of his mind is reflected in his 'Adversaria.'
When Wolf gave to the world his selection from Casau-
bon's papers, under the title of '
Casauboniana,' great was
the expectation of the learned, and great their disappoint-
ment. The literary public unanimously pronounced the
'
1 See above, p. 197.
'
Menagiana, a. 153 :
'
Je ne fais que de thSmes, Casaubon Ecrivoit de
source.'
collection devoid of anything which could be expected

from the great reputation of Isaac Casaubon ^. The gossips
found in it no scandal, the curious no autobiography, the
learned no original criticism. The explanation is to be
found in Casaubon's pecuHar system of work. He read
pen in hand, with a sheet of paper by his side, on which he
noted much, but wrote out nothing. What he jots down is
not a remark of his own on what he reads, nor is it even
the words he has read it is a mark, a key, a catchword,
;
by which the point of what he has read may be recovered

in memory. The notes are not notes on the book, but
memoranda of it for his own use. When he had
accumulated a number of sheets, he tied them up in
a packet, or stitched them up in a book, and called it
'
indigesta CAjj
'
— materials. '
Casaubon's way,' Grotius
tells ^ Camerarius, '
was not
what he designed to write out
to publish, but to trust to his memory, with at least a few
jottings, partly on the margin of his books, partly on loose
sheets —true sibylline leaves.' The name 'Adversaria''
was given to these memoranda by Isaac himself. But
they are of a very different type from the Adversaria of
Turnebus, or Barthms, which, like the papers of Dobree
published by his friends after his death, contain notes on
classical writers. Casaubon's notes are bare references,
and references not to places in books, but to the thing or
word to which he intended to recur. To this vast mass of
material his own memory was the only key. The demand
thus made upon the memory was prodigious, and the
faculty seemed to respond to it. He told ^ de Thou that
the mass of citation in the Exercitations was in great part '
'
^ D'Airtigny, Nouveaux memoires, i. 296 :

' II n'y a presque rien dans ce
recueil qui reponde a I'idee qu'on doit se former d'Isaac Casaubon, Fun des
plus S9avans et des plus honnStes hommes de son siecle.'
^ Grotii Epp. app. ep. 184 :
'
Is erat Casaubonus qui niliil parati penes se
haberet, nisi in raemoria, et si forte in oris librorum, aut brevibus schedis,
Sibyllae foliis.'
Ep. 931
' Veniunt in meraoriam quotidie quae legi ante decern, viginti, aut
:
'
etiam triginta annos.'
drawn from memory, which supplied him with what he

his
read ten, twenty, nay thirty years before.
Without it he
could not have produced what he did.
The printed books which belonged to him were used by
him in the same way, scored under, and marked anyhow,
to catch the eye in turning over the leaves. The blank
pages, the title page, or any page, serve to hold a reference.
Hence, while the scholar reckons among his choicest

treasures a greek volume with marginal corrections in
Scaliger's hand, a volume which has belonged to Casaubon
is merely defaced by the owner's marks and memoranda.
He valued his books more than anything else that belonged

to him. But he valued them only as the tools he was to
work with. What cripples him when he is at work on
Baronius in London is the not having his own books. Not
only that many he wanted were not to be got in London,
but that the copies with which Young supplied him could
not replace to him his own, in which he could find anything
— quos usu contrivi.' His advice to students is' 'Re-
' :
member that it is no use to have read a thing, unless you

retain it in your memory. Make notes therefore of every-
thing you read, as aids to memory.' Practical wisdom,' '
he says again ^, is only the recollection of many things.'

'
The Adversaria,' then, are, for the most part, mere hints
'
for his own use, and which cannot be put to use, even
when they can be deciphered, by another^. Some aid
indeed may be derived from them by the biographer.
Casaubon occasionally marks upon a sheet of such
scratchings the time and place of reading. At least we
can get from them an insight into his method of reading,
and the sources of his knowledge. They serve, in these
' Adversaria, torn. 16 :
'
Quicquid legis in excerptorum libros referre me-
mineris. haec unica ratio labanti memorise succurrendi. scitum enim illud est,
" Tantum quisque scit, quantum memoria tenet."
2 Prasf. in Polyb.
Wolf, Casauboniana, p. 273
' In curis Polybianis ampla seges observa-
:
'
tionum exstat sad ita plerumque congestarum, ut nullus fere observetur

. . .
ordo, nonnulla subindicentur potius quam edisserantur.^
respects, to supplement the diary. In the '

Casauboniana
all these personal indications are wanting. Wolfs object
not being biographical, he retrenched all that was in-
dividual and local, and reduced each note to its literary
content. For these reasons the 'Casauboniana' cannot
rank with their fellows, and will not be read by those
readers, if any there be now, who take delight in the Ana
of the 17th century. The scholar, however, who may take
the pains to examine these disjointed fragments, lying there
massive and helpless, like the boulders of some abraded
stratification, will at least recognise the remains of a
stupendous learning. What Goethe said ^ of Niebuhr, is
here true of Casaubon, '

It is not what he tells me, but
how he tells me it, that I care for. It is the deep insight,
and thorough manner of the man that edifies.'
Coleridge's title-pages would fill a large volume and if ;
'
Herder's powers had been commensurate with his will, all

other authors must have been put down ^.' Of the in-
numerable treatises, which Casaubon announces as in
preparation, few traces are to be found in his papers.
When some subject of classical antiquity comes up, and
he says he is going to publish a book on it, and that he has
the materials by him, how much exists in his memory, how
much he does not himself know.
in his scattered notes,
To accumulate the passages, to understand them in their
mutual light, to arrange them in some sort of order, all
this chiefly in his memory— and then from them to write
—
his diatribe this is his literary method. His schemes of
this kind, unaccomplished, are here enumerated, but the
list is, probably, far from exhaustive :
—
1. A second volume of Exercitations on Baronius.
2. As part of the foregoing, or as independent treatises
(i) A disputation on transubstantiation. (2) On sacrifice in
the christian church. See Exercitt. pp. 503. 554.
' Goethe to Zelter. Goethe's observation is so appropriate to the case of

Casaubon, that I give the whole passage below. See Appendix, note C.
" De Quincey, Works, 6.
117.
X.l CHARACTERISTIC. 431
3. Of his commentary on Polybius he habitually spoke as

if it were complete. But, beyond the small fragment printed
at Paris, 161 7, only very trifling notes towards it are found
among his papers, from which Meric drew what he contributed
to Gronovius' Polybius, 1670. Cf. Exercitt. p. 564, 'in laborio-
sissimis nostris (ad Polybium) commentariis accurate earn dic-
tionem interpretamur.'
4. On the shows of the amphitheatre, and the games of the
circus.
5. De magistratibus romanis. Of this project Adversaria 29

preserves a fragment.
6.Liber de re critica. To this project, frequently referred
to by Casaubon, belong a few notes hardly to be deciphered in
Adversaria 23.
Commentarius de re vestiaria. This was planned at
7.
Geneva when he wanted to lecture on the De Pallio. He
alludes to it repeatedly as finished see Animadvv. in Ath.
;
13. 3, 'quaesivimus diligentissime de poetse mente in nostris

De re vestiaria commentariis ; eo, te, lector, rejicere fas et jus
esto nobis.' But all that remains of it is some collectanea in '
'
Advers. 8 and 29. Nor is there reason to think that any more
was ever written out, as Meric says he had only a rudis indi- '
gestaque moles' of this and of the De coloribus.

8. De coloribus. See Animadvv. in Ath. i. 47.
9. A reply to the '
Peripateticse Discussiones ' of Franciscus
Patricius.In eo scripto quod adversus Patricii librum para-
'
mus, quodque brevi, faciente D. O. M., edemus.' 'De Strabone

et ejus scriptis,' prefixed to Commentary on Strabo. See also
Diog. Laert. not. 5. 2.
10. Liber de proverbiis, Ephem. p. 751, July 1610 :
'
I resolved
to-day to publish shortly a book on proverbs, together with a
century of proverbs.'
11. On the method of reading history. He intended a trea-
tise onhe discoursed on the topic as preliminary to his
this;
lecture on Herodotus in 1601, and notes of this lecture, taken
down at the time, are in Bibl. nat. anciens fonds, 6252, and cf.
Advers. 24.
12. Observationum liber. In February 1583, he obtained a
licence from the petit conseil to print a book under this title.
Geneva mss. registre du pet. cons. fo. 25. It never appeared.

In 1598 he is resolving, Ephem. p. 112, '
seriously to begin to cast
what have observed on various authors into a book of " com-

I
mentarii observationum variarum."' Notwithstanding this re-

solve duly recorded in the diary, the book was never written.
13. An edition of the lxx. See Ep. 186.
14. A commentary on Homer. See Strabo, comm. 13. i he :
willbe brief in his notes on these two books of Strabo, because

he is preparing shortly to publish his notes on Homer. Nothing
of the kind is found, nor is there reason to think anything was
ever written.
15. An edition of jElianus Tacticus. See Polyb. praef. p. 61 :
'.^lianum emendatum et observationibus nostris illustratum,

deo propitio, vulgabimus.'
16. A fuller edition of jEneas Tacticus. ^n. Tact, praef. the
present, hasty edition is but 'pignus navandae operae.'
17. An edition of Josephus; but this time with the proviso,
'if I were younger.' Ep. 848. He had begun, at Geneva, a
translation of the Hebrew Josephus into latin, not knowing, at
the time, that had been already done by Munster, and pub-
it
lished at Basel 1541. He had got into the 2nd book before dis-
covering this. Gronovius, though living in a la'nd of books, it
appears, from Burmann, Syll. 2. p. 571, had never heard of the
Hebrew Josephus.
18. An edition of Stephanus of Byzantium. See Ep. 4, and
Colomies, Bibl. choisie, p. 66.
19. Notes on the tragedians. See Ep. 4 :

'
Habeo in alios
scriptores greecos, prsesertim tragicos, parata non pauca.'
20. An edition of Juvenal. See Ep. 523: 'Eum poetam gra-
vissimum, si superi annuerint, accurate recensebimus.'
21. An edition of Celsus. See Ep. 533 :
'
Concinnanda editio,
cujus neminem jure pceniteat.'
22. Notes on Cicero, Epistolse ad Atticum. See Ep. 184
'Audebimus et nos nostras divinationes publicare.'
23. An Arabic lexicon. See Ephem. p. 510, Epp. 511. 548 \
24. Thesaurus. State Papers, Domestic, Jas. i. vol. 92. no. 95.
Savile to Carleton, The Thesaurus hee mentions, Mr. Casaubon
'
took that worke out of my handes above two yeares before his
death.' no other allusion to any such project by Casaubon.
I find
Can it have been a lexicon to Chrysostomi Opera for which
Adversaria 28 contains a few notes ?
' On Casaubon's Arabic reading see Renan, '
Averroes,' p. 60 : (2nd ed.,
p. 80.)
Of all these schemes, and of others not a few, hardly I
any traces remain among the papers, because hardly any-

thing was ever put on paper. He deceived himself into
thinking that he had made progress in writing, when the
material was heaped up only in his memory. He got at
last the habit of putting by any topic as it came up, with
the remark, we have discussed at length elsewhere.'
^
' this
The between what he had read, what he had
distinction
noted down, and what he had printed, became obliterated
in his mind.
Next to the designed, but not performed, stands the
imperfectly executed. The list of Isaac Casaubon's fin-
ished works contains twenty-five distinct publications, not

including prefaces . to the books of others, or second
editions of his own books. Of these twenty-five, however,
not many by which he would have chosen
are productions
to be judged. Some were mere 'juvenilia,' others im-
perfect attempts, which he was unwilling to acknowledge.
Of the first class were the Notes on Diogenes Laertius,' '
the '
Lectiones Theocriticae,' even in their enlarged form
in Commelin's edition of 1596. Of the Strabo of 1587 he
says he ^'was ashamed to own the parentage.' For
Aristotle he did little more than correct the press for the
printers. reach the Theophrastus, 1592,
It is not till we
that we meet with Casaubon's characteristic merit— that
we have an interpreter speaking from the fulness of
knowledge.
Well done, or ill done, or half done, however, Isaac
Casaubon's books are now consigned to one common
oblivion. They are written in latin, and scholars' latin of
the renaissance is a peculiar language, accessible to a very

circumscribed public. But this is not all. Even for this
' See Greg. Nyss. p. 81 :

'
De quibus alibi adfatim.' Scriptt. hist. aug. prsef.
p. 33. Notae in Diog. La. 5. a :

' De his nos alias.'
"^
Ep. II : '
Illud opus non ut partus legitimus ingenioli nostri sed ut ixTpafia
iîiaivov haberi debet.' Cf. ep. 580.
F f
circumscribed public of scholars Casaubon's books have

but a secondary value. Philology is a science, not a fine
art ; and it is the fate of science that the books, in which
it is consigned, are in a constant state of supersession.
A work of literature may be surpassed, but not super-
seded. The interpreter of the classics works for his own
age only. He is the medium through which we read an
ancient book, and the medium must be in the language
and mode of our own day. It must possess all the latest
improvements. The books of the scholars of the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries have, therefore, for us little
more than an historical interest. They will be visited
only by those curious enquirers, who may wish to ac-
quaint themselves with the history of learning. The bio-
graphical data will be ofmore interest than the philolo-
gical matter. Yet as history makes itself from age to age,
the oldest names must tend to recede from view. We
cannot afford to know all about everybody. How many
years will elapse before another reader will go through,
as the present writer has done, the bulky folio of Isaac
Casaubon's printed epistles, or the seven volumes of un-
printed answers of his correspondents in the Burney
collection? The present imperfect memorial is the first
that has ever been attempted in the language of the

country which adopted and endowed him. Till an abler
hand shall erect an enduring monument in a modern
tongue, may this essay be at least '
professione pietatis
!
excusatus
But Casaubon's books, whatever their worth, were not
the man. The scholar is greater than his books. The
result of his labours is not so many thousand pages in
folio, but himself. The '
Paradise Lost' is a grand poem,
but how much grander was the living soul that spoke it
Yet poetry is much more of the essence of the soul, is
more nearly a transcript of the poet's mind, than a
volume of notes can be of the scholar's mind. It has
'
'
been often said of philosophy that it is not a doctrine

but a method. No philosophical systems, as put upon
paper,embody philosophy. Philosophy perishes in the
moment you would teach it. Knowledge is not the
thing known, but the mental habit which knows. So it is
with Learning.
Learning is a peculiar compound of memory, imagi-
nation, scientific habit, accurate observation, all concen^
through a prolonged period, on the analysis of the
trated,
remains of literature. The result of this sustained mental
endeavour is not a book, but a man. It cannot be em-
bodied in print, it consists in the living word. Such was
Scaliger, as drawn to us
^ man who, by
by Casaubon :
'
A
the indefatigable devotion of a stupendous genius to the
acquisition of knowledge, had garnered up vast stores of
uncommon lore. And his memory had such a happy
readiness, whenever the occasion called for it,
that
whether it were in conversation, or whether he were con-
sulted by letter, he was ready to bestow with lavish hand
what had been gathered by him in the sweat of his brow.'
True learning does not consist in the possession of a
stock of facts —the merit of a dictionary —but in the dis-
cerning spirit, a power of appreciation, 'judicium' as it
was called in the sixteenth century —which is the result of

the possession of a stock of facts. Rare as genius is, it
may be doubted consummate learning be not rarer. A

if
few such men there have been Wyttenbach, Ruhnken, —

Bentley, in the last century, Lobeck in the present. Such
a man was Isaac Casaubon. It is a treasure which we
can only possess in earthen vessels.' There came the
'
1 Casauboni prsef. in Opuscula Scaligeri, Paris, 1610 :

' Is erat Scaliger, qui
Stupenda felicitate ingenii, et assidua intentione studii, quum esset assecutus ut
ingentes raree doctrinae opes in exprorapta sua memoria, velut in sanctiore

quodam serario, haberet reconditas; ut quaeque sese occasio subito offerebat,
sive in communibus colloquiis, sive ad qusesita per literas amicis responderet,
liberali manu quicquid magno sudore qusesiverat, promeret.'
F f 2
436 ISAAC CASAUPON. [Sect.
death summons, and at fifty-six all those stores which had

been painfully gathered by the daily toil of forty years
were swept away, and nothing left but some lifeless books,
which can do little more than a gravestone can do, perpet-
uate the name
— tot congestos noctesque diesque labores
'
Hauserit una dies.'
But, besides his memory, the great scholar has left

us his example. There are books, and very useful books,
of which the author is no more to us than a portion of
the machinery which put them into type. The many
thousand pages which Isaac Casaubon wrote may be all
merged in the undistinguished mass of classical commentary,
and yet there would remain to us as a cherished inherit-
ance, the record of a life devoted to learning.
In what does his example consist ? It is the one lesson
summed up in the epigram that 'genius is patience.'
What is often called genius was wanting
'
' in Casaubon.
His want of genius saved him from falling, as Scaliger
has sometimes done, into the temptation of pursuing the
striking rather than the true. What Lobeck has said of
himself may be said of Casaubon, that ^ he has never '
aimed at brilliant results, but at an exposition, as nearly

complete as he could make it, of the scattered material.'
Industry was Casaubon's genius. Not the industry of
the pen, but the industry of the brain.
It is well that we should be alive to the price at which
knowledge must be purchased. Day by day, night by

night, from the age of twenty upwards, Casaubon is at his
books. He reahsed Boeckh's ideal, who has told us that
in classical learning diem docet, ut perdideris quam
'
dies
sine linea transmiseris.' When he is not at his books,
his mind is in them. Reading is not an amusement filling
the languid pauses between the hours of action it is the ;
one pursuit engrossing all the hours and the whole mind.
' Friedlander, Mittheilungen, p. 23.
X-] CHARACTERISTIC. 437
The day, with part of the night added, is not long

enough ^
His life, regarded from the exterior, seems adapted to
deter, rather than to invite imitation. A life of hardship,
in circumstances humble, almost sordid, short of want,
but pinched by poverty; Casaubon renounced action,
pleasure, ease, society, health, life itself— killing himself at
fifty-six. Shall we say that he did this for the sake of
fame ? Fame there was, but it reached him in but faint
echoes. Even what there was, was all dashed by the
loud slander of the dominant ecclesiastical party, and the
whispered suspicion of the vanquished. At best, the
limits of such fame must always be circumscribed. To
the great, the fashionable, the gay, and the busy, the
grammarian is a poor pedant, and no famous man I The
approbation of our fellows may be
a powerful motive of
conduct. It is powerful to generate devotion to their
service. It is not powerful enough to sustain a life of
research. No other extrinsic motive is so. The one
only motive which can support the daily energy called for
in the solitary student's life, is the desire to know. Every
intelligence, as such, contains a germ of curiosity. In
some few this appetence is developed into a yearning, an
eagerness, a passion, an exigency, an 'inquietude pous-
sante,' to use an expression of Leibnitz, which dominates
all others, and becomes the rule of life ^-
' On Suetonius' phrase ' disponere diem (Tiberius lo) Casaubon remarks
' :
'notemus utilissimum morem, neque enim aliter temporis ratio constare potest
sic et apud Grsecos diligentissimus quisque at prudentissimus.' Wolfs edition,
vol. 4, p. 8.
° Memoirs, 2. 8 'At one there was to be a council to swear
Cf. the Greville :
in privy councillorsand lords lieutenant, and receive Oxford and Cambridge

addresses ... I never saw so full a Court, so much nobility with
academical tagrag and bobtail.'

' Compare Milton's account of the origin of Paradise Lost,' Reason of
' '
church government,' book 2. introduction I began to assent to

:
' . divers . .
of my friends, and not less to an inward prompting which now grew daily
upon me, that by labour and intent study, which I take to be my portion in this
438 ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sec*,
The public of a busy age and an industrial community

has quite other notions of a literary life. It is conceived
to be a life of ease ; it is the resource of the indolent, who
would escape from the penalty of labour. An arm chair
and slippers before a good fire, and nothing to do but to
read books. This is the epicurean existence, the nova '
Atlantis of mediocrity a I'engrais,' which we call academic

life. Of the self-denial, the unremitting effort, the in-
cessant mental tension, the strain to touch the ever-
receding horizon of knowledge, the fortitude which
'Through enduring pain,
Links month to month, with long-drawn chain

Of knitted purport,'
of the devotion of a life, the modem world of letters

knows nothing. Our literature is the expression of the
life from which it emanates. It bears the stamp of half
knowledge. It is the dogmatism of the smatterer. It has
no grotindwork employment is to enforce
in science. Its
the chance opinion of the day by epigram and sarcasm. It

hates and ridicules science. It disbelieves in it. As Sainte-
Beuve says ^ of De Tocqueville, II a commence a penser'
avant d'avoir rien appris, ce qui fait qu'il a quelquefois

pense creux.' Why is it that the modern man of science
stands on a higher level, moral and intellectual, than the
modern man of letters ? It is not owing to any superior
value in the object of knowledge, but because the phy-
sicist is penetrated by the spirit of thorough research,
from which our literature is entirely divorced.

Schiller says^ 'However much may be gained for the
world as a whole by the specialisation of study, it cannot
be denied that the individuals whom it befals are cursed for
the benefit of the world.' Was not this Casaubon's case ?
The diary is a complaint, a groan, a record of unhappiness.
joined with; the strong propensity of nature, I might perhaps leave something
life,
so written to after times as they should not willingly let it die.'

' Causeries, 15, 105, note. » .Ssthetische Briefe,
Br. 5.
X,] CHARACTERISTIC, 439
But more closely looked into, it will be found that all this
misery is derived not from the scholar's life, but from the
impediments to leading it which external circumstances
create. If he could only get rid of cares, expel intruders,
shut the door of his study, and get his time to himself!
!
time, '
cujus penuria laboro ' That fatal want of time ;
the shortness of each day ! the shortness of life ! This is
spirit, and was the temper which tradition

the true scientific
handed down as the temper of the greek plîlosophy^.
We find no complaint in the diary of the weariness of
study, but much of those unkind friends who broke in
upon study. It is not the search for truth which exhausts

him, it is it. The worry and
the being called off from
which the diary is the sad record arises not
irritation of
from the pursuit itself, but from the impeded energy* He

chafes under the inflictions of visitors, and the distractions
of business. This resistance of the invasion of his work-
shop was not shyness, or defective sociability. Of course
it was ascribed to these weaknesses. We read in the life
of Wyttenbach ^ that he was charged with misanthropy by
'
society ' in Leyden. On hearing of this accusation,
Creuzer wrote to him I ;
'
know well what this indictment
means. means that you allow yourself only with the
It
learned, and do not give up your time to the gossips.

A man cannot live with these and with the muses too,'
When Casaubon is in his studies, and has made his
orisons, shut up alone with God and with his books, then
he is in fruition. He tells Lingelsheim^ 'All my joys and
delights are in my pursuits of literature, such as they are.
With them I sweeten the bitter of life.' Writing is an
effort, mixed with pain. Teaching— he did not, like
Cf. Zeno's saying, Diog. Laert. 7. 23, that 'What men most want is time.'
1
Mahne, p. 206
^ Quod nonnuUi mussitant subinde " paucorum te esse
: '
hominum," illud earn vim habeat, doctiorum te esse, non otiosorum, non male
feriatorum, non vulgi. quorum qui esse velit, is non potest musarum esse.'
5
Ep. 408 In literulis nostris omnes nobis positae sunt voluptates atque
: '
araoenitates quibus aerumnosae hujus vitae ri. mKpa edulcamus.'
Scaliger, abhor it— was no pleasure. But of reading he

was insatiable. The compiler's task fatigues Casaubon, as
it does others. Of imbibing knowledge he never tires.
The enjoyment is, in part, the intellectual gratification of
mere acquisition ; the sense of the widening horizon, of the

mastery of a given field, of the entering into complete
possession. He writes^, set. 37,
'
Long ago, inflamed with
the ardour of learning, I eagerly procured for myself the
scholia on all the poets, on the epigrammata, on Oppian.'
De Maistre contemptuously describes his man of science^,
as pale with watching, blotched with ink, his arms loaded
with books and instruments, dragging himself along the
highway of truth. De Maistre belonged to a generation,
or a class, to whom the sweetness that is found in learning
was unknown. Casaubon had tasted it; but what was

peculiar to him was that he carried on into middle life
the appetite of youth, the passionate desire to exhaust
knowledge.
But What he
his gratification has also another source.
reads delights him. Prosaic as Isaac Casaubon's own style
is, he is not wholly without a sense of poetry. The twenty-
seventh poem of the Theocritean collection draws from
him the confession mellitissimum carmen.' He derives
'
pleasure from Nonnus. But his preference is for the

practical sense of such authors as Strabo and Polybius.
Greek speculation was wholly closed to him. His idea of
philosophy is that political philosophy may be learned from
history, and ethical from biography^. He appreciates
maxims of common life such as were to be met with in the
stoic school. He believes, with his age, or rather with the
3rd century, Greek philosophy was the relic of
that
a primaeval revelation *. Athenseus, on whom he spent so
' Lectiones Theocriticae, p. 63. The passage is one of the large additions to
the 2^. ed. of 1596. ^ Soirees de Sainct P^tersbourg, >..
95.
' Hist. Aug. Scriptores, praef.
'
Exercitt. in Bar. p. 507 ' Si philosophi
: quidem ex primsevae lucis reliquiis
balbutire de istis aliquid fortasse potuerunt.'
much he found tiresome owing to the absence of

time,
ethical motive in his book. Casaubon's want of classical
feeling limited his pleasure in the pure classical writers.
The higher accents of Greek poetry and speculation he
could not catch. What stirs his soul is Christian Greek,
e. g. S. Chrysostom, whose Epistola ad Stagirium
'
' excites
him to rapture^. Of the canonical books, the hebrew
psalter is a constant companion, and never fails to move
him. It was the only book he had ^ brought with him to
England, having thrown it casually into his travelling-bag.

He carried it with him everjrwhere, and he records that
at Downham, in the thicket, he had read over the iigth
psalm with effusion. He is carried away by the enthusiasm
of S. Paul. Reading 2 Cor. 4. 17, Our light affliction,' '
etc. he exclaims ^, Divine words Paul of all writers I

'
!
could think wrote not with fingers, pen and ink, but
with pure emotion, heart, bowels! Take any epistle of
Paul, e.g. that to the Philippians, and dwell upon it;
what glorious passages, what glowing vehemence of
language With what attention he had read S. Chryso-
!
'
stom, voluminous as his writings are, may be instanced in

his saying*, 'Unless my memory deceives me, Chryso-
stom, in his genuine works, never refers the expression
" daily bread," in the
Lord's prayer, to the eucharist.' It
isalmost a paradox that this most successful and most
thorough interpreter of the classics, should have been
a man who was totally destitute of sympathy for their
human and naturalistic element.
The habitual attitude of Casaubon's soul was abandon-
ment; not merely resignation, but prostration before the
' Ephem. p. 1055 :

'
O divinos libros ! o pectus dei plenum !
Advers. 25. p. 125

^ : '
Unicum fuit psalterium, quod in peram projeceram,
futurum mihi assiduum comitem.'
5 Advers. ap. Wolf, p.
135 ' Ille solus ex omnibus scriptoribus non mihi
;
videtur digitis, calamo, et atramento scripsisse, verum ipso corde, ipso

affectu, et denudatis visceribus.'
' Exercitt. in Bar. p. 531.
443 ISAAC CASAVBON. [SEcf.
Unseen. He
moved, thought, and felt, as in the presence
of God. His family and friends lay near to his heart, but
nearer than all is God. In all his thoughts the thought
of God is subsumed. He hardly puts pen to paper with-
out marking the sheet tniv êu ^. A calvinistic creed, and
a shattered organism, combined to foster this dejection,
and to maintain him in a state of habitual despondency.
Yet for Casaubon, as for the huguenot of that time of re-
buke and defeat, out of weakness came strength. The con-
fidence, inspired by the sense that he was the special care
of almighty providence, balanced the self-abasement of the
individual. The physician Thoris ^ remarked that the mind
had sustained the body. The sustaining force was in part
intellectual energy, but in part, also, the courage of christian
faith and hope, which relies on a power above its own.
In such a temperament superstitious behefs were sure
to lodge. Yet Isaac Casaubon was not more, but rather
less, superstitious than his age. He swallows the alchemi-
cal fiction of potable gold
' ^,' though his countryman
Palissy had long before * exposed it. All belief is with
him a question of authority, and books. If a great author
has said a thing, it is so. He believes ^ that earth brought
from Palestine cured diseases, and availed against evil
spirits, because S. Augustine said so. That women were
sometimes turned into men he reads ^ in Hippocrates and
Plinius, and has heard of instances in pur times '. But
stories equally well vouched by Gregory of Tours, or by
Beda, he rejects. The authority is insufficient. Robert
^ Greg. Nyssen. p. 60, he notes ;

'
Mos ille piorum fuit laude dignissimus,
ut epistolis suis domini nomen praeponerent.'
^ See above, p. 420. ' Ephem. p. 978.
* Palissy, Le moyen de devenir riche, p. 186. ed. 1636.
° Exercitt. in Bar. p. 660 Hoc, quia tantae
:
'
pietatis vir, non ut ex incertis
rumoribus acceptum, sed ut certo sibi compertum, narrat, varum esse equidem
nuUus dubito.'
" Advers. torn. 4.
' Bishop Burnet, Letters, etc. p. 246, believed that the same transformation
had happened to two nuns at Rome.
Constantine wrote in a friend's album that he had then

passed his hundredth year. Casaubon ^ will not believe it
he is 'taking the old man's licence with his age.' He
hesitates to give his assent to the efficacy of the royal
touch ^. It is vouched by grave witnesses, but not by any
ancient author. A prodigy, well authenticated, is related to
him *, as having happened at Cambridge he replies, very ;
cautiously, 'that if it were so, it would be very marvellous.'

He scorns ^ the fable of pigmies, though theif existence
was vouched by an eyewitness. But then here he relied
Upon Strabo, who had in excellent greek pronounced
pigmies to be poetic fictions.
We have represented Casaubon as destitute of imagina-

tion. He was without what is commonly called so —the
inventive imagination of the poet, that dangerous faculty
which enlivens fact, But
but too often also supersedes it.
his realistic habit of mind took from objects a

image vivid ;
he was a close and keen observer, always trying to form

an exact picture. He was particularly attracted by the
marvellous in nature —monstrosities, deformities, oddities.
He had collected out of the ancients all the wonders he
had met with in the course of his reading. Spontaneous
combustion, flying, levitation, conjuring tricks, enter into
this catalogue. It is quite in the spirit of Ulysse Aldro-
vandi, whose works, although many of them were already
in print, were unknown to Casaubon and the scholar ;
is of less easy credulity than the naturalist by profession.
Casaubon had read with care and extracted* Fernelius

'
De abditis rerum causis.' His copy of Bodin's Thea- '
trum'^ bears throughout marks of the attention with
' Advers. torn. 4. f. 23.

^ Ephem. p. 790 :
'
Res est visu dignissima, et cujus effectum viri graves et
pii prsedicant.' * See Appendix, note D.
2 Coram, in Strabon. p. Legi Bergaei cujusdam Galli scripta, qui
189: '
se vidisse diceret. at non ego credulus illi illi, inquam, omnium bipedum
;
tnendacissimo.'
* Adversaria, torn. 11. * Now in King's library, Brit. Mus.
which he had read it. Among the matters noted in it
are (p. 391) the birth of a child after eighteen months'
pregnancy ; (p. 429) the breast of an old woman which

yielded milk upon being perseveringly sucked. The court
and ecclesiastical circles occupied themselves much with
wonders such as would now be abandoned to the specula-
tion of the uneducated. Morton writes to him that a
comet has risen in France, portending evil to the protest-
ants ^- Andrewes him ^ a story of a man in Lombard
tells
Street who, in the year 1563, had died of the plague,

came to life again sufficiently to order and eat a veal
cutlet, and then died for good. Another marvel, repeated
by Andrewes, had been told him by Still, late bishop of
Bath and Wells, how that after a thunderstorm at Wells,
the persons present in the cathedral, including the bishop
and his had found themselves marked in various
wife,
body with crosses ^- Casaubon suspends his
parts of the
behef; he does not, like Laud, look timidly round for
omens, but these things interest him. He, who pares
down his memoranda to the briefest possible jottings,
spares the time to write out these narratives of prodigies
at full length.
Apart from the marvellous, he would inquire into and
investigate any striking natural facts. The curiosity he
exhibited in this direction is further evidence of his
craving appetite for information, without reference to
any use it might be turned to. He examined a Polish
envoy, whom he met at Theobald's, on the natural history
of Poland, how a strong north wind had once covered the
country with flights of the pelican *. He makes a descrip-
' Burney mss. 367. p. 87. ' Advers. torn. 25. p. 115.
' Ibid. torn. 28. p. 125.
* Advers. torn, 28. p. 124. The word used by Casaubon is 'onocrotalus.'
He means, I suppose, the common pehcan, Pelecanus onocrotalus, Linn., a
species which, though pretty widely distributed over eastern Europe, hardly
occurs so far north as the Baltic.
tive note of the ounce ^ which the Savoy envoy brought

from Algiers. He had spoken with the horned man from
the Cevennes, who was brought to Paris in Henri iv.'s
time, and learned his history from his own mouth. Thus
he knew^ that horned men were possible, but men with
hoofs (Satyrs) were the creation of the poets. He goes,
of course, to see Banks' horse. Banks was in Paris with
his horse in 1601. From his name, Morocco, one would
conjecture that the horsewas Arab, though Melleray^
calls him a bay english gelding.'
'
Casaubon went to
the Rue de la barre du bee to see him, and took much
pains to investigate the phaenomenon. He cannot doubt
that '
brutes are sometimes inhabited by evil spirits *,' yet
in this instance he elicited the secret of the horse from the
showman's own confession. The readiness with which
the scotch jockey — vir honestissimus — parted with his
secret toCasaubon may have been occasioned by his fear
of being condemned for a wizard if he affected super-
natural powers. And the natural docility of the animal
was quite as wonderful as a miracle ^. He is always
pleased when he can illustrate his author with some fact
which he has observed himself So in Athenaeus, Hiero's
tessellated pavement ^ with scenes from the Iliad, reminds
' '
Cattopardus '
Casaubon calls it ; I suppose Tigris uncia of Linnaeus.
' De Satyrica poesi, i. c. a. p. 148.
' Translation of Apuleius, p. 250 :
'
Le cheval est de moyenne taille, guilledin
d'Angleterre.'
' Adversaria, ap. Wolf, p. 55, cf. ' Letter to Martin,' London, 1615.
' Ephem. p. 325 :
'
Quod potuimus
praestitimus (i. e. in study) sed ita ut horam
daremus spectaeulo illius equi Scotici mirabilis.' It is the dancing-horse of '
'
'Love's Labour 's Lost,' act i. sc. ^. Cf. Hall, Satires, 4. 2 Who vies his :
'
pence to vievsr some trick Of strange Morocco's dumb arithmetic' Whitelock's

Zootomia, p. 143 Webster, Works, 3. 207. Other passages are collected by
;
Douce, Illustrations of Shakespeare, p. 131. [See also Dictionary of National

Biography. 3. p. 125.]
^ Animadverss. in Athen. 5. 10, and 1. 14. Fifty-eight paintings of the
adventures of Ulysses, designed by Primaticcio, were executed in fresco by
Nicolo del' Abate, right and left, on the walls of 'la grande galerie.' This
gallery, built and thus adorned by Francis i, was pulled down by Louis xv,
who could destroy what he could not replace. See d'Argenville, Vie des
peintres, 2. 16 (178a).
him of the gallery at Fontainebleau which Francis i. had

painted with scenes from the Odyssey. Such illustrations,
of which traces still appear in his commentaries, had ori'
ginally served to enliven an oral lecture. Apropos of a

passage^ in Theophrastus, he remembers that the same
fashion of pouring the wine into the water, and not the
water upon the wine, still prevails in Languedoc. He
illustrates the lapidosa cheragra of Persius ^ by mention
'
'
of a case, probably familiar to the medical students, of a

gouty patient in the neighbourhood, who had discharged
from his joints more than his own weight in chalk stones.
The use of dogs to carry despatches through the enemy's
lines ; the checked plaids of the swiss peasantry ; the
Spanish almonds he had seen at Lyon ; the practice of
fixing the antlers of the deer over the gates of the chateau
—these are a few among many examples, which might be
culled from his various notes, of his general remark ^ that
every day life is constantly reproducing its old incident.
When credulity is allowed scope, intolerance is not far

off. Isaac Casaubon, who differedfrom the religion of
his contemporaries, could not endure that a smaller
minority should deviate from his own creed. He takes
credit with Du
Perron* for James' interposition in the
matter of Vorstius. He thinks the Racovian catechism so
detestable that he would annihilate it ®. He would have
had Stapleton's body dug up and burnt for some extrava- •',
gant expressions about the power of the church. Worst

of all, the burning of Legatt, the feeble imitation by the
english church of the great crime of Calvin, had —would
that it had not! — Casaubon's approval ''.
' Animadverss. in Ath.ii. 4. ^ Comm. in Pers.

p. 392.
' .^n. Tact. c. Vita quotidiana nova subinde suggerit, iis quas olim
15 :
'
acciderunt plane gemina. vidimus et nos Allobrogico hello,' etc.

' Resp. ad card. Perron, p. 5. ' Ephem. p. 963.
* Advers. ap. Wolf, p. 49.
' Exercitt. in Bar. ded. 'Arianum in sua perfidia obstinatissimum, qui in
.
vinculis diu detentus, revocari ad sanam mentem nulla ratione potuerat, flammis
Nothing is more common in his later years than the

epithets '
wicked,' blasphemous,' bestowed not
'
impious,' '
on conduct, but on opinions. As the ecclesiastical spirit

gains on him, it invades his judicial function as an inter-
preter. Once or twice he shows a disposition to twist the
sense of a passage in a father to make it orthodox. The
theory of verbal inspiration comes across his path on the
same ground. The hebrew and greek of the canonical
books, both words and matter, are inspired by the Holy
Spirit, who suggested to the writers what they should
say, and in what words ^. The word l3aTTo\oyeiv, though

not the actual word employed by our Lord, who spoke
syriac, is yet the exact equivalent supplied by the Holy
Spirit ^. At this point the critic merges in the religionist,
and he refuses to apply the knowledge which he possesses
to the purpose of interpretation.
Casaubon's attitude towards the religious parties of his
time has been touched upon already, more than once, in
the course of this memoir. What has been said may be
summarised as follows.
Up to the middle of the Paris period, he had remained,
what he had been brought up, a pure Genevan calvinist.
This old huguenot party, thorough believers in their own
creed as exclusively true, were for no compromise with
the papal anti-christ. About 1605 and thenceforward, his
exclusiveness began to give way. Commerce with the
world of a capital, conflict with rational catholics, and an
assiduous study of antiquity, could not fail to enlarge his
ideas, and necessitate a change of position. It is highly

probable that while this change of front was being effected,
he wavered,' and thought of transferring himself to the
'
catholic church, of becoming, simply and purely, a

convert. But after a short period of irresolution, during
ultricibus tua majestas, impatiens injurise factse domino nostro Jesu Christo,
Deo aKTiarco, jussit tradi.'
1 Exercitt. in Bar. 13. 18. ^ Ibid. 14. 8.
which he was feeling his way, mentally and morally, he

settled down in the attitude which we may call fusionist.
This was the position of many of the best and most well-
informed protestants of that period, Grotius, Calixtus,
Jean Hotman, Bongars. Unable to acquiesce in the
narrow dogmatism of the calvinists, or to surrender the
world to the domination of the clergy, these men proposed
a middle term, a reunion of Christendom on the basis of a
comprehension. They regarded the Reformation, not as
a new religion, but as a return to primitive Christianity.
They desired to promote, not protestantism, but a re-
ligious revival, in which all christians should participate
without quitting the communion of the church universal.
The Hotman and Bongars, aimed at bring-
politicians, like
ing this about by diplomatic means. They wanted a

general council. The more learned, like Casaubon,
sought the same end by popularising a knowledge of an-
tiquity. All parties understood that the edict of Nantes
was no settlement, that it was but a truce, which was
being worked for the benefit of the stronger party, by
the system of gradual encroachment.
Such seem to be the special characteristics of Isaac

Casaubon. Something remains to be said to indicate his
position in relation to the general course of ancient learn-
ing in modern Europe.
De Quincey ^ has endorsed the complaint that '
the
great scholars were poor as thinkers.' De Quincey wrote
at a time when '
original thinking ' was much in repute,
and was indeed himself one of the genial race to whom all
is revealed in a moment, in visions of the night. To
break entirely with the past, to owe nothing to it, was then
the ambition of all. A freshness and a vigour characterise
the english and german literature of the fifty years 1780-
1830, which are due to this effect to discard the lumber of
' Works, 3. 168.
XJ CHARACTERISTIC, 449
'
unenlightened' ages. The '
scholars of the sixteenth cen-
'
tury were engaged in an employment the very opposite of

that of the genialities.' The scholars were not poor as
' '
thinkers,' because thinking was not their profession.

They were busy interpreting the past. The fifteenth
century had rediscovered antiquity, the sixteenth was
slowly deciphering it. For this task, memory, not inven-
tion, was the faculty in demand. These two are ^ faculties
which are usually found in inverse energy in an age as in
an individual. It is no more appropriate to require of the
interpreters that they should have been thinkers, than to
require of the 'illuminati' that they should have been
learned. If to a De Quincey the scholar is a '
poor
thinker,' to a Wyttenbach ^ the '
thinker ' wears the
appearance of one who 'would disguise his ignorance of
facts under the polished surface of philosophical phrase-
ology.' Nor was it only in the age of genius that it was
supposed desirable to be without knowledge of what has
been said by those who have gone before us. M. Taine^
has a remarkable chapter in which french hatred of
'
pedantry is erected into a system. Victor Cousin is
'
rallied for his taste for original documents, and it is made

a serious blemish on his fame, that he preferred to write
biography from textual sources, instead of superseding the
facts by a statement of his own subjective consciousness.
Though it is out of place to complain of Casaubon for
' Cf. what Priestley says of himself, Autobiography, p- 76 :
' My defect in
point of recollection, which may be owing to a want of sufficient coherence
in the association of ideas formerly impressed, may arise from a sort of
constitution more favourable to new associations so that what I have lost ;
with respect to memory, may have been compensated by what is called

invention, or new and original combinations of ideas. This is a subject that
deserves attention.'
* Wyttenbach, Philomathia, 2. 145 : ' Nunc sunt qui in historia scribenda nil
nisi disserant ac ratiocinentur, et rerum gestarum ignorantiam philosophando
disst'fttuletti.'
^ Philosophes fran9ais, ch. 8. It is said of Mdzeray, who wrote the history
of France from Pharamond, that he once boasted, and that in the presence of
Du Cange, that he never read any of the monkish chronicles.'
'
G g
being a poor thinker,'

'
it is proper to ask how far he was
an efficient interpreter.
The modest industry of Casaubon,' says Bernhardy ^,

'
'
was the complement of the genius of Scaliger. Casau-
bon was the first to popularise a connected knowledge of
the life and manners of the ancients.' This was all but ;
fully to apprehend Bernhardy's words demands some

acquaintance with the previous history of classical study.
The Renaissance had dealt with antiquity, not in the
spirit of learned research, but in the spirit of free creative
imitation. In the fifteenth century was revealed to a
world, which had hitherto been trained to logical analysis,
the beauty of literary form. The conception of style or
finished expression had died out with the pagan schools of
rhetoric. was not the despotic act of Justinian, in clos-
It
ing the schools of Athens, which had suppressed it. The

sense of art in language decayed from the same general
causes which had been fatal to all artistic perception.
Banished from the roman empire in the sixth century, or
earlier, the classical conception of beauty of form re-
entered the circle of ideas again in the fifteenth century^
after nearly athousand years of oblivion and abeyance.
Cicero and Vergil, Livius and Ovid, had been there all
along, but the idea of composite harmony, on which their
works were constructed, was wanting. The restored
conception, as if to recoup itself for its long suppression,
took entire possession of the mind of educated Europe.
The first period of the renaissance passed in adoration
of the awakened beauty, and in efforts to copy and
multiply it.
But in the fifteenth century, '

educated Europe ' is but a
synonym for Italy. What literature there was outside the
Alps was a derivative from, or dependent of, the Italian
^ Grundriss d. rOtnischen Lit.
p. 120 [' Soweit erganzt ihn durch ruhigen
;
und bescheidenen Fleiss Isaac Casaubonus, der erste, welcher eine zusammen-
hangende Kenntniss sowohl von Leben und Sitten der Alten, als von ihrer
gewahlten Phraseologie klar in praktischen Beobachtungen verbreitet hat.']
movement. The fact that the movement originated in the

latin peninsula, was decisive of the character of the first
age of classical learning (1400-1550). It was a revival of

latin, as opposed to greek, literature. It is now well un-
derstood that the fall of Constantinople, though an in-
fluential incident of the movement, ranks for nothing

among the causes of the renaissance. What was revived
in Italy of the fifteenth century was the tastes of the
schools of the early empire —of the second and third cen-
tury. There were, no doubt, differing characteristics, for
nothing in history ever exactly repeats itself But in one
decisive feature the Hterary sentiment of the fifteenth
century was a reproduction of that of the empire. It was
rhetorical, not scientific. Latin literature as a whole is
rhetorical. There are exceptional books, such as the

' Natural history ' of Plinius, but, on the whole, the idea of
science was greek, and is alien to latin. To turn phrases,
and polish sentences, was the one aim of the litterateur of
the empire. This phraseological character of literary
effort is clearly marked in the preface which Aulus Gellius
(circ. A. D. 150) prefixed to his 'Attic evenings^.' In this
he apologises to the reader for the seemingly recondite
nature of some of his chapters. '
This profundity,' he
says, '
is only such in appearance. I have avoided push-
ing my and present the readers

investigations too deeply,
only with the elements of the liberal arts, with such
matters only as it is a disgrace to an educated man not to
know.' This divorce of the literature of knowledge, and
the literature of form, which characterised the epoch of
decay under the early empire, characterised equally the
epoch of revival in the Italy of the popes. The refine-
ments of literary composition in verse and prose, and a
1 Noctes Atticae, praef. Non fecimus altos nirais et obscures in his rebus
:
'
quaestionum sinus; sed primitias quasdam et quasi libamenta ingenuarum

artium dedimus, quae virum civiliter eruditum neque audisse unquam, neque
attigisse, si non inutile, at certe indecorum est.'
G g a
453 ISAAC CASAUBON, [Sect.
tact of emendation founded on this refined sense, this was

the ideal of the scholar of the Italian renaissance.
The decay and extinction of the artistic enthusiasm of
the Italians was gradual, but may be said to have been
consummated soon after the middle of the sixteenth
century. '
Petrus Victorius,' (who died 1584, aet. 90,) says
de Thou 1, '
longseva setate id consecutus est, ut literas in
Italia nascentes, et psene extinctas, viderit.' Out of the
decaying sense of form arose, however, a new perception,
of which the remains of antiquity were equally the object.
Composition is at best an amusement of the faculties, and
could offer no satisfaction to the awakened intellect of
Europe. As the eye, captivated at first by charms of
person, learns in time to see the graces of the soul that
underhe and shape them, so the classics, which had
attracted by their beauty, gradually revealed to the modern
world the rich wisdom which that beauty enshrined. The
first scholars of the renaissance enjoyed, without labour,
the harmonies of language, the perfection of finish, which

the great masters of latin style had known how to give to
their work. Just when imitation had degenerated into
feebleness, mannerism, and affectation, the discovery was
made that these exterior beauties covered a world of
valuable knowledge, even in the latin writers. And under-
lying the latin literature, it was perceived, was one more
valuable still, the greek. The interest of the educated
world was transferred from the form to the matter of
Masses of useful knowledge, natural
ancient literature.
or political, the social experience of many generations,
were found to have lain unnoticed in books which had
been all the while in everyone's hands. The knowledge
and wisdom thus buried in the greek writers presented a
striking contrast to the barren sophistic, which formed the
curriculum of the schools.
It became the task of the scholars of the second period
* Thuani Hist. 4. 319.
X.] Characteristic. 453
of the classical revival to disinter this knowledge. The

classics,which had been the object of taste, became the
object of science. Philology had meant composition, and
verbal emendation it now meant the apprehension of the
;
ideas and usages of the ancient world. Scholars had

exerted themselves to write; they now bent all their
effort to know. The period of youthful enjoyment was at
an end; the time of manhood, and of drudgery, was
entered upon. There came now into existence what has
ever since been known as learning,' in the
'
special sense
of the term. The first period of humanism,
in which the
words of the ancient authors had been studied, was thus
the preparatory school for the humanism of the second
period, in which the matter was the object of attention.
As Italy had been the home of classical taste in the
first period, France became the home of classical learning
in the second. Though single names can be mentioned

such as Victorius or Sigonius in Italy, Meursius or Vul-
canius in the Low Countries, who were distinguished
representatives of 'learning' — yet France, in Budaeus,
Turnebus, Lambinus, Joseph Scaliger, Isaac Casaubon,
and Saumaise, produced a constellation of humanists,
whose fame justly eclipsed that of all their contemporaries.
The Jirsi period may be
in the history of classical learning
styled the Italian. The second period coincides with the
french school. If we ask why Italy did not continue to be
the centre of the humanist movement, which she had so
brilliantly inaugurated, the answer is that the inteUigence
Was crushed by the reviviscence of ecclesiastical ideas. ,
Learning is research ; research must be free, and cannot

coexist with the claim of the catholic clergy to be superior
to enquiry. The french school, be observed, is
it will
wholly in fact, or in intention, protestant. As soon as it

was decided, as it was before 1600, that France was to
be a catholic country, and the university of Paris a catholic
university, learning was extinguished in France. France,
'
noverca ingeniorum,' saw her unrivalled scholars expa-
triate themselves without regret, and without repentance.
With Scaliger and Saumaise the seat of learning was

transferred from France to Holland. The third period of
classical learning thus coincides with the dutch school.
From 1593, the date of Scaliger's removal to Leyden, the
supremacy in the republic of learning was possessed by
the Dutch. In the course of the i8th century the dutch
school was gradually supplanted by the north german,
which, from that time forward, has taken, and still pos-
sesses, the lead in philological science.
Of the six names which we have put forward as the
coryphaei of the second, or french, school of learning
Budseus, Turnebus, Lambinus, Scaliger, Casaubon, and
Saumaise— each has his own individual character and
privileged faculty.
We are concerned at present only with Casaubon.
And it so happens, that it is precisely Casaubon who
forms the best and most perfect type of the school in
which he must be classed. He owes this representative
character to his deficiency in individual genius, which
made him While the
receptive of the secular influences.
poetical principle, the creative impulse, had been the mov-
ing power of the renaissance, the faculty which was called
for, in the period which succeeded the renaissance, was
the receptive and the retentive faculty. The spirit of

discovery languished. had been found, that there was
It
extant a vast body of knowledge, and that to read ancient

books was the road to it. The self moved mind, Das '
Selbstbewegen aus sich,' was no longer the instrument

the intellectual object was a given object, as it had been
in the 13th century, so again in the i6th. As, in the
13th century, this object had been the church dogmatic
tradition, now it was the classical tradition, which had
been broken in the 6th century.
To put together this tradition, to revive the picture of
X-] CHARACTERISTIC. 455
the ancient world, patient industry, an industry adequate

to a complete survey of the extant remains of the lost
world, was the one quality required. This was Casau-
bon's aim, and inspiring ideal. He is not a great gram-
marian. His sense of language is not equal to that Which
has been possessed by the great critics from Scaliger
down to Cobet. Hence his metrical skill is small, and he
is rarely happy in an emendation where metrical or gram-
matical tact comes into play. Yet it is not inconsistent
with this fact that Scaliger could say of Casaubon, that he
knew more greek than himself i; and that Ruhnken^,
more than a century and a half later, could say, that, even
then, he had been surpassed by no one but by Hemsters-
husius. A very moderate amount of scholarship is
enough to enable us to discern that there are limitations
to Casaubon's power over Greek. His own metrical
composition is abject. He is not very successful in greek
prose ^. Yet he had so familiarised himself with greek
idiom, that greek phrases are continually emerging in his
latin sentences, as the natural expression of his thought.
The explanation of this seeming inconsistency is^ thathe
thought in greek words and phrases, but not in greek
sentences. His memory supplied him with a full vocab-
ulary, but he had not cultivated either the logic or the
rhythm of the greek sentence.
' Scaligerana 2". p. 45: C'est le plus grande homme que nous avons en grec
'
je lui cede.' Cf. Seal. Epp. p. 221 Et memoria avorum et nostri saeculi graece
:
'
doctissimum.'
'^
Elogium Hemstershusii, p. xvi :
' Complectar brevi et non exaggerandae rei
causa, sad simpliciter ac vere hoc dico, Hemstershusium graecarum scientia
literarum omnino omnes qui inde a renatis Uteris excellenter in iis versati
sint, ipsum etiam Isaacum Casaubonum, cui doctorum hominum consensus
primas deferre solet, longo post se intervallo reliquisse.'
' In the printed volume of Casaubon's epistles, Rot.
1709, there are five
addressed to Andrew Downes, in greek. The answers of Downes are
preserved, Brit. Mus. Burney mss. vol. 363. As far as I am able to judge
in such a matter, the Cambridge professor has the advantage in point of
style and rhythm, while Casaubon has a larger vocabulary, and more command
of idiom.
456 fSAAC CASAUBON. [Seci'.
M. Germain, in a memoir on Casaubon at Montpellier ',

tellsus that Casaubon 'had an astonishing aptitude in
collating the various mss. of an ancient author, and ehciting
the original reading.' Whatever other merits Casaubon's
editions may have had in their day, that of a text regularly
formed by collation was not one. A survey of the existing
written tradition, such as is now required of any text editor,
was an idea unknown to his age. But Casaubon was
even behind his age in this respect. He never attempted
collation. He did not even construct a text out of the
materials in his hands. His proceeding was the rude pro-
ceeding which the italian humanists of a century before had
employed. This was, in difficult passages, to look into his
MSS, and select that reading which seemed to suit the sense
best. Though he had at his command the treasures of the
royal and medicean libraries, he never used them for the
establishment of a text. But he made ample use of them
for that —
which was his true vocation extensive reading.
His available resources for emendation being feeble and
casual, he must have recourse to conjecture. Conjectural
emendation is a practice in which the scholar may revel as
exercise, but which the diplomatist, who is constructing a
text, ever regards with suspicion. Of the merits of Cas-
aubon's conjectures I am not competent to judge. Their
character appears to be the suggestions of realist know-
ledge, rather than of tact of language. They are numer-
ous, but he is helpful rather in correcting the minor
blunders of the copyist in a tolerably ascertained context,
than in those desperate and deeply seated ulcers, which
are apt to gather round an old wound. The rights of
rational conjecture,and the necessity of sometimes over-
ruling both the antiquity, and the consent, of mss, are as
peremptorily asserted by Casaubon as by Cobet *. But in
' Acad. d. sciences et d. lettres de Montpellier, 5. 208 '
Une etonnante
:
aptitude a conf^rer entre eux les mss. des anciens auteurs pour en retrouver la
le9on originale.' * See note E in Appendix.
practice, in the exercise of this right which he claims, he

is very conservative ^. '
Haec lectio non placet, placeret
Juniana, si esset ex libris ^.' '
Torrentius' conjecture is
very clever ; but I cannot adopt it in the teeth of all the mss,
from which I can never depart, except when it is ab-
solutely necessary ; and in this rule I am sure a man so
learned as Torrentius will agree with me.' And in the
short notes on Dionysius of Halicarnassus he says *,
'
What need here, I ask, of conjecture ? No sound scholar
will ever hesitate to reject a conjecture, however plausible,
when it is against ms. authority.'
The language was to Casaubon not an end, but a means.
He never speaks with unscholarlike superciliousness of
the minutiae of grammatical technic ; but he never dwells
on these minutiae with pedantic self-complacency. He
would not dispense with an accurate knowledge of the
language. But he sought through it to penetrate to a
knowledge of the thoughts conveyed by the language.
Here, where the call is upon the memory of an attentive
and observant reader, is his forte. He can bring to
bear upon any one passage the whole of the classics, ever
present in his memory. He views the individual, to use
Bacon's phrase, ad naturam universi.' As a commentator
'
he does not overlay the difficulty with a crushing load of

collateral illustration, but elucidates it with the one ap-
posite citation. A large class of stumblingblocks in the
classics can only be cleared by finding some one other
passage, which suppUes the key to the allusion. This is
a gradual process, which is being perfected from age to
age *- The school commentary of our day contains the
result of four centuries of research. What one has over-
looked another supplies. In the whole long history of
interpretation, can anyone be named, who from his single
' Advers. torn. 60. ° Sueton. Claud. 24.
Comm. in Dionys.
' Hal. p. i8s ' Conjecturis obsecro quid hie opus est ?
:
quas nemo satis qui sit sanus, non spernet prae veteribus codicibus, quantumvis
• blandiantur.' * See note F in Appendix.
hand has contributed to the common fund so much as
Isaac Casaubon ?
Casaubon's editions must not be compared with those
which issued from the great dutch manufactory of the
Burmanns and the Gronoviuses. The Variorum editors '
'
were collectors of what others had suggested. Casaubon

draws at first hand from his own original comparison of
texts. The system of those editors was to form a Catena,' '
or running commentary on a text, by breaking up the

existing commentaries into short portions, preserving the
words, and appending the name of each annotator. It was
thus that Casaubon's notes, all of which were written before
1610, were passed on, intact, to the middle of the i8th
century, and formed indeed the substantial part of all
that the Variorum editors had to offer on many authors.
' '
The dutch editors shunned greek, to which they were

unequal, or they only attempted it to give evidence
that greek was a lost science. The Appianus of Tollius,
1670, the Apollonius of Hoelzlin, 1641,
— 'hominum, qui
sunt, fuerunt, et erunt futilissimus' —says Ruhnken^, the
Lucianus of Graevius, 1687, should be examined if we wish
to know how low greek had sunk in the schools of
Holland, and what was the standard of editing in the book-
market of Europe. If Maasvicius was able to make a better
figure with his Polyaenus, 1690, it is because he judiciously
retires himself out of sight, and blazons on his title-page,
'
Isaaci Casauboni notas adjecit.' The trade demand for
the editions of the greek classics was met by reproducing
the notes of the scholars of the i6th century. Even a new
latin version of a greek text was a task to which they were
unequal. So Maasvicius reproduces the latin Polyaenus of

Vulteius, 1549, without alteration, and even without, as he
honestly confesses^, comparing it with his greek text
throughout, with which it by no means corresponds. The
' Ep. ad Valcken. p. i8.
^ Polysenus, 1588, lectori :
'
Cum graecis ubique non comparavi.'
dutch school, till Hemstershusius, was a school of latinists.
Yet, even in a latin prose author, such as Suetonius, it
would not have been safe for the workmen of the Burmann
manufactory to have revised Casaubon's notes, and they
were accordingly reproduced in extenso down to 1736.
After this they sank out of sight, the german school of
Ernesti and Wolf having power enough of its own to
remodel annotation on Suetonius. Even in 1801, the
german Schweighaeuser, who ventured upon Athenaeus,
found that he could not do better than give the whole of
Casaubon's notes. And, to this hour, no one has attempted
(1874) such a commentary on Athenaeus, as shall merge
Casaubon in the way in which his notes on Persius have
been absorbed in the Clarendon Persius of Conington and
Nettleship. As Casaubon's notes on Persius
lately as 1833,
were reprinted in Germany entire, in compliance with
a suggestion of Passow ^. His commentary on Strabo, of
which he was himself ashamed, has not been superseded,
and was reprinted in 1818, in the Variorum ed. of
Tzschucke ^. The commentaries on Athenaeus and
Theophrastus must still be in the hands of every student
of greek literature.
No other scholar of the sixteenth century can be named,
whose commentary on any ancient writer has remained so
long as the standard commentary. All have contributed
something to the common stock of explanation ; no other
than Casaubon has left one which stands in its entirety
unsurpassed. When we consider that, in the elucidation

of an ancient text, time is more than genius, and a new ms.
more than the keenest faculty of divination, we shall
appreciate Casaubon's superiority over his successors, in

his command of the means and materials of interpretation.
' Persius, ed. F. Duebner, lectori: 'Ante hos viginti tres annos celeb.
Passovius significaverat . . . Casaubonum edendum esse integrum, reliquos

excerpendos esse omnes.'
" The publication of the edition was broken off at the third book.
46o ISAAC CASAUBON. [Sect,
It was not only by industrious compilation, and the

relevant application of a complete classical reading, that
Casaubon's commentary is thus distinguished. He has
also the enviable gift of presenting the object as it is
(Veranschaulichung). This was due not to the possession

of a poetic imagination, but to its absence. He lights the
object with no subjective radiance, and decorates it with no
ornament. His style as an annotator, flat and prosaic as it
is, is direct. He grasps at the real difficulties, arid tries to
clear them in the shortest way. He had the inestimable

advantage, denied to us, of not acquiring his first conception
at second hand. We read so much about the ancients, in
books written about them by moderns, that our notion of
antiquity is inevitably coloured by this modern medium.
We have learnt to prefer to have our ancient history
drugged with modern politics, by Droysen, or Grote, or
Mommsen, as the vitiated taste prefers sherry to the pure
juice of the grape. Casaubon owed this advantage in part
to his self-education, of which he was always complaining
as a blight upon his development ^. He lost something by
this, in point of language, he gained much by it, in point of
precision of representation. He went in his nineteenth

year straight to the greek and latin authors, and read
them through, thus forming his first impressions of the
ancients directly from what they have said of themselves.
It cost him more trouble to learn, but then he had
nothing to unlearn. As Goethe somewhere says, 'The
difficulty lies not in learning but in unlearning,' a sentiment
which Casaubon himself had quoted ^ from an older author
than Goethe. Menage ^ gave as a reason for not reading
Moreri's Dictionary, that it contained errors, and if he got
them into his head, he should not be able to get them
out again.
^ Ep. 995 ; oî/ia^cr? koX oKiyov Seen eirruv avToSiSaKToi.
' Exercitt. in Baron, p. 485 ; rd fUTaSiSaaKetv x"^f''''"''aToj'
' ait alicubi
Chrysostomus ' [i. e. Dio Ciirysostomus, Or. xi. p. 307 Reiske].
^ Menagiana, i. 84.
This habit of direct intuition he owed to his self-education ;
his love of truth he owed to his protestant education.

Love of truth is the foundation of all research and all
learning, and is indeed only the desire of knowledge

under another name. This mental habit is, it may be
thought, universally diffused among mankind. Upon it
are founded all the ordinary transactions of every day life,
no less than the judicial procedure of the law courts, and

the experiments of the laboratory. Why should it be
singled out as a merit in Casaubon, when it is only shared
by him in common with every humbler student who has
ever attempted philological research ? Those only who
are intimately conversant with the period of which we
write, will know that of that period this assumption would
not be true. It was by the cultivation of this intellectual
virtue that the protestant scholars of France were dis-
tinguished, and to this they owe their immeasurable
superiority over the catholic school of french Hellenists.
The attitude of the orthodox party towards classical
studies in the first half of the sixteenth century —in the
time of Erasmus —was one of pure antipathy. This phase,
of hostility to the 'new learning,' under pretence of
reverence for the old, has been handed down to us by the
broad and exaggerated satire of the Epistolae obscurorum '
virorum.' We
have seen the traces of this disposition
lingering into the seventeenth century in Eudaemon^
Joannes ' sneers at Casaubon for not having had a regular
education, for being a '
grammarian,' and more conversant
with Suetonius than with logic. But notwithstanding
occasional sallies of this kind, the attitude of the church
party towards classical learning had been entirely changed
before 1600. The practised eye of the Jesuits, surveying,
from the centre of politics, all walks of human endeavour,
saw that more capital could be made for Rome by espousing
classics, than by prohibiting them. Jesuit education was
formed upon a classical basis, in opposition to the
scholastic basis of the university. Grammar and rhetoric

became leading subjects in their schools, including a large
share of greek. More than this, Jesuits who had a turn
for reading were allowed to devote themselves to study,
and encouraged and assisted in the publication of learned
works. Learned they are entitled to be called by courtesy,
'
'
for the works of Schott, Sirmond, and Petavius, have all

the attributes of learning but one, one, to want which —
leaves all learning but a tinkling cymbal — that is, the love
of truth. The Jesuit scholars introduced into philological
research the temper of unveracity which had been from of
old the literary habit of their church. An interested motive
lurks beneath each word the motive of church patriotism.
;
The same spirit which produced the false decretals

in the seventh century', reappears in the Jesuit literature
of the sixteenth century. '
Can we doubt,' exclaims Cas-
aubon ^, '
that the disease of our age is a hatred of truth ?
An earnest love of truth, on the other hand, is the
characteristic of the philological effort of the protestant
scholars. Errors they make, and plenty. The books of the
generation which followed Casaubon are largely seasoned
with corrections of his errata ^. It may often happen that
Scaliger is wrong, and Petavius right. But single-eyed
devotion to truth is an intellectual quality, the absence of
which is fatal to the value of any investigation. Jesuit
learning is a sham learning got up with great ingenuity in
imitation of the genuine, in the service of the church. It
' Du Perron
repeatedly told Casaubon that 'Gratianus was unjustly sus-
pected, there being at most two places doubtful.' Adversaria, ap. Wolf. p. 177
' Audivi Perronum saepe mihi affirmantem falso suspectam esse fidem Gratiani,'
etc.
2 Burmann, Syll. i. 359 :
' Dubitamus adhuc /uaaXTjeeuf. laborare hoc
seculum.'
' E.
g. Crenius, Animadv. phil. et hist. p. 88. Casaubon had affirmed, N. T.
Matth. 23. 15, that Judas Iscariot is called, in another place, vlbs aXiepov. The
phrase is never used in the N. T. it occurs in Nonnus' paraphrase of John
;
17. 12. Henri Valois, both in the Excerpta ex collectaneis,' 1634 and in the
'
'
Emendationum libri,' 1740, abounds in such corrections.
is when they first, in the war of

related of the Chinese that
1841, saw the effect of our steam vessels, they set up a fun-
nel and made a smoke with straw on the deck of one of
their junks in imitation, while the paddles were turned by
men below. Such a mimicry of the philology of Scaliger
and Casaubon was the philology of the Jesuit. It was
vitiated by its arrifere-pensee. The search for truth was

falsified by its interested motive, the interest not of an
individual, but of a party. It was that caricature of the good

and great and true, which the good and great and true
invariably calls into being a phantom which sidles up
'
;
against the reality, mouths its favourite words as a third-

rate actor does a great part, undermimics its wisdom, over-
acts its folly, is by half the world taken for it, goes some
way to suppress it in its own time, and lives for it in history.
That Casaubon's conception of the antique world was
either pure or adequate, is not hereby meant. It was
very far from being either. With all his honesty of

purpose, and directness of aim, he was not strong enough
to be uninfluenced by the ecclesiastical temper of his age.
We see this in so slight a matter as the interpretation, of
the Triopian inscription, discovered in 1607 ^, which, in his
anxiety to get a confirmation of gospel history, he applied
to the Jewish Herod, instead of to H erodes Atticus.
limitations were many and inevitable. As an
His
interpreter of ancient life he could only render so much as
he apprehended. No one can apprehend of a past age
' Friends in Council, 1. 67.

See his Inscriptio vetus grseca,' etc. fol. s. 1. et a. Welser, a catholic, at
2 '
once detected Casaubon's error, and informed Hoeschel of it. Burney mss
364. p. 288. Hoeschel passed on the correction to Casaubon, who instantly
acknowledged it, and promised to correct it, if he should have the opportunity
of a second edition. Ep. 607. What Casaubon did not do, Saumaise did, in
his ' Inscriptio Herodis.' Crenius, ' Museum philologicum,' Lugd. Bat. 1699,
reprinted both commentaries, thus reproducing error which had been abandoned
by its author. See Thesaurus epistolicus Lacrozianus, 3. 40. On the other
hand, Casaubon was not deceived, as many Italians were, by the inscriptions in
Poliphilo. See Hist. Aug. Scriptores.
more than he can apprehend of his own. ^ The past is '
reflected to us by the present.' Casaubon knew of his own

age so much as the average of educated men know. The
private antiquities of Greece and Rome are, for this reason,
open to all men, for every man must have a full conception
'
of the coat he wears, and the house he lives in.' In public

affairs, Casaubon apprehends the general machinery of
political action, as it shows itself on the surface of events,
and takes an average view of the springs of human action.

The man, with whom Henri iv. could hold long con-
versations on the positions of religious parties in France,
cannot have been an uninformed looker on at the great
struggles of the time. The greater political problems he
does not approach. Polybius' philosophy of history is
Casaubon's philosophy. Though he had edited Aristotle,
and read many of the Aristotelian books with care ^, he
has written nothing which throws any light on the course
of greek thought. He was not master of the contents of
greek philosophical speculation, nor even aware of its
importance as a factor of history, or of the place it holds in
greek literature.
Here, again, the Hmitation was not in the man, but in
the age. needed two centuries more of speculative
It
effort in Europe, before philologians could go back to greek

philosophy with the key of it in their hands. It is only
indeed within the present century that learning has grown
strong enough to cope with the exposition of Aristotle,
' Arnold, Lectures, p. 109: 'This is the reason why scholars and anti-
quarians have written so uninstructively of the ancient world. They could do
no otherwise, for they did not understand the world around them. How can
he comprehend the parties of other days, who has no clear notion of those
of his own ? What sense can he have of the progress of the great contest
of human affairs in its earlier stages, when it rages around him at this actual
moment unnoticed, or felt to be no more than a mere indistinct hubbub
of sounds, and confusion of weapons ? What cause is in the issue he knows
not.'
^ Adversaria, tom. 16, contains collections out of Aristotle and his greek
commentators. In Brit. Mus. is an analysis of the 'Analytics,' in Casaubon's
hand, such as might be made by a person reading the book for the first time.
X.] CHARACTERISTIC. 46,5
and an edition of the Aristotelic encyclopaedia is still
a vision of the future*.

And as to Casaubon's want of political instruction, it
should be remembered that we go to greek history with

three centuries of additional experience. In 1614, de
Thou's History was the last word of political wisdom, and
de Thou's life had been spent in one uniform struggle
resistance to the clerical reaction. This situation produced
a simplicity, and at the same time a narrowness, in the
political ideas of the age. All the energies of the states-
man, all the wisdom of the politician, were absorbed in the
effort to stem the rising tide of ecclesiastical invasion. We
cannot wonder that Casaubon too should not have seen
beyond the emergency. But as he became gradually
engaged with the details of the controversy, he became
less able as an interpreter of the document. His greatest
failure was in handling church antiquity, because he was
searching it as an armoury of consecrated precedent, not
with the analysis of the critical historian. His love of
truth, though it did not forsake him, was obscured by the
zeal of the partisan. The cause may have been a righteous
one the war of resistance to clerical aggression may have
;
been a just and necessary war. The publicist, the legist,

the statesman who, at the opening of the 17th century,
contended against the church revival of their day, have
a title to be enrolled in the list of worthies or benefactors.
But for all this, it remains true, that in the intellectual
sphere grasp and mastery are incompatible with the

exigencies of a struggle. When, in the very conception of
the problem, the intellectual activity is engaged in the
service of a religious interest, a scientific solution cannot
be looked for \ To search antiquity with a polemical object
* See note G in Appendix.

'
Zeller, Gesch.
d. griech. Philos. 4. 17 'Wenn schon durch die Fassung
:
der Aufgabe die wissenschaftliche Thatigkeit in den Dienst des religiOsen

Jnteresses gezogen war, so musste es sich im weiteren Verlaufe vollends
H h
466 ISAAC CASAUBON.
is destructive of that equilibrium of the reason, the imagi-

nation, and the taste, that even temper of philosophical
calm, that singleness of purpose, which are required in
order that a past time may mirror itself on the mind in true
outline and proportions.
herausstellen, dass eine wissenschaftliche LOsung derselben unter den ge-

gebenen Voraussetzungen unmOglich sei.'
APPENDIX TO SECTION X.
Note A. p. 41.9.
TRANSLATED OUT OF FRENCHE.
Casaubon's Will, dated June 21, 1614.
There being nothinge more certaine to man then death

and nothinge more incertaine then the houre thereof and
desyringe to provide that death surprise mee not before I make
my Will havinge as yet by the mercie of God the use of
latter
all my senses and of my reason understandinge and judgement
I have thought it necessary shortly to declare myne estate and
latter Will as it foUowes I doe confesse and protest that I Hue
and dye in that true and liuely fayth whereby the just man Hues
which is taught us in Holy Scripture And that I belieue ye
remission of all my sinnes by the sheddinge of the moste
pretious bloode of myne onely Savior Mediator and Advocate
Jesus Christ in whose hands I doe giue over and comend
myself beseechinge him that he would sanctifie me throughlie
and keepe my whole spirit soule and bodie w*hout blemish vnto
his last cofflinge I leaue my body to be buried in the ground in
a Christian manner w^hout all vnnecessarie pompe or shewe to
be made partaker of the blessed resurrection at the latter daye
w<=l> doe expect and belieue w*^ a stedfast fayth As for my
I
goods Wli the Lorde hath lent me Wli I shall leaue the day of
my decease my will is that my debtes which shalbe founde
lawfull shalbee payd Therefter I give to the French Church
assembled in London five and twenty French Crownes And
to the poors of this parish where I dwell five French Crownes
To the Library of the French Church in London fowre of my
greatest books amonge the fathers And my Gregory Nyssen
Manuscript To my Nephewe M' Chabane one of my Hip-
pocrates As concerninge all my goodes whatsoever present or
to come moueable or vnmoueable I doe appointe that my wyfe
H h 2
468 APPENDIX TO SECT. X.
have it in her choyce either to take herself to her contract of

marriage wherein is to be fownde whatsoever I haue received
before, and since the death of her father Henry Steuen of
happie memory or to take herself to the just halfe of all my
goodes which shall remaine behinde that beinge exempted
whereof mention was made before As for the other halfe w*
shall remaine I will not that my Sonne John Cassaubon haue
any parte thereof by onlye one Cup of the value of Thirty
Crownes the reasons of this my Will are knowne unto him
Item I will and ordayne that each one of my daughters haue
two hundred crownes vj'^^ being done my meaninge is that the
whole remnant bee equally divided amonge my sonnes and
daughters except that to that sonne who walkinge in the feare
of God shalbe fittest to sustayne my family I doe giue the Cup
of My Scaliger of moste happie memory aboue and besides that
portion which shall fall to him of the foresayd half or remnant
of my goodes the Cup of thirtie Crownes for my sonne John
and the two hundred crownes for each one of my daughters
beinge first abated Neverthelesse if any of my children sonne
or daughter presume to fynde fault w*^ or call in question this
my last Will or be disobeydient to my wife their mother I leaue
to my wife all power and authority to depriue such a one of
soe muche of their porcion as she shall thinke good being there-
vnto well counselled and approved by the Overseers of this my
Testament that shalbe there where she for the t3mie shall remaine
Moreover if it please God to call to himselfe one or more of my
come to age I will that their
children before they be married or
portion be dividedamonge the rest that doe surviue by equall
portions my sonne John excepted And to the intent that this
my Testament may be put in execution I leaue and ordayne my
wife the onely Executrix thereof intreatinge my trusty freinds
Mr Theodore Turquet de Maierne Raphaell Torris and Phillippe
Bourlamarqui to ayde her as Curators in those things which be
on this side of the Sea And my trusty frends M'' Josias Mercere
Sqi" des Bordes Desier Herauet Advocate and M^ Arbant Doctor
of Phisick for those affaires that be beyond Seas In witnesse

whereof and of that w"!* is before set downe I haue subsigned
wth my hand and sealed wtî my seale this my latter Will in
presence of them that be after named this Tewsday the one
and twentieth of June the yeare of o"" Lorde one thousand sixe
—
hundred and fowerteene Isaack Cassaubon Signed sealed —
APPENDIX TO SECT. X. 469
and delivered in the presence of us— Aron Cappell David

—
Codelongue William Jane et me — — Thomam Elam Scrivener.
Probatum fuit Testamentum suprascriptum apud London

coram Magro Edmundo Pope legum Doctore Surrogate Vene-
rabilis viri Dflj Johnis Benet milits legum etiam Doctors Curie
Prerogative Cant Magrj Custodis sive Commissarij Itime con-
stitut Tricesimo die Mensis Julij Ano Dominj Millesimo sex-
centesimo Decimo quarto Juramento Florentise Cassaubon relae

dictj defuncti et executrics in eodem testamento nominat Cuj
comissa fuit administraco omniu et singulor bonore jurium et

creditorum dictj defunctj De bene et fideliter administrand
eadem Ad sancta Dej Evangelia in debita juris forma jurat.
Note B. p. 424.
The History of Isaac Casaubon' s Papers.
For the transcript of the following letter, and remarks upon

it, I am indebted to M. Charles Thurot, through the mediation
of Mr. Thursfield, of Jesus College.

Bibl. Nat. fonds 'Moreau, t. 846. f". 56.
Clariss. doctissimoque viro, Dflo Philiberto De la mare, Meri-
cus Casaubonus, Is. F. S. P. D. Quod quaeris, vir clarissime,
an Jacobi Guiionj, rerum apud ^duos capitalium quaesitoris,
aliquid seu prosa, seu versu scriptum, inter cimelia b. m. parentis
repertum servem, in promptu responsio, simplex, aperta, brevis,
quae veritati conveniat, quae conscientiae meae, cuius praecipua
apud me semper erit ratio, abunde satisfaciat Non habeo. Sed;
quia dum tenorem tuarum literarum attentius considero, vix spero

me tam accuratae scriptioni nisi accurata responsione satisfac-
turum, dabo hoc communibus studiis (quae si non semper, alia
professus, excolui, numquam tamen non sancte colui :) tuoque
de Uteris bene merendi studio, quod pluribus, ut de propria
non tantum conscientia, sed et tua opinione sollicitus, respon-
deam. Narro igitur tibi, vir doctissime, patre in Anglia defuncto,
omnia eius Adversaria, et mst^ cuiuscunque generis, (paucis
quibusdam Theologicis exceptis, quae Regis Seren. iussu, Lan-
celoto Andreae, summo viro, Episcopo tum Eliensi, sunt in
manus tradita:) Lutetiam translata esse, ubi cum per ahquot
annos in custodia piae matris, aut quibus mater commiteret,

(oM commiseret,) fuissent, tandem in manus fratris natu maioris
(qui postea Capuchinum professus obiit) pervenisse. Ilium pro
arbitriode quibusdam disposuisse, et non uni gratificatum esse,
certo scio. Quinto demum vel sexto post obitum patris anno,
cum ille meus charissimus frater mundo curisque saecularibus
renuntiasset, et ego ad aliquam maturitatem pervenissem (ut
qui annum turn agerem nonum supra decimum) quod erat
reliquorum msto™"". (nam libri edit, paucissimi supererant)
matre ita statuente, et fratre non nolente, mihi cessit. Quare
an pater olim aliquid tale, quale conjicis et requiris, habuerit,
meum non est pronuntiare. Sed quo magis tibi liqueat, me
certe tale nihil aut habere aut habuisse, amplius te moneo, quic-
quid erat Patris in isto genere, postquam ope amicorum adiutus
etquanta maxima potui sedulitate usus conquisivissem, mihique
comparassem, id omne in accuratissimum syllabum redegi, qui
quid quisque liber contineret, (ne sparsis et solutis quidem
chartulis omissis) indicaret. Eum postea syllabum baud paucis
pro re nata, communicavi, nee defuere qui exempla eius a me
postularent, et obtinerent. Praeterea, quicunque me (quod non
pauci fecerunt,) viri docti seu Galli, seu Belgae, aliive in trans-
cursu Cantuariam praetereuntes inviserent, eis ego omnem
librariam suppellectilem libere prompsi, non ut auferrent quic-
quam, sed ut viderent quod vellent, et praesentes, pro sui
quisque otii et negotii ratione, legerent. Omnium istorum,
ubicunque sunt, fidem appello, an quicquam Jacobi Guiionii,
vel in syllabo, vel inter ipsa cimelia repererint. At, inquis,
Guiionio arctissima cum parente meo consuetudo intercedebat.
Pace tua dixerim, vir clarissime, hoc tibi gratis credam necesse
est. Epistolarum patris ad diversos magnum volumen nuper
prodiit Amstelodami inter illas, nulla ad Jac. Guiionium com-
;
pared Praeter editas, habeo alias non paucas sed nee inter ;
illas, ulla. Praeterea, cum doctorum ex omni, quam late patet

eruditio, Europa, ad patrem Epistolas plurimas habeam, ne inter
illas quidem ulla Guiionii ad patrem quare etiam atque etiam
;
te rogo ut huius familiaritatis argumenta quae tibi sint amplius

expendas. Quod si ita res habet, neque falsus es mihi tamen, ;
quaeso, ne imputa, si expectatione tua frustratus es. Haec si

tibi satisfaciunt, valde gaudeo, sin aliter, superest ut in propriae
conscientiae testimonio, et in officij non neglecti (responsionem
intelligo quam potui accuratiss.) conscientia acquiescam. Vale,
APPENDIX TO SECT. X. 471
vir clarissime, et meliores literas opera tua et eruditione promo-

vere perge. Cantuariae, postrid. Non Decemb.
. (stylo Anglic,
seu veteri.) cid id cxli.
L'adresse de la lettre, qui porte encore le cachet en cire

rouge', est ainsi con9ue :
Clariss. doctissimoque viro, Philiberto De la Mare, in

supremo Burgundiae senatu, consiliario.
Divione.
J'ai reproduit
exactement I'orthographe et la ponctuation.
L'^criture est tres bonne. II y a des indgalites, ainsi il n'y a
pas de point sur le second i de Guiwnius d'abord ; ensuite il est

mis. J'ai reproduit cette inegalit^.
Un mot seul me laisse des doutes. Voici le passage exacte-
ment reproduit
aut quibus Mater commiseret
cum a dte d'abord 6crit, puis barr^ et remplacd par com (ainsi
que c'est indiqug ici). Dans ce qui suit aucune lettre ne peut
faire de doute excepte celle qui est entre Ve et Vi. Ni \'s ni le
tne sont faits de cette fajon dans le reste de la lettre. D'ail-
leurs commiteret est une faute d'orthographe, et commiseret n'a
pas de sens. Peut etre a-t-il voulu ^crire commiserit. \? commi-
serat?] Du reste, Ten tete de la lettre, l'adresse, la date, et
les corrections faites dans le corps meme de la lettre sont d'une
autre main, probablement de la main de Casaubon lui-meme qui
aura fait ^crire la lettre par un copiste.
Note C. p. 430.
Goethe to Zelter, Briefwechsel, 6. 616 Eigentlich ist es :
'
nicht mein Bestreben, in den dilstern Regionen der Geschichte

bis auf einen gewissen Grad deutlicher zu sehn ; aber um des
Mannes willen, nach dem ich sein Verfahren, seine Absichten,
seine Studien erkannte, wurden seine Interessen auch die mei-
nigen. Niehuhr war es eigentlich, und nicht die romische Ge-
was mich
schichte, beschaftigte. So eines Mannes tiefer Sinn
und emsige Weise ist eigentlich das was uns auferbaut. Die
sammtlichen Ackergesetze gehn mich eigentlich gar nichts an,
' Ce cachet reprtsente un lion avec une barre en abime chargde de trois
etoiles. Le fond n'est pas indique.
aber die Art, wie er sie aufklart, wie er mir die complicirten
Verhaltnisse deutlich macht, das ist's was mich fordert, was
mir die Pflicht auferlegt, in den Geschaften, die ich iibernehme,
auf gleiche gewissenhafte Weise zu verfahren.'
Note D. p. 443.
The Cambridge miracle was reported to Casaubon by James

Martin, whose letter has not been preserved. But the substance
of it is repeated by Martin, in a letter to Camden, without
date, but probably 1615. It is printed in Camdeni Epistolse,
1691. I give an extract :
—
'All the particulars of my letter to him (Casaubon) I cannot
recount. The sum is this. In Cambridgeshire, about twelve
years since, there hapning a great fire in Gambinga, a little
child being left in the cradle, was uery strangely conveyed out
of the house being all in a flame, into the middle of the street
the linnen-apron being powdered with crosses an unknown
all ;
boy telling the maid, that wept and thought the child was
burnt, to this effect, viz. I have thought on the child, and have
delivered it, but go and look for it. Now about a year or two
before this accident, there was seen over the house in the night
a shining cross in the air, and since that time for these twelve
or thirteen years together, there have at divers times fallen
divers crosses upon the linnen of the mother and sisters of this
child, now deceased, which sometimes vanish of themselves,
and sometimes are washed away. Some of these myself have
seen they are of a brownish colour, and of this form ^
; . . .
This being the principal though other accessaries there are,

which partly of my own knowledge, and partly on the relation
of others ... I related to Mr. Casaubon, I make bold to im-
part to yourself, wishing, if it might be, that we might come to
some certain resolution whence the crosses are, and whither
they would.'
As Casaubon is selected to have this tale, not then recent,
written to him by one who was a stranger to him, we may infer
that his curiosity for marvels was matter of notoriety. His
reply is cautious :
' I The first transformed

received lately two letters from you.
me wholly into wonder without doubt the thing you write of is
:
miraculous; but whence, I cannot affirme. They may best
APPENDIX TO SECT. X.^ 473
conjecture that were eye witnesses, or of their neerest acquaint-

ance, and they that have the spirit of discerning. In which
regard I leave the discussing thereof to the most excellent
divines of your illustrious university/ (i.e. Oxford.)
Note E. p. 456.
Casaubon's principles of emendation are fully stated in his

Prsef. in Athenaeum :
'
Cum
emendandi veteres auctores duplex
sit via, e libris, et ex ingenio, utramque nos viam in corrigendo
Athenaeo institimus. . opera vulgatas editiones e
. . Priore ilia
veteribus libris auximus et emendavimus; posteriore hac et

vulgatorum et manu etiam scriptorum codicum lectionem ad
rectse rationis obrussam exegimus. Nam in scriptis exemplari-
bus vel antiquissimae manus ttoXXo ftiv ia-6Xa noKXa fie Xvypd. Itaque
in illis tractandis judicio magno opus, magna eruditione, nee
mediocri usu.' He then refers those who think that antiquity,
and consent of mss, alone must determine the reading, to the
well-known passage of Galen. If at other times Casaubon ex-
presses himself as fearful to alter without ms. authority, it is
from a dread of that reckless spirit of alteration, which leads

the rash and inexperienced to tamper with every passage which
presents difficulty, e.g. Cas. Advers. tom. 60: 'Haec lectio non
•
placet, placeret Juniana si esset ex libris.' Ibid. Sequentia :
'
sine libris non ausim attingere.' This caution is no less in the

spirit of Cobet, cf. Varise Lectt. p. xii Tertium est vitii genus,
:
'
in quod saepe juniores implicari video, qui locum vitiosum nacti,

levibus et temerariis correctiunculis vexare malunt, quam in-
tactum relinquere, et ssepe vitiosis vitiosiora substituunt.'
Note F. p. 457.
On full sense of an ancient

the slow process by which the
classic is reached,and a commentary is perfected, Reiske says,
Theocritus, Viennas 1765, praef p. 37: 'Stupet animus meus et
psene cohorrescit, cum cogitat post tantam, tot hominum, navo-
rum hercle atque doctorum, contentionem, post tot annorum
decursum, in hoc uno tarn parum voluminoso, tam levi, qui
videatur quibusdam, nugacique poeta (i.e. Theocritus) multum
tamen nos adhucdum a perfectione abesse, quae ei impertiri
possit. Sed hoc iter naturae est. Sensim et pedetentim, per
gradus minutos, ad culmen arcis ascenditur.'
Note G. p. 465.
The magnitude of what he undertakes, who aims to be a

was understood at least as early as Erasmus.
classical scholar,
Vita Orig. Erasmi 0pp. 8. 426: 'Si quis dicat grammatices
professionem nihil habere memorabile, cum hodie scholasti-
corum collegia pueris abundent grammaticam profitentibus,
sciat olim senile et arduum fuisse negotium. Nee enim a
doctore expectabatur declinationum, conjugationum et construc-
tionum ratio ; sed prseter sermonis elegantiam, prseter pluri-
morum auctorum lectionem, prseter antiquitatis, et omnium
historiarum notitiam requirebatur poetices, rhetorices, dialec-
tices, arithmetices et cosmographise musicesque cognitio. Mi-
nore negotio tres Juris doctores absolveris quam unum gram-
maticum, qualis fuit Aristarchus apud Graecos, apud Latinos
Servius et Donatus.'
Note.
Some explanation may be called for of the mode of writing
proper names adopted in these pages. It may be objected to
the author that he ought to have adhered to one or the other
nomenclature, i. e. either the latinised or the vernacular form.
Upon trial, however, this was found to be impossible. Some
names being of more frequent occurrence than others, have so
established themselves in the latinised form, that it is now im-
possible to depart from it. We must write Scaliger, Beza,
Grotius, Lipsius, Vulcanius, Scriverius, Canisius, and cannot
without affectation substitute de L'escale, de Beze, van Groot,
Lips, Smidt, Schryver, de Hondt. On the other hand, wherever
usage seemed sufficient to warrant me, I have chosen the ver-
nacular name. I have said Estienne, and not Stephanus (except
when speaking of the 'Thesaurus'), Saumaise, and not Salma-

sius, de Thou, and not Thuanus, Labbe, and not Labbseus.
Though I have said Fra Paolo, and not Father Paul, I have
written Bellarmine and not Bellarmino. This practice is quite
indefensible on any ground of principle. The only object of
this note is to show that these anomalies are not errors of care-
lessness.
XI.
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF WORKS

BY ISAAC CASAUBON.
1583-
IsAACi HoRTiBONi Notae ad Diogenis Laertii libros de vitis

dictis etdecretis principum philosophorum. Morgiis, venun-
dantur in officina typographica Joannis le Preux, Illust. D.
Bern. Typog. 1583, i2mo.
[At this period Casaubon more than once wrote under the name
of '
Hortusbonus ' ; see his '
Lectiones Theocriticae,' and the
Commentary on Pindar
dedicatory verses prefixed to Fr. Portus'
(1583). Through a misunderstanding, however, of the above
title-page to his Notes on Diogenes Laertius, his Jesuit oppo-
nents often call him '
Hortibonus.']
1584.
Vetustissimorum authorum Georgica, Bucolica, et Gnomica

poemata quae supersunt, accessit huic editioni Is. Hortiboni
Theocriticarum lectionum libellus . . . na^ta E. Oviyvam a<^ Tvh.
i2mo.
Casaubon had no hand in this book beyond contributing the
'lectiones Theocriticae,' pp. 361-410.
1587-
1. Strabonis rerum geographicarum Libri xvii, Isaacus Ca-
saubonus recensuit, summoque studio et diligentia, ope etiam

veterum codicum emendavit, ac commentariis illustravit ....
(s. 1.), excudebat Eustathius Vignon, Atrebat. 1587, fol.
2. Novi Testamenti Libri omnes recens nunc editi cum notis
Isaaci Casauboni. Adjectae sunt varias lectiones omnes; cum

diligenti similium locorum collatione (s.l.), apud Eustathium
. .
Vignon, 1587, i2mo.

With ded. by I. Casaubon to Canaye de Fresne.
476 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF WORKS
1588.
Isaaci Casauboni animadversiones in Dionysii Halicarnassei

antiquitatum romanarum libros, fol.
Is. Casaubon 'to reader' is dated 'nonis augusti, 1588.'

[These 'Animadversiones are not a separate book, but a con-
'
tribution to Vignon's edition of Aem. Portus' translation of

Dionysius, published s.l. 1588 in folio.
1589.
1. noAYAiNOY STPATHrHMATQN BiBAOi OKTSJ. Polyaeni stra-

tagematum libri octo. Is. Casaubonus graece nunc primum
edidit, emendavit, et notis illustravit, adjecta est etiam Justi
Vulteii latina versio, cum indicibus necessariis, 1589, apud Joan.
Tornaesium, Typ. Reg. Lugdunensem, i2mo.
2. In Dicsearchi eclogen notae Isaaci Casauboni. (7 pages,
not numbered, following p. 128 of) Dicsearchi Geographica
quaedam . . . cum lat. interpretatione atque annot. Henrici
Stephani, excudebat Henr. Stephanus, 1589, i2mo.
1590.
Operum Aristotelis Stagiritse philosophorum omnium longe

principis nova editio, graece et latine, graecus contextus quam
emendatissime prseter omnes omnium editionum est editus
adscriptis ad cram libri et interpretum veterum recentiorumque
et aliorum doctorum virorum emendationibus in quibus plu- :
rimae nunc primum in lucem prodeunt, ex bibliotheca Isaaci

Casauboni .(oliva Stephani), Lugduni, apud Guillelmum
. .
Laemarium, 1590, fol., 2 voll.
1591-
C. Plinii Case. Sec. Epist. Lib. ix. ejusdem et Trajani epist.
amoebaeae. ejusdem PL et Pacati, Mamertini, Nazarii Panegyrici,

item Claudiani Panegyrici, praeter multos locos in hac posteriori
editione emendatos, adjunctae sunt Isaaci Casauboni notae in
epistolas, excud.Henr. Steph., anno 1591.
With which is a reprint of Henri Estienne's Plinius
this book,
of 1581, Casaubon had nothing to do, beyond supplying a few
corrections and explanations. These are printed at the end of
the volume, occupying 15 leaves, unpaged.
BY ISAAC CASAOBON. 477
1592.
Theophrastus, Characteres ethici, sive descriptiones morum

graece. Casaubonus recensuit, in latinum sermonem vertit,
Is.
et libro commentario illustravit, Lugduni, apud Franciscum Le

Preux, 1592, 8vo.
1593-
Diogenes Laertius, De vitis dogm. et apophth. clarorum phi-
losophoriim libri x. Hesychii ill. de iisdem philos. et de aliis
scriptoribus liber. Pythagor. philosophorum fragmenta, omnia
grsece et lat. ex editione ii. Is. Casauboni notse ad lib. Diogenis
multo auctiores et emendatiores, excud. Henr. Steph., anno

1593, (oliva Stephani), (other copies, 1594,) i2mo.
1594-
Apuleii Apologia, apud Commelinum (Heidelberg) 1594, 4to,
. 1595-
Suetonius, De xii Caesaribus Libri viii. Is. Casaubonus re-
censuit et animadv. libros adjecit . . . ap. Ja. Chouet, 1595, 4to.
1596.
Theocritus, Idyllia et epigrammata, cum mss. Palat. collata

... Casauboni Theocriticarum lectionum libellus, editio
Is.
altera uberior et melior, ex typographeo Hier. CommeHni,

1596, i2mo.
1597-
Athenseus, Deipnosophistarum libri xv. cura et studio Isaaci

Casauboni, bibliothecae Palatinse, Vaticanae, aHarumque ope
'
auctiores emendatioresque editi apud Hieronymum Com-

. . .
melinum, anno 1597, fol.
1600.
Atheneeus, Isaaci Casauboni animadversionum in Athenaei

Deipnosophistas Libri xv. Lugduni, ap. Ant. de Harsy,
. . .
1600, fol.
1601.
Coppie d'une lettre de M. Isaac Casaubon au synode a Ger-

geau, avec la reponse du diet synode, Gen. 1601, i2mo.
See p. 146 and note.
1603.
Historiae Augustse scriptores vi. . . . Is. Casaubonus ex

veter. libr. recensuit idemque librum adjecit emendationum ac
notarum, Paris, Drouart, 1603, 4to.
1604.
Dio Chrysostomus, Orationes Ixxx. . . . Fed. Morelli,

Prof, regii opera, cum Is. Casauboni Diatriba et ejusdem
Morelli scholiis, Lutet. 1604, fol.
With this ed. Casaubon had nothing to do beyond con-

tributing the Diatriba, which occupies pp. 1-106, separately
paged, at end.
Burmann, Sylloge, i. 359, 'rogatu Morelli nostri Diatribam
in D. C. edimus opus avTouxîiov nee magnse rei.'
This Diatriba is reprinted in Reiske's Dio Chrysostomus,

Leipzig, 1784, vol. 2, pp. 443-542.
1605.
1. Persius, Satirarum liber. Is. Casaubonus recensuit et

commentario libro illustravit, Paris, Drouart, 1605, i2mo.
2. De satyrica Graecorum poesi et Romanorum satira libri
duo, Paris, Drouart, 1605, lamo.
Notse in Gregorii Thaumaturgi orationem. Meric, Pietas,
p. loi, did not know where these notes were to be found.
They occupy pp. 497-506 of
Origenis contra Celsum Libri viii, a D. Hoeschelio, Aug.
Vindel. 1605, 4to.
Of
these Casaubon says, Paucas hodie impendi horas lec-
'
tionichartarum quas ante triduum abs te accepi ; . . . .
quae percurrenti mihi orationes in mentem venerunt paucis

accipe et boni consule.'
1606.
Gregorius Nyssen., Ad Eustathiam Ambrosiam et Basilissam

epistola. Is. Casaubonus nunc primum publicavit, latine vertit
et illustravit notis (oliva Stephani), Luteti^, ex typographia
Roberti Stephani, 1606, i2mo.
BY ISAAC CASAUBON. 479
1607.
1. De libertate ecclesiastica liber singularis.
Printed at Paris in this year, but suppressed, by order of the
government, before pubhcation. First published in Melchior
Goldast's Monarchia S. Rotnani imperii, Hanov. 1612, vol. i.
pp. 674-716.
It was translated into English by Hilkiah Bedford, a transla-
tion which was inserted in Hickes' 'Two Treatises of the
christian priesthood, &c., Lond. 1711,' pp. cxv-ccxciii.
2. Inscriptio vetus Grseca, nuper ad urbem in via Appia effossa
dedicationem fundi continens ab Herode rege factam. Isaacus

Casaubonus recensuit et notis illustravit, fol. pp. 10, s. 1. et a.
This sheet of 10 pp. is undated. Casaubon says the copy of
the inscription had been sent nuper by Christophe Dupuy to '
'
Jacques Gillot, and he quotes Scaliger's Eusebius as published

'
nuper.' The Eusebius came out in August, 1606. A copy of
the Inscriptio by Casaubon had been sent to Hoeschel before
'
'
September, 1607. See Ep. 568.
1609.
Polybius, Historiarum libri qui supersunt. Is. Casaubonus
ex antiquis libris emendavit latine vertit et commentariis illus-
travit. ^nese vetustissimi Tactici commentarius de toleranda

obsidione. Is Casaubonus primus vulgavit latinam interpreta-
tionem et notas adjecit Paris, Drouart, 1609, fol.
. . .
Other copies have 'typis Wechelianis apud Claudium Mar-

nium et haeredes Johannis Aubrii.' [It would seem that a
certain number of copies were taken by Wechel, the partner
of Marni, and issued by him with the words Hanov. (i.e. Hanau)
typis Wechelianis P\ The book was printedin Paris, on french paper.
1610.
1. Jos. Justi Scaligeri Julii Csesaris a Burden filii opuscula

varia antehac non edita, Paris, Beys, 1610, 4to.
Ed. by Casaubon with preface, 13 leaves, unpaged. [In La
France Protestante there is inserted in the list of Casaubon's
works Scipionis Gentilis et Isaaci Casauboni Elogia Henrici IV,
Paris, 1610, in 4to. The elogium of Casaubon is only a reprint
of his preface to the Scaligeri Opuscula.]
2. Suetonius . . . Editio altera, ab auctore emendata et locis
quamplurimis aucta . . . Paris, apud Hadria'num Beys, 1610, fol.
1611.
Is. Casauboni ad Frontonem Ducaeum S. J. Theologum epis-
tola, Londini, Norton, 161 1, 4to.
1612.
1. Is. Casauboni ad epistolam illustr. et reverendiss. Cardi-
nalis Perronii responsio, Londini, Norton, 1612, 4to.
The date at the end of this '
Reply
is 5 eid. novemb. 1612.
'
But, as observed by Bliss, Andrewes' Works, 11. 6, note, this

must be an error for 161 1. See Ephem. p. 897, 898. The king
had the ms. and kept it for some months see ep. 760. It was ;
finally put into the printer's hands in April, 1612. See Ephem.
p. 924. [In De Thou's copy, now in the possession of
Mr. Christie, the date at the end of the reply is accurately
given, V Eidus Novembr. cioiocxi. The error must have been
discovered and corrected during the printing.]
2. Athenseus.
In this year the text and latin version of Athenseus were
reprinted at Lyon Lugduni, apud viduam Antonii de Harsy,
;
ad insigne scuti Coloniensis, 1612, fol.

In this pref the typographus tells the reader that Isaac
'
'
Casaubon nobis notarum loco lectiones quasdam varias et con-

'
jecturas suppeditavit.'
I have not examined this edition. But I suspect that Casau-
bon had nothing to do with it, and that the various readings '
and 'conjectures' were taken by Madame de Harsy's editor

from the volume of 'Animadversiones' published by Casaubon
in 1600.
[Epistola ad M. Lingelshemium de quodam libello Scioppii,
1612, Paris, 4to. Reprinted in Satirae Duse Hercules Tuam
Fidem sive Munsterus Hypobolimseus et Virgula Divina.
Lugd. Bat. 1617, i2mo.]
1614.
De rebus sacris et ecclesiasticis exercitationes xvi ad Baronii
annales, Londini, 1614, fol.
1615.
A letter
of M'. Casaubon, with a memorial of M"9. Elizabeth
Martin, late deceased. 8vo., London, printed by Nicholas
. . .
Okes, for George Norton, 1615.
BY ISAAC CASAUBON. 481
The title page is separate, but the letter forms an appendix

to '
The King's Way to Heaven,' by James Martin, Master of
Arts, 1615, 8vo,
1617.
Isaaci Casauboni ad Polybii historiarum librum primum com-

mentarii, ad Jacobum I, Magnae Britanniae regem serenissimum.
(oliva Stephani), Parisiis, apud Antonium Stephanum, typogra-
phum regium, 161 7, 8vo.
1618.
[Notes on the Oath of Hippocrates, printed by Franfois

Ranchin in Hippocratis Jusjurandum Greece et Latine, Monspel.
1618. See p. loi note].
1621.
Casauboni Animadversionum in Athensei deipnosophistas

Is.
libri XV. secunda editio postrema authoris cura diligenter

. . .
recognita, et ubique doctissimis additionibus aucta Lug- . . .
duni, ap. viduam Ant. de Harsy et Petrum Ravaud, in vico

Mercuriali, ad insigne S. Petri, 1621, fol.
The '
dihgenter recognita ' of this title-page is certainly frau-
dulent. As to the 'additions,' Meric or Florence Casaubon
may have communicated some of Isaac's 'secundae curse,' but I
have not collated the edition with a view to ascertain this.
1637.
Isaaci Casauboni Epistolae quotquot reperiri potuerunt nunc

primum junctim editse, Hagse Comitis, ex officina Theodori
Maire, 1637, 4to.
1656.
Isaaci Casaubonieditio secunda Ixxxii epistolis

Epistolae :
auctior et juxta seriem temporum digesta, curante Johanne

Georgio Graevio. Magdeburgi et Helmstadi, sumptibus Chris-
tiani Gerlachi et Simonis Beckensteini, Brunsvigae, excudit
Andreas Dunckerus, 1656, 4to.
1684.
M. Tullii Ciceronis Epistolarum Libri xvi ad T. Pomponium

Atticum ex recensione Joannis Georgii Graevii cum ejusdem
animadversionibus, et notis integris Petri Victorii, Paulli
I i
Manutii, Leonardi Malhespinae, D. Lambini, Fulvii Ursini,

Sim. Bosii, Fr. Junii, Aus. Popmse, nee non selectis Sebast.
Corradi, Is. Casauboni, Joan. Fred. Gronovii et aliorum.
Amstelodami, sumptibus Blaviorum, et Henrici Wetstenii,
1684, 2 vols. 8vo.
Casaubon's notes extend over the first seventeen epistles of
Book i. only. The papers from which they were printed were
supplied to James Gronovius by Meric shortly before his
death in 1671. They represented one of Isaac's courses of
lectures at Geneva. See Gas. ep. 986.
From these papers Graevius selected quae caeterorum inter- '
pretum studium et sollertiam fugerant.'
1709.
Isaaci Casauboni Epistolae insertis ad easdem responsionibus

.... accedunt huic tertiae editioni, praeter trecentas ineditas
epistolas, Isaaci Casauboni vita; ejusdem dedicationes, prasfa-
tiones, prolegomena, poemata, fragmentum de libertate eccle-
siastica, item Merici Casauboni I. F. epistolae, dedicationes,
praefationes, prolegomena, et tractatus quidam rariores, curante
Theodoro Janson ab Almeloveen. Roterodami, t3rpis Casparis
Fritsch et Michaelis Bohm, 1709, fol.
1710.
Casauboniana, sive Isaaci Casauboni varia de scriptoribus

librisque judicia... ex varii (s«'c) Casauboni mss. in bibliotheca
bodleiana reconditis nunc primum erutas a Jo. Christophoro
Wolfio, prof. publ. philosoph. extraordinario in academ. Witte-
berg. . . . Hamburgi, sumptibus Christiani Libezeit, typis
Philippi Ludovici Stromeri, anno 1710, i2mo.
1710.
In Kilster's Aristophanes, published in this year at Amster-
dam, 2 vols, fol., were printed 'Isaaci Casauboni Notae in
Equites.' They
are in tom. 2. pp. 76-103. Kuster says of
them, ad lectorem, 'Notae Casauboni licet non aeque
praef.
elaboratae sint ac alia, quae habemus, eruditissimi illius viri
opera, pr^lectiones enim potius fuisse videntur, in tironum
usum conscriptae, plurima tamen in illis occurrunt ex interior-
ibus Uteris deprompta, subtiliterque et ingeniose excogitata,
neque auctoris sui nomine indigna.'
SV ISAAC CASAUBON. 483
The which Kiister had them copied is now in the

MS. from
Bibl. nat.These notes on the Equites are not the same
'
'
as the 'in Aristophanem observata,' contained in Advers. torn.

23, in the Bodleian, which are very sHght memoranda jotted
down when reading through the whole of Aristophanes, at
Strassburg, in January, 1593.
1827.
Epistolae virorum doctorum ineditse quas e codice autographo

bibliothecae academicae Lignicensis transscripsit Dr. Fridericus
Schultze academise equestris professor et bibliothecae praefectus,
Lignitii, 1827, 4to.
Contains 16 letters of Is. Casaubon to Abraham de Bibran.
1850.
Ephemerides Isaaci Casauboni cum praefatione et notis,

edente loanne Russell S.T.P. Canonico Cantuariensi, scholse
Carthusianae olim Archididascalo. Oxonii e typographeo Aca-
demico 1850. 2 vols. 8vo.
PSEUDEPIGRAPHA.
1. Is. Casauboni Corona Regia, id est Panegyrici cujusdamvere
aurei, quern Jacobo i magnae Britanniae etc. regi fidei defensori
delinearat, fragmenta ab Euphormione inter schedas toC /mKapiTov
inventa, collecta, et in lucem edita. 1615 pro officina regia
Jo. Bill, Londini, i2mo. pp. 128.
A mock panegyric of James i, fathered upon Casaubon by its
author, Scioppius, to give effect to the satire. A reward was
offered for the discovery of the author, which was claimed, as
late as 1639, by Jean de Perriet, a Brussels bookseller. See
Calendar of Clar. State Papers, i. 195.
2. Misoponeri Satyricon, cum

notis aliquot ad obscuriora
prosae loca et graecorum interpretatione. Lugduni Batavorum,
apud Sebastianum Wolzium, 1617, lamo. pp. 143.
[Owing doubtless to the mention of Casaubon in the intro-
ductory verses,] this is attributed by Placcius to Isaac Casaubon,

and Placcius was copied by Qudrard. The error has not been
corrected in the new edition of Qu^rard by M. Gustave
Brunei.
I i 2
3. The originall of idolatries : or The birth of heresies : a

true, sincere, and exact description of such sacred signes,
all
sacrifices, and sacraments as have been instituted and ordained

of God since Adam ; with the true source and lively anatomy of
the sacrifice of the masse. First faithfully gathered out of
sundry greeke and latine authors, as also out of divers learned
fathers by that famous and learned ISAAC CASAUBON,
;
and by him published in French, for the good of God's church :
and now translated into English for the benefit of this monarchy
by Abraham Darcie. London, printed by authoritie for Nathaniel
Butter, anno dom. 1624, 4to. pp. 108.
[The imposture was immediately exposed by Meric Casaubon
in a tract, 'The vindication or defence of Isaac Casaubon against
those impostors that lately published an impious and unlearned
Pamphlet, intituled The Originall of Idolatries etc. under his
name' (Lend. 1624). Accordingly in the second edition (1630)
of Darcie's book the title is thus amended The originall of :
'
Popish Idolatrie, or the birth of heresies. Published under the

name of Causabon [Casaubon], and called-in the same yeare,
upon misinformation. But now upon better consideration re-
printed with allowance.' (etc.)]
4. Phrynicus, Epitome dictionum atticarum libri iii . . . Aug.

Vindel. typis Michaelis Mangeri, 1601, 4to.
At the end of the volume, in some copies, and following
'
Index auctorum,' are ad Phrynicum et ejus interpretem viri
'
illustris notse, a Davide Hoeschelio Augustano editse Aug. . . .
Vindel. 4to.
Of these brief notes, Menage, Antibaillet i. 161, says, 'I have
heard M. Mentel say that Casaubon was the author.' No one,
however, can doubt that they are by Scaliger, and, as Scaliger's,
they were reprinted by de Pauw, and by Lobeck, the latter
adding, nam Scaligeri quidem nullam unam literam perire fas
'
duco.' See Bernays, 'J. J. Scaliger,' p. 183.

[Za France Protestante, 2nd edition, vol. iii. col. 821, attributes
to Casaubon the following tract Bona fides Sibrandi Luhberti
:
demonstrata ex libro quern Responsio ad pietatem

inscripsit
H. Grotii, Lugd. Batav., 1614, in 410. This is an error.
The tract in question was probably written by Grotius himself
Casaubon certainly had nothing to do with it, though there is
prefixed toit an extract from a letter of Casaubon to Grotius
dated Londini, Idibus Nov. MDCXIII.]
XII.
[ON THE DESCENDANTS OF

ISAAC CASAUBON.
Florence Casaubon survived her husband twenty-one years,
and was buried in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey, March ii,
1635 (ante, p. 420).
Besides a daughter by his first wife, who seems to have died
when very young, Casaubon had, by his second wife Florence,
seventeen children and no more, according to his own state-
'
ment quoted by M. Bordier in La France Protestante (2nd

edition, vol. iii. col. 823)
1. A son stillborn, 28 July, 1588.
2. Philippa, born 23 July, 1589, died 24 February, 1608.
3. John, born 12 October, 1590 (erroneously stated in La
France Protestante to have been killed accidentally by a musket-
shot 22 February, 1594. In fact he survived his father, and
entered the order of the capuchins about 1619-20. Ante, p. 424).
4. Abigail, born 16 August, 1592, died July 10, 1596.
5. Esther Christian, born 24 December, 1593, died 14 Sep-
tember, 1595.
6. Elizabeth, born 20 February, 1595, died 27 August, 1597.
7. Pauline, born and died 9 March, 1596.
8. Gentille or Joantilla, born 12 April, 1597, married to John
Granvelle, Seigneur du Pin, advocate of the parliament of Paris
9. Jehanne, born 8 May, 1598.
10. Meric, born 14 August, 1599.
11. Anne, born 2 November, 1600.
12. Paul, born 28 December, 1601.
13. A son stillborn, 8 June, 1604.

14. Esther, born 16 January, 1606, died when a week old.
15. A son died at his birth, 18 January, 1607.

16. Marie, born 4 October, 1608.
17. James, born 3 November, 1612.
' [Mr. Pattison however states the number as eighteen : ante, p. 29.]
486 ON THE DESCENDANTS OF ISAAC CASAUBON.
John and Paul became Roman and little more is
Catholics,
known of the life of either thanmentioned by Mr. Pattison.
is
Meric, whose full name was Florence Etienne Meric, is the well-
known scholar. His life and a list of his works will be found in
the Dictionary of National Biography zx\A in La France Protes-
tante. The list in the Dictionary of National Biography is how-
ever incomplete, and the two articles must be referred to, to
supplement each other. He married as his first wife Frances
Harrison, and this lady was the mother of most if not all his
children. (Notes and Queries, 7th S. x. 518.)
According to the Dictionary of National Biography, he mar-
ried a second wife in 1651, and died in 1671. The name of
only one of his children has come down to us, John, a surgeon at
Canterbury, who was buried in Canterbury Cathedral, February
19, 1692. John had issue by his wife Margaret, and the christen-
ing of their son Meric on July 34, 1677, and that of their
daughter Sarah on August 31, 1679, are registered in the books
of St. Mary Magdalene, Canterbury. Meric appears to have
died early, as a child bearing that Christian name and described
as the son of Mr. John Casaubon, was buried in Canterbury
Cathedral, February 4, 1680. Among the petitions to the Lords
of the Treasury is one of a Lieutenant-Colonel Stephen Casau-
bon. He commanded a regiment of horse in Ireland, and, being
wounded in battle, was granted a pension in 1692-3. Probably
he was the husband of the Mrs. Casaubon, who, in a letter to the
Duke of Newcastle dated August 19, 1732, alludes to being a
kinswoman of his Grace. A William Casaubon, probably her
son, married in Dublin, August i, 1743, Miss Bell Rogerson,
daughter of the Lord Chief Justice. Paul Casaubon published
at Montpellier in 1863 an essay entitled Etude Clinique sur
r Ulcere cance'reux. ("A. E. R." in Notes and Queries, 7th S.
xi. 97.)
" H. W." in Notes and Queries, 7th S. x. 518, mentions an
Isaac Casaubon as living in 1729.]
INDEX.
A. Arabic, Casaubon's knowledge of, 43a.

Arbault, dr., 243, 468.
Abate, Nicolo del', 445,
Aristotle,16, 47, 58, 61, 421, 464 sq.
Abbot, archbishop George, 277 sqq.,
See Casaubon, Isaac.
290, 295, 304, 351, 357, 369, 373,
Armada, the Spanish, 21, 25, 311.
375, 378, 405, 408. Arminianism, 322, 351, 357.
Abbot, bishop Robert, 25, 295, 314, 357
Arminius, 20, 224.
sqq., 364 sq., 390.
Arnalds, the (of Paris), 208.
Abernethey, Adam, 252.
Arnauld, Antoine, 158, 162.
Academie fran9aise, rise of, ; a u6 Arnold, dr. Thomas, 464.
revival of an earlier assemblage, 116
Arrianus, 185.
sq.
Artemidorus, 206.
Acquapendente, Fabricius ab, 77.
Athens, 334, 450.
^lianus Tacticus, 432. Aubenas, 161.
^sop, the Aldine, 361.
Aubigne, T. A. d', 137, 245.
Agen, 161.
Aubus, Charles d', 251.
Aldrovandi, Ulysse, 443.
Auch, 161.
Aldus, 112.
Augsburg, 37, 183, 193, 218, 380, 399 ;
Algiers, 445.
books printed at, 478, 484 confes- ;
Alkermes, manufacture of, at Moiit-
sion of, 13.
pellier, 97.
Augustine, S., 34, 224, 233, 346, 442.
Almeloveen, T. J. van, edition of Casau-
Aulus Gellius, 451.
bon's letters, i sqq., 8g, 94, 190, 196,
Aurea carvnina, the, 170.
320, 339, 399, 412, 426, 482. Auriol, Abraham, 301, 303.
Altdorf, 66, 265, 288.
Avicenna, 238.
Alva, duke of, 311.
Aylmer, bishop John, 19.
Ambrose, S., 210.
Amiens, 162.
Amphitheatrum Honoris, the, 217 sq., B.
241, 366, 389, 397 sq.
Amsterdam, 20, 470. Bacon, Francis, 93, 265, 285, 288 sq. ;
Amyot's Plutarch, 281. draft letter to Casaubon, 297317.;

Amyraut, Moyse, 94. 316, 321, 372, 457.
'
Ana,' 425 sq. Baden, prince of, 304, 306.
Andreae, J. Valentin, 46. Bale, 10, 21, 42, 99, 107, 112, 283,
Andrewes, bp. Lancelot, 215, z'-fisq., 432-
Q.?&sqq. at Cambridge, 291 charac-
; ; Bancroft, archbishop Richard, invites
terised, 292-294 296, 298, 307 sq.
; Casaubon to England, 271 sqq. 276,
Toriura Torti, îssqq., 333«?., 343, 282 twice visited by Casaubon, 277
;
352; takes CasSubon to Downhara, sq.; dies, 277 387. ;
347 «??• 367. 373. 381, 387. 394

; ;
Banks and his horse Morocco, 445.
administers the Eucharist to the Bar, duchesse de, 187 sq., 210.
dying Casaubon, 417 418, 420, 424, ;
Barclay, John, 317, 381, 416.
444, 469. Barlow, bishop William, 302.
'
Antiquity,' anglo - catholic view of, Barnet, Jacob (rabbinical scholar),
336. 368 a convert, 368 sq. flees from
; ;
Antvyerp, 218, 366, 393, 396 sqq. Oxford on the eve of baptism, 370 ;
Apicius, 105. finally banished the University pre-

Apollonius, 458. cincts, 370 a later glimpse of him,
;
Appianus, 458. 371; 373-
488 INDEX.
Baronius, C, cardinal, 167, 196, 216, ing, 61 ; fate of his books
and MSS.,
301, 306, 309, 313 sqq. sketch of
; *. ; 70. 107, 185, 187, i93> 249. 340.
his career, 323 sq. the Annates, 317- 448.
319, Z^zsqq. ;
;
346, 349, 374 s?. Bonivard, —

18, 39. ,
Barthius, Gaspar, 408, 428. Book-trade, the, temp. Casaubon, on

Bartholists, the, 85. the Continent, 385^.; in England,
Bartholomew, the S., 5, 15, 21, 116, 361 sq.
157, 175. 211, 214, 245, 311, 390. Bordeaux, 3, 7, 161, 222, 407.
Barwick, dr. John, 378. Bordier, H., quoted, 3, 4, 7, 485.
Basil, S., 96, 104, 363. Borrell (pastor), 251.
Batteley, archdeacon John, 89. Bosius, S., 482.
Baudius, Dominicus, 257, 262, 406, Bouillon, due de, 252, 271, 305.
412. Bourbon, cardinal, 180.
Bayle, Peter, 19B. Bourdeaux (Dauphine), 3, 20, 73, 122,
Beaulieu, — , 270 sq. 227, 232.
Becher, William, 195, 204, 299. Bourges, 162.
Beckenstein, Simon, 481. Bourlamarqui, P., 468.
Bedford, Hilkiah, 479. Boyle, Charles, 376.
Bedwell, William, 293, 305. Bridges, bishop John, 365.
Bellarmine, cardinal, 226, 294, 308, '
Brief in aid of Geneva, 20.
312, 317, 324, 332, 347, 399. Brisson, Barnabas, 180.
Bellebranche, abbS de, 181. '
Britain,' derivation of, 299.
Bellievre, chancellor, 139, 141, 154. Broughton, Hugh, 318.
Beloe, W., 320. Browne, Edward, 84.
Benet, dr. John, 469. Brunet, Gustave, 483.
Bentley, dr. Richard, 34, 66, 376, Bruno, Giordano, 383,
435- Bucer, Martin, 283.
Bernays, Jacob, 139, 261, 484. Buchanan, George, 281, 285.
Bernhardy on Casaubon and Scaliger, Buckeridge, bishop John, 290.
450- Budseus, Gul., 158, 453.
Berne, 11 sq., 18. Bulenger, J. C, 105, 138, 376, 390.
Berlins, Peter, 257. Bulletin de la Societe de VHistoire Proles-
Bertram, Bonaventure, 21. tanie de la France, 72, 251.
Bessarion, cardinal, 35. BuUinger, H., 11, 19.
Beys, Hadrian, 479. Burigny, L. de, 146.
Beza, Theodore, 11-13, 23, 46 sq., 49, Burmann, P., Sylloge Epistolarum, 2,
51 sq. characterised, 56 sq.
; 73, 84
; 74. 256, 432, sq., 462, 478, &c.
458
sq., 137, 223, 248, 265. Burnet, bishop Gilbert, 421, 442.
Beziers, 161. Burney MSS. (British Museuml, 1, 32,
Bible, King James's translation, 296, 36 sq., 58, 81, 130, 135, 434, &c.
366. Bury S. Edmunds, 350.
Bibran, A. de, 483. Bussi-Leclerc, 115.
Bill, John, 344, 361, 385, 483. Butler, bishop Joseph, 65, 338.
Bilson, bishop Thomas, 295. Butter, Nathaniel, 484.
Biondi, J. F., 37. Buwinkhausen, von, 249 sq.
Birch, dr. Thomas, 297, 300.
Biron's conspiracy, 172.
C.
Blackburn, Francis, 65.
Bliss, dr. Philip, 480. Caesar's Commentayies, 197, 202, 281.
Blois, 179. Calais, 274 sq.
Blondel (syndic of Geneva), 230. Calas, Jean, 112.
Blondel, David (criticises Baronius), Galas, Jean (of Nimes), 145.
339- Calignon (chancellor of Navarre), 210,
Bochari, 335. 234, 237, 245.
Bochart, Samuel, 256. Calixtus, Georg, 290, 305 sq,, 448.
Bodin's Theatrum, 443. Calvin, John, secret of his power, 10 ;
Boeckh, A., 436. plan for the academy of Geneva,

Boethius, Hector, 363. 11; organises it, 12; number at-
Bongars, Jacques, 30, 37, 48, 50, 54 ; tending his lectures, 15 never takes
;
French envoy at Strassburg, 60 the title of professor, 16 ; on pro-

edition of Justin, ib.; love of learn- fessors' salaries, 17; 20, 72; Lives of
INDEX. 489
him quoted, 72 ; Episiols!, los ; 137 ; 68 forgot Latin, 88 89, 93, 122,
; ;
Institutes, 189, 198, 224 ; 223 sq., 147, 150, 205, 208-210, 214 sq., 228,
402, 446. 230-232 ; ill-health, 243 sq. ; 268,
Calvinism and Lutheranism, their 275, 278, 296, 300 s?., 346,354, 378,
effects, 65 — and Arminianism, 222.
; 384 sqq., 405 dependence of Ca- ;
CalUgraphs, the, 35. saubon on her, 408-410 her ab- ;
Cambridge, 112, 159, 283, 291, 296; sences in France, 409-411 417 ; ;
visit of Casautjon to, 347, 352 418, ;

her husband's sole executrix, 419;
443, 472. Clare Hall, 348, 351; returns after his death to France,
Corpus Christi College, 353 ; Peter- ib. ; liberally treated by James I,
house, 347 sq. ; Trinity College, 348. 417, 419 sq. ; dies in London, and
Camden, William, 195, 204, 288, 294 ;
is buried in Westminster Abbey,
relations with Casaubon, 298 sq. ; 420, 485; 467 sqq., 481.
355, 378, 472- — Gentille (d. of Isaac), 276, 485.
Camerarius, Joachim, 30, 52, 349, 428.
Cameron, John, 407. Casaubon, Isaac, materials for bio-
Campanella, T., 379. graphy, I sq. born, 3 his parent-
; ;
Canter, Lambert, 36. age, ib. ; childhood in Dauphind, 4 ;

— Theodore, 74, 407. his precocity, 5 irregular training, ;
Canterbury, 89, 262, 272 sj., 276 sy., 5 sj. a student at Geneva, 6 learns
; ;
282, 320, 387, 425, 470 sq., 486. Greek under Fr. Portus, 8 ; suc-
Canute, king, 377. ceeds him as professor of Greek, 9 ;
Capell, Mrs., 230. marries (i) Marie Prolyot, 20, 73
Cappel, A., 74, 303, 305, 329, 401, 469. she dies, 20, 73 sq., 485 ; their
Capperonier, Claude, 155. daughter Jeanne, 20, 73, 485 his ;
Carcassonne, 87. lectures suspended, 21 sq. visits ;
Carew, sir George, 271 sq., 297. Frankfort, 22, 56 in great necessity, ;
Carew, Lady, 228, 378, 385. but receives presents from the
Carier, Benjamin, 276 sq., 387, 408. ' council, 24 more hopeful, 25 his ; ;
Carleton, sir Dudley, 376, 380, 382, account of his father's death, 25
3S7, 432. reception of the news, 26 on the ;
Carr, Robert, earl of Somerset, 284. fiction that his father was hanged,
Carteret, John lord, 59. 26, 365 sq., 393 sqq. marries (2) ;
Casaubon, family of, 4. Florence Estienne, 26 sq. difBcul- ;
Casaubon, Abigail (d. of Isaac), 485. ties with his father-in-law, 28 deep ;
— Anna (sister of Isaac), 7 ; marries attachment to his wife, 28-30, 74

(i) Jean Rigoti, (2) Pierre Perillau, sense of the preciousness of time,
ib. ; 209, 230, 232, 388. 28, 91 sqq. debarred H. Estienne's
;
— Anne (d. of Isaac), 276, 485. library, 30-32, 69, 120 contributes ;
— Arnold (father of Isaac), 3 at the ; to his editions, 32 affection for ;
college of Guienne, Bordeaux, 4 him, ib. receives a bonus

;
from the
flees from Gascony to Geneva, ib. ;
council, 33 his library in 1597, 34
; ;
habitant and bourgeois of Geneva, his style of work, 34 sqq. buys ;
ib. ; pastor at Crfist, ib. ; recom- transcripts of Greek MSS., 35 sq.,

mends Strabo to his son, 4, 49 ;
and rare printed books, 36 funds, ;
absent from Crest for three years, how obtained, 37 sq. loans of ;
'
'
5 his son's gratitude for his train-

; books, ib. ; books, Casaubon 's 'tools,'
ing, 6 ;death and burial, 25 fiction ; 38 ;little aid from libraries, 39 sq.
that he was hanged, 26, 365 sq., 393 acquaintance with Henry Wotton,
sqq. ; on his son's Observations on 40-42 want of leisure, 43 subjects
; ;
Diogenes Laertius, 49. and character of his lectures, 43

— Bertrand de VignoUes, sieur de, 4. sqq. preference of works of learn-
;
— Elisabeth (d. of Isaac), dies, lotsq., ing to literature, 47 literary ardour ;
485- checked by religious sentiment, 49

— Esther of Isaac), 485.
(d. oscillates between theology and
— Esther Christian of (d. Isaac"!, 485. scholarship,49-5i; affected by the de-
— Florence, nee Estienne (wife of votional atmosphere of Geneva, 51
Isaac), 27; her numerous children, in spite of unfavourable circumstan-
29 her one entry in the Epheme-
; ces, develops the true idea of classical
rides, 30, 88 thrift, 30 law-suit
; ; learning, 52 sq. ; ars longa, vita
for recovery of her marriage portion, brevis, 53-55; growing reputation
49° INDEX.
Casaubon, Isaac {cont^, Casaubon, Isaac {cont.').
and acquaintance, 55 sqq. friend- ;

publisher of his Observations oh
ship with Beza, 56 sq., with Lect, Athenmus, 128 his father-in-law ;
57 sq., with Pacius, 58 corresponds ; dies intestate, 128 twice visits ;
with de Thou, 59, with Bongars, Geneva on his affairs, 128 sq. ;
59 sqq., with Canaye de Fresne, 61, aggrieved by final decision of the

with Pierre Pithou, 62, with Leun- genevese courts, 128 ill-conduct of ;
clavius, with Scaliger, 62-65

ib., !
hisnephew P. Chabanes, 130.
Scaliger tries to get him an invita-
to Leyden, 65 not invited to Hei- ; Paris. Arrival at, 134 at the con- ;
delberg till 1608, 66 sq. a French- ; ference of Fontainebleau, 139-144 ;

man, 67 anxious to leave Geneva,
; in a false position, 144 closeted ;
ib. ;later grievance against Geneva, by du Perron, 144 sq. report of his ;
68, 230-232 reasons for wishing; apostacy, 145 protest of Casaubon,;
to leave in 1596, 69 sq. salary at ; 145 silently rebuked by Scaliger,

;
Geneva, 69, 75 accepts an invita- ; 146; spends the summer at Lyon,

tion to Montpellier, 70, 80 his two ; 147 return to Paris and position
;
visits to Germany, 74 sq. ; leaves there, 147 housed by H. Estienne,

;
Geneva, 82 sq. 150 sq. his nervous sensibility, 153

;
hindrances to study, 154 sq. in ;
Montpellier. Casaubon's stipend at, receipt of a pension, 164 not con- ;
62 ; deed of appointment as pro- nected with the university for

fessor, 131 sq. his entry, 83 ; reasons of religion, 164-168 no ;
friendly with the bishop, 85 atti- ; longer anxious for a professorship,

tude towards Calvinism, 86 sq. his ; 167 sq. his relations with Marcilius,
;
friends, 87 his Ephemerides, 87-93;

; 168-171; O jcLcturam temporis ! i^\ \
time wasted by society at Mont- royal favour, 172 appointed keeper ;
pellier, 93 did not bathe his eyes

; of the royal library despite Jesuit
with vinegar, 94 his wife, ib. ;
;
intrigues, 173 sqq. excerpts MSS. ;
attacks of illness, 95 hours of ; for foreign scholars, 183 sq. for his ;
study, ib. arrangements for the

; own use, 184 ; does not attempt a
week, 96 sermons, ib. Sunday at,
; ; catalogue, 182, 184 sq. his Polybius, ;
97 ; vacation visits, 97 rector of ; .lEheas Tacticus, &c., 185 sq. av^p ;
the faculty of arts, 98, 105, 121 Bitpvxos, 186 ; drawn into theological
public interest in his lectures, 99 ;
controversy, 187 sqq. fresh attempts ;
their subjects and character, 99 sqq.', to convert him, 188 sqq. ; not al-
their ethical cast, 100 intermixture ; lowed to publish MSS. of the
of Greek and Latin, 101-103 secret ; Fathers, 192 ; essays in patristic
of his success, 103 want of leisure, ; criticism, 193 sq. ; his de libertate
104 sq. his day's reading, 104 sq.
; ecclesiastica suppressed, 195 sq. for- ;
waning popularity, 105 disappoint- ; bidden to review Baronius, 196 sq. ;

ments and pecuniary difficulties, returns to Polybius, 197 sqq. char- ;
105-107 salary raised, 107 death

; ; acter and object of his edition, ig8
of his daughter Elisabeth, 106 sq. ;
sqq. printing and publication, 200
;
hints of a call to Paris, 107 catho- ; sq. dedication, &c., 201 sqq. ; pre-
;
lic ascendency in the university, sent from the king, 203 unheeded ;
107 Casaubon's Athenaeus, text,

sq. ; in Paris, 203 ; his mental conditions,
108, Observations, log; time occu- 1605-9, 204 liis vacations, 205 sqq.;
j
pied thereby, 109; finds the work attendance at divine service, 207
irksome, 109-111; search for a sqq., often attended with peril, 208—
printer and publisher for the Obser- 210 ; his troubles in Paris, 212 sqq.
vations, III- 1 14; visit to Lyon, (i) religious, 212-216 (2) depend- ;
114, to Paris, 114 sqq.; Henri IV ence on the court, 216 (3) Jesuit de- ;
offers him a professorship, 120 famation, 217 sq. (4) misrepresent- ;
returns to Montpellier, 121 sum- ; ation by co-religionists, 219-226 ;
moned under the sign-manual to (5) bereavements and family troubles,

Paris, 121 sq. leaves Montpellier, ; 226-230 (6) troubles from the
;
122 stay at Lyon and its explana-

; Estienne, 230-232 (7) financial ;
tion, 123 reports of his conversion,
; embarrassments, 232-237 (8) death ;
124 sqq. ; momentary wavering, 126 ;

of friends, ill-health of himself and
unjustly dealt with by the Lyon family, 237-244 reasons for wish- ;
INDEX. 491
Casaubon, Isaac (cont.). Casaubon, Isaac (coni).

ing to leave Paris, 245 sq. ; over- don, 350-352 takes no holiday ; in
tures from Geneva, 247 from Hei- ; 1612, 352 ; visit to Oxford, 354 sqq.;
delberg, 248-251 from Nimes, 251 ; surveys the colleges, 356 disputa- ;
sq. thinks of a retreat to Sedan,

; tion in the divinity school, 357 ; at
252, of a visit to Venice, 253-255 ,
;
the deanery, 358 fsted, 359 a ; ;
why not invited to Leyden in suc- reader in the Bodleian library, 360-
cession to Scaliger, 256-258 turns ; 364 ; intercourse with Abbot, Pri-
his thoughts to England, 262 cor- ; deaux, and Kilbye, 365 sqq. causes ;
responds with James I, 264 sq. ;

of discomfort in London, 373 sqq. ;
plans a visit, 265 sympathy with ; plagiarism by R. Montagu, 374 sqq. ;
the anglo-catholic school, 266 sq. ;

jealousy of his English friends, 376
receives tidings of the death of sqq.; neglected by Wotton, 379 sqq.;
Henri IV, 267 sq. final conference ; favoured by the church party only,
with du Perron, 268 sq. did he ; 381 ; suffers actual violence, 382
waver ? 269
invitation from sq. ; sqq. ignorance of english and con-
;
archbishop Bancroft, 271; obtains sequent embarrassments, 385 sq. ;
a furlough from the french court, application to the king, 386 income ;
273 crosses the channel, 274 sq,

;
;
and expenditure, 387 sq. attacked ;
at Dover, 275 at Canterbury, 276 ; ;

by catholic pamphleteers, 389 sq. ;
arrives in London, 277. Eudaemon-Johannes' Responsio ad

epist. I. Casauboni, 390-394 Sciop- ;
London, &o. At the deanery of S. pius' Holofemis Krigsoederi responsio,

Paul's, 277 sq. at Lambeth, ib. ;
; 391, 394 sq. ; relations to Schott,
reception by dean Overall, arch- 396-399, to Welser, 399 sq. to the ;
bishops Bancroft and Abbot, c&c, calvinists of the continent, Cappel,

277 sq. at court, 279 ; a favourite ; 401, du Moulin, 401-405 applica- ;
with the king, 280 subjects of con- ; tions from preferment-hunters, 406-
versation, 280 sq. ; obtains leave of 408 ; more and more dependent on
absence from the french court, 281 his wife, 408-411; growing ill-health,
James grants him a pension of jfsoo 412-415 his last illness, 415-417 ;
;
a year, 282 sq. ; not a prebendary death, 417 post mortem examina- ;
of Westminster, 320 ; naturalised, tion, marks of James' sympathy,

ib. ;
284 calls on his time, 284 sqq.

;
;
417 funeral
sq. in Westminster
;
diverted to ecclesiastical topics, 285 Abbey and monument, 418 sq. ; his
sqq. ; spirit of investigation wanting will, 419, 467-469.
in England, 290 Casaubon's chief ;
friends ;
—
Andrewes, 292-4, Overall, Charaoteristio Writes with reluct- .
294, James Montagu, Robert Abbot, ance, 421 dissatisfied with the;
J. Prideaux, 295, Richard Thomson, incompleteness of his work, 422 ;
295-297 ; relations with Bacon, killed himself over the Exercitationes,

Camden, and Cotton, 297-300 ; ex- 421-423 yearning for more time,
;
pects to return to Paris, 300 ; settles 423 ; crushed by the mass of his
in London, 301 sq. ; approves the materials, 423 sq. fate of his papers, ;
anglican ritual, 302 sq. fewer in- ; tile Ephemerides, Sec, 424 sq. Casau- ;
terruptions, 303 attendance at ; boniana, 425 sq. an abundant, not ;
court, &c.,304 visits from Calixtus, ; a witty, talker, 426 sq. nature of ;
305 sq., from Grotius, 306 work ; his Adversaria, 428-430 of his ;
accomplished during residence in notes in printed books, 429 his un- ;
England, 307 sq. controversial ; accomplished schemes, 430-433

writings, 308-314 undertakes the ; works imperfectly executed, 433
refutation of Baronius, 315 rela- ; his books forgotten, 433 sq but ;
tions with Baronius, 318 sq. results the scholar greater than his books,
of a critical examination of the
;
434 *??• l^'S lesson genius is

i
— '
Annates, 326-330 the Exercitationes, ;

patience,' 436 a life of research, ;
331-340 its history and progress,

; 436-438 its misery due to external
;
342-345 miscellaneous reading,

; circumstances, 439 Casaubon's love ;
345 sq. holidays, 346

; with An- ; of reading, 439 sq.; his favourite
drewes at Cambridge and Down- authors, 441 his habitual attitude ;
ham, 347 sqq. his occupations there,; of prostration before the unseen,
348 sq. impatient to return to Lon-
; 441 sq. his superstition, 442 sq.
;
493 INDEX.
Casaubok, Isaac {cont.). Casaubon, Isaac {cont.).
destitute of imagination, but at- Epistolse, 2, 481 sqq., &c.
tracted by the marvellous in nature, Exercitationes in Baronium, 25, 300,
443 sq., and by striking natural facts, 306 sq. ; their form and execution,
444 sq. ; his intolerance, 446 sq. ; 331-340 ; 354, 358, 361, 368, 373,
'
fusionist attitude toward religious
' 376, 388, 393 sq., 403, 408 sq., 415
parties, 447 sq. thinkers and

;
'
' sq., 421 sq., 428 sqq., 440 sqq., 446
' scholars,' 448 sq. Casaubon the ;
' sq., 460, 481.
first to popularise a connected know- Gregorius Nyssen., 478.
ledge of the life and manners of the — Thaumaturgus, 478.
ancients,' 450; the type of the Herodotus, i, 168, 431.
french school of scholars, 454 sq. ;
Hippocrates, Oath of, 100 sq., 467,
not a great grammarian, 455, or 481.
textual critic, 456 his conjectural ; Herodis, 186, 479.
Itiscriptio
emendations, 456 sq., 473 seeks to ; Jerome, S., 121.
penetrate through language to the Lectiones Theocritiae, 27, 48 sq., 433,
thoughts conveyed by it, 457 his ; 440, 475, 477-
notes the staple of the Variorum ' Leo's Tactica, 184.
editors, and in part not yet super- New Testament, the, 49, 336, 475.
seded, 458 sq. his direct style as
;
Persius, 43, 46, 100 sq., 446, 459,
an annotator, 460 his love of truth, ; 478.
461 sqq, his limitations many, but
; Polyaenus, 199, 458, 476.
in the age, not in the man, 463 sq. Polybius, 45 sq., 154, 185 sq., 191,
History of his papers, 469 sqq. chro- ;
195 history of the edition, 197-
;
nological list of his works, 475-483 ;

203 ; 244, 253 sq., 280 sq., 285,
pseudepigrapha, 483 sq. his descen- ;
296, 299, 314 sqq., 319, 340, 355,
dants, 485 sq. 380, 399 published, 424
; 427, ;
429, 431 5?., 440, 464, 479, 481.

Works and editions, lectures, &c.: Responsio ad Epistolam card. Per-
Adversaria, i, 48, 56, 75, Sgsj. ,205, ronii, 307 sqq., 446, 480.
294. 340. 346, 349, 364, 427 sq., Scaligeri, J. J., opuscula, 479.
469, 473- Strabo, 26, 32, 49 sq., 63, 314, 431,
^neas Tacticus, 185 sq., 446. 440, 443 sq., 459, 475.
Anthology, the, i. Suetonius, 39, 43, 45, 63, 75, 185,
Apuleius, 39, 477. 204, 233, 240, 254, 296, 314, 457,
Aristophanes, 44, 168, 482 sq. 459, 461, 477-
Aristotle, the, of 1590, 52, 114, 433, Theophrastus, 43 sq., 63, 120 sq.,
464, 476 Ethics, 100 5^. ; PoeticSj
; 201, 204, 433, 446, 459, 477-
286 Politics, 204.
;
Arrianus' Diatribx, 45 sq. Casaubon, Isaac (living 486.

Athenaeus, 32, 37 sq., 48 sqq., 52, — James (son of Isaac),1729),
89, 278, 303,
55. 75> 93, 104 s??., 108 sqq., 123, 378, 410, 485.
127 sqq., 134, 147, 156, 186, 197, — Jeanne of Isaac by his wife),
(d. first
201, 204, 244, 314, 316, 340, 346, 20, 485.
73,
431, 440, 445, 459, 473, 477, 480. — Jehanne Mergine, nee Rousseau
Augustan historians, the, 255, 296, (mother of Isaac), 3 native of Dau- ;
,318,433, 440,. 463, 478. phine, 4 her nine children, 7 Isaac

; ;
De libertate ecclesiastica, 196,204, 272, visits her at Die, 97, at Lyon, 122 ;
479- death, 227 232.

— Jehanne
;
Dicaearchus, 476. (d. of Isaac), 73, 276, 485.

Dio Chrysostomus, 478. •
— John (son of Isaac), 88, 209 per- ;
Diogenes Laertius, 31 sq., 35, 43, 47, version, 215 228 sq., 269, 275, 387,
;
49, 54. 253, 431, 433, 475, 477- 410, 419, 424, 468, 470, 485 sq.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 32, 121, — John (the younger, son of Meric),
457, 476. 486.
Ephemerides, 2, 29 5^., 57 described, ; — Margaret (wife of John the younger),
87-93 100, no, 144, 424 sq., 483, 486.
and passim.
;
— Marie of Isaac), 276, 485.

(d.
Epistola ad Frontonem, 307 sq., 310, — Meric of Isaac), Sedan, 229,
(s. at
313, 317, 358, 389, 397, 480. 252 ; from Isaac to, 229 sq.
letter ;
Epistola ad Lingelshemium, 307, 480. at Eton, 388 at Christ Church, 418

; ;
INDEX, 493
at Canterbury, 89, 425 letter to P.; Chiselhurst, 299.
de la Mare, 469 marries, 486
sqq. \ ;
Choniates, Nicetas, 363.
his descendants, ib. characterised,
; Chouet, Francois, 46, iii, 233.
229; his Pietas, 2, 5, 25, 49, 121, Chrestien, Florent, 202.
193, 215, 368, 395. 397, 399. 420, Christian of Anhalt, 249.
424, 478 ; mentioned, 209, 258, 269, Christie, R. C, 480.
303, 389, 424, 431, 481 sq., 484 sq. Christmann, Jacob, 66.
— Meric (grandson of Meric), 486. Chrysostom, S. John,
— Paul (son of Isaac), 276, 424 sq., 189, 192, 199, 231, 342,
39,
345
96,
sq.,
105,
355
485 «?• 375, 432, 441-
^?-,
— Paul (living 1863), 486. Chytraeus, D., 100.
— Pauline (d. of Isaac), 485. Cicero, Brutus, quoted, 256; Letters
— Philippa of Isaac), 150, 208 sq.,
(d. io Atticus, 46, 296, 432, 481,
214 sq, death, 227 sq. ; 230, 242,
; Ciron (of Toulouse), 98.
244, 271, 385, 485. Clarendon, lord, 304, 414.
— Sara (s. of Isaac), see Chabanes, S. Clement, Antony, 254, 256.
— Sarah (d. of John the younger), — David, 324.
486. Clement VIII, pope, 211, 318.
— Stephen, lieut.col.,
486. Clement, S,, 327.
— William (m. 1743), 486. Clinton, Fynes, 90.
Casauhoniana, 425 sq., 482. Cobet, C. G., 35, 455 sq., 473.
Caselius (Johann Chessel), 217, 306. Codelongue, David, 469.
Castres, 61, 80, 97, 121. Coler, Christopher, 119.
Castro, Leo a, 335, 363. Coleridge, S. T., 430.
Catherine (de Medicis), queen, 120, Coligny, admiral, 139.
181 sq. Colomies, Paul, 397, 432.
Catullus, 171. Commelin, Jerome, 28, 36 sq., 39, 63,
Cavalli, Marino, 158. 108, III, 240, 433, 477.
Cayet, Pierre, 166. Commines, Philippe de, 281.
Cazaubon, cradle of the Casaubon Concilia (roman edition), 363.
family, 4. CondS, chateau de, 141.
Cecil, Robert, earl of Salisbury, 283. — Louis, prince of, 120, 271.
Cedrenus, 104. Conington, John, 459.
Cellerier, prof., 72. Conrart, Valentin, 116.
Celsus, 432. Constantine, Robert, 442 sq.
Censorinus, 421. Constantine endowment, the, 335.
Cevennes, horned man from the, 445. Constantinople, 238, 363, 451.
Chabanes, Charles, 7. Constantinus Porphyrogeneta, 186.
— Isaac, 410, 467. 'Convertisseurs,' their methods, 124
— Pierre,275, 387,
227. 130, sq.
— Sara (nee Casaubon), death, 227. 7 ; Copyright, 37.
Chalcedon, council of, 363. Corbinelli, J., 38.
Chamberlain, J., 377, 380, 382. Cordova, 76.
•Chamier, D., 124, 145. Corradus, Sebast., 482.
Charenton, 7, 207 sqq., 220 sq., 224, Corranus, A., 127.
420. Coryat, T., 151, 155.
—404,
synod of, Coton, pere, 124, 176 sq.
— Maurice,339.
S. 210. Cotton, sir Robert Bruce, 288, 299
Charles, prince of Wales (afterwards s?-, 362, 378.
Charles I), 304, 356. Cousin, Victor, 449.
— VII (king of France), 158. Coutras, battle of, 24.
— IX, 179, 261. Cox, bishop Richard, 19, 349.
Charles Emmanuel I, duke of Savoy, Cramer, dr. J. A., 261.
18, 51, 248.
Cramoisy, Beys, and Co., 200 sq.
Charlotte of Bourbon, 249. Cranmer, archbishop Thomas, 283.
Chateaubriand, edict of, 3. Crenius, T., 332, 462 sq.
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 419. Crespin, Jean, 27.
Chelsea, projected college at, 289, 391. Crest, 4 sj., 73, 122.
Chevalier (professor at Geneva), 24. Crete, 8, 390, 398.
Chillingworth, W., 391, 414- Creuzer, F., 331, 439.
Chinese in 1841, anecdote of, 463. Crevier, J. B. L r66. ,
494 INDEX.
Cricebant, Madame de, 208. 401-405 ; his Defense de la Foi catho
Crottet, — , 72. lique criticised by Casaubon, 404 sq.
Croydon, 278, 304, 369. Dunbar, George earl of, 279.
Ci'iisius, Martin, 8. Duncker, Andrew (of Brunswick),
Cujas, J., 78, 118, 174. 481.
Cuneeus, P., 257. Du Perron, J. D., cardinal, 6i on ;
Cyclomeirica, the, of Scaliger, 64. Casaubon's French and Latin, 88,

Cyprian, S., 345, 364, 367, 404. 124 on Mornay, 136 at the Coun-
; ;
cil of Fontaiuebleau, 138-145; 176,
D. 187 attempts to convert Casaubon,

;
189 sqq., 213 sq.\ on Fra Paolo,

Daersen, —
222. ,
19s. 255 215 s?., 219, 223, 236, 266
;
Danes, P., 158. sq.\ last attempt to convert Casaubon,

Dareie, Abraham, 484. 2685^. 270, 279, 286, 309, 317, 368,
;
Darmarius, Andreas, his transcripts, 398, 400 sqq., 446, 462.

Dupleix, Scipio, 173.
Dauphine, 11, 162. Du Plessis-Mornay, see Mornay.
Decretals, the false, 332, 462. Du Puy, Christophe, 186, 243, 479.
De Morgan, Augustus, 55. Durand (pastor), 209.
De Quincey, Thomas, 448 sq. Durandus, 147.
Desbordes, the, 276. Dutch editors of the classics, 458
Des Portes, Thiou, 176. shun Greek, ib.
Digby, sir John, 395. Du Tiloir (of Sedan), 305.
Die (Dauphine), 25, 97. Duval, A., 165, 169.
Dijon, 162, 205. Dyer, T. H., 72.
Dio Cassius, 6a.
Dio Chrysostomus, 460. E.
Diocletian, 327.
Diodati, John, 232, 247. Earth from Palestine, 442.
— Theodore, 262. Edinburgh, 264.
Diogenes Laertius, see Casaubon, I. Egger, E., quoted, loi.
Diogenianus, 396, 399. Elam, Thomas, 469.
Dionysius Areopagita, 334 sq., 346. Elisabeth, Electress Palatine, 371,
— of Halicarnassus, see Casaubon, I. 407-
— the Carthusian, 352. —377.
queen, 21, 57, 321, 383.
Dioscorides, 87. Ely, 292 sq., 347 sq. ; bishops of, non-
Directorium Inquisitionis, 310. resident, 347.
D'Israeli, Isaac, 414. English, the, their insularity, 262
Dobree, P. P., 428. Scaliger's opinion of, 265 given up ;
Donne, dr. John, 187, 318. to theology, 286 sqq. hatred of ;
Donnington, 348. foreigners, 383, 406.

Doschius, P. N., 73, — and Reformed Churches, relations
Douai, 161 sq. of, 420.
Dousa, Theodore, 65, 239. Entragues, Henriette d', 175. *
Douze, river, 4. Epernon, due 144, 270. d*,
Dover, 274 sq., 346, 409. Ephrem Syrus, 363.
Do^vnes, Andrew, 455. Epiphanius, 335.
Downham, visit of Casaubon to, 347- Epistolce ohscuvoruvn virorum, 115, 461.
352, 441- Erasmus, 326, 335, 461, 474.
,
Drayton, Michael, 419. Ernesti, J. A., 459.

Drome, river, 4. Erpenius, T., 220.
Drouard, Jerome, 200 sq., 478. Erskine, H., 106.
Droysen, J. G., 460. Espencseus, Claudius, 364.
Drusius, J., 257. '
Esprit,' French, secret of its power,
Due, Fronto le, 138, 188 sq., 192, 203, 117.
282, 286 400. Essex, Robert Devereux earl of, 294.
Du Cange, C, 449. Estienne family, the, 149 sq., 393.
Dufour, Theophile, 2 sq., 73-75. — Antoine, 199, 215, 481.
Du Laurens, And., 232, 247. — Florence, 27 Casaubon, ; see Flor-
Du Moulin, Pierre, 139, 158, 209, 220 ence.
sq., 224, 248 relations with Casaubon,
; — Francois, 150.
INDEX. 495
— ^ Henri (Henricus Stephanus II), Franequer, 66.
father of madame Casaubon, and Frankenthal, 21.
editor of the Thesaurus, 19, 27 his ; Frankfort, 22, 38 sq., 42, 56, 67, 74 sq.,
PoetoB Greed, Idyllic poets, Qbserva- 113, 201, 344.
Hones in Theocritum, 27 third mar- ; Frederick IV, Elector Palatine, 65,
riage, 28 decline of his fortunes,
; 248 sq.
30 excludes Casaubon from his
; Freher, Marquard, 66, 183, 249.
library, 30-32, 40 editions of Thu-
; Fresne, Canaye de, 23 sq., 37 his bio- ;
cydides, &c., 32 dies intestate, 32,

; graphy, 61 friendship with Casau-
;
68, 114, 128 death of madame Es-

; bon, ib. becomes a catholic, 61, 144
;
tienne, 68, 123 his library, types,

; 62, 66, 70 sq., 75, 80, 82, 87, 93,
&c., 129, 231 sq., 248 ; 468, 476 sq. 97 sq., 103, 106 sq., 121, 125, 139,
— Henri (the younger), 150-152, 259. 167, 225, 475.
— Paul, 108, 129, 215, 230 sq. Fritsch, C, and M. Bshm (of Rotter-
—
•
Robert I, his will, 68, 129 ; 150, dam), 482.

200, 231. Fulham, 378.
— Robert II, 150. Fuller, Thomas, 289, 419.
— Robert III, 150, 193, 200, 478.
Estouleville, cardinal d', 161.
Estrdes, Gabrielle d', 175, 203.
Eton, 183, 346, 354 sq., 358, 373, 375, Gaberel, — , 15, 73.
388. Gaisford, dean Thomas, 399.
Euckologion (of Venice), 363. Galen, 84, 473.
Eudaemon-Joannes, Andreas, 295, 314, Galesius, 35.
365, 386, 389, 395, 461- Galland, P., 158.
Eunapius, 349 sq. Gallicanism, 194, 196, 260.
Euripides, 35, 46. Gambinga, 472.
Eusebius, 39, 183 ; Excerpta Eusebiana, Garasse, Fran9ois, 320.
261. Garnett, Henry, 287, 312, 314 his ;
Evreux, bishop of, see Du Perron. 'straw,' ^12 sq., 384.

Ewelme, 359. Geneva, MS. materials at, for biography
of Casaubon, i societe d'histoire ;
F. de, 2 ; Casaubon born at, 3 citizen ;
of, 4 academy of, i ; materials for

:
Fagius, Paulus, 283. its history, 72 sq. Casaubon a student ;
Farnaby, Thomas, 296. at, 6 under Calvin, 10

; statutes ;
Fasti Siculi, in the Palatine library, 75. and early character, 11 sqq., 'jzsqq. ;
Faur, Pierre du, 98. organised by Calvin, 12 subscrip- ;
Favre (of Geneva), 39. tion for students abolished (1576), 13

Faye, de la (.rector of the University a great resort for foreign students,
of Geneva'!, 9, 223. ib.; rigorous discipline and theolo-
Fen country, Casaubon on, 348. gical character, 14 number of stu- ;
Fenouillet, bishop of Montpellier, 108. dents, 14 sq., of professors, 15 s?. ;
Fernelius, J. F., 443. routine of work at, 16 salaries of ;
Ferrara, 8. professors, 17 struggle of the city

;
Ferus, Johannes, 363. for existence, 17 siege of 1589, 18 ;
Fisher, John, 390. peace of Vervins, ib. ravages of ;
Flanders, 161 sq., 176, 311. war and pestilence, 19 relief from ;
Flemings, the, settled in London, 383. England, 195^., from Holland, 20 ;
Fleury, Claude, 325. darkest period, 23 the academy to ;
Florence, 379. be given up, 21 suspended, 22 ;
Flottemanville, , 339.
— resumed, 23 its state precarious
;
Flushing, 237. in 1611, 73; law and theology, 33

Foix, Paul de, 117 sq. sq. ; scholarship at, 43 s??. better ;
Fontainebleau, 179, 182, 202, 446 con- ; prospects of the city, 25 its public ;
ference of, 61, 90, 135-147 victory ; library, 39 described by Wotton,

;
claimed by the Catholics, 144; 259, 41 ; danger of, during Casaubon's

4°3- professorate, 51 Casaubon anxious ;
Francis I (king of France), 119, 158, to leave, 67 moves to Montpellier,

;
179, 206, 251, 445 sq. 70 sq. final departure, 82 sq. com-
; ;
Franconia, 241. pared with Montpellier, 845^., 103;
49*5 INDEX.
Casaubon contemplates returning, Gronovius, James, 482.

107 work at Athensus at, 108 sq.
; ;
Grote, George, 323, 460.
printing at, 112-114 ; mentioned, Grotius, Hugo, 67, 98, ii4> I77, 257,
125, 128, 145, 147, 173, 201, 205, 219, 286 sy.; in London, 306 sj. ; 337,
224 sy., 227, 230-232, 239, 242, 247 415, 428, 448.
sq., 2.ta,sq., 296, 315, 317, 379, 388, Groulart, , —
118.
402,406s?., 431, 482. Gruterus, J., 32, 66, 183, 249.
Gentilis, Alberic, 262. Grynseus, J. J., 18, 42, 51, 99.
— Scipio, 237, 241, 249, 265. Gryphius, Sebastian, 112.
— madame, 276. Gualdo, Paolo, 99.
Gergeau, synod of, 145, 219, 477. Gualter, Rodolph, 19.
Gerlach, Christian, 481. Guionius, J., 469-471.
Germain, M., 456. Guises, assassination of the, 25.
German reformation, the, 322. Gunpowder plot, the, 311 sqq., 390.
Gerson de potestate ecdesiastica, 195 sq.
Gibbon, Edward, 323. H.
Gigord, Jean, 85 sq., 96, 145.
Gilet, Jean, iii. Haarlem, 112.
Gillot, Jacques, 115, 152, l^lsq., 176 Hablon, 207 s?., 211, 227.
sq., 186, 219, 259, 479. Hacket, bishop John, 279.
Godefroy. Denis, 66, 248-250. Hague, the, 177, 245, 273, 407, 481.
— Jacques, 339. Hales, John, 414.
Goethe quoted, 14, 430,. 460, 471. Hallam, Henry, 269, 306, 320, 331,
Goldast, Melchior, 73, 196, 247, 249, 333, 359, 377, 382.
349, 479- Hamburg, 426, 482.
Gonter, J., 188. Hampton court, 284.
Goodwin, William, 358 s?., 362.
dr. Hannibal, 427.
Gosselin, Jean, 1735?., 177, I79'S?-: Hanniel, I., 39.
182. Hardt, Ignatius, 35.
Goujet, C. P., 165 sq., i6q. Harington, Sir John, 263, 289.
Goulart, Simon, 70, 82 sq., 224, 232. Harlay, Achilla de, 100, 118, 152, 154,
Goulu, Jerome, 166. 163, 176, 233, 259, 261.
Gourges ,maitre de requetes), 203. Harpocration, 98.
Gowrie house, 280. Harrison, Frances, wife of Meric
Grajvius, J. G., 395, 458, 481s?. Casaubon, 486.
Granvelle, John, marries Gentille Harrison, Thomas, 352.
Casaubon, 485. Harsy, Antoine de, 127 sq., 201, 477,
Gratianus, 462,
Greek church, Casaubon's interest in —480.
Denis 127. de,
the, 254, 267. — madame de, 128, 480 sq.
Greek, neglect of, after the triumph of Harvey, William, 77.
Catholicism in France, 102. Hautz, — , 67.
Greek philosophy, Casaubon's view of, Hearne, Thomas, 422.
440. Heber, Richard, 61.
Greek printing in the i6th century, Heidelberg, 9 5j., 23, 36, 39, 74, 112,
111-113, 231. 183, 240, 371, 375, 393, 398, 477 ;
Greenwich, 284, 416. Palatine library at, 66 sq., 75, 186
Gregoire (of Toulouse), 78. university of, 9 sq. frequented by ;
Gregorius of Neocsesareia, 193. dutch students, 20 its golden age,

— ofNyssa, 186, 193, 200, 249, 433, 65-67 Casaubon offered a professor-
;
;
442, 467. ship, 248-252.

Gregory of Tours, 442. Heinsius, Daniel, 9, 53, 183, 241, 256-
Grenoble, 162. 258 ; Theophrastus, and
his Poetics,
Grenus, Fragmens biographiques, 2, 19, Horatius, 257 270, 286, 2935^5'., 373,
;
33 s?-, 58- 415s??.

Greville memoirs, the, 437. Helmstadt, 217, 305, 481.
Grigny, 153, 207, 234, 244, 260, 267, Helps, Sir Arthur, 463.
270, 276, 384, 409. Hemstershusius, Tib., 455, 459.
Grindal, archbishop Edmund, 19. Henri HI, king of France, 25, 180.
Gronovius, J. F., 190, 256, 307, 412, Henri IV (of Navarre), 21 king of ;
431 s?., 458, 482. France, 20, 25 befriends Bongars,

;
INDEX. 497
6osj. ; 77, 81,90, 93, 113, ii8; hates Hugo, abbot of S. Victor, 352.
men of but patronises
learning, Huguenots, the, 459., 135, 138, 150,
literature, 1 19 sq. gives Casaubon ;
165, 194 their perilous position in
;
an audience, 134 at the conference ; Paris, 211, 237, 245, 268, 271, 381
of Fontainebleau, 135-144 152 ; their liberties undermined, 211;
desires to restore the university of their common trait of mournfulness,
Paris, 156 sj.; 160, 163; favour to 245-
Casaubon, 171-173; second mar- Hume, Alexander, 407.
riage, mistresses, 175, 203 anxiety ; Hydaspes, 335.
for Casaubon's conversion, 176, 187
sq. appoints him keeper of the
;
I.
royal library, iî'sq. ; 180, ig$ sqq. ;

Ignatius, epistles of, 335.
accepts the dedication of Polybius,
He Bouchard (Touraine), 7.
201-203 ; vvith Casaubon at '
Mad-
Ingoldstadt, 394.
rid,' 206 manipulates the edict of
;
Islington, 278, 294,
Nantes, 211 sq. 216, 222, 233s??.,
Isocrates ad Demonicum, 5.
;
24s, 250, 260 sq., 267 assassinated, ;
214, 246, 267 sj. 281, 287, 300, 310

;
«?- 315, 324 sq-, 445, 464-

Henrici- Petri, Sebastian (of Bale), 37. Jacobean divines, the, 290 sq.
Henry, prince of Wales, 304. James, S., 332.
Henry IV, emperor, 347. James (king of England), 159, 173;
I
Henry, Paul, 15, 73. his Apologia pro juramento, 203
Heraldus, D., 211, 243, 468. his understanding and attainments,
Herbert, George, 321. 263, 321 correspondence with
;
Herbert of Cherbury, lord, 234. Casaubon, 264 sq. 266 anxious to ; ;
Herborn, frequented by Dutch students, secure him, 272 sq. sends for him ;
20. to Theobalds, 278 converses with ;
Herder, J. G., 430. him, shows him favour, and pro-

Hermes, 335. vides for him, 279-283 his poverty, ;
Herod family, the, 304. 283 sq. liking for Casaubon, 284
;
Herodes Atticus, 463. sq. ; his interests mainly ecclesias-

Herodotus, see Casaubon, I. tical, 286 sqq. 301, 304 sq., 307,
;
Heylin, Peter, quoted, 96, 291. 310 sq. ; his Monitory epistle, 312 ;
Hickes, dr. George, 479. 344 sq.,
354, 356, 369, 371, 377
Hierocles, 380. sqq., 381,386, 389, 391, 393s??., 402,
Hippocrates, 84, 100 sq., 104, 11 1, 405 sqq., 415 continues Casaubon's ;
442. pension to his widow, 417, and pro-

Hoelzlin, Jeremias, 458. vides for one of his sons, 418 ; 424,
Hoeschel, D. (of Augsburg), 31 sq., 446, 469, 481, 483.
129. 135. 171, 183, 185, 193, 310, 380, Jane, William, 469.
399, 463, 478 sq., 484. Jardine, David, 313.
Holdenby, 284. Jerome, S., 35, 104, 121.
Holland, 20, 222, 326 becomes a ; Jesuits, obtain the control of educa-
centre of learning, 257. tion in France, 161 ; banished from
Holland, dr. Thomas, 367. Paris, 161 sq., 180 attempt to put ;
Holstenius, Lucas, 329, 362. them down unsuccessful, 162 sq. ;
Homer, 37, loi, 432,

445 s?. recalled to France (1603), 175
Hortusbonus or Hortibonus, Isaacus, their system of defamation, 217,
= Casaubon, 27, 475. 269; 311; prestige of their train-
Hoskyns, John, 377. ing, 391; espouse classical learning,
Hospinian, 346. c. 1600, 461, but introduce into it
Hotman, Francis, 17, 21, 23, 73, 85, the spirit of unveracity, 462 sq.
116. Joachim, abbot, prophecies of, 350.
— Jean, 405, 448. Jonson, Ben, 293.
Hotomans, the, 230, Josephus, 432.
Houssaye, Amelot de la, 118. Jourdain, 260. — ,
Howard, Thomas, earl of Suffolk, 263, Joyeuse, cardinal, 118.

289. Julius Africanus, 36.
Hubert, Etienne, 23$ sq. Jungerman, G. 249. ,
Hudson, dr. John, 425. Junius, Fr., 482.
Kk
498 INDEX.
Junius, Hadrian, iia, 349 s?. Lesdjguieres, Francis de Bonne, due
'Junius, letters of,' 115. de, 162.
Jussie, — 18.
, L'Estoile, Pierre, 57, 91, 139, 175,
Justell (of Sedan), 305. 193, 203, 206, 208, 211, 268, 338,
Justin, 60. Leunclavius, J., his relations with
Justinian, 450. Casaubon, 62.
Juvenal, 377, 432. Leyden, 9 sq., 90, 62 sq., 65 sq., 151,
183, 220, 239 sq., 250 sq., 256-258,
K. 261, 293, 407, 416, 439, 454, 4835?.
L'Hermite, 265. — ,
Kilbye, Richard, 366-371. Libanius, 165.

Killigrew, madame, 301, 304. Libezeit, Chr., 482.
King, bishop John, ago, 378. Libraries in the sixteenth century, 39
Kirchmann, J., 242. at Paris, 120 the english royal
;
Knott, Edward, 391. library, 174, 179.

Koran, the, 238. Limoges, 161.
Kuster, L., 44, 482 sq. Lingard, dr. John, 310.
Lingelsheim, G. M., 25, 29, 249 sj., 393,
439, 480.
Lipsius, Justus, 56, 74, 154, 176 sq.,
Labbe, Charles, 183 sq., 238, 261, 286, 252, 363-
299. Liveley, chronology of, 346.
La Boderie, —
174, 202, a8o, 310.
,
Livy, 199, 450.
La Bretonni6re (near Chartres), 153, Lloyd, bishop William, 421.
207, 260. Lobeck, Ch. A., 331, 414, 435 sq., 484.
La Charity, 149. Lobel, Matthias de, 263.
La Croix du Maine, 150. Loire, river, 149.
La Flgche, 203. London, Aldersgate, 262 Bishops- ;
Lake, bishop Arthur, 285. gate, 301 Broad street, 263 Camo-
; ;
Lamb, bishop Andrew, 264. mile street, 301 Drury lane, 302;
;
Latnbinus, D., 158, 453, 482. dutch church, 406 sq. Ely house, ;
Languedoc, 76, 78 sqq., 85, 97, 446. 294, 349 french church, 420, 467
;
;
La Place, P. S., 53. Highgate, 263 Lambeth, 277 sq.

;
;
La Rochelle, 22. Leadenhall, 301 Lombard street,;
Larroque, Tamizey de, 62. 444; S. Mary Axe, 301 sq., 348;
La Salette, 313. S. Paul's, 277 sq., 302 Westminster ;
Laud, archbishop William, 266, 339, abbey, 418-420; Whitehall, 304,

357, 420, 444- 321 heat of, in 1612-13, 352, 409
;
Lausanne, university of, 11, 73 street bullies, 382 sq. books by ;
Canaye de Fresne at, 61. Casaubon printed in, 480.

League, wars of the, 25, 158, 175, 179 Lorraine, 161.
sq.^ 217. Louis XIV, II, 60, 119.
'
Learning defined, 435.
' -XV, 445.
Leclerc, J., 339. Louisa Juliana, Electress Palatine, 249.
— Nicolas, 68, 129, 231. Louvain, university of, 20, 390, 398.
Lect, Jacques, 19, 33 sq. ; friendship Lubbert, Sibrand, 50, 484.
with Casaubon, 57 sq. ; 69, 85, 232, Lucianus, 458.
247. Lydius, B., 406 sq.
Le Faucheur (pastor), 209. Lyon, 19, 83, 97, 109, III book-trade ;
Lefebre, dr..
237, 243. at, 112-114; Casaubon at, 114, 122
Le Ffevre, Nicolas, 116, 120, 186. sq., 126-128; 135, 147 sqq., 152, 162,
Legatt, Bartholomew, 294, 446. 201, 207, 259, 318, 388, 446, 476 sq.,
Leibnitz, G. W. von, 437. 480 .s^.
Leicester, Robert Sydney earl of,

420. M.
Le Maire (printer), 114.
Le Maitre, 118.— , Maasvicius, Pancrat., 458.
Lennox, Ludovick Stuart duke of, 264. Macray, W. D., 366.
Le Preux, J. (printer), 74, 114, 475, Madrid, 394.
477- Magdeburg, 481.
Le Puy, 161. Magdeburg centuries, the, 323 sqq.
INDEX. 499
Magendie, H., 339. Montagu, bishop Richard, 285, 338
Maguelonne, 97. «?-.365. Zlhsq., 392.
Mai, cardinal, 31. Montfort (Gascony), 3.
Maintz, 217. Montmorency, constable, 99, 118.
Maire, Theodore, 481. Montpellier, 34, 58, 62 Casaubon ;
Maistre, Joseph de, 440. accepts an invitation to, 70 sq. its ;
Malherbe, Fran9ois de, 197, 236. early history, 76 sq. ; the university
Malhespina, L., 482. chartered (1289), 76 materials for ;
Manger, Michael, 484. its history, ib. revival of its medi-

;
Mantaleon, madame de, 208. cal school imder Henri IV, 77 sq. ;
Mantes, conference of, 135. faculty of law, 78 sq. of arts, 79 \ ;
Manutius, Paullus, 482. restored (1596), 79 sq. arrange- \
Marcilius, Theodoras, 85 his history

; ments with Casaubon, 80-82 his ;
and relations to Casaubon, 168-171. entry, 83 ; in 1664, 84 in 1597, ib.; ;
Mare, Philibert de la, 424, 469. classical studies at, 84 sq. Calvinism ;
Marie de Medicis, 282, 300 sq., 403. at, 86 sq. ; social life at, 93 ; the
Marny (of Frankfort), 201. routine at, 96 ; Sunday at, 97 re- ;
Martial, 170; Scaliger's Greek trans- vival of classical literature at, 98 sqq.;
lation of, 241 296.
; Casaubon's professorial career at,
Martin, Mrs. Elizabeth, 480. 99-108 colllge de Mende at, 107
;
—
-
Henri, 261. sq. the university catholicised, 108
—
;
James, 339, 472, 481. printing at, iii departure of Casau-

;
— Jean, 139. bon, 121 sq., 126 154, 156, 164, ;
Martyr, Peter, 283. 167, 173, 187, 227, 234, 244, 252,
Mary, queen of Scots, 25, 315, 317, 348, 412, 456.
Maseres, Fr., godfather of Casaubon, 3. Monumentum Ancyranum, the, 396.
Massilon, de (of Montpellier), 99. Morel, CI., 192.
Masson, Gustave, 156. — Federic, 112, 165 sj., 168 sj., 183 sy.,
Matthew Paris, 300. 203, 478.
Maussac, Jacques de, 98. Moreri, L., 460.
— Philippe Jacques de, 98, 112, 133. Moris, Jael, 346.
Mayerne, Theodore de, 243, 304, 387, Morley, John, 118.
415 ^1; 468. Mornay, Philippe de (seigneur du
Melanchthon, Philip, 414. Plessis-Marly), 73, 122 at the con- ;
Melleray, — 445.
,
ference of Fontainebleau, 136, 145 ;
Manage, Giles, 427, 460, 484. 208, 220, 224, 242, 245.
Menander Rhetor, 105. Morton, dean Thomas, 378, 381, 418
Mende, 138. sq., 444.
Mengine, meaning of the name, 3. Moryson, Fynes, 153.
Mentel, J., 484. Miinster (of Basel), 432.
Mercerus, see Mercier, Jean. Muretus, Marcus Antonius, 4.
Mercier, Jean, 171, 366 s?. Musgrave, W., 155.
— Josias (seigneur Des Bordes), 153,
207, 234, 366, 468. N.
Merlin (contemporary of Casaubon at
Geneva), 72. Nantes, edict of, 15,85, 112, 175, 207,
Mermaid tavern, the, 382. 211 sq., 448.
Mesmes, Henri de, 38, 95, 117. Neran, Samuel, 229.
Meursius, J., 184, 256 sq., 362, 453. Nettles, Stephen, 376.
Mezeray, Fran9ois Eudes de, 449. Nettleship, Henry, 459.
Michelet, Jules, 196, 357. Newcastle, Thomas duke of, 486.
Milbourne, Richard, 277. Newmarket, 284.
Milton, John, 384, 434, 437. Newton, sir Isaac, 55, 423.
Misoponeri Satyricon, 483. Niebuhr, B. G., 60, 430, 471.
'missa,' Baronius on, 332. Nimes, 234, 246, 251 sq.
Modena, 8. Nisard, D., quoted, 3, 102.
Mole, Edouard, 118. Nonnus, 440, 462.
Mommsen, Theodor, 460. Norton, George, 385 sq., 480.
Mont de Marson, 4. Notitia, the, 362.
Montagu, bishop James, 320, 378, 386, Novellw, the, 288.
401, 405. Nully, de, i8o.
K k 2
500 INDEX.
O. history, 172-183 260, 356, 360, 362, ;
456. Colleges de Clermont, 95, :
Olsopceus, v., 66, 185. 161, 180 sq.; de Lisieux, 158; de

Ochino, Bernardino, 283. Plessis, 169; Royal, T.<=f>sqq.; its
CEcolampadius, J., 346. greek professors (1595-1623), 165
Okes, Nicholas, 480. *? 235, 261. Cordeliers, convent
;
Olivet, abbe d', 425. of, 153, 181, 260, 382 Faubourg S. ;
Oppian, 440, Germain, 234 Louvre, the, 172,

;
Optatus Milevitanus, 348 sq. 268; Madrid (Bois), 153, 206 s^.,
Oracula SibylKna (1599), i6o- 260; Parlement de, 161 sqq., 165,
Orange, 361. 173 Rue de la barre du bee, 445
—
;
— Louisa,
;
princess of, 139. S. Jacques, 151, 160, 180 Sor- ;
Origen against Celsus, 193, 478. bonne, the, 359, 426 sq. Prices at,
Originall of Idolatries, the, 484. 234 books of Casaubon printed at,
;
Orleans, 149 sq., 236. 478 sq., 481 mentioned, 299, 381
;
Osiander, 363. sq, 396, 398, 424, &\\& passim. See

Ossat, cardinal d', 118. Casaubon, I.
Overall, dr. John, 277 sq., 291, 294 sq., Parsons, Robert, 300.
300 sq., 304, 306 sq., 347, 378, 381, Passerat, J., 115, 168.
418. Passover, when eaten, 336,
Ovid, 450. Passow, Francis, 459.
Oxford, Bocardo, 370 Bodleian ; Patissons, the, 112, 150, 193, 200.
library, 1, 343, 360-364, 425, 483; Patricius, Franciscus, 431.
..High street, 356; S. Mary's, 371. Paul, S., 441.
Colleges Balliol, 357
:
— Christ ; Pauw, J. Corn, de, 484.
Church, 358, 362, 418 Exeter, 365, : Pelagius, Alvianus, 363 sq.
367 sq.: Lincoln, 366, 370 Magdalen, ; Pelletier, — , 309.
359 ; Merton, 355, 357 369. ; New, Perier, —, 399.

Printing at, in, 159; foreigners at, Perigeux, 161.
262 sq.; 291, 295, 343, 346; Casau- Perillau, Pierre, 227.
bon's visit to, 354-372 ; the Univer- Peronne, 275.
sity characterised, 371 sq. ; 393, 418, Perotti, N., 199.
473- Perriet, Jean de (Brussels), 483.
Perrot, Charles, 13, 23.
P. Persius, 170; see Casaubon, \.
Pesnot (printer), 114.
Pacius de Beriga,. Julius, 9, 35, 66, 85, Petavius, Dionysius, 462.
249, 25 IS J. Peter, S., 326.
Padua, 77. Philip, president (Montpellier), 99.
Palcephatus, 361. Philip II of Spain, 20 sq.
Palissy, Bernard de, 442. Philip Neri, S, 323 sq.
Panegyrici, the, 348. Philostratus, 105.
Paolo, Fra, 138, 191, 195 sq., 253-256, Photius, 35, 129, 135, 380, 397.
286, 330, 337, 381. Phrynicus, 484.
Parens, David, Ireniann, 66. Pigmies, 443.
Paris, Casaubon's lectures on Aristo- Pinaud, —
145. ,
phanes at, 44; reform of the statutes Pindar, loi, 475.

of the university, 81 ; early hours PithopcEus, 66.
at, 95; printing at, 112; literary Pithou, Francois, ii$sq., 119, 139, 146
society, 1155??. libraries, 120, 151, ; sq.
361 Casaubon invited ' remettre
; — Pierre, 39, 62, 115 sq.
sus I'universite de Paris,' 121 sq. ;
Pius V, pope, 194.
Casaubon 150 sq.
settles
his in, ; Placcius, v., 483.
various lodgings, 152 sq. state of ; Plague at Paris (1606), 206.
the university c. 1600, 156-165 its ; Plato, 16, 47.
low estate as a place of learning, Plautus, 100, 289.
168 the university and the Jesuits,
; Plinius, 32, 35, 442, 451,476.
260 sq. compared with Oxford, 359
; Plutarch, 16, 47, 56, 112, 133, 281, 423.
sq.; 427, 453. Bibliothfeque Nationale,
materials for biography of Casaubon
Poirson, —
261. ,
Poissy, colloquy of, 135.

in, I ; its history, 179 ;
— Royale, its Poitou, 219.
INDEX. 501
Poland, natural history of, 444. a revival of Latin not of Greek,

Pole, Reginald, cardinal, 363. rhetorical not scientific, 457 learn- ;
Poliphilo, 463. ing in France, 453 ; in Holland,

Polyffinus, 35 -38, 458- 454 ; in North Germany, ib.
Polybius, 38 ; see Casaubon, I. Renan, Ernest, 117, 432.
Pomponazzo, Pietro, 414. Reygersberg, 225. — ,
Pont-a-Mousson, 161. Rhodez, 107, i6i.

Pope, Alexander, no. Rhone, river, 4.
— Edmund, 469.
dr. Rhosus (calligraph), 35.
Popma, Aus., 482. Richardson, dr. John, 347s??., 352.
Porphyrins de Prosodia, 38. Richeome, Louis, 78, 138, 162.
Portus, .iEmilius, 65 sq. Richer, Edmond, 161.
— Franciscus, Professor of Greek Rigaltius (Rigault), Nicolaus, 117, 168,
at Modena, 9 at Geneva, 8 sq.
; ; 44. 182, 206, 315.
Posselius, J., 100. Rigot (Rigotti), Anne (nee Casaubon),
Possevin, Antony, 399. 7, 209, 230 Jean, her husband, 7
; ;
Pouppart, Abigail, third wife of H. dies, 230.

Estienne, s8, 33. Rishanger, William, 300.
Prideaux, John, 25, 56, 295, 365 sq., Rittershusius, Conradus, 204, 244, 249,
368, 393 sq. 288.
Priestley, Joseph, his diary, 87 sq., Rivet, Andreas, 67.
449. Roanne, 149.
Primaticcio, F., 445. Rochester, 276, 408.
Primrose, dr., 78. Roe, Sir Thomas, 363.
Printers, London, in 1574, 127. Rogerson, Bell, 486.
Printing-press, influence of the, on the Romance, secular, supplants hagio-
Reformation, 19. graphy, 338.
Proverbs, Casaubon contemplates a Rome, learning at, 99 ; 186, 217, 254,
book on, 431. 318, 323. 326, 395.
Psellus, 112, 133. Ronsard, Pierre de, 197.
Puente, John de la, 335, 363. Rosny, marquis de ; see Sully.
Puteanus, Erycius, 345, 390, 398. Rostock, 39.
Puy, Claude du, 116, 168. Rosweyd, Heribert, 214 sq., 269, 376,
— Pierre du, i68. 39°-
Rotterdam, 426, 482.
Q. Rouen, 162.
Rousseau, J. J., 10.
Querard, J. M., 483. Royston, 284, 309.
Quesnel, Pasquier, 360. Ruhnken, D., 155, 435, 455, 458.
Qu'esi ce que le Tiers-e'tat?, 115. Russell, dr. John, 2, 89, 483.
Rutgers, J., 230.
R.
S.
Rabelais, Franfois, 84, loi, in.
Racovian catechism, the, 446. Sa, Emmanuel, 389.
Rainolds, John, 277, 346, 364, 384. S. Denis, 180.
— William, Calvino-Turcismus, 277. — Gennain, 206.
Ramus, Peter, i57-s?-, I79, 261; Saint-Maur, edict of, 5.
Ramist system of grammar, 407. Sainte-Beuve, C. A., 281, 438.
Ranchin, Fran9ois, loi, 481. Salamanca, 161.
— William, 80, 87, 93, 106 sq., 195. Sales, S. Fran9ois de, 17 sq., 108.
Raphelengius, Franciscus, 367. Sanderson, bishop Robert, 255.
Rapin, Nicholas, 115. Sandys, archbishop Edwin, 19.
Ratte, Guitard de, bishop of Mont- Sapieha, —
234. ,
107 sq.
pellier, 85, Saravia, Hadrian, 262, 282.
Ravaillac, Francois, 310. Sarrasin, J. A., 70, 87, 93.
Ravaud, Pierre, 481. Satyre Menippee, la, 115.
Regalian rights, the, 333. Saumaise, Claude, 186, 249, 254, 256,
Reims, 162. 258, 291, 392, 453 sq., 463.
Reiske, E., 165, 473, 478. Saumur, 139, 144, 245.
Renaissance, the, in Italy, 450 sqq. ;
Sauve, synod of, 87.
503 INDEX.
Savile, SirHenry, 183, 192, 231, 299, Schede, P. (Melissus), 66.
338, 342, 346 takes Casaubon to Schiller, J. C. F., 438.
—
;
Oxford, 354-358 373, 375 sq., 384, ;

Schomberg, 118. ,
392, 432. Schottus, Andreas, 310, 396-400, 462.

— Thomas, 362. Schultze, dr. F., 483.
Savoy, 23 dukes 17, ; of, 17 sq. Schweighaeuser, J., 198, 200, 459.
Sayous, — , 15, 72. Scioppius, Caspar, 145, 217 sq., 225,
Scaliger, Joseph Justus, Epistolce, a ; 305, 3". 314, 329. 390 «?•> 394 ^l;
eighteen years older than Casau- 420, 480, 483.
bon, 3 opinion of Casaubon's learn-
; Scott, Sir Walter, 414.
ing, 6, 63 sq. ; on Fr. Portus, 8 ;
Scottish bishops, consecration of
etters of Casaubon, &c., to, 39, 42, (1601'), 302.
55, 82, 108, III, iig, 129, 169, Scribanius, C, 217, 366, 397.
171 sq 188, 190, 195, 199, 209,
, Scrivener, F. H. A., 419.
238, 240, 242, 250, 252 sq., 329 his ; Scriverius, Petrus, 257.
letters to Casaubon, &c., 123, 151 Scultetus, Abraham, 304 sq., 374 sq.,
sq., 174, 178, 190, 212, 218, 235, 398.
240, 245, 250, 265 sq. 53 be- ;
; Scylax, 31.
ginning of correspondence with Sedan, 177, 225, 229, 252, 305, 401.
Casaubon, 63 5^. ; tries to get him Seguier, chancellor, 99.
an invitation to Leyden, 65, 240 ; Seine, river, 207 sqq.
his Latin style superior Cas- to Selden, John, 38, 285, 288 his History ;
aubon's, 88, 308 on P. du Faur, ; of Tithes, 290; 321, 333, 372, 376 ;
98; reputation at Paris, 115-117; Selden library, the, 362.

Henri IV anxious for his return to Seneca, 32.
France, 120 the first scholar of ; Septuagint, roman (1587), 36.
his time, 125 on Mornay, 137 ; Serres, Jean de, 93, 96, 107.
attacked by Jean Martin, 139; on Servin, Louis, 115, 118.
Casaubon at the conference of Fon- Sextus Empiricus, 31.
tainebleau, 146 156, 158 objection ; ; Shakespeare, William, 293.
to teaching, 164, 167, 440; 166; on Sibylline oracles, 335.
Marcilius, 169 on Gosselin, 174, ; Sicilian vespers, the, 377.
182 Des Portes' estimate of his
; Sidney, Sir Henry, 406.
learning, 176; his Eusebius, 183; Sigonius, C, 9, 453.
transcribes whole books, 184 ap- ; Sillery, Bruslart de, 118, 201 sq., 398.
plies to Casaubon for chronological Sincerus, Jodocus, quoted, 97.
fragments, 185; introduces Willems Sirmond, Jacques, 400, 462.
to Casaubon, 238 death, 238 his- ; ; Smets, H., 66.
tory of his friendship with Casau- Smith, W., Description of England, 355.
bon, 239-240 leaves him a silver ; Soissons, comte de, 270.
cup, 241, 419, 468 their corre- ; Soleure, 147 sq., 265.
spondence, 2415^.; Casaubon's grief Spa water, 243, 415.
at his death, 238, 24T sq. 243 on ; ; Spain, legend of Saint Garnett ' in,
'
the danger of the Huguenots in 313-

Paris, 245 sq.; 249 liking for Nimes, ; Spedding, James, 263, 289, 297.
251 257 his Thesaurus temporuvn,
-J
; Spelman, Sir Henry, 288.
183, 261, 329; on the english, 265 Spenser, Edmund, 419.
sq. 290, 296
; on the lutherans, ; Spotswood, archbishop John, 29,
306 335 reads Baronius, 338 his
; ; ; 264 sq.
reputation envied by Sir H, Savile, Stade, — , 376.
356, 375 on theological disputes,
; Stael, madame de, 71.
392 attacked by Scioppius, 394 sq.;
; Stahelin, —
15, 73. ,
on Marc Welser, 396, 400 rela- ; Stanley, dean A. P., 419.

tions with the Jesuits, 399 412 ; his ;
Stapleton, Thomas, 446.
MS. notes, 429 as drawn by Casau- ; Stephanus of Byzantium, 432.
bon, 435 436 Bernhardy on his
; ; Still, bishop John, 444.
genius, 450 453 sqq., 462; his Opus- ; Stowe, John, 301, 383.
cula, 479 his notes on Phrynicus,
; Strabo, recommended to Casaubon by
484. his father, 49.
— Julius Caesar, his Aristotle's Hist. Strahan, George, 215.
4,
Animal., 133. Strassburg, 60, 65 sq., 75, 483.
INDEX. 503
Stromer, P. L., 482. 98 fanaticism
; at, 112 ;
greek books
Strozzi. marshal, 181 sq. printed at, 133 161, 169. ;
Sturbridge fair, 353. Tournes, de (printers), 39, 114.

Sturm, J., 66. Tournon, 161.
Suetonius, 422, 437. Tours, 115.
Suisseth, R., 363. Tower records, the, 358.
Sully, Maximilien de Bethune, due de, Townsend, Aurelian, 234.
61, 134, 147 sq., 154, 192, 201, 203, Travelling in France, c. 1600, 148-150,
210, 234 sqq., 268, 302. 205.
Superville, dr., 37. Trent, council of, 223.
Suslyga, Laurentius, 363. Triopian inscription, the, 463.
Sweertius, Franciscus, 366, 393. Tubingen, 65 sq.
Swift, dean, quoted, 154. Turnebus, A., 158, 171, 200, 331, 428,
Sylburg;ius, Fr., 31, 36, 66. 453-
Symmachus, edited by Lect, 57. Turquet, Theodore see Mayerne. ;
Turquois (of Orleans), 150.

Tusan, —
158. ,
T. Twelve tables, laws of the, 100.

Twisse, W., 369, 371.
Tacitus, James I on, 280 sq. Tyrwhitt, T., 155.
Taine, H., 449. Tzschucke, C. H., 459.
Taylor, bishop Jeremy, 191.
Terence, 229, 289. U.
Tertullianus, 46 sy., 105, 431.
Theobalds, 278 s?., 284, 304, 321, 382, Ulpianus, 100.
444- Ursinus, Fulvius, 199, 482.
Theocritus, a fragment of, 35 ; 197. Utrecht, 20.
Theodoret, 35, 142 sq. Uytenbogaert, John, 20, 222 confer- ;
Thirty years' war, 311. ence with Casaubon, 222-225.

Tholuck quoted, 15, 22.
Thomson, Richard, 31, 36 sq., 40, 42, V.
62 sq., 65, 239, 262, 264, 295-297,
348, 350-352, 355, 408. Vaches a Colas,' 211:
'
Thoris, dr. Raphael, 263, 280, 304, 412 Vair, Guillaumedu, 118.
417, 420, 423, 442, 468. Valence, 174.
Thornham, 276. Valla, Laurentius, 335.
Thou, Christophe de, 116. Valois, Henri, 200, 462.
Thou, J. A. de, letters of Casaubon to, Vandermyle, , 257. —
1, 38, 190, 293, 363 sq., 350, 352, Vanini, Lucilio, 112, 371.
374i 377i 428 characterised, 59 Varanda, dr., 244, 412,
—
;
his Mt'siory, ib. 70, 99, 1 14-120 his

;
; Vassan, 146, 246.,
library, 120; 139, 1465^.; death of Vatable, Fr., 158.

his wife, 155 ;164, 177 sq., 180, 198, Vatican archives, the, 324, 327 library, ;
205 s?., 235, 241, 245, 252, 261, 275, 182, 185 press, 324. ;
281 sq., 285, 299, 306, 361, 378, 381, Venice, republic of, 194 sq., 197 8, ;
400, 410, 452, 465, 480. 35. 37. 225, 253-256, 267, 380.
Thucydides, 32. Ventadour, due de, 106.
Thurot, d., 469. Verchant (of Montpellier), 106.
Thursfield, J. R., 469. Vergecio, 35, 182, 185.
Tilenus, Daniel, 222, 225. Vergil, no, 450.
Tillesley, Richard, 376. Vertunien, 6, 48, 194.— ,
Tindall, Humphrey (dean of Ely), 348. Vervins, peace of, 18.

Tocqueville, H. A. de, 337, 438. Vic, Meric de, entertains Casaubon,
Toleto, Fr., 399. 114; takes him to Paris, 114, 120,
Tollius. Jacobus, 150, 458. 122 sqq. 126 sq., 130, 134, 147 sq.,
;
Torrentius, L., 457. 153, 259, 318.

Tossanus, Daniel, 23, 73. — madame de, 114, 124, 130, 148.
Tostati, A., 346. Victorius, Petrus, 4525?., 481.
Touching for the evil, 443. Vienna, prices at, 41.
Toulouse, faculty of law at, in 1598, Vigilius, pope, 330.
78; 95; book collectors at, in 1597, Vignon, E., 27, 475 s?.
504 INDEX.
Villebonne, 205 sq. Wolf, J. C, 340, 425, 429 sq., 482.
Villeroy, 177 sy., 196, 236, 281. Wolzius, Seb., 483.
Villiers, George, duke of Buckingham, Wood, Anthony, 294 sq., 298, 339;
284. 355. 366, 371. 376.
Vinci, Leonardo da, 423. Wotton, sir Edward, 302.
Voltaire, 10, 136, 284, 383. — sir Henry, arrives at Geneva, and
Voorst, Adolph, 256. lodges with Casaubon, leaving
Vorstius, Conradus, 273, 309, 446. in his debt, 40-42 described by
;
Voss, G. J., 256, 339, 363, 397. Walton, 41 255, 264, 296, 299
; ;
Vulcanius, B., 257, 453. estrangement between Wotton and

Vulteius, J., 458, 476. Casaubon, 379-381.
— Thomas, lord, of Marley, 273 sqq.,
281.
W. Wouveren, John a, 85.
Rex Plaionicus, Wyttenbach, Daniel, 423, 435, 439,
Wake, Isaac, 364.
Wakefield, Robert, 363. 449-
Walpole, Horace, 360.
Walton, Isaac, 41, 255, 419. X.
Ware, 383.
Warton, Joseph, 198. Xylander (Holtzmann), W., 9.
Waterland, bishop Daniel, 332.

Wechel, A., 201, 479.
Wedderburn, James, 373, 388, 409.
Wells, 444. Yorke, bishop James, 347.
Welser, Marc, 218, 396, 399 sq., 463. Young,
Westminster, 282 —
school, 299.
;
Patrick, 234, 429.
Whitaker, dr. William, 349 sq.

Whitgift, archbishop John, in.
Willems, Hadrian, 237 sq.
William I (the Silent), Prince of Zeller, E., 465.
Orange, 21, 139, 249. Zelter, K. F., 471.
Winwood, Sir Ralph, Memorials, 270 Zeno, 439.
sq., 273, 281, 313. Zigabenus, Euthymius, 363.
Wisbech, 348 sqq. Zonaras' Lexicon, 296.
Wittenberg, 425. Zouch, Edward lord, 40.
Wolf, F. A., 39, 459. Zurich, II, 19 sq.
ERRATA
Page 62, lastline,/o>-Apen read Agen
242,1. i,/o>- truth rrarf trust
414! !• 35>fo'' Disraeli read D'Israeli
Two Vols. Demy 8vo, price Fifteen Shillings
EPHEMERIDES
ISAACI CASAUBONI
CUM PRAEFATIONE ET NOTIS
EDENTE
JOHANNE RUSSELL, S.T.P.

CANONICO CANTUARIENSr
SCHOLAE CARTHUSIANAE OLIM ARCHIDIDASCOLO
Ojcfoxi
LONDON: HENRY FROWDE
OXFORD UNIVERSITY FREES WAREHOUSE, AMEN CORNER, E.c.
Two Vols, Demy 8yo, cloth, bevelled boards, price
Twenty-four Shillings
ESSAYS
BY THE LATP
MARK PATTISON
SOMETIME RECTOR OF LINCOLN COLLEGE
COLLECTED AXn ARRANGED
HENRY -NETTLESHIP, U.K.

CORrUS PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN THE UNIVF.RSITY OF OXFORD
CONTENTS OF VOLUME I
Gregory of Tours.
Early Intercourse of England and Germany.
Antecedents of the Reformation.
The Stephenses.
MURETUS.
Joseph Scaliger.
Life of Joseph Scaliger (Fragment).
Peter Daniel Huet.
A Chapter of University History.
F. A. Wolf.
Oxford Studies.
PA TTI SON'S ESS A YS
CONTENTS OF VOLUME II
Calvin at Geneva.
Tendencies of Religious Thought in England, 1688-1750.
Life of Bishop Warburton.
The Calas Tragedy.
Present State of Theology in Germany {1857),
Learning in the Church of England.

Philanthropic Societies in the Reign of Queen Anne.
Life of Montaigne.
Pope and his Editors.
Buckle's History of Civilisation in England.
Index of Names.

LONDON: HENRY FROWDE
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, AMEN CORNER, E.C.
WORKS
OF
THE LATE MARK PATTISON
Translation of St. Thomas Aquinas' Commentary on

St. Matthew. (' Catena Aurea.') Oxford, 1841. 8vo.
Suggestions on Academical Organisation, with

especial reference to Oxford. Edinburgh, 1868. 8vo.
Isaac Casaubon, 1559-1614. London, 1875. 8vo.
Second Edition. Oxford, 1892. 8vo.
Review of the Situation ('Essays on the Endow-

ment of Research.') London, 1876. 8vo.
Milton. ('English Men of Letters.') London, 1879.

Svo.
The Sonnets of John Milton. ('Parchment Library.')

London, 1883. Svo.
Memoirs. London, 1885. 8vo.
Sermons. London, 1885. 8vo.
Essays Oxford, 1889. 3 vols. 8vo.

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O DOCTIORUM QUICQUID EST ASSURGITE

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

Tov S OUT 5p xeijatbv Kpuoeic, ouk ouPpoc airelpcov,

01) 9X6£ HeVioio bajud^eTOi, ou voaoc aivH,

ouK epOTic 6hhou evapet Mevoq, dAA' Of dreipHC

d)U(pi Si&aOKaViH xeTaiai vuktoc re ko'i Snap.

The first edition of Mr. Pattison's Isaac Casaubon,

a second edition to the public. In the preparation of

A few trifling errors have been silently corrected, and

the work of Mr. C. E. Doble.

December 14, 1891.

II. Geneva. 1578—1596 . 8

III. Montpellier. 1596—1599 ... 76

IV. Paris. 1600—1610 . .... 134

V. London. 1610—1614 .262

VI. Casaubon on Baronius 322

VII. London; Ely; Cambridge. 1610 — IGl-l . 342

VIII. Visit to Oxford. 1613 . . 354

IX. London. 1610—1614 {continued) . . . 373

X. Last illness; death; characteristic. 1614 . 412

XI. Chronological list of works by Isaac

XII. On the descendants of Isaac Casaubon . 485

3. BiBL. Nat. —The National Library in Paris contains : (i)

great obligations to M. Theophile Dufour, who not only

the history of Casaubon.

Gr^nus— Fragmens biographiques et historiques extraits des

PARENTAGE AND EDUCATION.

Isaac Casaubon was born at Geneva, February 18,

Arnaud Casaubon et de Mergine sa femme presente par Francois Masdres

et m^re s'etoient retirez de Gascongne, ayant failli d'estre bruslez a Bourdeaux.'

by the fanaticism of the religious mob,who called for a

some of its branches noble ^. The name is probably to be

descendants of one who had been admitted 'bourgeois'

engrossed by his flock. His talent and experience drew

family, it might be but to fly with them to the hills.

ardour, that if he had not been checked by his father, his

when the news of the S. Bartholomew (August, 1572)

miseri, ingenti tamen animo,' says Meric.

of that dreadful crisis to have time for teaching his son.

had no teacher, and but few books. As an example of

his house, to find it sacked on his return. So "that I

which Mons. de I'Escale's goodness credits me with, I

The following particulars as to the children of Arnold and

' Elle (Mengine) avait eu 9 enfants dont quatre seulement

trois fils, Pierre, Isaac et Charles) enfin (4) Anne, marine en

1594, a Geneve, avec Jean Rigot ou Rigotti, maitre d'artillerie

Rigoti, grand maitre d'artillerie a Geneve, enterre a Paris le 18

frere, lorsqu'il parle d'elle dans ses Ephemerides, jusqu'en

The name of Casaubon is not to be found in the

extant in the archives of Geneva. The register is perfect,

but the entry of names appears to have been neglected

' Scaligerana 2". p. 193. ^ Crusius, Turcograecia, p. 517,

succeed him. Franciscus Portus deserves commemora-