2003 Savings By Design

Healthcare Modeling Procedures

Sponsored By:

Prepared By:

100 Galli Dr., Suite 1

Novato, CA 94949
(415)883-5900

Copyright © 2003 Pacific Gas and Electric Company. All rights reserved
Acknowledgements
EnergySoft would like to thank the PG&E and SDG&E sales engineers and field representatives who
assisted with the pilot projects that were studied as part of the program development. In addition, we
would like to acknowledge the guidance provided by the Bay Area engineers who attended the March 25,
2003 workshop including the firms of Guttmann & Blaevoet, Ted Jacob Engineering Group, Glumac
International, Mazzetti & Associates, Enovity and H&M Mechanical. Finally, special thanks to Oliver
Kesting of PG&E for the guidance and organization necessary to complete this project.

Disclaimer
Reproduction or distribution of the whole, or any part of the contents of this document without written
permission of PG&E is prohibited. PG&E prepared this document for the exclusive use of its employees
and its contractors. Neither PG&E nor any of its employees makes any warranty, express or implied, or
assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any data,
information, method, product or process disclosed in this document, or represents that is use will not
infringe any privately-owned rights, including but not, limited to, patents, trademarks, or copyrights.
 Table of Contents

1.1 Background .........................................................................................1

1.2 Standards for Healthcare.....................................................................2
1.3 Developing the Baseline......................................................................2
2.1 The SBD Healthcare Process..............................................................3
2.2 “I” Occupancy Procedures...................................................................3
2.3 “OHSPD 3” Occupancy Procedures ....................................................3
2.4 “MOB” Occupancy Procedures............................................................3
3.1 Envelope .............................................................................................4
3.2 Lighting ................................................................................................6
3.3 Mechanical Equipment ......................................................................10
3.4 Domestic (Service) Hot Water ...........................................................10
3.5 Process .............................................................................................11
3.6 Occupancy ........................................................................................14
1.1 Background

The development of the new Healthcare baseline for the 2003 Savings By Design program was
primarily predicated upon resources developed during the mid 1990’s for the Performance By
Design Hospitals (PBDH) program. The work done for the PBDH program included a wide
range of activities involving both PG&E personnel as well as outside engineers and building
owners.

The initial work performed on PBDH included a series of focus groups involving various industry
stakeholders including architects, mechanical engineers, lighting engineers, building owners as
well as operations engineers. In addition, regulatory agencies such as the Office of Statewide
Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) and the California Energy Commission (CEC) were
involved in the development and direction of the program. Development work included an initial
assessment of normal practice for the building types slated to be encompassed by the program.
To help determine appropriate baselines, industry practice for energy efficiency was studied.
This included obtaining detailed plans and specifications for numerous projects under design,
and compiling those results in spreadsheet form. Included in this study were the following
projects –

• Chico Community Hospital

• Clovis Community Hospital
• Community Hospital of Monterey Maternity Wing
• Kaiser Hospital San Francisco Geary
• Kaiser Hospital Vallejo
• Kaiser Hospital Fremont
• Kaiser Hospital Walnut Creek
• Kern Medical Center
• Marshall Medical Office Building
• Merrithew Hospital
• Natividad Hospital
• Oroville Hospital
• St.Joseph's CVS, Eureka
• St. Joseph's, Eureka
• St. Joseph's Heart Center Stockton
• San Joaquin General Hospital
• San Joaquin ER Addition
• Santa Clara Valley Memorial Hospital
• Santa Rosa Memorial Hospital
• Sierra Nevada Memorial Hospital
• Sutter Health Davis
• Sutter Health Santa Cruz
• VA Martinez
• Valley Children’s Hospital
• Washington West Fremont
• Watsonville Community Hospital

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1.2 Standards for Healthcare
Designated “I” occupancies, hospital and related projects are generally not regulated by the
current 2001 Title 24 Standards, nor are they proposed to be covered by the 2005 Standards.
Traditionally, the Title 24 Standards have not regulated this type of occupancy since much of
the activity that is performed relates to health and safety, and energy use is deemed to be a
secondary consideration versus human well-being. During the PBDH development, the 1987
IES guidelines for lighting levels in healthcare facilities were studied, and compared against
industry practice. In addition, the ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1989 recommendations for lighting
levels were considered for the baseline. Ultimately, the IES guidelines became the lighting
baseline that was applied to the PBDH projects. It is interesting to note that the new
ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-1999 (and 2001) Standard does include occupancy types related to
healthcare, however this standard is not applied in California.

For the purposes of HVAC, much of the design is regulated by OSHPD, since the functions
performed in these spaces are related to life safety. OSHPD requires that various rooms in
these facilities either have positive, equal or negative air balance relationships. In addition, the
air changes per hour and exhaust requirements are also driven by OSHPD. Ultimately, the
OSHPD requirements shape a large portion of the design decisions that are made.

1.3 Developing the Baseline

For typical commercial occupancies, the Savings By Design baseline assumptions are taken
from the 2001 Title 24 Standards minimum requirements. In the case of healthcare facilities,
the variety of tasks and special safety requirements dictate some special requirements that
deviate from Title 24. As a result, a custom baseline (or Standard) is needed for modeling
healthcare facilities for the Savings By Design program.

Specific rules for modeling of the Standard Envelope, Lighting and Mechanical systems have
been developed, and are presented in Section 2. In all cases, the basic rules of modeling that
are outlined in the California Title 24 Alternative Calculation Method (ACM) Manual are utilized,
with specific variations and deviations noted in this document. Since the ACM manual has been
in use for the last 10 years, and has served as the model for numerous other standards, it
represents a solid foundation for the modeling guidelines.

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2.1 The SBD Healthcare Process

The process of developing an incentive and energy savings estimate for Healthcare projects is
relatively similar to the current SDB procedures. Utilizing a software tool approved for use with
SBD, the consultant will model the proposed energy consumption of their design. The software
tool will automatically develop a baseline, based upon the occupancy type and other choices
made by the user. Various rules and baselines, as detailed in this document, will be used by
the software to develop this baseline, for comparison to the proposed building.
Incentive levels are determined by comparing the Proposed Energy Use (kBtu/ft2) to the
Standard Source Energy Budget (baseline), similar to the Title 24 performance compliance
calculations. In order to receive an owner incentive, the Proposed Energy Use of the project
must be at least 10% less than the Standard budget. In order to receive a design team
incentive, the savings must be at least 15%.

2.2 “I” Occupancy Procedures

The Healthcare procedures included in this document have been specifically targeted towards
the conventional Uniform Building Code “I” Occupancy classification. This type of occupancy
will be subject to review and approval by the State of California Office of Statewide Health
Planning and Development (OSHPD), but is not required to comply with the Title 24 standards.
As a result, many of the requirements related to the lighting and mechanical system will be
driven by OSHPD standards, which will ultimately influence what can be included in the design.
As a result, this report contains specific categories of use that reflect those requirements. In the
case of this type project, subject to OSHPD, all of the new occupancy categories listed later in
this report should be used as the basis of analysis.

2.3 “OHSPD 3” Occupancy Procedures

Buildings that fall under the category of OSHPD 3, a special classification that requires review
and approval by OSHPD, are also are subject to the requirements in Title 24. However, in most
cases, the requirements for mechanical systems dictated by OSHPD requirements conflicts with
the ability to comply with Title 24. Any areas in the building which are subject to the OSHPD
requirements will be analyzed using the procedures outlined in this document for the “I”
occupancies, as detailed above. Any areas that are not subject to the OSHPD requirements
must use the conventional Title 24 occupancy types listed later in this document.

2.4 “MOB” Occupancy Procedures

Medical Office Buildings (MOBs) that are not subject to any specific design requirements that
may be dictated by OSHPD will use the conventional Savings By Design procedures and
occupancies that are already in place. However, certain areas of the MOBs, while not directly
subject to review and approval by OSHPD, may, by nature of the space function, need to be
designed to those requirements. In specific cases where the design team can demonstrate that
the design is driven by such requirements, it will be deemed acceptable to utilize the “I”
Occupancy categories of use and procedures outlined in this document.

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3.1 Envelope

Rule – Opaque Envelope – All rules pertaining to the opaque envelope portion of the design
(Walls, Roofs & Floors) shall be applied exactly as specified in the Title 24 Standards Section
143, Table 1-I and ACM documents. Hence, the wall, roof and floor insulation requirements
shall be identical for a healthcare facility as any other Hi-rise Residential / Hotel Motel building
subject to the Title 24 Standards.

Background – The current 2001 Standards require a moderate amount of insulation in framed
construction, and significantly less, or none, in heavyweight construction. The installation of
insulation in framed walls is standard practice in healthcare facilities and in the cases where
heavyweight CMU construction is used, will typically not be required in the design. Table 1-I
was chosen, instead of Table 1-H, since the background assumptions for Table 1-I are a 24
hour occupancy building, versus Table 1-H which assumes a 12 hour occupancy facility, with no
operation on weekends and holidays. Clearly, the healthcare building fits the profile of the 24
hour occupied building, and since the life cycle cost effectiveness studies that are the
background of the Title 24 Standards have shown the values in Table 1-I to be cost effective,
this is the logical table to use for the baseline.

Rule – Fenestration – All rules pertaining to fenestration shall be applied exactly as specified in
the Title 24 Standards Section 143, Table 1-I and ACM documents. Hence, the glazing
requirements shall be identical for a healthcare facility as any other Hi-rise Residential / Hotel
Motel building subject to the Title 24 Standards.

Background – The current 2001 Standards allow a commercial building to have up to 40%
installed glazing, as a percentage of gross exterior wall area. Surveys conducted on the
projects in the sampling study showed that no projects had exceeded this amount of glass.
Typically, the facilities keep glazing area to a minimum since many areas of the building rely
more upon artificial light for exam functions. The Standards typically require a Low E glazing
product (or equivalent) with a reasonably low SHGC and in some cases a thermally improved
frame. This requirement has been shown to be cost effective for the 2001 Standards, and
serves as a good baseline for the program. Utilizing this type of glazing will not impose any
significant design considerations on the facility. As explained under the background description
for the opaque envelope, the choice of Table I-1 is driven by the 24 hour nature of this
occupancy.

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 TABLE SBD-I—BASELINE ENVELOPE CRITERIA FOR
HEALTHCARE FACILITIES
CLIMATE ZONES
1, 16 3-5 6-9 2,10-13 14, 15
Roof/Ceiling
R-value or 30 19 19 30 30
U-factor 0.037 0.051 0.051 0.037 0.037
Wall
R-value or 19 11 11 13 13
U-factor
Wood frame 0.063 0.092 0.092 0.084 0.084
Metal frame 0.140 0.181 0.181 0.175 0.175
Mass/7.0≤ HC<15.0 0.340 0.430 0.430 0.430 0.430
Mass/15.0≤HC 0.360 0.650 0.690 0.650 0.400
Other 0.063 0.092 0.092 0.084 0.084
Floor/Soffit
R-value or 19 11 11 11 11
U-factor
Mass/7.0≤HC 0.097 0.158 0.158 0.097 0.097
Other 0.050 0.076 0.076 0.076 0.076
Raised concrete R-value 8 * * * *
Windows
U-factor 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49
Relative solar heat gain

Non- North Non- North Non- North Non- North Non- North
North North North North North
0-10% WWR 0.46 0.68 0.41 0.61 0.47 0.61 0.36 0.49 0.36 0.47
11-20% WWR 0.46 0.68 0.40 0.61 0.40 0.61 0.36 0.49 0.31 0.43
21-30% WWR 0.36 0.47 0.31 0.61 0.36 0.61 0.31 0.40 0.26 0.43
31-40% WWR 0.30 0.47 0.26 0.55 0.31 0.61 0.26 0.40 0.26 0.31
Skylights

U-factor Glass w/Curb 0.99 1.18 1.18 0.99 0.99

Glass wo/Curb 0.57 0.68 0.68 0.57 0.57
Plastic w/Curb 0.87 1.30 1.30 1.10 0.87
SHGC 0-2% 0.46 0.58 0.61 0.46 0.46
Glass
2.1-5% 0.36 0.32 0.40 0.32 0.31
SHGC 0-2% 0.71 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65
Plastic
2.1-5% 0.55 0.39 0.65 0.34 0.27

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3.2 Lighting

Rule – Lighting Function Complete Building – Title 24 Standards section 146 rules and
requirements shall be applied for all lighting in the building. This section will be supplemented
with an additional category named Hospital / Healthcare added to Table SBD-M (Complete
Building Method Lighting Power Density Values). Note that this approach also provides for any
lighting control credits in Section 146 (Table 1-L) such as daylighting controls and occupancy
sensors.

TABLE SBD-M—COMPLETE BUILDING METHOD – BASELINE

LIGHTING POWER DENSITY VALUES (Watts/ft.²)

TYPE OF USE BASELINE LIGHTING POWER

General commercial and industrial work buildings
High bay 1.2
Low bay 1.0
Grocery stores 1.5
Industrial and commercial storage buildings 0.7
Medical buildings and clinics 1.2
Hospital/Healthcare 1.6
Office buildings 1.2
Religious facilities and auditorium 1.8
Convention centers 1.4
Restaurants 1.2
Retail and wholesale stores 1.7
Schools 1.4
Theaters 1.3
All others 0.6

Background – The Healthcare lighting allowance is taken from ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2001 Table
9.3.1.1.

Rule – Lighting Function Area Category – Title 24 Standards section 146 rules and
requirements shall be applied for all lighting in the building. Table 1-N of the Standards, Area
Category Functions, will be supplemented with additional Area Category Lighting functions
specific to Healthcare. Selection of any valid Title 24 lighting functions from Table SBD-N,
combined with any other categories in this additional table, shall be acceptable. Note that this
approach also provides for any lighting control credits in Section 146 (Table 1-L) such as
daylighting controls and occupancy sensors.

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 TABLE SBD-N—AREA CATEGORY METHOD – BASELINE
LIGHTING POWER DENSITY VALUES (Watts/ft.²)

PRIMARY FUNCTION BASELINE LIGHTING POWER

Auditorium 2.0*
Auto repair 1.2
Bank/financial institution 1.4
Classrooms, lecture, training, vocational room 1.6
Commercial and industrial storage 0.6
Convention, conference, multipurpose and meeting centers 1.5*
Corridors, restrooms, stairs and support areas 0.6
Dining 1.1*
Electrical, mechanical rooms 0.7
Exercise center, gymnasium 1.0
Exhibit, museum 2.0
General commercial and industrial work
High bay 1.2
Low bay 1.0
Grocery store 1.6
Hospital / Healthcare
Anesthesia Storage 3.0
Angiographic-All Other Types 3.0
Angiographic-Heart Only 3.0
Autopsy 1.2
Bathroom 0.6
Bedpan Room 0.5
Cast Room 3.0
Clean Linen Storage 0.5
Clean Utility / Workroom 1.2
Conference Rooms 1.2
Corridors 0.6
Cystoscopy 3.0
Darkroom 0.3
Decontamination 1.2
Delivery Room 4.5
Dietary Day Storage 0.5
Dining Room 1.1
Dishwashing 1.7
Endoscopy 3.0
Histology 4.5
Isolation 0.5
Janitors Closet / Utility 0.5
Kitchen, Food Preparation 1.7
Labor/Delivery/Recovery 4.5
L / D / R / Post Partum 0.7
Laboratory 3.0
Linen Storage, Clean 0.5
Lobby 1.1
Lockers 0.7
Mammography 3.0
Mechanical Equipment Room 0.7
Medical Records 3.0

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 TABLE SBD-N—AREA CATEGORY METHOD – BASELINE
LIGHTING POWER DENSITY VALUES (Watts/ft.²) (CONT)

PRIMARY FUNCTION BASELINE LIGHTING POWER

Hospital / Healthcare (cont)
Nuclear Medicine, Hot Lab 1.2
Nursery, Exam 3.0
Nursery, General 0.7
Nursing Stations 0.7
Operating Room 4.5
Pathology 3.0
Patient Room 0.5
Pharmacy / Medicine Room 3.0
Physical Therapy and Hydrotherapy 1.2
Recovery 3.0
Scrub Up Area, Surgical Corridor 4.5
Soiled Linen, Sorting 1.2
Special Procedure Room, Diagnostic 3.0
Special Procedure Room, Invasive 3.0
Stairways 0.6
Sterilizer Room 1.2
Sub-Sterile 0.7
Surgical Supply 1.2
Trash Chute Room 0.5
Trauma 3.0
Treatment / Examination 1.2
Unsterile Supply 0.5
Waiting Areas/Lounges 1.1
X-ray. Diagnostic and Treatment 3.0
Hotel function area 2.2
Kitchen, food preparation 1.7
Laundry 0.9
Library
Reading areas 1.2
Stacks 1.5
Lobbies:
Hotel lobby 1.7*
Main entry lobby 1.5*
Reception/waiting 1.1*
Locker/dressing room 0.8
Lounge/recreation 1.1
Malls, arcades and atria 1.2*
Medical and clinical care 1.4
Office 1.3
Precision commercial or industrial work 1.5
Religious worship 2.1*
Retail sales, wholesale showrooms 2.0
Theaters
Motion picture 0.9
Performance 1.4*
All other 0.6

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Background – Healthcare facilities contain many occupancy types which are not adequately
covered in the Title 24 Standards, but require special lighting allowances. The healthcare
lighting category designations have been derived from the designations of spaces provided by
OSHPD. Typically, a healthcare facility will need to be broken out by each unique zone, since
they will have special air balance requirements (see section 2.3). The actual LPD values have
been taken from the spreadsheet “SBDH HVAC & Lighting.xls” that includes the following data-

• IES Illuminance Category from IESNA RP-29-95 Table 1B

• IES 1987 Handbook recommended LPDs
• ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-1989 LPDs
• ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2001 LPDs from Table 9.3.1.2
• Title 24 2001 Area Category LPDs from Table 1-N
• Title 24 2001 Tailored LPDs from Table 1-S
• Surveyed Lighting from the projects listed in Section 1.1

Note that several categories listed in the spreadsheet that cover mechanical and electrical
rooms were consolidated into the category “Mechanical Equipment Room”. “Gift Shop” and
“Office” were not included, since they are covered by the categories “Retail / Wholesale Sales”
and “Office” in Title 24. Utilizing the above listed data, the LPD values chosen for inclusion
were taken from the Title 24 2001 Table 1-S, utilizing the IES Categories provided in the IESNA
RP-29-95 Table 1B. Effectively, this provides a baseline which utilizes the recommended
illumination levels provided by IES, using the maximum allowed power densities stipulated in
Title 24.

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3.3 Mechanical Equipment

Rule – Equipment Efficiency – Title 24 Standards section 112 rules and requirements relating to
minimum equipment efficiencies for space conditioning equipment shall apply.

Background – The mechanical equipment used in healthcare facilities is no different than the
equipment that is used in any other occupancy in California. This section of the standards
provides a good baseline for mechanical equipment efficiencies.

Rule – Equipment Requirements - Title 24 Standards section 144 rules and requirements
relating to equipment requirements such as economizers, variable speed drives, etc. shall be
applied. Similar references in the ACM manual shall be applied to the mechanical equipment.
This will result in the following rules being applied –

• Economizers - The standard (baseline) run includes integrated economizers on all air
systems with cooling capacity over 75,000 btuh. Systems designed to deliver 100% outside
air already will not be penalized, since the baseline will also include 100% outside air.
• Indoor Design Conditions – Indoor design temperatures for both the standard and proposed
designs are modeled identically. Thermostat settings for each occupancy type within the
hospital are modeled according to 1999 ASHRAE Handbook, HVAC Applications Chapter 7
Health Care Facilities, Section 7.4 Specific Design Criteria.
• Outdoor Design Conditions - Outdoor design conditions shall be selected from ASHRAE
publication SPCDX: Climatic Data for Region X, Arizona, California, Hawaii, and Nevada, 1982.
• Ventilation - Ventilation is modeled identically in both the standard and proposed designs. If
the actual ventilation schedule is provided by the customer, the actual data will be used for
the simulation. Otherwise, the calculation will be run using default ventilation data obtained
from the OSHPD / UMC required values.
• CAV vs VAV Baseline – If the standard design practice for the type of system being
modeled is a Constant Air Volume (CAV) system, then the baseline will be a CAV system. If
standard design practice is not indicated as such, then the conventional Title 24 System
rules will be applied to the baseline.
• For systems that use reheat, the baseline will be hot water reheat coils, fed by a boiler.

Background – The equipment requirements listed here are similar to those requirements that
were implemented in the later stages of the PBDH program. During the mid-90’s, a number of
the projects participating in the PBDH program utilized VAV systems. There is a significant first
cost associated with a VAV system in healthcare applications, since each zone must be
provided with both supply and return VAV boxes in order to maintain pressure relationships.
Using a CAV baseline in this situation credits the design with energy savings appropriate for this
application.

3.4 Domestic (Service) Hot Water

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Rule – DHW Energy Consumption – The rules applying to Domestic Hot Water shall be applied
as specified in Section 145 (a) of Title 24, and the ACM Manual. Effectively, this makes the
inclusion of DHW energy usage in the calculation of energy usage an optional feature. The
consultant may choose to include the energy usage in both the Standard and Proposed, or
exclude it completely.

Background – Healthcare facility DHW energy use is extremely variable at each site. Each
facility is likely to have different water needs, depending on the number of beds, as well as the
tasks performed on site. For example, DHW requirements climb tremendously if laundry
services are performed on site. In addition, some components of DHW energy use is
considered process (laundry, sterilization, etc), which is modeled as “energy neutral”, which
means the Standard and Proposed will include the usage. The only potential energy savings in
the DHW system come from pumping and boiler efficiency.

3.5 Process

Rule – Process Loads – Title 24 modeling rules for Process Loads shall be applied to
healthcare facilities. Process load is modeled as “energy neutral”, meaning it is modeled the
same in both the Standard and Proposed analyses. Process load is excluded from the Savings
By Design Healthcare incentive calculation in the same manner as conventional occupancies.

Background – Process energy in hospitals is extremely variable, making it impossible to

determine a baseline. However, by including the process energy in the SBD analysis, the
potential benefits that can be gained by installing a more efficient cooling system will be
amplified by the inclusion of this load. The net effect is that the savings from the cooling system
will be greater, given the larger load that must be removed. However, efficiency gains that
might be realized by installing, for example, a more efficient sterilization system would be nil.
Clearly this type of application is a process improvement, and there are other efficiency
programs designed specifically to address process improvements. SBD incentive analyses are
based on the building design and performance only.

Standards Section 144(b) 9 allows the inclusion of process loads as follows-

Process loads. Loads caused by a process shall be based upon actual information on the
intended use of the building.

Additionally, ACM manual Section 2.3.1.5 provides guidelines for how process load is to be
modeled as follows -

2.3.1.5 Process Loads

Description: Process load is the internal energy of a building resulting from an activity or
treatment not related to the space conditioning, lighting, service water heating, or
ventilating of a building as it relates to human occupancy. Process load may include sensible
and/or latent components.
ACMs shall model and simulate process loads only if the amount of the process
energy and the location and type of process equipment are specified in the
construction documents. These information must correspond to specific special
equipment shown on the building plans and detailed in the specifications. The
ACM Compliance Documentation shall inform the user that the ACM will output

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 process loads including the types of process equipment and locations on the
compliance forms.
ACMs shall use the Equipment Schedules from Tables 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, or 2-7 for the
operation of process equipment based on the occupancy type selected by the
user.

Modeling Rules for

Proposed Design: ACMs must receive input for Sensible and/or Latent Process Load for each
zone in the proposed design. The process load input must include the amount of the process
load (W/ft2), the type of process equipment, and the HVAC zone where the process equipment is
located. The modeled information must be consistent with the plans and specifications of the
building.

Default: No Process Loads

Modeling Rules for

Reference Design (All): The standard design shall use the same process loads for each zone
as the proposed design.

Rule – Process Ventilation – Special ventilation requirements in a healthcare facility are not
unusual. While Tables SBD-2-1 and SBD-2-2 quantify the typical ventilation in a healthcare
facility, spaces may occur that require higher ventilation rates. The higher ventilation rates will
be simulated in both the Standard and Proposed simulation runs, making this an energy neutral
feature.

Background –The ACM manual Section 2.4.2.28 provides language that permits us to deal
with special outside air requirements such as we might find in healthcare facilities.

2.4.2.28 Zone Ventilation Air

Description: The reference method models mechanical supply of outdoor ventilation air as part
of simulation of any fan system. The ventilation rate for a fan system is the sum of all ventilation
requirements for all zones served by the same fan system.

ACMs must allow the user to: 1) enter the ventilation rate for each zone; and, 2) identify the user
input ventilation rate as a tailored ventilation rate. When tailored ventilation rates are entered for
any zone, an ACM shall output on compliance forms that tailored ventilation rates have been
used for compliance and that a Tailored Ventilation worksheet, and the reasons for different
ventilation
rates, must be provided as part of the compliance documentation. Tailored ventilation inputs are
designed to allow special HVAC applications to comply, but to be used they must correspond to
specific needs and the particular design and the plans and specifications used to meet those
needs. The reference method determines the minimum building ventilation rate by summing the
ventilation rates for all zones determined from Table 2-1 or Table 2-2 as well as zones with
justified tailored ventilation rates, input by the user.

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Rule – Process Fan Power – Any additional energy consumed by the fans related to process
shall be excluded from the analysis. This shall include additional fan power related to special
filtration needs, and also shall include entire fan systems that are solely process.

Background –The ACM manual Section 2.4.2.23 provides language that addresses how we
deal with process fan power. In addition, fans that are only process, such as Lab Fume hoods,
kitchen hoods, etc. should not be modeled.

2.4.2.23 Process Fan Power

Description: Portion of the total fan power exclusively used for air treatment or filtering systems.
For each fan system used for air treatment or filtering, ACMs must adjust the fan power index
according to the following equation:

Adjusted Fan Power Index (FPI) = Total FPI H (1- SPa/SPf)

where:
SPa = Air pressure drop across air treatment or filtering system, and
SPf = Total pressure drop across the fan system

Fans whose fan power exclusively serve as process fans must not be modeled for simulation.

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 3.6 Occupancy

Rule – Occupancy Assumptions – Tables SBD-2-1 and SBD-2-2 list the default values that shall
be used in both the Standard and Proposed simulations. Should the user choose to use a
different value for any of these assumptions (except for the lighting baseline), based upon
professional judgment, the same value will be used in both the Standard and Proposed
simulations.

Background – These values will be used as defaults in the simulation to provide internal load
profiles describing each zone in the building. Values have been taken from several sources,
since no one source provided complete data for the variety of occupancies being encompassed.
Allowing the user to use different internal load assumptions is consistent with the current SBD
program, and can be important for spaces that differ dramatically from the assumptions listed
here.

Table SBD-2-1 Complete Building Occupancy Assumptions

(2) (2)
Occupant Sensible Latent Receptacle Service Lighting Minimum Operating
(1) (1) (1)
(1) Density (Btu/h / (Btu/h / Power Water Power O.A. Schedule
Occupancy Type (people /
1000 ft2)
person) person) (W/ft2) Heating
(1)
Density
(3) (CFM/ft2) (1)

(Btu/h- (W/ft2) (Table 7.1.C)

person)

Hospital / Healthcare 5 250 213 1.00 135 1.6 0.40 H

Notes for Tables SBD-2-1 and SBD-2-2

(1) From ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2001 ECB Supplement Tables 7.1A & 7.1B
(2) From California ACM Manual Tables 2-1 & 2-2.
(3) See Section 2.2
(4) From PG&E PBDH program
(5) From 1998 California Mechanical Code when listed, otherwise from California ACM Manual Table 2-
2.

Occupant density values have been taken from the ASHRAE 90.1 document since the corresponding
schedules from 90.1 typically assume occupancy rates as high as 90%. Title 24 schedules reduce this
number to about 50%, but assume twice the occupant density, resulting in the same overall occupancy
diversity.

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 Table SBD-2-2 Area Occupancy Assumptions
(2) (2)
Occupant Sensible Latent Receptacle Service Lighting Minimum Operating
(1) (1) (5)
(4) Density (Btu/h / (Btu/h / Power Water Power O.A. Schedule
Space Function (people /
1000 ft2
person) person) (W/ft2) Heating
(1)
Density
(3) (CFM/ft2) (1)

(Btu/h- (W/ft2) (Table 7.1.C)

person)

Anesthesia Storage 5 250 213 1.00 0 3.0 1.20 H

Angiographic-All Other Types 5 250 213 1.00 600 3.0 0.30 H
Angiographic-Heart Only 5 250 213 1.00 600 3.0 0.75 H
Autopsy 5 250 213 1.00 600 1.2 0.30 H
Bathroom/ Public 3.3 250 250 0.10 0 0.6 0.15 H
Bedpan Room 5 250 213 0.10 600 0.5 0.15 H
Cast Room 5 250 213 1.00 600 3.0 0.30 H
Clean Linen Storage 1 250 250 0.10 0 0.5 0.30 H
Clean Utility / Workroom 5 250 213 2.00 215 1.2 0.30 H
Conference Rooms 20 245 155 0.10 150 1.2 0.50 H
Corridors 10 250 250 0.10 0 0.6 0.30 H
Cystoscopy 5 250 213 1.00 600 3.0 0.75 H
Darkroom 5 250 213 1.00 600 0.3 0.30 H
Decontamination 5 250 213 1.00 600 1.2 0.30 H
Delivery Room 5 250 213 1.00 1000 4.5 0.75 H
Dietary Day Storage 2 250 250 0.10 0 0.5 0.30 H
Dining Room 10 275 275 0.10 300 1.1 1.50 B
Dishwashing 5 275 475 1.00 215 1.7 0.30 H
Endoscopy 5 250 213 1.00 600 3.0 0.30 H
Histology 5 150 213 1.00 600 4.5 0.30 H
Isolation 5 250 213 1.00 300 0.5 0.30 H
Janitors Closet / Utility 1 250 250 0.10 0 0.5 1.50 H
Kitchen, Food Preparation 5 275 475 1.00 400 1.7 0.30 B
Labor/ Delivery/Recovery 5 250 213 1.00 1000 4.5 0.30 H
L / D / R / Post Partum 5 250 213 1.00 1000 0.7 0.30 H
Laboratory 5 250 213 1.00 600 3.0 0.30 H
Linen Storage, Clean 2 250 250 0.10 0 0.5 0.30 H
Lobby 10 250 250 0.10 100 1.1 0.15 H
Lockers 10 250 250 0.25 0 0.7 0.15 H
Mammography 5 250 213 1.00 600 3.0 0.30 H
Mechanical Equipment Room 0.5 250 250 0.10 0 0.7 0.15 H
Medical Records 2 250 250 0.10 0 3.0 0.15 H
Nuclear Medicine, Hot Lab 5 250 213 1.00 600 1.2 0.30 H
Nursery, General 5 250 213 1.00 300 3.0 0.45 H
Nursery, Exam 5 250 213 1.00 300 0.7 0.45 H
Nursing Stations- General 5 250 213 0.25 150 1.2 0.15 H
Operating Room 5 250 213 1.00 1000 4.5 0.75 H
Pathology 5 250 213 1.00 600 3.0 0.30 H
Patient Room 5 245 155 1.00 300 0.5 0.30 H
Pharmacy / Medicine Room 5 250 213 1.00 150 3.0 0.30 H
Physical Therapy and Hydrotherapy 5 250 213 1.00 150 1.2 0.30 C
Recovery 5 250 213 1.00 300 3.0 0.30 H
Scrub Up Area, Surgical Corridor 5 250 213 1.00 1000 4.5 0.30 H
Soiled Linen, Sorting 5 250 213 1.00 600 1.2 1.50 H
Special Procedure Room, Diagnostic 5 250 213 1.00 600 3.0 0.30 H
Special Procedure Room, Invasive 5 250 213 1.00 600 3.0 0.75 H
Stairways 1 250 213 0.10 0 0.6 0.15 H
Sterilizer Room 5 250 213 1.00 600 1.2 1.50 H
Sub-Sterile 5 250 213 1.00 600 0.7 0.30 H
Surgical Supply 5 250 213 1.00 0 1.2 0.30 H

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 (2) (2)
Occupant Sensible Latent Receptacle Service Lighting Minimum Operating
(1) (1) (5)
(4) Density (Btu/h / (Btu/h / Power Water Power O.A. Schedule
Space Function (people /
1000 ft2
person) person) 2
(W/ft ) Heating
(1)
Density
(3) 2
(CFM/ft ) (1)

(Btu/h- (W/ft2) (Table 7.1.C)

person)

Trash Chute Room 0.5 250 250 0.10 0 0.5 1.50 H

Trauma 5 250 213 1.00 600 3.0 0.75 H
Treatment / Examination 5 250 213 1.00 300 1.2 0.30 C
Unsterile Supply 2 250 250 1.00 0 0.5 0.30 H
Waiting Areas/Lounges 10 250 250 0.10 0 1.1 0.15 H
X-ray, Diagnostic and Treatment 5 250 213 1.00 600 3.0 0.30 H

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Rule – Operating Schedules – Table SBD-7.1C lists the default occupancy profiles that shall be
used in both the Standard and Proposed simulations. Should the user choose to use a different
schedule for any of these functions based upon professional judgment, the same schedule will
be used in both the Standard and Proposed simulations.

Background – These operating schedules have been taken from ASHRAE 90.1-1999. They
are also similar to the schedules used in the Canadian MNECB code, and were based upon
those used in a previous version of Title 24. The schedules chosen for inclusion here are those
that relate to healthcare facilities. In particular, the operating schedule “H” is used mostly, since
this is a “24 hour” operation schedule. The Title 24 “24 hour” schedule was considered,
however this schedule is intended for hotel/motel and high-rise residential buildings. These
buildings have occupancy patterns which typically have the rooms mostly unoccupied during
most of the day; clearly a poor choice for a healthcare facility. Allowing the user to use different
occupancy schedules is consistent with the current SBD program.

Table SBD-7.1C OPERATING SCHEDULE 'B'

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 Table SBD-7.1C OPERATING SCHEDULE 'C'

Table SBD-7.1C OPERATING SCHEDULE 'H'

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