Earth and Life Science

Earth and Life Science

Quarter 1 – Module 4:
Rocks
Earth and Life Science
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 4: Rocks
First Edition, 2020

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Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the properties of minerals. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level
of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook
you are now using.

The module covers:

● Lesson 1 – Types of Rocks and their Properties

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the three types of rocks;
2. classify rocks as to igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks; and
3. appreciate the importance of rocks in our daily life.

1
 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Rocks vary in color, size, texture and shape. They are classified based
on how they were formed. Which of the following deals with the study of
rocks?
A. Biology B. Geology C. Paleontology D. Petrology

2. Halite is made when a body of seawater becomes closed off and evaporates
and salt precipitates out and is deposited as crystallized halite. What type of
sedimentary rock is formed?
A. Clastic B. Chemical C. Organic D. Pyroclastic

3. Igneous rock is divided into two groups, extrusive and intrusive Extrusive igneous
rocks form when magma makes its way to its surface as lava and the cools
forming rocks. Which will be the characteristics of the crystals?
A. Crystals are very large.
B. Crystals are phaneritic.
C. Crystals are fine grained.
D. Crystals are coarse grained.

4. Regional metamorphism occurs due to changes in pressure and temperature

over a large region of the crust. It may happen when rock is
buried deep below the surface or where pieces of the Earth’s crust collide.
Which is a metamorphic rock?
A. Breccia B. Conglomerate C. Marble D. Sandstone

5. Igneous and metamorphic rock can be buried and undergo tremendous

heating and stress. What is the process of transformation of one rock type
into another?
A. Compaction B. Lithification C. Metamorphism D. weathering

6. What type of rocks are formed from sediments over long period of time?
A. Igneous Rocks C. Metamorphic Rocks
B. Sedimentary Rocks D. Minerals

7. Which type of rock is formed when heated and compressed over time?
A. Igneous C. Sedimentary
B. Metamorphic D. All are correct

2
 8. What is the natural process that causes one kind of rock to change into another
kind?
A. weathering B. rock cycle C. Sediments D. Metamorphism

9. Which rock type is formed from hardened magma beneath the Earth’s surface?
A. Intrusive metamorphic rock
B. Extrusive sedimentary rock
C. Intrusive igneous rock
D. Extrusive igneous rock

10. Which of the following is an example of an igneous rock?

A. Coal B. Granite C. Limestone D.Sandstone

11. Which of the following represents the correct order of the processes
responsible for the formation of sedimentary rocks?
A. Compaction, cementation, deposition, weathering, erosion
B. Deposition, cementation, compaction, erosion, weathering
C. Erosion, weathering, compaction, cementation, deposition
D. Weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, cementation

12. A student obtained a cup of quartz sand from a beach. A saltwater solution is
poured into the sand and is allowed to evaporate. Afterwards, the mineral residue
from salt water solution cemented the sand grains together. Which of the following
is most likely formed?
A. extrusive igneous rock
B. intrusive igneous rock
C. metamorphic rock
D. sedimentary rock

13. Which of the following is true about rocks?

A. Coal is not considered a rock.
B. Rocks do not contain minerals.
C. Most rocks are a mixture of minerals.
D.Rocks are composed of only one mineral.

14. What is the type of rock formed from lava that cools quickly that results to
finer grain and smaller size of crystals?
A. Extrusive igneous rock
B Intrusive igneous rock
C. Metamorphic rock
D. Sedimentary rock

15. In which type of rock can fossils be found?

A. Extrusive igneous rock C. Metamorphic rock
B. Intrusive igneous rock D. Sedimentary rock

3
 Lesson

2 Rocks

Petrology is the scientific study of rocks. Rocks are combined aggregation of minerals.
Petrologist classified rocks based on how they were formed. In general, rocks are
classified as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock.

What’s In

This module contains activities that will enhance the teaching-learning process among
learners about the minerals. It deals with the characteristics of rocks and the properties
exhibited by the rock. As the learner answers the questions, they will able to classify
and understand the concepts about three types of rocks. They will understand the
process of their formation. Moreover, they will develop awareness on the importance of
rocks to our daily life.

Notes to the Teacher

This module aims to develop learner’s awareness on the
characteristics of rocks and the processes of their formation. This
further develop their skills in classifying the rocks.

4
 What’s New

Word Cryptogram

Directions: To come up with the correct answer for each number, unscramble the letters
by placing the correct letter sequence in the shaded box. Use number boxes to complete
the answer to the riddle below.

E M N I S T D A Y E R

E M A I H T P C M E R

G E N O S U C O R I K

V A C N O O L

C A S I L T C

1 5

1 2 3 4 5 6

Riddle: the layers of sediments that accumulated and carry the records of the Earth’s
history.

5
 What is It

Earth is a solid rock to a depth of 2,900 kilometers, where mantle meets the liquid outer
core. A rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals. The
aggregate minerals forming the rocks are held together by chemical bonds. Grains can
be different in color, texture, and sizes. Geologists then group rocks into three categories
based on how the rocks form: igneous sedimentary and metamorphic rock. Petrology
is the scientific study of rocks. Petrologists classify rocks based on how they were
formed.

Three types of Rocks

Igneous- formed from hardening and crystallization of magma or molten material that
originates deep within the earth.
Two types of igneous rock:
A. Extrusive/Volcanic rock - forms when magma makes its way to Earth’s surface
as lava and then cools. The crystals are very small (fine grained) since the cooling
process is fast.
B. Intrusive/Plutonic - It cools slowly beneath the Earth surface and are created by
magma. The intrusive igneous rocks have very large crystals (coarse grained).
Igneous rocks are classified based on
1. Composition
FELSIC - light in color; feldspar and silicates
MAFIC - dark in color; made up of magnesium and iron
INTERMEDIATE – between mafic and felsic
ULTRAMAFIC - very dark color
2. Texture- overall appearance of rock
Aphanistic - fine grained
Phaneritic- coarse grained
Porphyritic- large crystals with small crystals
Glassy- non-ordered solid from rapid quenching
Pyroclastic- composite of ejected fragments
Examples:
Obsidian, pumice, basalt, granite, diorite, gabbro

6
Sedimentary rocks provide information about surface conditions that existed in the
Earth’s past.
● Particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of materials called sediments,
accumulate in layers and over long period of time harden into rocks.
● Compaction-due to increase of pressure of layered sediments it bind together to form
the sedimentary rocks.

Three types of sedimentary rocks

a. Cl
astic Sedimentary rock - formed from accumulation of clasts: little pieces of broken
rocks and shells. Examples: conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, shale
b. C
hemical - formed when dissolved minerals precipitate from a solution.

Example: Halite - formed when a body of seawater becomes closed off and
evaporates.
c. Organic - rocks formed from the accumulation of animal debris
Example: Coal - composed of organic matter in the form of plants fragments.

7
Metamorphic - forms from pre-existing rocks: either metamorphic, igneous,
sedimentary

Examples: Quartzite, marble, slate, phyllite

Metamorphism - transformation of one rock type into another.

2 types of metamorphism
1. R
egional-due to changes in pressure and temperature over large region of the crust
2. C
ontact-mainly by heat due to contact with magma

Classification:
a. T
exture - refers to the size arrangement ad grains within the rock.
b. F
oliation - any planar arrangement of mineral grains or structural features within the
rock.

8
 *foliated - appeared banded or layered, contains crystals Example: mica
Non-
foliated -
made up
of only
few
minerals

Identify and classify the types of rocks below as to igneous, sedimentary,

and metamorphic rock.

1. ___________________
2. ___________________

3. ___________________ 4. ___________________

9
 5. ___________________

Collect at least five rock samples in your place and take a photo of the samples.
Describe the characteristics of each rock depending on their appearance, texture,
color, and layers (or bands). Then classify them as to igneous, sedimentary, or
metamorphic rock.

Type of Rock: _________________________________________

Description: ___________________________________________

Importance: ___________________________________________

Type of Rock: __________________________________________

Description: ___________________________________________

Importance: ___________________________________________

Type of Rock: __________________________________________

Description: ___________________________________________

Importance: ___________________________________________

Type of Rock: __________________________________________

Description: ___________________________________________

Importance: ___________________________________________

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 Type of Rock: __________________________________________

Description: ___________________________________________

Importance: ___________________________________________

What’s More

Understanding Science Words

Crossword Puzzle
Answer the questions below that refer to the terms about the characteristics and
different types of rocks.
10O

9P
1C 7 C
A
2C

E
8C

M
I
4

5P

ACROSS
1.rocks formed from accumulation of clasts little pieces
2. formation of igneous rocks due to hardening of magma
3. transformation of one rock type into another

11
 4. combined aggregation of minerals
5. composed of ejected fragments
6. a.k.a. volcanic rock
7. fine grained rock
DOWNWARD
8. sediments bind together due to increase in pressure
9. coarse grained
10. sedimentary rocks formed from plants and animals.

What I Have Learned

Fill in the table below by providing basic information about the types of rocks. You may
refer to the words in the box below.

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

Types

Examples

Process of
formation

WORD LISTS
Lithification pumice clastic
Metamorphism sandstone intrusive
Cooling andesite extrusive
Cementation slate non- clastic
Deposition marble contact
metamorphism
Compaction obsidian regional
metamorphism
Fill in the Venn Diagram to determine the similarities and differences of the three types
of rocks.Basalt limestone

12
 What I Can Do

Reflect upon:
Rocks are all around us. It is used for building materials, cars, roads, and
appliances. As a senior high school student, how can you promote the
sustainable development in utilizing these resources? Give some suggestions.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________.________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________.________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________.________________________________________________________
Using the Internet, research three rocks of different types (igneous, sedimentary,
_____________________________________________________________________________
and metamorphic) and state their respective economic and medical significance
in our present society.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________.________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________.________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Rocks vary in color, size, texture and shape. They are classified based
on how they were formed. Which of the following deals with the study of
rocks?
A. Biology B. Geology C. Paleontology D. Petrology

2. Halite is made when a body of seawater becomes closed off and evaporates
and salt precipitates out and is deposited as crystallized halite. What type of
sedimentary rock is formed?
A. Clastic B. Chemical C. Organic D. Pyroclastic

4. Igneous rock is divided into two groups, extrusive and intrusive Extrusive igneous
rocks form when magma makes its way to its surface as lava and the cools
forming rocks. Which will be the characteristics of the crystals?
C. Crystals are very large.
D. Crystals are phaneritic.
C. Crystals are fine grained.
D. Crystals are coarse grained.

4. Regional metamorphism occurs due to changes in pressure and temperature

over a large region of the crust. It may happen when rock is
buried deep below the surface or where pieces of the Earth’s crust collide.
Which is a metamorphic rock?
A. Breccia B. Conglomerate C. Marble D. Sandstone

5. Igneous and metamorphic rock can be buried and undergo tremendous

heating and stress. What is the process of transformation of one rock type
into another?
A. Compaction B. Lithification C. Metamorphism D. weathering

14
 6. What type of rocks are formed from sediments over long period of time?
A. Igneous Rocks C. Metamorphic Rocks
B. Sedimentary Rocks D. Minerals

10. Which type of rock is formed when heated and compressed over time?
A. Igneous C. Sedimentary
B. Metamorphic D. All are correct

11. What is the natural process that causes one kind of rock to change into another
kind?
A. weathering B. rock cycle C. Sediments D. Metamorphism

12. Which rock type is formed from hardened magma beneath the Earth’s surface?
A. Intrusive metamorphic rock
B. Extrusive sedimentary rock
C. Intrusive igneous rock
D. Extrusive igneous rock

10. Which of the following is an example of an igneous rock?

A. Coal B. Granite C. Limestone D.Sandstone

11. Which of the following represents the correct order of the processes
responsible for the formation of sedimentary rocks?
A. Compaction, cementation, deposition, weathering, erosion
B. Deposition, cementation, compaction, erosion, weathering
C. Erosion, weathering, compaction, cementation, deposition
D. Weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, cementation

12. A student obtained a cup of quartz sand from a beach. A saltwater solution is
poured into the sand and is allowed to evaporate. Afterwards, the mineral residue
from salt water solution cemented the sand grains together. Which of the following
is most likely formed?
A. extrusive igneous rock
B. intrusive igneous rock
C. metamorphic rock
D. sedimentary rock

13. Which of the following is true about rocks?

A. Coal is not considered a rock.
B. Rocks do not contain minerals.
C. Most rocks are a mixture of minerals.
D.Rocks are composed of only one mineral.

14. What is the type of rock formed from lava that cools quickly that results to
finer grain and smaller size of crystals?
A. Extrusive igneous rock

15
 B Intrusive igneous rock
C. Metamorphic rock
D. Sedimentary rock

15. In which type of rock can fossils be found?

A. Extrusive igneous rock C. Metamorphic rock
B. Intrusive igneous rock D. Sedimentary rock

Additional Activities

A. Complete the concept map using the words below.

Rocks can be classified on how they were formed

________________ ________________ ________________

Forms from cooling Formed from Rocks change due to
and solidification of compaction and temperature and
magma cementation pressure change

________________ ________________ ________________

Magma cools slowly Compacted sediments Heat
classified by size

________________ ________________ ________________

Lava cools quickly Evaporates, Pressure
precipitate, biological
matter

Metamorphic Clastic Contact metamorphism

Sedimentary Extrusive Regional Metamorphism
16
Non- Clastic Igneous Intrusive
 Additional Activities

B. Fill in the missing word/term to complete the rock cycle. You may refer to the
box below.

ROCK CYCLE

3.

Weathering,
erosion,
transport and 4.
deposition

2. 5.

17
1. Burial and
extreme heat

MAGMA

Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary Heat and/or pressure

Minerals Answer Key
Metamorphism Thermal Expansion Intrusion/eruption

C
A
B
D
D
D
C
B
C
B
C
C
B What’s New
B
D
Pre Test
Word Cryptogram 1,2
What's New

18
 1
O
R
G
A
2
N P
L 7A S T I C H
2
P C R Y S T A L L I Z A T I O N
H N
6
A E X T R U S I V E
8
N R C
E I O
3
T M E T A M O R P H I S M
I I P
4
C R O C K A
C
T
5
P Y R O C L A S T I C
O
N

What I have Learned?

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

Types Intrusive Clastic Contact

extrusive Non- Clastic Regional
Metamorphism

Examples Obsidian, Breccia, Limestone

granite conglomerate sandstone
Basalt
pumice

Process Crystallization Compaction metamorphism

involved cooling Lithification
cementation

19
 20
References
Additional Activities Assessment /Post Test
A. D
B
B. B
C
Intrusion/eruption C
B
Igneous C
B
Sedimentary
C
Heat and/or Pressure D
D
Metamorphic C
B
A
C
What I can do?
Chalk/Sedimentary
Sandstone,
Sedimentary
3.Schist, Metamorphic
4.Limestone,
Sedimentary
5. Gabro, Sedimentary
Olivar II, J.S., Rodolfo, R.S. and Cabria, H.B. (2016) Exploring Life Through Science
Series: Earth Sence. Phoenix Publishing House

Religioso, T. F. and Vengco, L. G.(2016) You and the Natural World: Earth and Life
Science. Phoenix Publishing House

Thompson G.R. and Turk J. (2012).Introduction to Earth Science. Cengage

Learning Asia PTE Ltd.(Philippine Branch)

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