Munagapati 2019
Munagapati 2019
Munagapati 2019
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Orange peel powder was chemically modified to enhance quaternary amine type content on the surface of adsor-
Received 5 February 2019 bent which was named as quaternary amine modified orange peel powder (QAMOPP). The effecting parameters
Received in revised form 15 April 2019 on adsorption of Reactive Red (RR) 120 such as pH (2.0–9.0), contact time (0–300 min), adsorbent dosage
Accepted 15 April 2019
(0.01–0.07 g/30 mL), initial RR120 concentration (100–1000 mg/L) and temperature (298–338 K) were studied.
Available online 18 April 2019
The QAMOPP was extensively characterized for its surface chemical bonding, morphological structure, and spe-
Keywords:
cific surface area, total pore volume and average pore diameter by employing FTIR, SEM and BET analysis. The ex-
Adsorption perimental adsorption kinetic data followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model equation with a regression
Reactive Red 120 coefficient of N0.9941 for all studied temperatures. The activation energy (Ea) is calculated to be 12.1 kJ/mol by
Isotherms using the Arrhenius equation. Adsorption isotherms of RR120 on QAMOPP were correlated with two- and
Kinetics three-parameter non-linearized isotherm equations viz. Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R),
Thermodynamics Temkin, Sips, Toth, Khan and Redlich-Peterson (R-P). It was observed that the Langmuir (R2 = 0.9996) and
Temperature Khan (R2 = 0.9991) were the best fit isotherm models to predict RR120 adsorption onto QAMOPP. pH study re-
vealed that the adsorption capacity decreased with an increase in pH of the solution. Optimum adsorption of
RR120 onto QAMOPP was observed at pH 2.0 (344.8 mg/g). The adsorption performance of QAMOPP increased
with contact time until 110 min, when it became nearly constant. The negative values (−1.9114 to
−5.9208 kJ/mol) of ΔGo, the positive values (0.102 kJ/mol K and 28.4 kJ/mol) of ΔSo and ΔHo parameters indicate
that the adsorption of RR120 onto QAMOPP was spontaneous, feasible and endothermic, respectively. Desorption
experimental studies showed optimum RR120 recovery (92%) when 0.1 M NaOH was used as an eluent.
Hence to remove RR120 from aqueous media QAMOPP can be considered as a powerful alternative adsorbent
material.
© 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.04.081
0167-7322/© 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
376 V.S. Munagapati et al. / Journal of Molecular Liquids 285 (2019) 375–385
Current treatment technologies like membrane filtration [5], (100–1000 mg/L) and temperature (298–338 K) have been investi-
electrochemical destruction [6], photochemical degradation [7], gated and optimized. In addition to this, the adsorption equilibrium
ion exchange [8], oxidation [9], coagulation [10,11] and adsorption data were evaluated using the two- and three-parameter non-
[12] have been employed in treating effluents containing dyes. linearized isotherm models. Kinetics and thermodynamics of the ad-
Among all these techniques, adsorption is generally the most feasi- sorption at different temperatures (298–338 K) were also studied.
ble and adaptable technique due to its relatively low initial cost, Desorption experiment studies were conducted to identify the re-
lower waste production, simple operation design, reusability, covery of RR120 and the QAMOPP for reuse.
easy operation, a broad range of adsorbents availability and excel-
lent quality of the treated substances, particularly in well-designed 2. Materials and methods
adsorption processes. Materials locally available in large quantities
such as industrial byproducts or agricultural wastes, natural mate- 2.1. Chemicals and equipment
rials can be utilized as low-cost adsorbent materials. Various low-
cost adsorbents such as tea waste [13], cucumber peel [14], wood In the present study, all reagents used were of analytical reagent (AR)
apple shell [15], rice bran [16], walnut and poplar woods [17], ba- grade and were used as without further purification. The pH of the solu-
nana peel powder [18], dried prickly peal cactus (Opuntia ficus tions was determined by using digital pH meter (Elico, LI-129).
indica) cladodes [19], breadnut peel [20], barberry stem [21], bottle Standard buffer (4.0, 7.0 and 10.0) solutions are used to calibrate
ground peel [22], jackfruit peel [23], mosambi (Citrus limetta) peel the pH meter. The RR120 concentrations were analyzed by UV–
[24] sugarcane bagasse [25] and cashew nut shell [26,27] were visible spectrophotometer (JASCO, V-750, Japan) at a maximum
successfully used in treatment of dyes as well as metal ions from wavelength of 515 nm.
aqueous media.
Orange peels, which are abundant, cheap and widely available 2.2. Adsorbate
biomaterials that are discarded in fresh fruit stalls/juice shops,
could be used as an appropriated economic adsorbent for the re- Reactive Red (RR) 120 [Dye content ≥50%; Molecular weight:
moval of many different pollutants like dyes and heavy metal 1469.98; Linear formula: C 44 H 24 Cl 2 N 14 O 20 S 6 Na 6 ; λ max : 515 nm]
ions from aqueous solutions [28]. It in general consists of cellu- was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (India). The molecular struc-
lose, lignin, pectin (galacturonic acid), hemicelluloses and chloro- ture of RR120 is presented in Fig. 1. To prepare RR120 stock solu-
phyll pigments. These components have different functional tion (1000 mg/L) a desired amount of RR120 was dissolved in
groups for example amide, carboxyl and hydroxyl which can double deionized water (Milli-Q Millipore 18.2 Ω cm −1-
play an important role in the removal of dyes from wastewaters conductivity). A stock solution was further diluted to obtain the
[29]. Recently, research has been focused on improving the ad- desired concentrations (100 to 1000 mg/L) were used in all the ad-
sorption capacity of adsorbents through chemical modifications sorption experiments.
[30–38]. These modifications used to adsorbents may introduce
functional groups (amine, amide, carboxylate, hydroxyl, phos- 2.3. Preparation of QAMOPP
phate, etc.) in the structure of the adsorbents or increase their po-
rosity, with an increase in their adsorption capacity. Many Waste orange peel (OP) materials were collected from a Pullampeta
researchers developed chemical modified orange peel that has (Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India) town fruit and juice shops. The
been fruitfully applied for the elimination of dyes and metal ions OP was washed with a tap as well as deionized water several times to
from aqueous solution, some of which are sodium hydroxide- remove dirt and other contaminants and air dried for 24 h. The dried
treated orange peel [39], CTAB modified orange peel [39], acti- OP was cut into small pieces and dried at 70 °C inside an oven for
vated carbon prepared by orange peel [40], HCl treated orange 24 h. The oven dried OP was grinding well to a fine powder. This ob-
peel [41], activated carbon from orange peel [42], sulfuric acid- tained powder named as OPP.
treated orange peel [43], aminated pumpkin seed powder [44], Quaternary amine modified orange peel powder (QAMOPP) was
calcined magnetic orange peel [45], chemically modified orange prepared according to the method proposed by Gurung et al. [48]. In
peel [46] and grafted copolymerization-modified orange peel a typical run, the mixtures of 10.0 g dry OPP, 10.0 g formaldehyde
[47]. In this study, we have chosen QAMOPP as an adsorbent ma- (HCHO) and 40 mL of Conc. HCl was stirred for 24 h at 90 °C in a
terial for the removal of RR120 from aqueous media. three-neck round bottom flask. The product of chloromethylation
This study aims to determine the adsorption behavior of RR120 was diluted with double deionized water and the solid was filtered
using QAMOPP. The different controlling experimental conditions and washed with double deionized water a number of times to
such as an effect of pH (2.0–9.0), contact time (0–300 min), adsor- ensure the filtrate became neutral. The obtained chloromethylated
bent dosage (0.01–0.07 g/30 mL), initial RR120 concentration product was dried in an oven at 50 °C for overnight. Then, 9.0 g
of the product was mixed with 40 mL of 50% dimethylamine
((CH3)2NH) solution and 20 mL of 37% HCHO solution and heated
at 90 °C with continuous string for 12 h to get dimethylamine mod-
ified OPP. The product was filtered and washed with 0.1 M HCl
solution followed by several washings with water and dried for
24 h at 50 °C. The obtained dimethylamine ((CH 3) 2 NH) modified
OPP was further mixed together with 0.6 mL methyl iodide (CH3I),
0.2 g sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and 0.6 g sodium iodide (NaI) in
10 mL methanol (CH3OH) to remove any unreacted methyl iodide
and successively washed with double deionized water until a neu-
tral pH was reached. The obtained residue was further washed
with 0.1 M NaCl to get the chloride salt of quaternary amine modi-
fied OPP which as dried at 50 °C inside an oven for 24 h. Finally,
the oven dried product was ground and sieved into smaller particles
by a 50 mesh size. The modified OPP is called as QAMOPP. The reac-
Fig. 1. Molecular structure of RR120. tion occurs as follows:
V.S. Munagapati et al. / Journal of Molecular Liquids 285 (2019) 375–385 377
100
high porosity and surface areas those are favorable for molecular diffu-
95 (b) sion and the adsorption of contaminants. The EDAX spectrum of the
90 QAMOPP shown in Fig. 3(c) clearly indicates that the composite chiefly
contains C (56.25 wt% 62.77 at.%), N (15.43 wt% 14.77 at.%), O (25.16 wt
85
% 21.08 at.%), Mg (0.64 wt% 0.35 at.%), P (1.49 wt% 0.64 at.%), S (0.39 wt%
Transmittance (%)
45
3.2. Effect of pH
40
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
One of the vital factors that affect adsorption process is solution pH
-1
Wavenumber (cm ) due to its control on surface charge and solubility of adsorbent. The ef-
fect of pH on the adsorption capacity of RR120 onto QAMOPP was stud-
Fig. 2. FTIR spectra of QAMOPP: (a) before adsorption and (b) after adsorption. ied in various pH conditions ranging from 2.0 to 9.0 at 298 K, constant
initial RR120 concentration of 300 mg/L, adsorbent dosage of 0.05 g
and contact time of 110 min. As can be seen from Fig. 4, the adsorption
A number of bands showed shift like 3457, 2928, 1476, 836 and
of RR120 onto QAMOPP is intimately dependent on the pH of the solu-
689 cm−1 (Fig. 2(b)) indicates the bonds formation between QAMOPP
tion. The adsorption capacity of RR120 decreased from 143.9 to
and RR120 dye molecules. Therefore, it can be concluded that hydroxyl
3.87 mg/g with increasing pH solution from 2.0 to 9.0, and a maximum
and amine functional groups may play a considerable role in the adsorp-
adsorption capacity was reached at an equilibrium pH of around 2.0 and
tion of RR120 on the QAMOPP surface.
this pH was chosen for the further sorption experiments. RR120 has six
The morphological pattern of QAMOPP before and after RR120 ad-
sulphonate (R-SO3−) groups, which are easily dissociated in aqueous
sorption is studied using SEM. The SEM/EDAX images of the samples
solution, leaving the dye molecule with a net negative charge.
are shown in Fig. 3. Before the adsorption a smooth surface morphology
as observed (Fig. 3(a)), while after the adsorption of RR120 on the
QAMOPP, a layered structure on the surface of adsorbent and rough
morphology was observed (Fig. 3(b)). In general rough surfaces provide RR120−SO3 Na→RR120−SO−
3 þ Na
þ
Fig. 3. SEM images of (a) QAMOPP (b) RR120 loaded QAMOPP and (c) EDAX spectrum of QAMOPP.
V.S. Munagapati et al. / Journal of Molecular Liquids 285 (2019) 375–385 379
160
3.3. Effect of adsorbent dosage
140
Adsorbent dosage also plays an important role in the adsorption of
RR120 from aqueous solution. Experiments were carried out at different
120
adsorbent dosages (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06 and 0.07 g/30 mL)
Adsorption capacity [mg/g]
and fixed initial RR120 concentration (300 mg/L). The results of the dos-
100
age of QAMOPP for the adsorption of RR120 are shown in Fig. 5. This fig-
ure shows that the removal efficiency of RR120 increased (32.4 to 91%)
80
when the adsorbent dose was increased (0.01 to 0.07 g/30 mL). This
condition may be due to higher surface area and the quantity of adsorp-
60
tion exchangeable active sites that are available for adsorption. If the ad-
40
sorption capacity was articulated as the quantity of dye adsorbed per
unit mass of the adsorbent (mg/g), the adsorption capacity of
20
QAMOPP for RR120 decreased (290.7 to 118.7 mg/g) with increasing
adsorbent dosage (0.01 to 0.07 g/30 mL) (Fig. 5). This may be due to re-
0 duce in total available surface area of adsorbent as of overlapping or ag-
gregation of adsorption sites resulting in an increase in diffusion path
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 length for the RR120. In this study, the maximum removal efficiency
pH 91% was found at 0.05 g/30 mL. This adsorbent dosage was considered
for all the adsorption studies.
Fig. 4. Effect of pH on RR120 adsorption onto QAMOPP.
100
300
90 280
260
Adsorption capacity [mg/g]
80
% Removal efficiency
240
70 220
200
60
180
50
160
140
40
% Removal efficiency
120
Adsorption capacity [mg/g]
30
100
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
180 180
160
160
140
140
120
120
q [mg/g]
100
100 Experimental
q [mg/g]
80 Experimental
Experimental
80
60 Pseudo-first-order (298 K)
Pseudo-second-order (298 K)
60 40 Pseudo-first-order (308 K)
Pseudo-second-order (308 K)
Pseudo-first-order (318 K)
40 20
Pseudo-second-order (318 K)
298 K
0
20 308 K
0 100 200 300
318 K
0 Time [min]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Fig. 7. Kinetic parameters on RR120 adsorption onto QAMOPP at different temperatures.
Time [min]
Fig. 6. Effect of contact time on RR120 adsorption onto QAMOPP at different temperatures.
model at all temperatures. The non-linear adsorption kinetic curves
for RR120 are shown in Fig. 7.
qt ¼ qe1 ð1− expð−k1 t ÞÞ ð4Þ Ea can be obtained by plotting ln k2 against the reciprocal of the ab-
solute temperature (Fig. 8). Whether the adsorption process is physical
Pseudo-second-order [53]: or chemical can be known by the magnitude of Ea. The value of Ea ob-
tained for the adsorption of RR120 onto QAMOPP is 12.1 kJ/mol. In gen-
q2e2 k2 t eral, 5 to 40 kJ/mol, is the range of activation energy for physical
qt ¼ ð5Þ adsorption. From the results, the adsorption of RR120 onto QAMOPP is
1 þ qe2 k2 t
a physical adsorption process.
The kinetic parameters (qe1, qe2, k1, k2, and R2) obtained by non-
linear regression method are presented in Table 1. As seen from this 3.7. Adsorption isotherms
table, the low R2 values (in the range of 0.9484–0.9740) and there is
not a quite good agreement between the values of experimental qe,exp The information regarding the distribution of adsorbate molecules at
and calculated qe1,cal showed that the pseudo-first-order model is un- the solid/liquid interface was obtained from numerous adsorption iso-
suitable for modeling the adsorption of RR120 onto QAMOPP for the therm models. In this work, various two- and three-parameter non-
studied temperature range. On the other hand, the high R2 values (in linearized isotherm models such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-
the range 0.9967–0.9982) and excellent conformity between the qe,exp Radushkevich (D-R), Temkin, Sips, Toth, Khan and Redlich-Peterson
and qe2,cal values exposed that the adsorption mechanism of RR120 (R-P) models were employed for testing the experimental equilibrium
onto QAMOPP could be well modeled with the pseudo-second-order adsorption data.
Table 1
Kinetic parameters obtained from pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order at different temperatures.
-6.30
Table 2
Isotherm parameters for RR120 adsorption onto QAMOPP.
-6.35
Isotherm Parameters Values
-6.50 n 3.832
R2 0.9287
χ2 32.4
-6.55 Temkin b (J/mol) 0.039
α (L/mg) 0.5472
R2 0.9676
-6.60
χ2 19.5
Dubinin-Radushkevich qm (mg/g) 287.9
-6.65 K (mol2/J2) 0.0204
E (kJ/mol) 4.95
R2 0.8463
0.00315 0.00320 0.00325 0.00330 0.00335 χ2 53.6
1/T
Three-parameter isotherm models
Sips KS (L/g) 12.11
Fig. 8. Plot of ln k2 versus 1/T for the estimation of activation energy for RR120 adsorption aS (L/mg) 0.0352
onto QAMOPP. βS 0.9999
R2 0.9925
χ2 7.3
Toth qmax (mg/g) 342.9
bT (L/mg) 0.0347
3.7.1. Two-parameter isotherms nT 0.9849
R2 0.9896
3.7.1.1. Langmuir isotherm. Langmuir isotherm [54] model predicts the χ2 11.2
monolayer coverage at the outer surface of adsorbent by assuming Khan qmax (mg/g) 344.2
bK (L/mg) 0.033
monolayer adsorption occurs at structurally and energetically homoge-
aK 0.986
neous active sites. The non-linearized form of Langmuir isotherm is R2 0.9991
expressed by the following Eq. (7): χ2 6.5
Redlich-Peterson KRP (L/g) 11.723
qm K L C e aRP (L/mg) 0.0531
qe ¼ ð7Þ βRP 0.995
1 þ K LCe
R2 0.9825
χ2 13.2
The maximum RR120 uptake by QAMOPP was 344.8 mg/g.
The Eq. (8) describes the dimensionless constant separation fac-
tor or equilibrium parameter (RL) that indicates the adsorption
capacity. adsorption process. The non-linearized form of D-R isotherm is repre-
sented by the following Eqs. (10) and (11):
1
RL ¼ ð8Þ
ð1 þ K L C o Þ qe ¼ qm exp −Kε2 ð10Þ
in the layer and the binding energy distribution is uniform across the
from both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The non-
surface. The non-linearized form of Temkin isotherm has been used in
linearized form of R-P isotherm can be expressed as the following
the following Eqs. (13) and (14):
Eq. (18):
qe ¼ β ln α þ β lnC e ð13Þ
K RP C f
q¼ β
ð18Þ
where 1 þ aRP C f RP
RT
β¼ ð14Þ
b When the value of βRP = 0, the R-P model reduces to the Henry's law
equation which is a linear isotherm, and to the Langmuir isotherms for
The value of b indicates whether it is physical (b8 kJ/mol) or chem- βRP = 1. For high adsorbate concentration, the R-P model reduces to the
ical (between 8 and 16 kJ/mol) adsorption process. The value of b Freundlich isotherm. The βRP value was close to 1 (Table 2), which indi-
(0.039 kJ/mol) in the present study was lower than 8 kJ/mol, indicated cates that the adsorption of RR120 onto QAMOPP equilibrium data can
that the adsorption of RR120 onto QAMOPP is physical adsorption be approximated to fit the Langmuir isotherm.
process. The comparison results of the values of the Langmuir, Freundlich,
Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R), Temkin, Sips, Toth, Khan and Redlich-
3.7.2. Three-parameter isotherms Peterson (R-P) model rate constants with correlation coefficients (R2)
and Chi-square (χ2) are given in Table 2. As can be seen from Table 2,
3.7.2.1. Sips isotherm. Sips isotherm [58] is generally known as the com- the correlation coefficient (R2) and Chi-square (χ2) values of all the iso-
bination of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models that de- therm models, it can be concluded that the Langmuir (two-parameter)
scribes heterogeneous surface much better. Depending on the and Khan (three-parameter) isotherm models are the best fitted models
adsorbate concentrations low and high, the Sips isotherm approaches for the experimental data of RR120 adsorption on the QAMOPP because
the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms respectively. The non- those displayed the higher R2 and lower Chi-square (χ2) values.
linearized form of Sips isotherm can be expressed as the following
Eq. (15): 3.8. Comparison of the adsorption capacity with other adsorbents
175
170
80
165
Adsorption capacity [mg/g]
155
40
150
145
20
140
135 0
290 300 310 320 330 340 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Temperature (K) NaOH Concentration [M]
Fig. 9. Effect of temperature on RR120 adsorption onto QAMOPP. Fig. 11. Effect of NaOH concentration on desorption of RR120 from the QAMOPP.
The values of ΔHo and ΔSo were determined from the slope and in- 3.10. Desorption studies
tercept of the linear plot of ln Kc versus 1/T (Fig. 10) using the Van't
Hoff equation (Eq. (22)). The negative values of ΔGo (−1.9114, Desorption experiments reveal the recovery of RR120 from
−2.7935, −3.8229, −4.9472 and −5.9208 kJ/mol) at all temperatures QAMOPP. NaOH solution was selected as a desorbing agent to desorb
(298, 308, 318, 328 and 338 K, respectively) indicated that the feasibility RR120 from the RR120-loaded QAMOPP. Various concentrations of
and spontaneity of the RR120 adsorption process onto QAMOPP. More- NaOH (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 M) were used as desorbing media for
over, the ΔGo was inversely proportional to temperature and more fa- the regeneration of RR120-loaded QAMOPP and the results are offered
vorable at higher temperatures and the reaction rate increases. The in Fig. 11. The Efficiency of desorption was decreased, with increasing
positive value of ΔHo (28.4 kJ/mol) reveals that the RR120 adsorption NaOH concentration (Fig. 11). The maximum desorption (92%) of
onto the QAMOPP was endothermic, which means a portion of total en- RR120 from QAMOPP was achieved with 0.1 M NaOH, indicating that
ergy is released when RR120 anions adsorbed on the active sites of a lower concentration of NaOH was more efficient in releasing RR120.
From the desorption studies, it is concluded that QAMOPP has shown
better restorative potential and effectual for the elimination of RR120
from aqueous solution.
2.2
3.11. Adsorption mechanism
2.0
1.4
ionic nature decreases, correspondingly the adsorption capacity also fol-
lows the same trend (high at low pH and low at high pH). Because of the
1.2
easily protonated nature of the hydroxyl groups (-OH) present on the
1.0
surface of QAMOPP, they behave as positive groups (-OH+ 2 ) in acidic
medium (pH = 2.0) where high adsorption capacity was observed in
0.8 the present study. This is the common trend observed when electro-
static interactions play a significant role in the adsorption mechanism.
0.6
0.0029 0.0030 0.0031 0.0032 0.0033 0.0034 4. Conclusions
1/T
The QAMOPP used in the present study is an alternative adsorbent for
Fig. 10. Thermodynamic parameters on RR120 adsorption onto QAMOPP. RR120 removal from aqueous solution. The results showed that pH
384 V.S. Munagapati et al. / Journal of Molecular Liquids 285 (2019) 375–385
(2.0–9.0), contact time (0–300 min), adsorbent dosage [19] N. Barka, K. Ouzaouit, M. Abdennouri, M. El Makhfouk, Dried prickly peal cactus
(opuntia ficus indica) cladodes as a low-cost and eco-friendly biosorbent for dyes re-
(0.01–0.07 g/30 mL), initial RR120 concentration (100–1000 mg/L) and moval from aqueous solutions, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 44 (2013) 52–60.
temperature (298–338 K) highly affected the overall dye adsorption ca- [20] L.B.L. Lim, N. Priyantha, D.T.B. Tennakoon, H.I. Chieng, M.K. Dahri, M. Suklueng,
pacity of the adsorbent. The experimental kinetic data revealed that the Breadnut peel as a highly effective low-cost biosorbent for methylene blue: equilib-
rium, thermodynamic and kinetic studies, Arab. J. Chem. 10 (2017) S3216–S3228.
adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order model. Adsorption [21] M. Kamranifar, M. Khodadadi, V. Samiei, B. Dehdashti, M.N. Sepehr, L. Rafati, N.
equilibrium data excellent fits within the following non-linearized iso- Nasseh, Comparison the removal of reactive red 195 dye using powder and ash of
therm equations order: Langmuir N Khan N Sips N Toth N Redlich- barberry stem as a low cost adsorbent from aqueous solutions: isotherm and kinetic
study, J. Mol. Liq. 255 (2018) 572–577.
Peterson (R-P) N Temkin N Freundlich N Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R), [22] S. Palamthodi, S.S. Lele, Optimization and evaluation of reactive dye adsorption on
based on its high R2 and low χ2 values. Optimum adsorption of RR120 bottle ground peel, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. (4) (2016) 4299–4309.
onto QAMOPP was observed at pH 2.0 (344.8 mg/g). The % adsorption [23] S.H. Ranasinghe, A.N. Navaratne, N. Priyantha, Enhancement of adsorption charac-
teristics of Cr(III) and Ni(II) by surface modification of jackfruit peel biosorbent, J.
of RR120 improved with an increase in dosage of the adsorbent. Desorp-
Environ. Chem. Eng. 6 (2018) 5670–5682.
tion studies showed 92% recovery of RR120 with 0.1 M NaOH solution. [24] R. Saha, K. Mukherjee, I. Saha, A. Ghosh, S. Ghosh, B. Saha, Removal of hexavalent
Thermodynamic studies showed endothermic, feasible and spontaneous chromium from water by adsorption on mosambi (citrus limetta) peel, Res. Chem.
nature of the adsorption process. Finally, one can say that the QAMOPP Intermed. 39 (2013) 2245–2257.
[25] E. Khoramzadeh, B. Nasernejad, R. Halladj, Mercury biosorption from aqueous solu-
is a competent material to remove RR120 from aqueous solution. tions by sugarcane bagasse, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 44 (2013) 266–269.
[26] P. Senthil Kumar, R.V. Abhinaya, K. Gayathri Lashmi, V. Arthi, R. Pavithra, V.
Sathyaselvabala, S. Dinesh Kirupha, S. Sivanesan, Adsorption of methylene blue
Acknowledgements dye from aqueous solution by agricultural waste: equilibrium, thermodynamics, ki-
netics, mechanism and process design, Colloid J 73 (2011) 651–661.
1) This research was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technol- [27] S.K. Ponnusamy, R. Subramaniam, Process optimization studies of Congo red dye ad-
sorption onto cashew nut shell using response surface methodology, Int. J. Ind.
ogy (Project No.: 107-2625-M-224-002 and 107-2625-M-224-004), Chem. 4 (2013) 17.
Taiwan. [28] C.M. Santos, J. Dweck, R.S. Viotto, A.H. Rosa, L. Cardoso de Morais, Application of or-
ange peel waste in the production of solid biofuels and biosorbents, Bioresour.
2) This study was supported by the FENG TAY Foundation, Taiwan Technol. 196 (2015) 469–479.
[29] A. Pandiarajan, R. Kamaraj, S. Vasudevan, S. Vasudevan, OPAC (orange peel activated
carbon) derived from waste orange peel for the adsorption of cholorophenoxyacetic
acid herbicides from water: adsorption isotherm, kinetic modeling and thermody-
References namic studies, Bioresour. Technol. 261 (2018) 329–341.
[30] P. Senthil Kumar, S.J. Varjani, S. Suganya, Treatment of dye wastewater using an ul-
[1] W. Hamza, N. Dammak, H.B. Hadjltaief, M. Eloussaief, M. Benzina, Sano-assisted ad- trasonic aided nanoparticle stacked activated carbon: kinetic and isotherm model-
sorption of Cristal violet dye onto Tunisian smectite clay: characterization, kinetics ling, Bioresour. Technol. 250 (2018) 716–722.
and adsorption isotherms, Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 163 (2018) 365–371. [31] P. Senthil Kumar, R. Sivaranjanee, U. Vinothini, M. Raghavi, K. Rajasekar, K.
[2] S. Irem, Q.M. Khan, E. Islam, A.J. Hashmat, M.A. ul Haq, M. Afzal, T. Mustafa, En- Ramakrishnan, Adsorption of dye onto raw and surface modified tamarind seeds:
hanced removal of reactive navy blue dye using powdered orange waste, Ecol. isotherms, process design, kinetics and mechanism, Desalin. Water Treat. 52
Eng. 58 (2013) 399–405. (2014) 2620–2633.
[3] G. Absalan, M. Asadi, S. Kamran, L. Sheikhian, D.M. Goltz, Removal of reactive red [32] P. Senthil Kumar, M. Palaniyappan, M. Priyadharshini, A.M. Vignesh, A. Thanjiappan,
120 and 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol from aqueous samples by Fe3O4 magnetic P.S.A. Fernando, R. Tanvir Ahmed, R. Srinath, Adsorption of basic dye onto raw and
nanoparticles using ionic liquid modifier, J. Hazard. Mater. 192 (2011) 476–484. surface-modified agricultural waste, Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy 33 (2014)
[4] A. Rahman, T. Urabe, N. Kishimoto, Color removal of reactive procion dyes by clay 87–98.
adsorbents, Procedia Environ. Sci. 17 (2013) 270–278. [33] R. Jothirani, P. Senthil Kumar, A. Saravanan, A.S. Narayan, A. Dutta, Ultrasonic mod-
[5] S. Yu, M. Liu, M. Ma, M. Qi, Z. Lu, C. Gao, Impacts of membrane properties on reactive ified corn pith for the sequestration of dye from aqueous solution, J. Ind. Eng. Chem.
dye removal from dye/salt mixtures by asymmetric cellulose acetate and composite 39 (2016) 162–175.
polyamide nanofiltration membranes, J. Membr. Sci. 350 (2010) 83–91. [34] S. Suganya, P. Senthil Kumar, Kinetic and thermodynamic analysis for the redemp-
[6] O. Gercel, Removal of textile dye from aqueous solution by electrochemical method, tion of effluents containing solochrome black T onto powdered activated carbon:
Sep. Sci. Technol. 51 (2016) 711–717. A validation of new solid-liquid phase equilibrium model, J. Mol. Liq. 259 (2018)
[7] V.K. Gupta, R. Jain, A. Mittal, M. Mathur, S. Sikarwar, Photochemical degradation of 88–101.
the hazardous dye Safranin-T using TiO2 catalyst, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 309 [35] C. Senthamarai, P. Senthil Kumar, M. Priyadharshini, P. Vijayalakshmi, V. Vinoth
(2007) 464–469. Kumar, P. Baskaralingam, K.V. Thiruvengadaravi, S. Sivanesan, Adsorption behavior
[8] C.H. Liu, J.S. Wu, H.C. Chiu, S.Y. Suen, K.H. Chu, Removal of anionic reactive dyes from of methylene blue dye onto surface modified strychnos potatorum seeds, Environ.
water using anion exchange membranes as adsorbers, Water Res. 41 (2007) Prog. Sustain. Energy 32 (2013) 624–632.
1491–1500. [36] T. Anitha, P. Senthil Kumar, K. Sathish Kumar, Synthesis of nano-sized chitosan
[9] S. Wang, A comparative study of Fenton and Fenton-like reaction kinetics in blended polyvinyl alcohol for the removal of eosin yellow dye from aqueous solu-
decolourisation of wastewater, Dyes Pigments 76 (2008) 714–720. tion, J. Water Process Eng. 13 (2016) 127–136.
[10] S.S. Moghaddam, M.R.A. Moghaddam, M. Arami, Coagulation/flocculation process [37] S. Suganya, P. Senthil Kumar, A. Saravanan, P. Sundar Rajan, C. Ravikumar, Compu-
for dye removal using sludge from water treatment plant: optimization through re- tation of adsorption parameters for the removal of dye from wastewater by micro-
sponse surface methodology, J. Hazard. Mater. 175 (2010) 651–657. wave assisted sawdust: theoretical and experimental analysis, Environ. Toxicol.
[11] P. Senthil Kumar, N. Umaiyambika, R. Gayathri, Dye removal from aqueous solution Phar. 50 (2017) 45–57.
by electrocoagulation process using stainless steel electrodes, Environ. Eng. Manag. [38] P. Senthil Kumar, J. Pavithra, S. Suriya, M. Ramesh, K. Anish Kumar, Sargassum
J. 9 (2010) 1031–1037. wightii, a marine alga is the source for the production of algal oil, bio-oil, and appli-
[12] M.T. Yagub, T.K. Sen, S. Afroze, H.M. Ang, Dye and its removal from aqueous solution cation in the dye wastewater treatment, Desalin. Water Treat. 55 (2015)
by adsorption: a review, Adv. Colloid Interf. Sci. 209 (2014) 172–184. 1342–1358.
[13] E. Khosla, S. Kaur, P.N. Dave, Tea waste as adsorbent for ionic dyes, Desalin. Water [39] S.A. Sayed Ahmed, L.B. Khalil, T. EI-Nabarawy, Removal of reactive blue 19 dye from
Treat. 51 (2013) 6552–6561. aqueous solution using natural and modified orange peel, Carbon Lett 13 (2012)
[14] G. Akkaya, F. Guzel, Application of some domestic wastes as new low-cost 212–220.
biosorbents for removal of methylene blue: kinetic and equilibrium studies, [40] S. Hashemian, K. Salari, Z.A. Yazdi, Preparation of activated carbon from agricultural
Chem. Eng. Commun. 201 (2014) 557–578. wastes (almond shell and orange peel) for adsorption of 2-pic from aqueous solu-
[15] A.S. Sartape, A.M. Mandhare, V.V. Jadhav, P.D. Raut, M.A. Anuse, S.S. Kolekar, Re- tion, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 20 (2014) 1892–1900.
moval of malachite green dye from aqueous solution with adsorption technique [41] A.A. Hassan, Removal of reactive red 3B from aqueous solution by using treated or-
using Limonia acidissima (wood apple) shell as low cost adsorbent, Arab. J. Chem. ange peel, Int. J. Civ. Eng. Technol. 5 (2014) 160–169.
10 (2017) S3229–S3238. [42] S.S. Lam, R.K. Liew, Y.M. Wong, P.N.Y. Yek, N.L. Ma, C.L. Lee, H.A. Chase, Microwave-
[16] G.B. Hong, Y.K. Wang, Synthesis of low-cost adsorbent from rice bran for the re- assisted pyrolysis with chemical activation, an innovative method to covert orange
moval of reactive dye based on the response surface methodology, Appl. Surf. Sci. peel into activated carbon with improved properties as dye adsorbent, J. Clean. Prod.
423 (2017) 800–809. 162 (2017) 1376–1387.
[17] B. Heibati, S. Podriguez-Couto, M.A. AI-Ghouti, M. Asif, I. Tyagi, S. Agarwal, V.K. [43] P. Senthil Kumar, P.S.A. Fernando, R.T. Ahmed, R. Srinath, M. Priyadharshini, A.M.
Gupta, Kinetics and thermodynamics of enhanced adsorption of the dye AR18 Vignesh, A. Thanjiappan, Effect of temperature on the adsorption of methylene
using activated carbons prepared from walnut and poplar woods, J. Mol. Liq. 208 blue dye onto sulfuric acid-treated orange peel, Chem. Eng. Commun. 201 (2014)
(2015) 99–105. 1526–1547.
[18] V.S. Munagapati, V. Yarramuthi, Y. Kim, K.M. Lee, D.S. Kim, Removal of anionic dyes [44] V.S. Munagapati, D.S. Kim, Adsorption of methyl orange from aqueous solution by
(Reactive Black 5 and Congo Red) from aqueous solutions using banana peel pow- aminated pumpkin seed powder: kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamic studies,
der as an adsorbent, Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 148 (2018) 601–607. Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 128 (2016) 109–117.
V.S. Munagapati et al. / Journal of Molecular Liquids 285 (2019) 375–385 385
[45] K. Shehzad, C. Xie, J. He, X. Cai, W. Xu, J. Liu, Facile synthesis of novel calcined mag- [70] S. Kittinaovarat, P. Kansomwan, N. Jiratumnukul, Chitosan/modified montmorillon-
netic orange peel composites for efficient removal of arsenite through simultaneous ite beads and adsorption reactive red 120, Appl. Clay Sci. 48 (2010) 87–91.
oxidation and adsorption, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 511 (2018) 155–164. [71] N.F. Cardoso, E.C. Lima, B. Royer, M.V. Bach, G.L. Dotto, L.A.A. Pinto, T. Calvete, Com-
[46] M.R. Lasheen, N.S. Ammar, H.S. Ibrahim, Adsorption/desorption of Cd(II), Cu(II) and parison of Spirulina platensis microalgae and commercial activated carbon as adsor-
Pb(II) using chemically modified orange peel: equilibrium and kinetic studies, Solid bent for the removal of reactive red 120 dye from aqueous effluents, J. Hazard.
State Sci. 14 (2012) 202–210. Mater. 241-242 (2012) 146–153.
[47] N. Feng, X. Guo, S. Liang, Y. Zhu, J. Liu, Biosorption of heavy metals from aqueous so- [72] E. Bazrafshan, M. Ahmadabadi, A. Mahvi, Reactive red-120 removal by activated car-
lutions by chemically modified orange peel, J. Hazard. Mater. 185 (2011) 49–54. bon obtained from cumin herb wastes, Fresenius Environ. Bull. 22 (2) (2013)
[48] M. Gurung, B.B. Adhikari, K. Khunathai, H. Kawakita, K. Ohto, H. Harada, K. Inoue, 584–590.
Quaternary amine modified persimmon tannin gel: an efficient adsorbent for the re- [73] J. Shen, S. Shahid, I. Amura, A. Sarihan, M. Tian, E.A.C. Emanuelsson, Enhanced ad-
covery of precious metals from hydrochloric acid media, Sep. Sci. Technol. 46 (2011) sorption of cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solutions by polyacid doped
2250–2259. polyaniline, Synth. Met. 245 (2018) 151–159.
[49] Z. Aksu, A.B. Akin, Comparison of remazol black B biosorptive properties of live and
treated activated sludge, Chem. Eng. J. 165 (2010) 184–193. Nomenclature
[50] S.T. Akar, A. Gorgulu, T. Akar, S. Celik, Decolorization of reactive blue 49 contami-
nated solutions by Capsicum annuum seeds: batch and continuous mode biosorption Ao: frequency factor, g/mg min
applications, Chem. Eng. J. 168 (2011) 125–133. aRp: Redlich-Peterson constant, L/mg
[51] O. Aksakal, H. Ucun, Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the aS: Sips isotherm constants, L/mg
biosorption of textile dye (reactive red 195) onto Pinus sylvestris L, J. Hazard. aK: Khan isotherm exponent
Mater. 181 (2010) 666–672. b: Temkin isotherm constant, J/mol
[52] S. Lagergren, About the theory of so-called adsorption of soluble substances, K. Sven. BET: Brunauer-Emmett-Teller
Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 24 (1898) 1–39. bK: Khan isotherm constant, L/mg
[53] Y.S. Ho, G. McKay, Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes, Process bT: Toth isotherm constant, L/mg
Biochem. 34 (1999) 451–465. CAe: amount of RR120 adsorbed on the solid phase at equilibrium, mg/L
[54] I. Langmuir, The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum, J. Co: initial concentration of RR120, mg/L
Am. Chem. Soc. 40 (1918) 1361–1403. Ce: equilibrium (final) concentration of RR120, mg/L
[55] H.M.F. Freundlich, Uber die adsorption in lasugen, J. Phys. Chem. 57 (1906) E: mean free energy, kJ/mol
385–470. Ea: activation energy, kJ/mol
[56] M.M. Dubinin, The potential theory of adsorption of gases and vapors for adsorbents FTIR: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
with energetically non-uniform surface, Chem. Rev. 60 (1960) 235–266. k1: rate constant of pseudo-first-order, 1/min
[57] M.I. Temkin, V. Pyzhev, Kinetics of ammonia synthesis on promoted iron catalysts, k2: rate constant of pseudo-second-order, g/mg min
Acta Physiochim. URSS 12 (1940) 327–356. K: Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm constant, mol2/J2
[58] R. Sips, On the structure of a catalyst surface, J. Chem. Phys. 16 (1948) 490–495. Kc: equilibrium adsorption distribution coefficient
[59] J. Toth, State equations of the solid gas interface layer, Acta Chem. Acad. Hung. 63 Kf: measure of adsorption capacity, mg/g
(1971) 311–317. KL: coefficient related to affinity between adsorbate and adsorbent, L/mg
[60] A.R. Khan, R. Ataullah, A. Al-Haddad, Equilibrium adsorption studies of some aro- KRP: Redlich-Peterson constant, L/g
matic pollutants from dilute aqueous solutions on activated carbon at different tem- KS: Sips isotherm constant, L/g
peratures, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 194 (1997) 154–165. m: weight of the QAMOPP used for RR120 adsorption, g
[61] O. Redlich, D.L. Peterson, A useful adsorption isotherm, J. Phys. Chem. 63 (1959) n: indicator for favorable or unfavorable adsorption process
1024. nT: Toth isotherm exponent
[62] M.H. Dehghani, A. Dehghan, A. Najafpoor, Removing reactive red 120 and 196 using qe: amount of adsorbed RR120 by QAMOPP, mg/g
chitosan/zeolite composite from aqueous solutions: kinetics, isotherms, and process qe1, qe2: amount of RR120 adsorbed at equilibrium, mg/g
optimization, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 51 (2017) 185–195. qt: amount of RR120 adsorbed at time t, mg/g
[63] A. Celekli, G. Ilguna, H. Bozkurt, Sorption equilibrium, kinetic, thermodynamic, and qm: Langmuir isotherm maximum adsorbate uptake at equilibrium, mg/g
desorption studies of reactive red 120 on Chara contraria, Chem. Eng. J. 191 qm: Dubinin-Radushkevich monolayer capacity, mg/g
(2012) 228–235. qmax: Toth isotherm maximum adsorption capacity, mg/g
[64] N.S. Abdul Mubarak, A.H. Jawad, W.I. Nawawi, Equilibrium, kinetic and thermody- R: gas constant, 8.314 J/mol K
namic studies of reactive red 120 dye adsorption by chitosan beads from aqueous SEM: Scanning Electron Microscopy
solution, Energ. Ecol. Environ. 2 (2017) 85–93. T: temperature, K
[65] N. Naveen, P. Saravanan, G. Baskar, S. Renganathan, Equilibrium and kinetic model- V: volume of dye solution, L
ing on the removal of reactive red 120 using positively charged Hydrilla verticillata, J. ΔGo: Gibbs free energy change, kJ/mol
Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 42 (2011) 463–469. ΔHo: enthalpy change, kJ/mol
[66] L.D.T. Prola, E. Acayanka, E.C. Lima, C.S. Umpierres, J.C.P. Vaghetti, W.O. Santos, S. ΔSo: entropy change, kJ/mol K
Laminsi, P.T. Djifon, Comparison of Jatropha curcas shells in natural form and treated
by non-thermal plasma as biosorbents for removal of reactive red 120 textile dye Greek letters
from aqueous solution, Ind. Crop. Prod. 46 (2013) 328–340.
[67] V.R. Giri Dev, J.R. Venugopal, T. Senthil Kumar, L.R. Miranda, S. Ramakrishna, Agave α: equilibrium binding constant, L/mg
sisalana, a biosorbent for the adsorption of reactive red 120 from aqueous solution, β: Temkin constant related to the heat of adsorption, J/mol
J. Text. Inst. 101 (2010) 414–422. βRP: exponent
[68] A. Celekli, F. Celekli, E. Cicek, H. Bozkurt, Predictive modeling of sorption and desorp- βS: heterogeneity coefficient
tion of a reactive azo dye by pumpkin husk, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 21 (2014) ɛ: Polanyi potential
5086–5097.
[69] A. Tabak, N. Baltas, B. Afsin, M. Emirik, B. Caglar, E. Eren, Adsorption of reactive red
120 from aqueous solutions by cetylpyridinium-bentonite, J. Chem. Technol.
Biotechnol. 85 (2010) 1199–1207.