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    Ion Channels PDF

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    Hyunji Kim
    Ion channels and transporters both allow for the passage of ions across membranes. Ion channels are highly selective for specific ions and allow passage at very high rates by forming an aqueous pore. There are several types of ion channels including potassium, sodium, calcium, chloride, and hydrogen channels. Ion channels are gated by changes in voltage, binding of extracellular or intracellular ligands, or mechanical forces. The selectivity of ion channels like the KcsA potassium channel is determined by the structure of the selectivity filter which selectively binds potassium ions.

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    Ion Channels PDF

    Uploaded by

    Hyunji Kim
    56 views7 pages
    Ion channels and transporters both allow for the passage of ions across membranes. Ion channels are highly selective for specific ions and allow passage at very high rates by forming an aqueous pore. There are several types of ion channels including potassium, sodium, calcium, chloride, and hydrogen channels. Ion channels are gated by changes in voltage, binding of extracellular or intracellular ligands, or mechanical forces. The selectivity of ion channels like the KcsA potassium channel is determined by the structure of the selectivity filter which selectively binds potassium ions.

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    16. Ion Channels.pdf

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    Ion channels and transporters both allow for the passage of ions across membranes. Ion channels are highly selective for specific ions and allow passage at very high rates by forming an aqueous pore. There are several types of ion channels including potassium, sodium, calcium, chloride, and hydrogen channels. Ion channels are gated by changes in voltage, binding of extracellular or intracellular ligands, or mechanical forces. The selectivity of ion channels like the KcsA potassium channel is determined by the structure of the selectivity filter which selectively binds potassium ions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    56 views7 pages

    Ion Channels PDF

    Uploaded by

    Hyunji Kim
    Ion channels and transporters both allow for the passage of ions across membranes. Ion channels are highly selective for specific ions and allow passage at very high rates by forming an aqueous pore. There are several types of ion channels including potassium, sodium, calcium, chloride, and hydrogen channels. Ion channels are gated by changes in voltage, binding of extracellular or intracellular ligands, or mechanical forces. The selectivity of ion channels like the KcsA potassium channel is determined by the structure of the selectivity filter which selectively binds potassium ions.

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    of 7

    16.

    TRANSPORTERS & ION CHANNELS II


    1. ION CHANNELS VS. TRANSPORTERS
    • Like some transporters, ion channels allow for the passage of ions down their
    gradient by passive mechanism
    • High selectivity/specificity for specific ions at very high rates
    • Exhibit pores
    • Forms an aqueous pore deep within

    2. TYPES OF ION CHANNELS


    • Many types of ion channels
    • K+ channels: regulate membrane potential, AP recovery
    o Membrane has high permeability of K+ due to the channel
    • Na+ channels: Underlie AP
    o Exists outside the cell, sodium ion moves into cell, change in
    membrane potential
    o The actual amount is very tiny, but this amount is enough to generate
    an AP
    • Ca2+ channels: ER and SR membrane to increase cytosolic concentration
    and induce secretion
    • Cl- channels: Regulate Ionic Balance (Membrane Potential)
    • H+ channels: Rapidly increases intracellular pH (By kicking it out)
    • Non-selective ion channels: Many functions

    3. GENERAL PROPERTIES
    • Lined by polar regions of the protein and is hydrophilic (oriented inside to form
    the pore)
    • Hydrophobic amino acid side chains interact the bilayer
    • 4 identical subunits
    • Stimulus (ligand, voltage) makes a conformational change in structure
    o Produces an opening
    • Gate is relied on conformational change
    4. GATING OF ION CHANNELS
    I. Voltage-Gated Channels
    • Opening by change in membrane potential (depolarization/polarization)
    • These channels are said to be voltage sensitive

    II. Ligand-Gated (Extracellular) Channels


    • Opening occurs because of binding of an extracellular ligand
    (neurotransmitter)
    • Ionotropic receptors

    III. Ligand-Gated (Intracellular) Channels


    • Channel gating is regulated by binding of an intracellular factor

    IV. Mechanically Channel


    • Mechanical stress or force opens the channels
    5. SELECTIVITY
    K+ Channel
    • Highly conserved in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and represent an
    excellent model for studying ion channels
    • First structure of an ion channel was the KcsA K+
    • This allowed us to understand the basic structure/function of ion channels

    KcsA K+ Channel (27)


    • Composed of 4 subunits (2 shown)
    • Single polypeptide
    • Forms a selective filter
    • 5 rings of carbonyl oxygen forms stability for K+
    The Selectivity Filter
    • Structure of KscA channel reveals high selectivity for K+

    • The selectivity filter is composed of 5 rings that has a diameter that


    specifically accommodates for the atomic size of K+ but not Na+

    • K+ must lose its hydration (shell of water molecules) before entering the filter
    o K+ instead interacts with the carbonyl oxygen lining the filter instead of
    the water molecule
    o Since Na+ is smaller in atomic size, therefore is too far away to interact
    with the oxygen molecules to compensate for the energy expense from
    the losing the water molecules necessary before entering the filter.
    o In other words, it is too energetically costly for the Na+ to enter the filter
    6. IONIC BASIS OF MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
    • Separation of charge between a barrier (Bilayer)
    • Difference in charge is from movement of ions
    • Voltage sensitive gating

    Voltage Sensitivity (40)


    • Transmembrane segments S1-S4 form the voltage sensor
    • S4 helix (composed of positively charged amino acids) is the key component
    • At rest, cell interior is negatively (-) charged, S4 is near the cytosol and the
    channel is closed
    • When the cell is depolarized (more +), the S4 is then pushed towards the now
    more “negatively (-)” charged extracellular side, opening the gate
    K+ Leaky Channels
    • However, not all channels are voltage-gated
    • These channels lack the voltage-sensitive transmembrane segments that
    imparts voltage-sensitivity
    • As a result, they are always open and set the resting membrane potential

    Na+ Channels in Neurons

    • Regulated by voltage (depolarization)


    • Contributes to a significant change in Membrane Potential
    • Continuous chain
    • Sodium channel work quickly, allow for rapid change in MP
    • Change in membrane potential, very soon after that change, that plug begins
    to interact
    • Sodium ions are no longer moving through
    • Membrane to recover faster
    • Inactivate gate is really for faster recovery.
    • Cannot wait for the channel to close itself.
    3 STATES: OPEN, INACTIVE, CLOSED
    1. Cell is at rest with a negative membrane potential à Closed
    2. Cell is depolarized à Open
    3. The Inactivation Gate quickly plugs the channel pore à Inactivation
    4. When the cell returns back to its Resting Membrane Potential, the gate
    resets à Closed

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