Internship Report

SWITCHING

Pakistan Telecommunication company limited Multan

Submitted by

Yawara Aralan

Submitted To

Engr sehrish

Department of engineering Technology isp institute of southern punjab multan

Acknowledgement.................................................................................................................................
.4

Technical domain and service provide

Switching............................................................................................................................5

Circuit and packet switchin. ...............................................................................................................6

Advantage....................................................................................................................................7

Type of exchange ....................................................................................................................8

layer Model..........................................................................................................................9

Hub router switch........,...............................................................................................................10

Tdm for voice : ........................................................................................... .........................12

TDM for data.............................................................................................................................13

NGN (new generation network)..........................................................................................................14

GPON (gigabit passive optical network)............................................…...

First of all, I want to express all my humble thanks to ALLAH who is very sensitive about each and
every activity Of all

his man and without whose help, I am unable to accomplish any objective in my life. Secondly, I am
great full to my

worthy and devoted supervisor Engr sehrish for us encourage also very thankful to all the managers
and staff members of

Transmission department for their co-operation in developing this project.I would also like to take this
opportunity to

express special thanks to our family for their support and patients.I am deeply indebted to a large
group of teachers,

friends and colleagues, who have suggested, choose and advise us to be a member of
Telecommunication
Technical domain in PTCL

1)Wireless

2)Switch

3)Transport

. Provide service

.Voice

.Data

-charji

-Dsl (digital subscriber line)

.Video

-smart Tv

What is switching?

Switching is method that is used to establish connection between node with in a network .

Types

Circuit switchin

Packet Switching

Circuit Switching
• Circuit switching uses a dedicated, physical path between two stations

– Used in combination with multiplexing (FDM, TDM)

– Result: the two stations have dedicated link between them ok

– Circuit switching is performed at physical layer

• Allows (analog or digital) signals to pass between stations

• Three phases in circuit switching:

– Circuit establishment: before any data is sent, must create a circuit (including

allocating resources for the circuit)

– Data transfer: once the circuit is created, can transfer (analog or digital) data

across circuit

– Circuit disconnect: after certain time, circuit is terminated, and resources are freed

• Applications:– Developed to handle voice traffic, but also used for data– Public telephone network;
Private telephone networks; private data networks

Packet Switching

• Packet switching breaks the data into packets, and sends the

packets one at a time from source to destination across the network

– Destination combines the received packets to get original data

• Two types of packet switching:

– Datagram Packet Switching

• Each packet is treated independently of all others

• Packets belonging to the same message may:

– Take different paths across the network

• Packets need headers so switches know where to send them (destination)

– Virtual Circuit Packet Switching

• Virtual circuit setup and teardown (as in circuit switching)

• Once setup, data is transferred as individual packets

– Take the same path across the network

– Arrive in-order at the destination, but may be lost

• Packets need headers so switches know what is the next switch it must be

Advantages of Circuit Switching

• Guaranteed Quality of Service

– With Circuit Switching, resources are allocated to circuits for the

duration of connection

• A voice call needs 4kHz of bandwidth – upon connection setup, 4kHz of

bandwidth is allocated from source to destination

• A video transfer may need maximum data rate of 1Mb/s – upon connection

setup, 1Mb/s is allocated from source to destination

– Data will not be dropped or delayed during the connection

– (With Virtual Circuit Packet Switching, similar benefits apply, however,

delays may not be guaranteed)

• Reduced complexity at switches

– After a connection is setup, switch simply forwards the signal

– No need to process headers to determine where to send data

• Line Efficiency (when amount of traffic varies)

– A single switch-to-switch link can be shared by many packets over time

• Packets are queued up and sent as fast as possible over link

– In circuit switching, TDM is inefficient when connections are idle

• Data rate conversion

– Two stations with different data rates can communicate

• Non-blocking

– In circuit-switched, if no circuits, new connections are blocked me

• Example: with telephone calls over circuit switched network, if network supports 100

calls, then the 101st call will not be allowed

– In packet-switched, packets are still accepted, but delay increases

• Example: with telephone calls over packet switched network (e.g. VoIP), the 101st call

(and subsequent calls) may be allowed, but the quality of every call will be reduced

(extra delay)

• Priorities

– Packets can be given priorities, and those with higher priorities transmitted first

(giving them less delay)

• Give high priority to Internet traffic from staff, low priority to Internet traffic from students!

1)Telephone Exchange

Local Exchange:
Telephone line connect with in city

2)Tandom Exchange:

Interconnect more than 2 local Exchange

3)Transist Exchange:

Telephone line connect one city to another city

4)Gateway Exchange:

Telephone line connect one country to another country

OSI Layer Model

Application layer:

Is responsible for providing service to the user

Presentation layer:

Is responsible for translation compression and encryption

Session layer:

Is responsible for dialog control and synchronization

Transport layer:
Is Responsible deliveru of message from one process to another

Network Layer:

Is responsible delivery of individual packets from source host to destination host

link layer:

Is responsible for moving frame from one hop to the next

Physical layer:

It's provide physical medium through which bit transmitted

Hub

Hub is commonly used to connect segments of a LAN (Local Area Network). A hub contains multiple
ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all segments of the LAN
can see all packets. Hub acts as a common connection point for devices in a network.etwork layer (layer
3) of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model and therefore support any packet
protocol. LANs that use switches to join segments are called switched LANs or, in the case of Ethernet
networks, switched Ethernet LANs. In networks, the switch is the device that filters and forwards
packets between LAN segments. See more information on Network Switch and Selection Suggestions.
Router

A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs (Wide Area Networks) or
a LAN and its ISP.s (Internet Service Provider.s) network. The router is generally located at gateways, the
places where two or more networks connect. Using headers and forwarding tables, router determines
the best path to forward the packets. In addition, router uses protocols such as ICMP (Internet Control
Message Protocol) to communicate with each other and configures the best route between any two
hosts. In a word, router forwards data packets along with networks.
TDM for voice
Rosette box:

The Telephone rosette box which is used to connect the tele-instrument using 8P8C rosette cord and
the internal PVC Wire with a 0.5mm solid cupper conductor.Rj11and Rj45

RJ11 stands for “registered jack” and was originally designed by phone companies in the 70's and is
used for analog voice lines. It is a single pair jack, a jack with 2 wires. It is typical to find RJ11s with 6
positions, which are the metallic pins on the underside of a phone jack.

A registered jack (RJ) is a standardized physical network interface for connecting telecommunications
or data equipment. ... The most common twisted-pair connector is an 8-position, 8-contact (8P8C)
modular plug and jack commonly referred to as an RJ45 connector.

Ptcl vendor:

ZTE

Nokia

Huawei

TDM for data

A DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer) is a network device, usually at a telephone
company central office, that receives signals from multiple customer Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
connections and puts the signals on a high-speed backbone line using multiplexing techniques

MDF (main distribution frame):

This equipment has been placed to provide the facility of dsl for access to use internet with the help of
dslam internet enabling in msg particular user.
NGN (new generation network)

What is ngn ?

A next-generation network (NGN) is a packet-based network which can provide services including
Telecommunication Services and is able to make use of multiple broadbands, quality of Service-enabled
transport technologies and in which service-related functions are independent from underlying
transport-related technologies ...

Ngn layer

There are four types of layer

Access layer

Control layer

Core layer

Application layer

. Access layer

-Msag

- traditional network;

.PSTN, ISDN

.specialize packet network

Core layer

Core layer is the network handling service based on IP include high capacity switch and router

. Control layer

Control layer is the call server that probides. The primary part of this layer is soft switch

Soft switch

Call control

distribution

Protocol handling

.Application Layer

application layer intelligent network creation environment

Extending their funcnality in order to cover the new network

I)Database ii) Billing

Stands for "Network Management System." An NMS is a system designed for monitoring, maintaining,
and optimizing a network. It includes both hardware and software, but most often an NMS refers to the
software used to manage a network.

FTTC( Fibre to the Cabinet).

Fibre to the cabinet is a connectivity technology that is based on a combination of fibre optic cable and
copper cable.

Why ngn?

Flexibility

Cost reduction

Compatibles
GPON:

A GPON network consists of OLT (Optical Line Terminals), ONU (Optical Network Unit), and a splitter.
The splitter will divide the signal when needed. The OLT takes in all of the optical signals in the form of
beams of light from ONUs and will convert it to an electrical signal. OLTs normally support up to 72
ports.

FTTH:

Fiber to the home (FTTH) is the delivery of a communications signal over optical fiber from the
operator's switching equipment all the way to a home or business, thereby replacing existing copper
infrastructure such as telephone wires and coaxial cable.