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    G = Δh - Tδs: Spontaneity and Gibbs free energy

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    Adufe Rufai
    This document discusses Gibbs free energy and spontaneity of chemical reactions. It provides examples of calculating the standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) of reactions using standard enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) values. It also determines whether reactions are spontaneous based on the sign of ΔG°. For example, one question calculates ΔG° for ethanol combustion as -1300 kJ/mol, showing it is a spontaneous reaction at 298K.

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    G = Δh - Tδs: Spontaneity and Gibbs free energy

    Uploaded by

    Adufe Rufai
    667 views4 pages
    This document discusses Gibbs free energy and spontaneity of chemical reactions. It provides examples of calculating the standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) of reactions using standard enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) values. It also determines whether reactions are spontaneous based on the sign of ΔG°. For example, one question calculates ΔG° for ethanol combustion as -1300 kJ/mol, showing it is a spontaneous reaction at 298K.

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    Gibbs

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    10.+15.2+Spontaneity+and+Gibbs+free+energy

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    This document discusses Gibbs free energy and spontaneity of chemical reactions. It provides examples of calculating the standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) of reactions using standard enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) values. It also determines whether reactions are spontaneous based on the sign of ΔG°. For example, one question calculates ΔG° for ethanol combustion as -1300 kJ/mol, showing it is a spontaneous reaction at 298K.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    667 views4 pages

    G = Δh - Tδs: Spontaneity and Gibbs free energy

    Uploaded by

    Adufe Rufai
    This document discusses Gibbs free energy and spontaneity of chemical reactions. It provides examples of calculating the standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) of reactions using standard enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) values. It also determines whether reactions are spontaneous based on the sign of ΔG°. For example, one question calculates ΔG° for ethanol combustion as -1300 kJ/mol, showing it is a spontaneous reaction at 298K.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4
    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that Gibbs free energy (ΔG) can be used to determine spontaneity of reactions, and ΔG depends on the standard enthalpy change (ΔH), entropy change (ΔS), and temperature (T) according to the equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS.

    The term ∆S refers to the change in entropy/degree of disorder for a chemical reaction.

    ∆H for the reaction CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) cannot be described as ΔHfƟ because the conditions are not standard and the reaction does not involve formation from elements.

    Topic 15 – Spontaneity and Gibbs free energy www.msjchem.

    com

    Spontaneity and Gibbs free energy

    At 298K:
    ΔGϴreaction = ΔGϴf (products) – ΔGϴf (reactants)

    At any temperature:
    G = ΔH - TΔS

    1. What is the standard free energy change, ∆GƟ, in kJ, for the following reaction at
    298K?

    C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)

    Compound ΔGfƟ (kJ mol-1)


    C2H5OH(l) –175
    CO2(g) –394
    H2O(g) –229
    O2(g) 0

    2. A reaction has a standard enthalpy change, ΔH, of +10.00 kJ mol-1 at 298 K. The
    standard entropy change, ΔS, for the same reaction is +10.00 J K-1 mol-1. What is the
    value of ΔG for the reaction in kJ mol-1?

    MSJChem - Video tutorials for IB chemistry www.msjchem.com


    Topic 15 – Spontaneity and Gibbs free energy www.msjchem.com

    3. The equation for the decomposition of calcium carbonate is given below.

    CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)

    At 500 K, ∆H for this reaction is +177 kJmol-1 and ∆S is 161 J K-1 mol-1

    (a) Explain why ∆H for the reaction above cannot be described as ΔHfƟ

    (b) State the meaning of the term ∆S.

    (c) Calculate the value of ∆G at 500 K and determine, giving a reason, whether or
    not the reaction will be spontaneous.

    4. Consider the following reaction:

    N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) ΔH = - 92.4 kJmol-1

    (i) The absolute entropy values, S, at 238 K for N2(g), H2(g) and NH3(g) are 192, 131
    and 193 J K-1 mol-1 respectively. Calculate ∆SƟ for the reaction and explain the
    sign of ∆SƟ.

    (ii) Calculate ∆Gο for the reaction at 238 K. State and explain whether the
    reaction is spontaneous.

    MSJChem - Video tutorials for IB chemistry www.msjchem.com


    Topic 15 – Spontaneity and Gibbs free energy www.msjchem.com

    5. Hex-1-ene gas, C6H12, burns in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water vapour.

    (a) Write an equation to represent this reaction.

    (b) Use the data below to calculate the values of ΔHCƟ and ΔSƟ for the
    combustion of hex-1-ene.

    Substance O2(g) C6H12(g) CO2(g) H2O(g)


    Standard enthalpy of
    0.0 –43 –394 –242
    formation, ΔHf Ɵ (kJmol-1)
    Entropy, SƟ (J K-1 mol-1) 205 385 214 189

    (i) Value of ΔHCƟ

    (ii) Value of ΔSƟ

    (c) Calculate the standard free energy change for the combustion of hex-1-ene.

    (d) State and explain whether or not the combustion of hex-1-ene is spontaneous
    at 25oC.

    MSJChem - Video tutorials for IB chemistry www.msjchem.com


    Topic 15 – Spontaneity and Gibbs free energy www.msjchem.com

    Answers:

    1. ΔGƟ = -1300 kJmol-1

    2. ΔGƟ = +7.02 kJmol-1

    3. (a) Cannot be ΔHfο as conditions are not standard and not formation from
    elements.
    (b) change in entropy/degree of disorder

    (c) ∆G = 177000 – (500 × 161) = +96500 Jmol-1 = +96.5 kJmol-1


    reaction is non-spontaneous because ∆G is positive.

    4.
    (i) ΔSƟ = [2×193] – [192 + 3×131] = –199 J K-1 mol-1
    ΔSƟ is negative - four gaseous molecules forming two gaseous
    molecules/fewer molecules of gas

    (ii) ΔGο = ΔHο – TΔSο = –76.0 – 298 (–0.199) = –16.7 kJmol-1


    Reaction is spontaneous (ΔG is negative)

    5. (a) C6H12 + 9O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

    (b) (i) ΔHCƟ = ∑ΔHfƟ products - ∑ΔHfƟ reactants


    ΔHCƟ = (6×-394 + 6×-242) - (-43)
    ΔHCƟ = -3773 kJ mol-1 / -3.8x103 kJ mol-1 (2 SF)
    (ii) ΔSƟ = ∑ΔSƟproducts - ∑ΔSƟ reactants

    ΔSƟ = (6×189 + 6×214) - (385 + 9×205)


    ΔSƟ = +188 J K-1 mol-1

    (c) ΔG = ΔH – TΔS = -3773 - (298 × 0.188)

    = - 3829 kJmol-1 / -3830 kJmol-1 (3 SF)


    (d) Reaction is spontaneous (ΔGƟ negative)

    MSJChem - Video tutorials for IB chemistry www.msjchem.com

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