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    Goat Nutrition Feeds & Feeding: by Shelby Filley and Amy Peters Oregon State University Extension Service

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    Vet Dr-Babar
    Pasture alone may meet requirements during peak growing season if: - In vegetative growth stage - Sufficient quantity is available - Mineral supplementation is provided

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    Goat Nutrition Feeds & Feeding: by Shelby Filley and Amy Peters Oregon State University Extension Service

    Uploaded by

    Vet Dr-Babar
    64 views54 pages
    Pasture alone may meet requirements during peak growing season if: - In vegetative growth stage - Sufficient quantity is available - Mineral supplementation is provided

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    GoatNutrition0107.pdf

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    Pasture alone may meet requirements during peak growing season if: - In vegetative growth stage - Sufficient quantity is available - Mineral supplementation is provided

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    64 views54 pages

    Goat Nutrition Feeds & Feeding: by Shelby Filley and Amy Peters Oregon State University Extension Service

    Uploaded by

    Vet Dr-Babar
    Pasture alone may meet requirements during peak growing season if: - In vegetative growth stage - Sufficient quantity is available - Mineral supplementation is provided

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 54

    Goat Nutrition

    Feeds & Feeding

    by Shelby Filley and Amy Peters


    Oregon State University Extension Service
    The Nutrition Puzzle
    FEED ANIMAL
    NUTRIENTS REQUIREMENTS

    MAINTENANCE

    E I N GROWTH
    T
    O GY
    R
    P E R LS
    EN ERA PREGNANCY
    I N
    M

    PRODUCTION
    Factors Effecting the
    Nutrient Requirements of Goats
    „ Animal Productivity
    „ Maintenance and activity level
    „ Stage of Pregnancy, kidding rate
    „ Stage of lactation/milk production
    „ Growth or weight gain

    „ Animal Biotype
    „ Meat, Dairy, Fiber
    „ Full blood or crossbred
    These animals have different needs
    Other Factors Important in Assessing
    Animal Needs
    „ Weight
    „ Maturity
    „ Sex
    „ Body Condition

    „ Goals
    „ Market
    „ Breeding
    „ Showing
    „ Pet
    NRC Goats 1981 (2006 in press)
    http://newton.nap.edu/catalog/30.html#toc
    Animal Requirements
    „ Animals need to eat the
    In ration balancing
    proper amount of
    we use percentages,
    nutrients
    but…
    nutrients are
    required as „ Monitor feed intake and
    lbs or units nutrient content of
    feeds. Poor quality
    feeds can limit intake.

    „ Don’t be misled by
    percentages…
    Requirements: Mature Does
    Maintenance, 110 vs. 132 lb
    Body Feed Energy Energy
    Weight Intake as TND % TDN Protein Protein
    (lb) (lb/day) (lb/day) (%) (lb/day) (%)

    110 2.2 1.17 0.15

    132 3.2 1.32 0.17

    Source: Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants (NRC 2006)


    Requirements: Mature Does
    Maintenance, 110 vs. 132 lb
    Body Feed Energy Energy
    Weight Intake as TND % TDN Protein Protein
    (lb) (lb/day) (lb/day) (%) (lb/day) (%)

    110 2.2 1.17 53.2 0.15 6.8

    132 3.2 1.32 41.3 0.17 5.3

    Source: Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants (NRC 2006)


    Important Points
    „ Smaller does eat less, therefore require feeds
    higher in protein and energy on a percentage
    basis than larger does.
    Requirements: mature does (132 lb) at
    different productivity levels
    Feed Energy Energy Protein Protein
    Productivity Intake as TDN as TDN (lb/d) (%)
    (lb) (lb/d) (%)
    Maintenance 3.2 1.3 40.6 0.17 5.3

    Late
    Pregnancy 4.3 2.8 65.1 0.47 11.0
    (twins)
    Early
    Lactation 4.1 2.2 53.7 0.23 5.7
    (twins)

    Source: Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants. NRC 2006)


    Nutrition of Newborn Kids

    „ Colostrum – first milk produced by doe


    „ Within first hour after birth; gut closure at 6 hr
    „ Contains passive immunity
    Important Points
    „ The highest nutrient
    requirement time for the
    doe is late pregnancy.

    „ This is different than with the ewe and the


    cow.

    „ Watch feed intake carefully with pregnant


    does.

    „ Don’t let does get too fat.


    Requirements: 275 lb Mature Buck at
    Maintenance and Pre-breeding
    Feed Energy Energy Protein Protein
    Activity Intake as TND as TDN (lb/day) (%)
    (lb/day) (lb/day) (%)

    Maint. 5.0 2.65 52.9 0.32 6.4

    Pre- 5.5 2.91 52.9 0.35 6.5


    breeding

    Source: Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants. NRC 2006)


    Requirements: Growing Doelings and
    Male Castrates gaining 0.22 lb/day
    Body Feed Energy Energy Protein Protein
    Weight Intake as TND as TDN (lb/day) (%)
    (lb) (lb/day) (lb/day) (%)

    44 1.43 0.97 67.8 0.21 15.3

    77 2.65 1.27 48.3 0.27 10.0

    Source: Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants. NRC 2006)


    Requirements: Growing Doelings and
    Male Castrates gaining 0.45 lb/day
    Body Feed Energy Energy Protein Protein
    Weight Intake as TND as TDN (lb/day) (%)
    (lb) (lb/day) (lb/day) (%)

    44 1.46 1.30 89.4 0.34 23.4

    77 2.43 1.63 67.1 0.39 16.2

    Source: Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants. NRC 2006)


    Important points
    „ Percent protein and energy required in the
    diet are lower for larger animals.

    „ Total pounds of protein and energy required


    by the animal are higher for larger goats.

    „ Higher amounts of protein and energy are


    required for higher rates of gain (both on a
    percentage basis and as total pounds).
    Protein requirement of growing doelings
    and male castrates (yellow = .22, red = .45 lb/day gain)
    25

    20
    Protein (%)

    15

    10

    0
    44 77
    Kid Weight (lb)

    Protein (lb/d) = 0.21 0.27 0.34 0.39


    Technical Notes on Protein Requirements

    „ Not all proteins are created equal.

    „ Different protein sources (feeds) influence


    amount of protein required in the diet.

    „ To accurately balance rations, protein source


    needs to be considered.
    Technical Notes on Protein Requirements

    „ Requirements listed here are for crude


    protein based on a ration containing alfalfa
    hay and corn.

    „ Pasture-based diets will require greater


    amounts of crude protein for the animal.

    „ Soy-corn based diets will require lesser


    amounts of crude protein for the animal.
    The Nutrition Puzzle
    ANIMAL
    FEED VALUE REQUIREMENTS

    MAINTENANCE

    IN
    T E GROWTH
    RO GY
    P ER LS
    EN ERA
    I N PREGNANCY
    M

    PRODUCTION
    Grass/Clover Hay
    LOW- MID- HIGH-
    PROTEIN PROTEIN PROTEIN
    (5-8.9%CP) (9-11.9%CP) (12-16%CP)
    CRUDE
    PROTEIN
    (%) 6.9 9.9 12.5
    TOTAL
    DIGESTIBLE
    NUTRIENTS 56 58 60
    (%)
    % OF SAMPLES 64 28 8
    Grass/Alfalfa Hay

    ALFALFA/ ALFALFA
    GRASS MIX
    CRUDE
    PROTEIN 17 - 20 16 - 24
    (%)
    TOTAL
    DIGESTIBLE 59 - 61 56 - 65
    NUTRIENTS
    (%)
    Hay Values

    Test your hay!


    Pasture Grasses

    MATURITY CP TDN
    VEG-BOOT >18 70 - 85
    BOOT-EARLY HEAD 13-18 65 -70
    HEAD-MILK 8-12 60 – 65
    DOUGH <8 <60

    Clover and other legumes have high nutrients pre-bloom, lower post-bloom
    Forage Value
    & Plant Maturity

    As plants mature:
    „ Fiber increases

    „ Protein & energy decrease

    „ Digestibility decreases

    „ Feed intake decreases


    Herbage and Browse
    Utilization

    „ Preference for shrubs & tree leaves & grass


    heads
    „ Select from a wide array of plants
    „ Will eat more of preferred species
    „ Browse (leaves & twigs) contain higher levels
    of protein & phosphorous during growing
    season than grasses
    „ Some browse is unpalatable
    „ High lignin, silica, essential oils, etc.
    Nutrient Content of Browse
    Browse Protein (%) Energy
    (%TDN)
    Blackberry - July 8.6 72
    - Sept 8.2 73
    Oak 11 - 17 -
    Myrtle 9 70
    Elm 7.8 -
    Mesquite 16.2 45
    Bamboo 17 59
    Grapevine leaves 9 72

    Source: Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants (NRC 2006)


    Protein Supplements
    Description Protein % Energy (TDN%)
    Alfalfa hay 18 - 24 60 - 65
    Cottonseed meal 46 80
    Soybean meal 44 84
    Peas 25 86
    Pellets Varies (see tag)
    Blocks Varies (see tag)
    Energy Supplements
    Grain Protein Energy
    % (TDN%)
    Corn 9 88
    Oats 13 76
    Barley 12 84
    COB
    Other Nutrient Sources

    „ Minerals are „ Grass hay also


    provided through contributes some
    feeds & protein, energy,
    supplement mixes and minerals to
    (loose or blocks) the diet
    „ Especially check
    for selenium and
    copper included
    Trace Mineral Supplements
    ‰ A complete goat mineral, trace mineralized salt with
    selenium, should be offered free choice year-around.
    ‰ Trace minerals are involved in vital processes &
    functions in the body

    „ Copper
    „ Selenium
    „ Manganese
    „ Cobalt
    „ Iodine
    „ Zinc
    The Nutrition Puzzle
    FEED ANIMAL
    NUTRIENTS REQUIREMENTS

    MAINTENANCE

    E I N GROWTH
    T
    O GY
    R
    P E R LS
    EN ERA PREGNANCY
    I N
    M

    PRODUCTION
    Pasture in Peak Growing Season

    „ Vegetative growth,
    sufficient quantity
    „ Meets requirements for
    „ Protein
    „ Energy
    „ Vitamins
    „ Usually low cost
    „ Feed mineral
    supplement
    „ Goats prefer browse to
    grass
    Steps to effective grazing management

    „ Graze to desired stubble


    height
    „ Allow adequate rest
    periods for grass regrowth
    „ Don’t regraze pastures
    until your key species has
    reached the desired
    height
    Feed

    ‰ Low quality grass hay


    will not meet nutrient
    requirements of
    pregnant, lactating, or
    growing goats
    ‰ Supplementation!
    ‰ Clean, fresh water
    available at all times
    ‰ Weigh feed to know
    how much you’re
    feeding
    Balancing the Ration

    Langston University
    Goat Research Extension
    „ http://www2.luresext.edu
    „ Click on goats
    „ Click on nutrient calculators
    ~ or~
    Pearson Square method to balance ration
    Example Ration for Late
    Pregnancy Doe (132 lb.)

    Alfalfa hay 0.5 lb/day


    As fed

    Grass hay 0.6 lb/day

    Corn 1.25 lb/day


    Example Ration for Weight Gain
    55 lb Doeling gaining 0.22 lb/day

    Alfalfa hay 1.8 lb/day


    As fed

    Grass hay 0.0 lb/day

    Corn 0.5 lb/day

    Langston University Goat Research and Extension


    Bucks
    „ Protein
    „ Over feeding
    „ 1 lb grain/day plus forages
    „ Adjust grain to body condition
    Changing Feed
    „ Any changes should be done slowly
    „ Changing type or amount feed takes time
    „ Introduce new feeds ¼ lb/day
    „ Rumen microbes need time to adapt
    „ Feed at the same time each day
    „ Feed twice per day
    Nutrition impacts on Reproduction
    „ Nutrition affects…
    „ Ovulation rate - flushing
    „ Embryo survival – continue flushing
    „ Fetal health
    „ Kid survivability
    „ Kid health
    „ Kid weaning weight
    Flushing
    „ Feed breeding age
    goats extra protein
    and/or energy 30 days
    before & after
    introduction of bucks
    „ Improves fertility &
    increases conception
    and multiple births
    „ Dependent on quantity
    and quality of available
    forage and condition of
    does
    Body Condition Scoring
    „ A measure of energy reserves
    „ Refers to fleshiness of an animal
    „ Scale of 1 – 5 (emaciated to obese)
    „ Effectiveness of feeding management
    Feel for the spine in the center of the animal's back, behind
    its last rib and in front of its hip bone.
    Feel for the tips of the transverse processes

    .
    Feel for fullness of muscle and fat cover.
    Condition 1 (Emaciated): Spinous processes are sharp and prominent.
    Loin eye muscle is shallow with no fat cover.
    Transverse processes are sharp; one can pass fingers under ends. It is
    possible to feel between each process.
    Condition 3 (Average) Spinous processes are smooth and rounded and
    one can feel individual processes only with
    pressure. Transverse processes are smooth and well covered, and firm
    pressure is needed to feel over the ends. Loin eye muscle is full with
    some fat cover.
    Condition 5 (Obese): Spinous processes cannot be detected. There is a
    depression between fat where spine would
    normally be felt. Transverse processes cannot be detected. Loin eye
    muscle is very full with a very thick fat cover.
    Skinny goat

    Fat goat
    Ovulation

    ƒ The better the body condition score


    • the higher the ovulation rate
    • the higher the potential kidding percentage

    ƒ BCS > 4 at breeding


    • tend to have a higher incidence of barrenness

    ƒ BCS < 3 at breeding


    • more responsive to flushing than those with 3.0-
    3.5 at mating
    Body Condition
    „ Doe body condition
    score at kidding has an
    effect on total pounds of
    kid weaned per doe
    „ Does with a body
    condition score of 3 to 4
    at kidding lose fewer
    offspring and wean
    more pounds of kid than
    those with a condition
    score of 2.5 or less
    Suggested Condition Scores
    for Goats

    Production Cycle Optimum Score


    Breeding 3-4
    Early - Mid Gestation 2.5 - 4
    Kidding
    singles 3.0 - 3.5
    twins 3.5 - 4
    Weaning 2 or higher

    http://oregonstate.edu/dept/animal-sciences/sheepext.htm
    Summary

    „ Identify nutritional needs of animal


    „ Remember that nutritional needs change
    throughout the production cycle
    „ Match animal requirements to nutrient value
    of feeds
    „ Use body condition score to fine tune nutrition
    program
    „ Always have minerals and fresh water
    available

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