 Good Morning Sir & My Dear Friends.

 Hope Everyone’s having a good day so far.

 So, the topic of this presentation is Land
Resources.
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 land is very important to us and it is the solid portion
of the Earth's surface because human civilization
has taken place on the land.
 it also fulfils the basic need of human civilization
such as foods clothes shelters etc
 it is also used in agriculture
 it acts as a store point for the basic resources like
groundwater minerals and fossil fuels
 it also protects from high temperature of Earth's
core
 it provides habitat for most of the flora and fauna
 and also, it regulates the water and carbon cycles it
becomes a dumping ground for the solid and liquid
waste
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 so now let's talk about the soil profile
 soil profile is the different horizon's' or the layers in
the soil which is having difference colours, textures,
root, structure and rock fragments so depending
upon the different compositions the layers are
divided into different parts
 and then the different horizons are named as
o,a,e ,b and c layers and all this is known as soil
profile
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 so let's talk about the first layer and that is O
Humus or organic layer this does not contain any
soil and it is the uppermost layer and below that
there is the top layer topsoil or A layer so this two
layer immensely contains the humus rich organic
material of plants and animals origin so this is only
covered with the plant leaves and leaf lettuce
needle streaks or mosses so this is only layer up to
two feet A layer or top tree
 second is E or elevated Horizon and this is also
called as leeching layer this is up to 10-15 feet
 it is light in colour mainly because of the sands and
silt because this contains the large amount of
leached materials from the topsoil
 next comes the subsoil that is a B layer and it is
from 10 to 30 feet and it contains mainly the clays
and minerals like iron aluminium copper etcetera
 and the colour of this layer changes depending
upon the composition of different mineral materials
 then comes the parent material that is C layer it is
from 30 to 48 and it is composed of large rocks so
it’s a big lump of the broken bed rocks and there is
nothing more so everything is rocky there
 and finally, is the bedrock that is R layer it is below
48 feet and it is the deepest soil in the horizon and it
contains only the big rocks continuous mass of
bedrock so this is the last layer
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 now let's talk about the function of soil is very
important for us because it plays a very significant
role in a nutrient cycle
 it gives the basis of the agriculture production
 service stores the water and regulates the water
cycle
 and it also decomposes the pollutions and filters
the groundwater
 it produces most of the clay and brick making
industries
 it provides a foundation for building also
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 so now let's talk about the land degradation
 the causes effect and control measures
 so, what is the land degradation
 the fertility of the land support the growth and
productivity of the natural vegetation and because
of any natural or man-made calamities if the fertility
of land is going away or it is reducing that means
we can say the land degradation is happening
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 and what are the major causes for this
 there are two types of causes one is natural factor
and other is anthropogenic factors
 natural factors include heavy rains heavy speed
wind and storms natural disasters like earthquake
floods and prolonged and drought etc as well as
expansion of deserts and soil erosion
 Anthropogenic means man-made causes and they
include mainly mining which generates lots lots of
waste
 Urbanization, Deforestation and excessive use of
pesticides and fertilizers and finally industrial
discharge and constructions of dams, roads and
canals
 so, what are the causes of soil erosion so there are
two things one is soil erosion and one is a
desertification so what is soil erosion
 It’s is the removal of the topsoil by the high-speed
wind or high-speed rain or water so that is soil
erosion
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 now what are the main causes of the soil erosion
 first is deforestation, industrialization, pollution,
flood, Overgrazing
 Overgrazing means eating grasses in eaten by
cattle in excessive amount
 if they are eating too much of grasses that is not
good for the soil and so soil goes away also so that
is one thing
 another is agriculture mismanagement that means
poor crop rotation, excessive input of the chemicals
or use of heavy machinery
 and finally, large violent winds also cause soil
erosion
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 and what are the effects of soil erosion
 it decreases the productivity of the land secondly
desertification of land happens and reduction in the
agricultural land at the bank of the river
 and the position of the soil in the riverbeds and
channels causing diversion of their natural flow and
hence living to disasters
 so how can we control this how can we control the
soil erosion there are three different options for
depending upon the slope of the land
 so, for the milder slope we can go for two things
one is a reduced tillage and secondly stubble
mulching so we can reduce the channels or the
tillage’s or we can cover the land with the stubble so
that is stubble munching
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 for the gentle slopes we can go for vegetative
bunds or counter bunds, strip cropping or counter
cultivation
 so, what is vegetative bunds, it is making bunds
with the vegetables with stronger roots
 secondly counter cultivation is cultivating on the
different levels of the land so if some part of the
land is at the higher level, we can grow something
else over there so they can hold the land
 thirdly strip cropping means the crops are planted in
the form of strips with bigger crops and then some
smaller crops
 and finally contour bunds means making bunds with
the help of some stones, mud or other things
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 for the steeper slope we can go for directly terracing
 terracing means cutting the land in the form of
terraces and holding the vegetative life there
 some other methods also which can prevent the soil
erosion and they are like control of over grazing
don't allow the cattle to eat too much of grasses
then construction of small check dams so that the
flow of water can be regulated
 next is afforestation on barren land we can go for
the mass plantation
 next is prevention of exclusion of rocks so we can
prevent the removal of the rocks because rocks can
hold the land also and
 finally, equitable use of the water sources we can
sprinkle water because dry land can easily erode
with winds.
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 So, the case study I took is Cauvery calling by
sadhguru & isha foundation.
What Is Cauvery Calling?
Cauvery Calling is a project under Isha Outreach.
The project is intended to address the Farmer and
Water Crisis in the Cauvery Basin Districts of
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. It offers an Economic
Solution with significant Ecological Benefits. The
project will aim to facilitate farmers in the
Basin Districts to adopt Tree-based agriculture on
their Private Lands, thereby securing their financial
future as well as the Ecology.
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Cauvery Calling Goals

 supporting farmers to plant 242 crore trees in
the Cauvery basin, which is nearly 83,000
square kilometres in area
 This will cover one third of the Cauvery basin
under shade.
 The amount of additional water retained in the
Cauvery basin will be around 9 trillion litres.
This is more than 40% of the water that is
actually flowing in the river right now.
 The way this is being done is by shifting
farmers to agroforestry and tree-based
agriculture resulting in Afforestation. small-
scale demonstrations were conducted where
69,760 farmers were converted into
agroforestry and within five to seven years,
their wealth increased by three hundred to
eight hundred percent.
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 This Is an Economic Afforestation Movement
Where Planting of Trees Is Benefiting the
Economy Resulting in Economy & Ecology
Benefiting and Working Together Creating a
Large Scale Land Rejuvenation.
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 Now I will conclude this presentation:
 SO today we learned about land resources
about it’s importance, the types of soil profile,
land degradation & soil erosion.
 We also learned about Cauvery calling, how it
is doing large scale afforestation.
 Thank you all for patiently listening to this
presentation have a good day ahead.