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    Melting Point of Organic Compounds

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    1. The student conducted an experiment to determine the melting points of organic compounds and identify an unknown compound. Benzoic acid and urea were tested individually and as mixtures, showing that mixtures have lower melting points due to impurities. 2. An unknown compound had a melting point of 157°C, matching salicylic acid. Mixing it with salicylic acid did not lower the melting point, confirming they were the same compound. 3. The experiment demonstrated that measuring a compound's melting point and how it changes in mixtures can be used to identify unknown substances. A matching melting point with a known compound indicates they are likely identical.

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    Melting Point of Organic Compounds

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    1. The student conducted an experiment to determine the melting points of organic compounds and identify an unknown compound. Benzoic acid and urea were tested individually and as mixtures, showing that mixtures have lower melting points due to impurities. 2. An unknown compound had a melting point of 157°C, matching salicylic acid. Mixing it with salicylic acid did not lower the melting point, confirming they were the same compound. 3. The experiment demonstrated that measuring a compound's melting point and how it changes in mixtures can be used to identify unknown substances. A matching melting point with a known compound indicates they are likely identical.

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    1. The student conducted an experiment to determine the melting points of organic compounds and identify an unknown compound. Benzoic acid and urea were tested individually and as mixtures, showing that mixtures have lower melting points due to impurities. 2. An unknown compound had a melting point of 157°C, matching salicylic acid. Mixing it with salicylic acid did not lower the melting point, confirming they were the same compound. 3. The experiment demonstrated that measuring a compound's melting point and how it changes in mixtures can be used to identify unknown substances. A matching melting point with a known compound indicates they are likely identical.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    561 views5 pages

    Melting Point of Organic Compounds

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    1. The student conducted an experiment to determine the melting points of organic compounds and identify an unknown compound. Benzoic acid and urea were tested individually and as mixtures, showing that mixtures have lower melting points due to impurities. 2. An unknown compound had a melting point of 157°C, matching salicylic acid. Mixing it with salicylic acid did not lower the melting point, confirming they were the same compound. 3. The experiment demonstrated that measuring a compound's melting point and how it changes in mixtures can be used to identify unknown substances. A matching melting point with a known compound indicates they are likely identical.

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    FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

    KUALA LUMPUR CAMPUS


    Semester: ​[ ] May [ / ] September [ ] January (​please tick “​✓​”)
    Academic Year: 2019​
    Course Code & Title: AACB 3133 CHEMISTRY OF ELEMENTS AND ORGANIC
    COMPOUNDS
    Programme: Diploma in Science (Chemistry and Biology )
    Student’s Name (Registration Number): 1. Wong Pui Mun (18WLD03931)
    2. Chin Jia Yue (18WLD03979)
    Submission Date:

    Declaration
    We confirm that we have read and shall comply with all the terms and condition of
    TAR College’s plagiarism policy.
    We declare that this assignment is free from all forms of plagiarism and for all intents
    and purposes is our own properly derived work.

    Signature(s):_____________________________________________________________

    Name(s):_________________________________________________________________

    Date: ___________________
    Experiment 1
    Title: Melting Point of Organic Compounds

    Objectives:
    1. To study the melting points of the compounds before and after mixing;
    2. To determine the identity of unknown by comparing the melting points of other
    substances;

    Introduction:
    Melting point is the temperature at which a substance starts to turn from solid into liquid
    phase. The particles of a solid are packed tightly together in an orderly arrangement, their
    motions are restricted which can only vibrate about a fixed point. As the solid is heated, the
    particles received kinetic energy to vibrate more vigorously until the attractive forces between
    those particles starts to break. Therefore, the melting point of a solid is dependent on the
    strength of those attractive forces. The stronger the forces between the particles in a solid, the
    higher the energy needed to overcome the attractive forces, the higher the melting point. For
    example, sodium chloride (NaCl) is an ionic compound that bonded by strong ionic bonds,
    which melts at 801°C, whereas ice ( H 2 O ) is a molecular compound which are held together
    by hydrogen bonds, its melting point is 0 °C. The ionic bonding is much stronger than
    hydrogen bond, which is only an intermolecular forces, thus the melting point of NaCl is much
    higher than the melting point of ice.
    The melting point is vary for different pure substance due to the differences of their bonding
    and composition. This is why the melting point can help to identify a pure substance as it is a
    fixed point for every pure substance. For instance, the melting point for pure water (ice) is
    exactly 0​°C. However, if the substance is mixed with another, then its melting point will be
    lowered by the impurities. This process called melting point depression (Ryan, 2005).
    Different substances in a mixture will actually melts at different temperatures. Thus, a pure
    substance has a sharp melting point (melts at one temperature) but a mixture melts over a range
    of temperatures. If salts are added into water, the melting point of the water will no longer ​0
    °C. It may solidifies at between -5 °C and -20 °C (Bradley & Winterbottom, 2001). That is
    how salt is added to make freezing mixtures to keep ice cream frozen.
    In this experiment, the melting points of two different substances were determined by using
    the melting point apparatus. Then, these two substances were mixed in different composition
    to check how a substance lowers the melting point of another. In the second part, the list of the
    melting points of different compounds were provided. An unknown is prepared which is
    actually the same substance with one of the compounds. The identity of the unknown is also
    known by checking its melting point. After that, the unknown would be mixed with the
    compound which has the same melting point with it. If the melting point do not drop, then they
    are the same substances; if the melting point drops, then they are different.
    Procedure:
    A) Melting points of known compounds and mixture:
    The highest temperature of melting point apparatus was set at 17​0 °C. A quantity of
    benzoic acid (solid) were put into a capillary tube and inserted into the melting point
    apparatus. The melting point apparatus was started and the temperature began to rise.
    The apparatus was stopped until the benzoic acid started to melt. The temperature was
    recorded as its melting point. The experiment was repeated with similar quantity of
    urea, a mixture of 10 mole percent benzoic acid with 90 mole percent urea, and a
    mixture of 90 mole percent benzoic acid with 10 mole percent urea.

    B) Identification of an unknown compound by the mixed melting point method:


    Unknown is taken into the capillary tube and the melting point was checked by
    inserting the capillary tube into the melting point apparatus. The apparatus was started
    and the temperature began to rise. The apparatus was stopped just after the compound
    started to melt. The melting point was recorded and compared to the list to estimate its
    identity. The unknown was then mixed with the compound that has the same melting
    point with it, both were in similar quantity. The melting point of this mixture is tested
    and recorded. The melting point of the unknown should be measured again if its
    melting point after mixed has changed.

    Table 1: Melting point of each compound.

    Compound Melting point (°C)

    Benzoic acid 120-121

    Benzamide 125-126

    o-Benzoylbenzoic acid 126-127

    Benzoin 132-133

    Cinnamic acid 132-133

    Salicylic acid 155-157

    p-Hydroxydiphenyl 164-165

    p-Bromoacetanilide 165-167

    Urea 132-133

    Acetylsalicylic acid 135-136

    Anthranilic acid 143-144


    Benzilic acid 150-151

    Adipic acid 151-153

    Results:

    (A) ​Melting points of known compounds and mixture


    Table 2: Melting points of known compounds and mixture

    Compounds Melting points (°C)

    Benzoic acid 122

    Urea 121

    10 mole percent benzoic acid and 90 mole 125


    percent urea

    90 mole percent benzoic acid and 10 mole 77


    percent urea

    (B) Identification of an unknown compound by the mixed melting point method


    The melting point of the unknown compound is at 157°C. Based on the table 1 above that
    shown the melting point of different compounds, it gives the information that salicylic acid has
    a melting point between 155-157°C. Thus, the unknown compound is believed that it is
    salicylic acid due to it has the nearest value of melting point with it.

    Discussion:
    From the part A experiment, the table 2 has shown that the melting point of benzoic acid is
    122°C whereas urea has a melting point of 121°C. However when 10 mole percent benzoic
    acid and 90 mole percent urea are mixed together. The melting point that obtained was 125°C.
    Obviously, the temperature has increased. On the other hand, when 90 mole percent of benzoic
    acid was mixed with 10 mole percent urea, the temperature decreased which became 77°C.
    This has shown that the melting point of the mixed substance is largely differ from the melting
    point of both of the substances when they are tested individually. This is due to the reason that,
    one of th​e compounds has acted as an impurity toward the other and they are not the same
    compound. ​Normally, the melting point of pure compound should be higher than the impure
    one, because the impurities messes up of the crystalline lattice by blocking their formation and
    creates irregularities. Thus the intermolecular bonds become weaker, resulting in lower heat
    energy required to break the bond, making the melting point becomes lower (​Donald L. Pavia,
    2016)​.
    Based on the result of ​identification of an unknown compound, the melting point obtained
    from the experiment is 157°C. Refer to table 1 that gives information of melting point of
    different compound, it is suspected that the unknown compound is salicylic acid. To ensure
    that the unknown is salicylic acid, the unknown compound was again mix with the suspected
    compound with the same amount. Finally, we obtain 157°C of its melting point. It shown they
    ate the same compound. If they are not the same, ​the melting point of the mixture is lower than
    either of the two pure components and the melting range is large. This is because the two
    compounds are different with the result that one is an impurity in the other.

    Conclusion:
    I​ n conclusion, mixing the unknown is believed to be the salicylic acid due to it has the same
    melting point with the melting point of a mixture of the pure compound and the unknown.
    Mixture melting point is useful in determining the identity of your unknown compound as if
    the melting point of the mixture is the same as that of the known compound, then the known
    and the unknown are most likely identical. A decrease in melting point of the mixture and a
    broadening of the melting point range indicates that the compounds are different.

    References:

    1. Bradley I., Winterbottom M. (2001). ​The Heinemann Science Scheme: Book 2, Book 2.​
    Heinemann Educational Publishers, Oxford.
    2. Donald L. Pavia. (2016). ​A Microscale Approach to Organic Laboratory Techniques,
    sixth edition,​ Cengage Learning, United States.
    3. Ryan L. (2005).​ Scientifica : kids in lab coats. 8​. Nelson Thornes, Cheltenham.

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