Carnot Cycles

CARNOT CYCLES
Sadi Carnot was a French physicist who proposed an “ideal” cycle for a
heat engine in 1824.
Historical note – the idea of an ideal cycle came about because engineers
were trying to develop a steam engine (a type of heat engine) where they
could reject (waste) a minimal amount of heat. This would produce the
best efficiency since  = 1 – (QL/QH).
Carnot proposed that a cycle comprised of completely (internally and

externally) reversible processes would give the maximum amount of net
work for a given heat input, since the work done by a system in a
reversible (ideal) process is always greater than that in an irreversible
(real) process.
THE CARNOT HEAT ENGINE CYCLE CONSISTS OF FOUR

REVERSIBLE PROCESSES IN A SEQUENCE:
1  2: Reversible isothermal expansion.

Heat transfer from HTR (+) and boundary work (+) occur in
closed system
2  3: Reversible adiabatic expansion

Work output (+), but no heat transfer
3  4: Reversible isothermal compression

Heat transfer (-) and boundary work (-) occur in closed
system
4  1: Reversible adiabatic compression

Work input (-), but no heat transfer
AND Wout >>> Win
1
P-V DIAGRAM FOR CARNOT HEAT ENGINE CYCLE
P
1
2
4
3
Showing net work is POSITIVE. V
A useful example of an isothermal expansion is boiling (vaporization) at
a constant pressure in a device such as a piston-cylinder. Similarly, an
example of an isothermal compression is condensation at a constant
pressure in a piston-cylinder.
Also, heat transfer can only occur in processes 1  2 and 3 4.

1  2: since work is positive (expansion) and u is positive (e.g.,
boiling) then heat transfer is positive (input from HTR).
3  4: since work is negative (compression) and u is negative (e.g.,
condensation) then heat transfer is negative (output to LTR).
CARNOT PRINCIPLES FOR HEAT ENGINES
1. The efficiency of an irreversible (real) heat engine is always less

than the efficiency for a reversible (CARNOT) heat engine
operating between the same high and low temperature reservoirs,
(regardless of type of devices, working fluid, etc.)
2. The efficiencies of all reversible (CARNOT) heat engines

operating between the same high and low temperature reservoirs
are always equal, (regardless of type of devices, working fluid,
etc.)
2
CARNOT REFRIGERATOR IS SIMPLY A REVERSED
CARNOT HEAT ENGINE, WITH A SEQUENCE OF FOUR
REVERSIBLE PROCESSES
1  2: Reversible isothermal expansion

Heat transfer (+) and boundary work (+) occur in closed
system
2  3: Reversible adiabatic compression

Work input (-), but no heat transfer
AND Win >>> Wout
3  4: Reversible isothermal compression

Heat transfer (-) and boundary work (-) occur in closed
system
41 Reversible adiabatic expansion

Work output (+), but no heat transfer
P-V DIAGRAM FOR CARNOT REFRIGERATOR CYCLE
P
4
3
1
2
V
Showing net work is NEGATIVE.
3
CARNOT PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO A REFRIGERATOR
1. The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator (or heat

pump) comprised of reversible processes (CARNOT) is always
greater than the COP for a sequence of irreversible (real) processes
operating between the same high and low temperature reservoirs
(regardless of type of devices, working fluid, etc.).
2. The COP’s of all reversible (CARNOT) refrigerators or heat

pumps operating between the same high and low temperature
reservoirs are always equal, (regardless of type of devices, working
fluid, etc.)
The second CARNOT principle states that the efficiency of a CARNOT

heat engine is a function of high and low temperature reservoir
temperatures (TH, TL) only when temperature is on an absolute scale
(Kelvin). That is:
 C  f (TH , TL )
then since  is by definition a function of the ratio QH/QL. For a model

system of three heat engines operating between the same reservoirs, as
shown in text figure 6-49, it can be proven that
for a reversible (CARNOT) heat engine:
 QH  T
   H
 QL  reversible TL
and
TL Q
C  1   1 L
TH QH
where TH and TL are ALWAYS in degrees Kelvin!
Similarly for CARNOT refrigerator/heat pump cycles:
4
1 1
COPCR  
 TH   QH 
  1   1
 TL   QL 
and
1 1
COPCHP  
 TL   Q L 
1   1  
 TH   Q H 
where TH and TL are ALWAYS in degrees Kelvin!

Carnot Cycles

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Carnot Cycles

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Carnot Cycles

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CARNOT CYCLES

Carnot proposed that a cycle comprised of completely (internally and

THE CARNOT HEAT ENGINE CYCLE CONSISTS OF FOUR

1  2: Reversible isothermal expansion.

2  3: Reversible adiabatic expansion

3  4: Reversible isothermal compression

4  1: Reversible adiabatic compression

Also, heat transfer can only occur in processes 1  2 and 3 4.

CARNOT PRINCIPLES FOR HEAT ENGINES

1. The efficiency of an irreversible (real) heat engine is always less

2. The efficiencies of all reversible (CARNOT) heat engines

1  2: Reversible isothermal expansion

2  3: Reversible adiabatic compression

3  4: Reversible isothermal compression

41 Reversible adiabatic expansion

P-V DIAGRAM FOR CARNOT REFRIGERATOR CYCLE

1. The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator (or heat

2. The COP’s of all reversible (CARNOT) refrigerators or heat

The second CARNOT principle states that the efficiency of a CARNOT

then since  is by definition a function of the ratio QH/QL. For a model

for a reversible (CARNOT) heat engine:

where TH and TL are ALWAYS in degrees Kelvin!

Similarly for CARNOT refrigerator/heat pump cycles:

where TH and TL are ALWAYS in degrees Kelvin!

You might also like