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    Preparation of Hydrogen

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    Davies Masumba
    Hydrogen gas is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless diatomic gas that is less dense than air. It burns with a nearly invisible flame and acts as a reducing agent. Common laboratory preparation methods include the reaction of metals like zinc with acids, and electrolysis of water. Industrial production is mainly through steam reforming of natural gas. Some key uses of hydrogen include ammonia production, rocket fuel, welding, and filling balloons. Oxygen gas is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless diatomic gas that is slightly denser than air and slightly soluble in water. It supports combustion and rusts iron. Laboratory preparation involves the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide or potassium chlorate. Industrial

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    Preparation of Hydrogen

    Uploaded by

    Davies Masumba
    1K views9 pages
    Hydrogen gas is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless diatomic gas that is less dense than air. It burns with a nearly invisible flame and acts as a reducing agent. Common laboratory preparation methods include the reaction of metals like zinc with acids, and electrolysis of water. Industrial production is mainly through steam reforming of natural gas. Some key uses of hydrogen include ammonia production, rocket fuel, welding, and filling balloons. Oxygen gas is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless diatomic gas that is slightly denser than air and slightly soluble in water. It supports combustion and rusts iron. Laboratory preparation involves the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide or potassium chlorate. Industrial

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    Olevel chemistry on preparation of hydrogen, physical and chemical properties and uses of hydrogen

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    Preparation of hydrogen

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    Hydrogen gas is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless diatomic gas that is less dense than air. It burns with a nearly invisible flame and acts as a reducing agent. Common laboratory preparation methods include the reaction of metals like zinc with acids, and electrolysis of water. Industrial production is mainly through steam reforming of natural gas. Some key uses of hydrogen include ammonia production, rocket fuel, welding, and filling balloons. Oxygen gas is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless diatomic gas that is slightly denser than air and slightly soluble in water. It supports combustion and rusts iron. Laboratory preparation involves the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide or potassium chlorate. Industrial

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    1K views9 pages

    Preparation of Hydrogen

    Uploaded by

    Davies Masumba
    Hydrogen gas is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless diatomic gas that is less dense than air. It burns with a nearly invisible flame and acts as a reducing agent. Common laboratory preparation methods include the reaction of metals like zinc with acids, and electrolysis of water. Industrial production is mainly through steam reforming of natural gas. Some key uses of hydrogen include ammonia production, rocket fuel, welding, and filling balloons. Oxygen gas is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless diatomic gas that is slightly denser than air and slightly soluble in water. It supports combustion and rusts iron. Laboratory preparation involves the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide or potassium chlorate. Industrial

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    of 9

    Hydrogen gas

    Physical properties:

     It is a diatomic molecule with formula H2 at rtp.


     It is colourless.
     It is odourless.
     Tasteless.
     It is less dense that air. COWSLIPS

    Chemical properties:

     It is insoluble in water.
     It has no effect on litmus paper.
     It is inflammable.
     It has neutral pH.
     It undergoes combustion in oxygen with a blue flame to produce
    water and energy as shown by the equation below:
    2H2 (g) + O2 2H2O (g) + energy
     It undergoes combustion in chlorine with a white flame forming
    hydrogen chloride as show by the equation below:
    H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) 2HCl (g)
     It reduces metals below it in the reactivity series from their
    compounds, for example when copper (II) oxide is undergoes
    combustion in hydrogen, it is reduced to copper as shown below:

    CuO (s) + H2 (g) Cu (s) + H2O (g)

     Copper (II) oxide turns from black to reddish – brown when


    hydrogen gas is passed over it.

    Preparation of hydrogen:

    1. Laboratory preparation:
    o By reacting very reactive metals such as CaNaK with
    water.
    o By reacting reactive metals such as MAZIT with dilute
    acids.
    o By electrolysis of acidified water.
     Laboratory preparation of hydrogen by reacting a reactive
    metal with dilute acid:
    Procedure:

     Granules of zinc metal are reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid in


    the apparatus shown below.

     Zinc granules react with dilute hydrochloric acid to form hydrogen


    gas and zinc chloride salt as shown by the equation below:
    Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) H2 (g) + ZnCl2 (aq)
     If the gas is required dry, it is passed through drying agents such as
    calcium oxide or sulphuric acid.
     This method of preparation is called displacement of water or
    upward delivery. Hydrogen is collected by this method because it is
    insoluble in water and lighter than air.
     Laboratory preparation of hydrogen by reacting very reactive
    metals with water:
    Procedure:
     Granules of calcium are reacted with water in an apparatus arranged
    as shown below;

     Granules of calcium reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide and


    hydrogen gas according to the following equation.
    Ca (s) + 2H2O (l) H2 (g) + Ca(OH)2 (aq)
     If potassium or sodium are used, they must be wrapped in a wire
    mesh to make them sink as they float on water.
     The reaction of potassium with water produces a lilac flame while
    that of sodium produces a yellow flame.
     Laboratory preparation of hydrogen by electrolysis of acidified
    water:

    Procedure:

     Electric current is passed through acidified water in an apparatus


    called voltaic.
     Acidified water splits into hydrogen and oxygen gas in the ratio
    2:1 by volume as shown by the equation below:
    2H2O (g) 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)

    Test for hydrogen gas:

    Hydrogen burns in a flame with a pop sound putting out the flame in
    the process.

    2. Industrial preparation of hydrogen gas:

    Two methods are available for preparing hydrogen in large scale namely
    in industries;

     Steam reformation.
     Cracking of hydrocarbons.

     Preparation of hydrogen by steam reformation


     Steam reformation is the process by which hydrogen is
    produced from the reaction of methane and steam at 1000 oC
    in the presence of nickel catalyst.
     Firstly, methane reacts with steam to form carbon monoxide
    and hydrogen as shown below.
    CH4 (g) + H2O (g) CO(g) + 3H2 (g)
     Secondly, carbon monoxide further reacts with steam to form
    more hydrogen gas as shown below.
    CO (g) + H2O (g) CO2 (g) + H2 (g)

     Preparation of hydrogen by cracking alkanes


     Hydrocarbon from crude oil is heated in the presence of
    aluminium oxide to form hydrogen gas and short alkenes as
    show by the equation below. This process is called cracking.

    Industrial uses of hydrogen gas:

    1. Making ammonia by Haber process. Hydrogen is mixed with nitrogen


    gas to make ammonia in the presence of iron catalyst.

    3H2 (g) + N2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)


    2. Making margarine by the process called hydrogenation. Hydrogen in
    combined with vegetable in the presence of nickel catalyst to form
    margarine.

    3. Fuel in rockets. Hydrogen burns in oxygen to produce a lot of energy.


    Energy from hydrogen is pure since the water is the only product.

    4. In welding. A mixture of hydrogen and oxygen called oxyhydrogen


    when ignited produces a very hot flame which is used in the welding
    process.

    5. Used to fill meteorological balloons because it is lighter than air.

    6. Used in the manufacture of hydrochloric acid.

    7. As a reducing agent.

    Oxygen gas

    Physical properties:

     It exists as a diatomic molecule at r.t.p with formula O2.


     It is colourless.
     It is odourless.
     It is tasteless.
     It is slightly soluble in water.
     It is slightly denser than air.

    Chemical properties:

     Neutral to litmus paper.


     Neutral pH.
     Supports combustion.
     Reacts with metals to form metallic or basic oxides.
     Reacts with non-metals to form non-metallic oxides.
     Causes rusting of iron in the presence of water.

    Test for oxygen: relights a glowing splint.

    Laboratory preparation of oxygen gas:

    Two mostly used methods includes:

     Catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2.


     Thermal catalytic decomposition of potassium chlorate, KClO 3.

    Laboratory preparation of oxygen by catalytic decomposition of


    hydrogen peroxide:

    Procedure: hydrogen peroxide is reacted with manganese (IV) oxide


    catalyst in the apparatus set up as shown below.
    Hydrogen peroxide decomposes in the presence of manganese (IV)
    oxide catalyst into water and oxygen gas according to the following
    equation:

    oxygen gas collected over water in a gas jar because it is slightly


    soluble in water. The method is called upward delivery; it is possible to
    collect oxygen by this method because it is slightly less dense than
    air.

    Laboratory preparation of oxygen by thermal catalytic


    decomposition of potassium chlorate:

    Procedure: potassium chlorate is mixed with manganese (IV) oxide


    catalyst and heated in an apparatus set up as shown below. Potassium
    chlorate decomposes into hydrogen gas and potassium chloride
    according to the following equation;

    Industrial preparation of oxygen:

    Prepared by fractional distillation of liquid air. Liquid air is heated and


    passed through a fractionating column. Oxygen boils off at -183oC and
    collected.
    Uses of oxygen:

    1. Used in steel production to converting the impure iron from the


    blast furnace into steels.

    2. Used in welding when mixed with acetylene (C2H2) which produces


    a flame of about 6000 oC which can weld and cut steel.

    3. Used in hospitals to aid breathing of patient through an oxygen


    mask, or in an oxygen tent.

    4. To aid breathing of mountaineers and divers.

    5. Used as fuel in rockets when mixed with hydrogen in space mission


    by astronauts.

    6. Used in fuel cells.

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