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    Matter and Energy

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    alabwala
    This document provides an overview of key ecological concepts including: 1) Matter and energy - all matter is made up of elements and compounds, and energy exists in various forms like potential, kinetic, solar, and chemical. 2) Atomic and molecular structure - atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons, and elements combine to form compounds through bonding like ionic and covalent. 3) Organic and inorganic compounds - including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids which are important sources of energy and structure for living things. 4) Ecosystems concepts - ecosystems are communities of living and non-living things that interact through nutrient cycling of carbon, nitrogen, phosph

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    Matter and Energy

    Uploaded by

    alabwala
    63 views56 pages
    This document provides an overview of key ecological concepts including: 1) Matter and energy - all matter is made up of elements and compounds, and energy exists in various forms like potential, kinetic, solar, and chemical. 2) Atomic and molecular structure - atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons, and elements combine to form compounds through bonding like ionic and covalent. 3) Organic and inorganic compounds - including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids which are important sources of energy and structure for living things. 4) Ecosystems concepts - ecosystems are communities of living and non-living things that interact through nutrient cycling of carbon, nitrogen, phosph

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    MATTER AND ENERGY

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    This document provides an overview of key ecological concepts including: 1) Matter and energy - all matter is made up of elements and compounds, and energy exists in various forms like potential, kinetic, solar, and chemical. 2) Atomic and molecular structure - atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons, and elements combine to form compounds through bonding like ionic and covalent. 3) Organic and inorganic compounds - including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids which are important sources of energy and structure for living things. 4) Ecosystems concepts - ecosystems are communities of living and non-living things that interact through nutrient cycling of carbon, nitrogen, phosph

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    63 views56 pages

    Matter and Energy

    Uploaded by

    alabwala
    This document provides an overview of key ecological concepts including: 1) Matter and energy - all matter is made up of elements and compounds, and energy exists in various forms like potential, kinetic, solar, and chemical. 2) Atomic and molecular structure - atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons, and elements combine to form compounds through bonding like ionic and covalent. 3) Organic and inorganic compounds - including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids which are important sources of energy and structure for living things. 4) Ecosystems concepts - ecosystems are communities of living and non-living things that interact through nutrient cycling of carbon, nitrogen, phosph

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    of 56

    Lecture 2

    Ecological Concepts
    MATTER & ENERGY
    ZGE 4301 – Environmental Sciences
    Department of Biological Sciences
    Composition of Matter
    • Matter is anything that has mass and takes
    up space, living or not
    • Matter exists in two chemical forms:
    elements and compounds
    • Elements
    • Fundamental units of matter
    • 96% of the body is made from four elements
    3
    Atomic Structure
    • Atoms
    • Building blocks
    of elements
    • Nucleus
    • Protons (p+)
    • Neutrons (n0)
    • Outside of
    nucleus
    • Electrons (e-)
    Identifying Elements
    • Atomic number
    • equal to the number of protons that the atoms contain
    • Atomic mass number
    • sum of the protons and neutrons
    Electron
    cloud
    Nucleus
    2e–

    2 Protons
    Mass
    number = 4
    2 Neutrons

    2 Electrons
    Loss of Nitrate Ions from a
    Deforested Watershed
    COMPOUNDS
    • a substance consisting of two or more
    different elements combined in a fixed ratio

    9
    Chemical Bonding
    • Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of
    opposite charge
    • Covalent bond results when atoms share
    outer-shell electrons
    • Hydrogen bond - water molecules are
    electrically attracted to oppositely charged
    regions on neighboring molecules

    10
    Transfer of
    electron

    Na Cl
    Sodium atom Chlorine atom
    Transfer of –
    electron +

    Na Cl Na+ Cl–
    Sodium atom Chlorine atom Sodium ion Chloride ion
    Sodium chloride (NaCl)
    13
    Hydrogen bond
    Inorganic compounds

    15
    pH scale
    0

    1
    Battery acid

    (Higher concentration of H+)


    2 Lemon juice, gastric juice

    Increasingly ACIDIC
    3 Grapefruit juice, soft drink,
    vinegar, beer
    Acidic solution
    4 Tomato juice

    5
    Rain water
    6 Human urine

    Saliva
    NEUTRAL
    7 Pure water
    [H+]=OH–]
    Human blood,
    tears
    8
    Seawater
    Neutral solution
    (Lower concentration of H+)

    9
    Increasingly BASIC

    10

    Milk of magnesia
    11

    Household ammonia
    12

    Household bleach
    13

    Oven cleaner
    Basic solution 14
    Acidic solution Neutral solution Basic solution
    Organic Compounds

    18
    Carbohydrate

    19
    Carbohydrates
    Carbohydrates

    Figure 2.12c
    Lipids
    • are water insoluble compounds that are
    important in energy storage
    • fats & waxes

    24
    Proteins
    • polymer built from various combinations of 20
    amino acid monomers
    Nucleic Acid
    • made of monomers:
    nucleotides

    Base
    pair
    Law of Conservation of Matter

    • we cannot create or destroy atoms


    • whenever matter undergoes a physical or
    chemical change, no atoms are created or
    destroyed
    • there is no “throw away”
    Energy
    • it is the capacity to do work or transfer heat
    Energy comes in many forms
    • Potential energy is stored energy
    • water stored behind a dam and the chemical bonds in
    gasoline
    • Potential energy can be changed to kinetic
    energy
    • releasing water from behind a dam and burning
    gasoline in a car
    Fossil Fuels
    Energy comes in many forms
    • Solar energy is major source of renewable
    energy.
    • It provides about 99% of the energy that heats the
    earth and provides us with food (through
    photosynthesis by plants)
    • Non-renewable fossil fuels provide the other
    1% of the energy we use.
    Energy changes are governed
    by two scientific laws
    • The first law of thermodynamics states
    that when energy is converted from one
    form to another in a physical or chemical
    change, no energy is created or destroyed
    Energy changes are governed
    by two scientific laws
    • The second law of thermodynamics states
    that when energy is changed from one form
    to another, energy quality is depleted.
    ECOSYSTEM
    Community + Abiotic environment, interacting
    SYSTEM (feedback)
    Nutrient Cycling
    • an essential process in all ecosystems and
    represents a direct link between primary
    productivity and decomposition
    HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
    srh.noaa.gov
    CARBON CYCLE
    NITROGEN CYCLE
    PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
    faculty.southwest.tn.edu

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