University of technology civil engineering

Design circular tank with( H2/dT =2)

free top, fixed base (Rectangular load)

‫تصميم خزان دائري بدون غطاء‬

Muhammed abdulhussein kadhim

)‫محمد عبد الحسين كاظم(صباحي‬
Structure brunch
4th stage

2019-2020
1-1 INTRODUCTION:
Storage reservoirs and overhead tank are used to store water, liquid
petroleum, petroleum products and similar liquids. The force analysis of
the reservoirs or tanks is about the same irrespective of the chemical
nature of the product. All tanks are designed as crack free structures to
eliminate any leakage. Water or raw petroleum retaining slab and walls
can be of reinforced concrete with adequate cover to the reinforcement.
Water and petroleum and react with concrete and, therefore, no special
treatment to the surface is required. Industrial wastes can also be
collected and processed in concrete tanks with few exceptions. The
petroleum product such as petrol, diesel oil, etc. are likely to leak
through the concrete walls, therefore such tanks need special
membranes to prevent leakage. Reservoir is a common term applied to
liquid storage structure and it can be below or above the ground level.
Reservoirs below the ground level are normally built to store large
quantities of water whereas those of overhead type are built for direct
distribution by gravity flow and are usually of smaller capacity(1).

1-2 UNDER GROUND WATER TANK:

The tanks like purification tanks, Imhoff tanks, septic tanks, and gas
holders are built underground. The design principle of underground tank
is same as for tanks are subjected to internal water pressure and outside
earth pressure. The base is subjected to weight of water and soil
pressure. These tanks may be covered at the top. Whenever there is a
possibility of water table to rise, soil becomes saturated and earth
pressure exerted by saturated soil should be taken into consideration.
As the ratio of the length of tank to its breadth is greater than 2, the long
walls will be designed as cantilevers and the top portion of the short
walls will be designed as slab supported by long walls. Bottom one
meter of the short walls will be designed as cantilever slab(1).
1-3 FLOOR OF RCC WATER TANK REST ON THE
GROUND:
o Place layer of lean concrete not less than 75 mm thick over the
ground.
o Commonly, use M15 for lean concrete.
o Employ M20 for lean concrete in the presence of aggressive soils
or harmful water.
o Consider sulfate resisting concrete if required.
o Install polyethylene sheet layer between lean concrete and the
floor.
o Cast the floor in single layer(2).

1-4 WALL OF CYLINDRICAL TANK:

While designing walls of cylindrical tanks the following points should be
borne in mind:
o Walls of cylindrical tanks are either cast monolithically with the
base or are set in grooves and key ways (movement joints). In
either case deformation of wall under influence of liquid pressure
is restricted at and above the base. Consequently, only part of the
triangular hydrostatic load will be carried by ring tension and part
of the load at bottom will be supported by cantilever action.

o It is difficult to restrict rotation or settlement of the base slab and

it is advisable to provide vertical reinforcement as if the walls
were fully fixed at the base, in addition to the reinforcement
required to resist horizontal ring tension for hinged at base,
conditions of walls, unless the appropriate amount of fixity at the
base is established by analysis with due consideration to the
dimensions of the base slab the type of joint between the wall and
slab, and , where applicable, the type of soil supporting the base
slab(1).
1-5 PPRESSURE ON RCC WATER TANK WALL:
o gas pressure, which is developed due to the presence of fixed or
floated tank cover, shall be added to the liquid pressure.
o When water tank constructed in ground or earth embanked
against it, then earth pressure shall be accounted in wall design(2).

Figure (1)

1-6 RCC WATER TANK REEF:

To avoid the possibility of sympathetic cracking it is important to ensure
that movement joints in the roof correspond with those in the walls, if
roof and walls are monolithic However, provision is made by means of a
sliding joint for movement between the roof and the wall,
Correspondence of joints is not so important. Moreover, in case of tanks
intended for the storage of water for domestic purpose, the roof must
be made water-tight. This may be achieved by limiting the stresses as for
the rest of the tank, or by the use of the covering of the waterproof
membrane or by providing slopes to ensure adequate drainage(2).
1-7 TYPES OF THE MOVEMENT JOINTS:
.

o Contraction Joint: It is a movement joint with deliberate

discontinuity without initial gap between the concrete on either
side of the joint. The purpose of this joint is to accommodate
contraction of the concrete .The joint is shown in Fig. (2) (1)

Figure (2)

A contraction joint may be either complete contraction joint or

partial contraction joint. A complete contraction joint is one in
which both steel and concrete are interrupted and a partial
contraction joint is one in which only the concrete is interrupted,
the reinforcing steel running through as shown in Fig.(3) (1)

Figure (3)
o Expansion Joint: It is a joint with complete discontinuity in both
reinforcing steel and concrete and it is to accommodate either
expansion or contraction of the structure. A typical expansion
joint is shown in Fig.(4)

Figure (4)

This type of joint requires the provision of an initial gap between

the adjoining parts of a structure which by closing or opening
accommodates the expansion or contraction of the structure(1).

o Sliding Joint: It is a joint with complete discontinuity in both

reinforcement and concrete and with special provision to facilitate
movement in plane of the joint. A typical joint is shown in Fig.(5)

Figure (5)

This type of joint is provided between wall and floor in some

cylindrical tank designs(1).
1-8 DESIGNING Of THE TANK:
For designing the tank have thickness equal to 300mm (t=300mm)and its
height is 3m (H=3m) and (H2/Dt=2) and the shrinkage coefficient
(c=0.0003) , Es= 200000 MPa, f'c =25 MPa , fy=400 MPa, Rectangular
load (P =25 KN/m2) we will follow the procedure

First we must find the diameter of the tank

H2
=2
Dt
32
=2
D(0.3)

D=15m

o Design For Wall

P= Sanitary Coefficient X1.7 X Lateral Force

P=1.65 X 1.7 X25

P=70.125 KN/m3

P*R=70.125 X 7.5

P*R=525.9375 KN/m2

This value must be

adjusted by (TableA-3)

Point Factor From Ring Tension

Table (A-3)
0.0H +1.253 659

0.1H +1.144 601.67

0.2H +1.041 547.501

0.3H +0.929 488.596

0.4H +0.806 423.906

0.5H +0.667 350.80

0.6H +0.514 270.332

0.7H +0.345 181.448

0.8H +0.188 98.876

0.9H +0.055 28.927

1.0H 0.0 0.0

 Tension
1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
28.92 98.87 181.4 270.3 423.9 488.5 547.5 607.6
0 350.8 659
7 6 48 32 06 96 01 7
1 ‫سلسلة‬ 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

Maximum Tension=659 KN/m

𝑇
As req.=
0.9 fy

659∗1000
As req.=
0.9∗400

As req.=1830.556 mm2

If we use bars with diameter 16mm

Ab=π*162 /4

Ab=201.06mm2
1830.556
No. of bars=
2∗201.06

No. of bars=4.55 bars

Spacing= 1000/4.55

Spacing=219.78 mm use 210mm

As(prov.) = 2*201.06*(1000/210)
As(prov.) =1914.857 mm2

o Check For Cracking Stress

The stress in concrete must not exceed maximum allowable cracking

stress (approximately 0.1 f'c)

f'c=[C Es As + Tmax(unfactored)/(Ac + nAs)]

Es
n=
Ec
200000
n=
4700√25

n=8.51
659∗1000
f'c=(0.0003*200000*1914.857+ )/(300*1000+8.51*1914.857)
1.65∗1.7

f'c=1.106 > 2.5 OK

o Design For Bending Moment

Bending moments in wall strip can be calculated by using (Table A-4)

P= 1.3*1.7*25

P=55.25 KN/m

P*H2 =55.25*9

P*H2 = 497.25 KN.m/m

From (Table A-4) for H2/Dt=2

 Point Factor From Moment KN/m
Table (A-4)
0.0H 0.0 0.0

0.1H +0.0010 0.49725

0.2H +0.0036 1.7901

0.3H +0.0066 3.28185

0.4H +0.0088 4.3758

0.5H +0.0089 4.425525

0.6H +0.0059 2.933775

0.7H -0.0019 -0.944775

0.8H -0.0167 -8.30475

0.9H -0.0389 -19.343025

1.0H -0.0719 -35.752275

By interpolation we can find that point of inflection lies at 0.67H from

top or 0.33H from bottom then flexural reinforcement from bottom must
extend beyond this point.

Max. negative moment (-35.75)

Max. posetive moment (+4.426)

To find reinforcement for max. negative moment

Use Φ=25
𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑟
d=t-cover-
2

d=300-50-16/2

d=242 mm
 𝑀𝑢
Ru=
Ø𝑏𝑑2

35.75 X 106
Ru=
0.9∗1000∗2422

Ru=0.678 MPa.
𝑓𝑦 400
μ= =
0.85 𝑓′𝑐 0.85 25

μ=18.824

1 2𝑅𝑢 𝜇
ρ= (1-√1 − )
𝜇 𝑓𝑦

1 2∗0.678∗18.824
ρ= (1-√1 − )
18.824 400

ρ = 0.00172 > ρmin

so we use ρmin

As req. = ρmin*b*t

As req.= 0.0028*1000*300

As req.= 840 mm2/m

If we use Φ 12 mm
𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞.
No. of bars =
𝐴𝑏
840
No. of bars =
𝜋∗62

No. of bars =7.43

Spacing =1000/7.43

Spacing = 134.59 mm/m use 130 mm/m

Use Φ 12 mm @ 130mm c/c inner face this will start from base beyond a
point 0.33H =0.99m from base by development length required.

To find reinforcement for max. positive moment

 4.426 X 106
Ru=
0.9∗1000∗2422

Ru= 0.0839 MPa.

1 2∗0.0839∗18.824
ρ= (1-√1 − )
18.824 400

ρ =0.00021> ρmin

As req.= 840 mm2/m

If we use Φ 12 mm
𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞.
No. of bars =
𝐴𝑏
840
No. of bars =
𝜋∗62

No. of bars =7.43

Spacing =1000/7.43

Spacing = 134.59 mm/m use 130 mm/m

Use Φ 12 mm @ 130mm c/c in all other places.

o Check For Shear

√𝑓′𝑐 √25 244

ØVc = Ø 𝑏𝑑 = 0.85 *1000* =172.8334 KN
6 6 1000

P= 1.3*1.7*25

P=55.25 KN/m

P*H=55.25*3

P*H=165.75 KN/m

From (Table A-12) for H2/Dt=2

Vu=0.37*165.75 =61.3275 KN /m > ØVc OK
o Design of the base

t ≥ L/33

t = 15*1000/33

t = 454.54 mm

use t =500 mm

Assume the water table is below enough of the base level

The relative stiffness of the wall

H2
=2
Dt
From table A-15

The coef. is 0.445

E t3
K = coef. *
H

E 0.33
K = 0.445*
3

K=4.005 X 10-3 E
The relative stiffness of the base

From Table A-16

The coef. is 0.104

E t3
K = coef. *
𝑅

E 0.53
K = 0.104 *
7.5

K=1.7334 X 10-3 E

The distribution factors are

4.005 X 10−3 E
For the wall = =0.698
4.005 X 10−3 E + 1.7334 X 10−3 E

1.7334 X 10−3 E
For the base = =0.302
4.005 X 10−3 E +1.7334 X 10−3E

From Table A-14 the factor for radial moment at 1.00R is -0.125

Total Load = 1.4 X γcon. X wall thickness X circum frential

Total Load =1.4*24*0.3*3*π*15

Total Load =1425.026 KN

1425.026
P= =8.064 KN/m2
π∗7.52
Fixed edge moment = -0.125*P*R2

Fixed edge moment = -0.125*8.064*7.52

Fixed edge moment = -56.7 KN.m/m

Wall Base

Distribution Factor 0.698 0.302

Fixed Edge Moment 0 -56.7

Distributed Moment 39.4632 17.1234

Final Moment 39.5766 -39.5766

A wall redesign may be needed to take into consideration this moment

by applying Table A-10 and A-11

Check shear in slab:

Use Ø16 d= 500 -50 - 8 = 442 mm

0.85√𝑓′𝑐
ØVc = 𝑏𝑑
6

0.85√25
ØVc = ∗ 1000 ∗ 0.442 = 313.083 KN/m
6

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎∗𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝜋∗𝑅 2 ∗𝑃 𝑅∗𝑃 7.5∗8.064

V= = = = =30.24 KN/m
perimeter 2πR 2 2

30.24 KN/m < 313.083 KN/m OK

To find final moments there is an additional coefficients to be added to
those of Table A-14

17.1234 17.1234
Additional coef = = =0.03775
𝑃𝑅 2 8.064∗ 7.52

New coefficient= coefficient from Table A-14 + additional coefficient

Radial moment = new coefficient ×PR2
Radial moment/segment=Radial moment × fraction distance from center

Radial
Coefficient Additional New Radial moment
point from Table coefficient Coefficient moment per
A-14 segment

0.0R +0.075 0.03775 0.11275 51.1434 0

0.1R +0.073 0.03775 0.11075 50.2362 5.02362

0.2R +0.067 0.03775 0.10475 47.5146 9.50292

0.3R +0.057 0.03775 0.09475 42.9786 12.89358

0.4R +0.043 0.03775 0.08075 36.6282 14.65072

0.5R +0.025 0.03775 0.06275 28.4634 14.2317

0.6R +0.003 0.03775 0.04075 18.4842 11.09052

0.7R -0.023 0.03775 0.01475 6.6906 4.68342

0.8R -0.053 0.03775 -0.01525 -6.9174 -5.53392

0.9R -0.087 0.03775 -0.04925 -22.3398 -20.10582

1.0R -0.125 0.03775 -0.08725 -39.5766 -39.5766

Max. Positive Radial Moment = 36.6282 KN.m/m

Max. Negative Radial Moment = -39.5766 KN.m/m

Design for max. neg. radial moment (39.5766) which lies at 1R (at edge)

Use Φ 16 mm

d=500-50-8 =442 mm

𝑀𝑢 39.5766∗106
Ru= = = 0.225 MPa.
Ø𝑏𝑑2 0.9∗1000∗4422

𝑓𝑦 400
μ= = =18.824
0.85 𝑓′𝑐 0.85∗25

1 2𝑅𝑢 𝜇
ρ= (1-√1 − )
𝜇 𝑓𝑦

2∗0.225 ∗18.824
ρ = 18.824(1-√1 − )
400

ρ = 0.000566 > ρmin =0.0028

use ρmin =0.0028

As req. = ρmin*b*t

As req.= 0.0028*1000*500

As req.=1400 mm2

Use Φ16 mm
𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞.
No. of bars =
𝐴𝑏
1400
No. of bars =
𝜋∗82

No. of bars =6.963

Spacing =1000/6.963

Spacing = 143.616 mm/m use 140 mm/m

Use Φ16 mm @140mm c/c in radial direction near edges, these bars may
extend for 0.25R from edge by length required by development length.

Design for max. positive radial moment (36.6282) which lies at 0.4R from
the center of the tank.

Use Φ 16 mm

d=500-50-6 =444 mm

𝑀𝑢 36.6282∗106
Ru= = = 0.208 MPa.
Ø𝑏𝑑2 0.9∗1000∗4422

So use ρmin =0.0028

As req. = ρmin*b*t

As req.= 0.0028*1000*500

As req.=1400 mm2

Use Φ16 mm
 𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞.
No. of bars =
𝐴𝑏
1400
No. of bars =
𝜋∗82

No. of bars =6.963

Spacing =1000/6.963

Spacing = 143.616 mm/m use 140 mm/m

this represent bottom radial reinforcement and must reach support. Top
radial bars must be hooked in support and extend into span toward
center for a distance of 2R/3 from wall
Find Tangential moment

To find Tangential moments there is an additional coefficients to be

added to those of Table A-14

17.1234 17.1234
Additional coef = = =0.03775
𝑃𝑅 2 8.064∗ 7.52

New coefficient= coefficient from Table A-14 + additional coefficient

Radial moment = new coefficient ×PR2

Coefficient Additional New Tangential

point from Table coefficient Coefficient moment
A-14

0.0R +0.075 0.03775 0.11275 51.1434

0.1R +0.074 0.03775 0.11175 50.6898

0.2R +0.071 0.03775 0.10875 49.329

0.3R +0.066 0.03775 0.10375 47.061

0.4R +0.059 0.03775 0.09675 43.8858

0.5R +0.050 0.03775 0.08775 39.8034

0.6R +0.039 0.03775 0.07675 34.8138

0.7R +0.026 0.03775 0.06375 28.917

0.8R +0.011 0.03775 0.04875 22.113

0.9R -0.006 0.03775 0.03175 14.4018

1.0R -0.025 0.03775 0.01275 5.7834

Max. Positive Tangential Moment = 51.1434KN.m/m

Use Φ 16 mm

d=500-50-6 =444 mm

𝑀𝑢 51.1434∗106
Ru= = = 0.293 MPa
Ø𝑏𝑑2 0.9∗1000∗4422

𝑓𝑦 400
μ= = =18.824
0.85 𝑓′𝑐 0.85∗25

1 2𝑅𝑢 𝜇
ρ= (1-√1 − )
𝜇 𝑓𝑦

2∗0.293 ∗18.824
ρ = 18.824(1-√1 − )
400

ρ = 0.000738> ρmin =0.0028

use ρmin =0.0028

As req. = ρmin*b*t

As req.= 0.0028*1000*500

As req.=1400 mm2

Use Φ16 mm
𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞.
No. of bars =
𝐴𝑏
1400
No. of bars =
𝜋∗82

No. of bars =6.963

Spacing =1000/6.963

Spacing = 143.616 mm/m use 140 mm/m

There is no negative tangential moment so we don't need reinforcement

for it.
1-9 DESCUSTION :
For tension reinforcement we use Φ16 mm @ 210mm c/c in both
directions inner and out sides ,and then we checked the cracking stress
smallest than (0.1f'c) which meaning the spacing between the bars is
enough and doesn't large, after that we found the shear resistance for
the wall which is large and enough and that means the thickness of the
wall is enough (to increase the shear resistance for the wall we must
increase f'c and the thickness for the wall ).

After that we calculate the maximum bending moment for the wall , so
there was negative in the inner side of the wall which lies at 1H and
there was positive moment in the outside of the wall which lies at 0.5H
and we used Φ 12 mm @ 130mm c/c inner face this will start from base
beyond a point 0.33H =0.99m from base by development length required.
And also we used Φ 12 mm @ 130mm c/c out face for all other places
and it is better to use reinforcement moment for positive bending
moment with the same space for the negative bending moment.

For the base we used Φ16 mm @140mm c/c in for maximum negative
radial moment(-39.5766 KN.m/m) which lies at radial direction near
edges, which extend for 0.25R from edge by length required by
development length.

For max. positive radial moment (36.6282) which lies at 0.4R from the
center of the tank. We used Φ16 mm @140 mm c/c and these radial
bars must be hooked in support and extend into span toward center for
a distance of 2R/3 from wall.

Finally we used Φ 16 mm for max. positive tangential moment

(51.1434KN.m/m) @ 140 mm c/c which lies at 0.0R , since there is no
negative tangential moment so we don't need reinforcement for it.
References:
(1) Design of Water Tank reported by Nibedita Sahoo / NATIONAL
. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROURKELA /MAY 2008

(2) The Constructor (civil engineering home)

https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/rcc-water-tank-design-requirements/6717/