International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2020

Vol. 5, Issue 1, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 326-333

Published Online May 2020 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

GENERATION OF SWITCHING IMPULSE VOLTAGE BY

PARAMETERS ADJUSTMENT AND EVALUATING THE
WAVE MODULATING INDUCTANCE
Nidhi Chandrakar Chadaram Chandra Sekhar
NIT Raipur, India NIT Warangal, JRF, India,
Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering,

Abstract— This paper presents an optimization method for parameter an optimization method has been proposed. When
the design and analysis of switching impulse generation inductance is equal to zero, the standard waveform of impulse
according to the requirements of the international standard is observed, and when there is a wave-modulating inductor (L)
IEC60060-31. To reduce the size of the switching impulse there is the change in the front time as well as in the overshoot
generator the name transformer boosting method has [6].Those changes are needed to consider for a proper design of
introduced and also to increase its portability and feasibility an impulse generator. Calculation of inductance which is
in field of testing an optimization method has been done for present in the system of an impulse generator, by knowing the
the calculation of the primary side winding of a output waveform of impulse is attempted. In this study the
transformer, to generate target switching impulse, inductance value changing from zero to some finite value is
transformer primary side component parameters like identified corresponds to the peak overshoot of the impulse
equivalent capacitance magnetic inductance, leakage output.
inductance, wave-modulating inductance (L), load
capacitance (C2) and winding resistance (R1, R2) has been
II. PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER BOOSTING-
found. To calculate the wave-modulating inductance for
BASED IMPULSE GENERATOR
keeping one parameter variable and remaining all
parameters should be kept constant in the circuit and draw There is guidance to design the transformer's primary side
the characteristics of the generated waveform to find the winding circuit and also to find the parameters of the circuit
best parameter for reducing the inductance effect for the which is based on the transformer induction, firstly this section
circuit. For that best-reducing inductance need to design has proposed the fourth-order equivalent circuit to build a
any controller is complex. So we need to reduce the higher- switching impulse. Waveform parameters measured with the
order to the lower-order system by using stability change in the parameter of the circuit. After that, an
equalization method and optimization method. In this optimization method has been made to choose the parameter of
paper, a brief introduction is defined by a simple example. the circuit.

Keywords—Switching Impulse, Impulse Generator,

A. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Optimization Method, wave-modulating inductance,
stability equalization method, controller design.
A magnify impulse voltage is producing at the secondary side
of the transformer is by providing a small impulse at the
I. INTRODUCTION
primary side of the transformer as an input to that transformer.
Generally, for high voltage types of equipment a frequent This is the basic idea behind generating an impulse from a
failure occurs, to reduce the failures more awareness has been transformer. A single-phase transformer is used here to
focused on the impulse resist voltage test in the field. For
generate an impulse voltage it needs to hold out against the
testing the strength of the insulation of electrical equipment in
high voltage and also for the voltage testing traditional impulse impulse voltage which is having a short rise time, therefore, the
generator Marx circuit is used [1-2]. Replacing the output transformer must have high insulating strength to bear impulse
waveform time is more in this circuit and this Marx generator is and fight against impulse voltage work condition. This
needing a large amount of work about output. This means it condition is a necessary technical premise to make the output as
needing a large workforce. In this study we used impulse an impulse voltage without getting fail.
transformer to amplify input impulse voltage, this complete
equivalent circuit is analyzed correctly to take control of the
output of the generator [1-5]. By just adjusting the circuit

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 International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2020
Vol. 5, Issue 1, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 326-333
Published Online May 2020 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

B. ANALYSIS OF FOURTH ORDER IMPULSE  LLmC 2 

GENERATOR CIRCUIT b   LmC1C 2 R 2   (5)
Fourth-order Equivalent Circuit with residual inductance for the  R1 
Impulse Generator. An equivalent circuit, the circuit parameters
 LmR 2C 2 
are L i.e. wave modulating inductance, C1 is charging capacitor c   LC1  LmC1  LmC 2   (6)
in the impulse generator circuit, C2 is a load-part capacitor,  R1 
where R1 and R2 is wave shaping resistor, so overall transfer
 L Lm 
function for this fourth-order circuit characteristic is the d   C1R 2    (7)
equation shown in (1).  R1 R1 

 R1  R 2 
e . (8)
 R1 
For example, take values for C1=3uf, C2=0.22uF, Lm=1.3H,
L=0H, R1=2230 ohm, R2=33 ohm, and analyzing transfer
function and determined the standard responses and their
corresponding peak overshoot. It is a simple equivalent diagram
to evaluating the parameters of switching impulse voltage to
Figu
re 1. better understanding the performance when switching occurs in
Equival the system.
ent
Circuit
for the
Impulse Generator.
d 4i  LLmC 2  d 3i  LmR 2C 2  d 2i  L Lm  di  R1  R 2 
 LLmC1C 2    LmC1C 2 R 2   3   LC1  LmC1  LmC 2     C1R 2     i  0
(1)
 R1  dt  R1  dt 2  R1 R1  dt  R1 
4
dt

The following 4th order derivate equation (2) is found shown

below

 Lm 
V  S 2 LmC1  S 
vout ( s)   R1 
(2)
 R1  R 2 
 LLmC1C 2  S   LmC1C 2 R 2 
LLmC 2  3  LmR 2C 2  2  L Lm 
 S   LC 1  LmC 1  LmC 2   S   C 1R 2    S  
4

 R1   R 1   R1 R1   R1 

III. OPTIMIZATION METHOD

The major parameter of the waveform can be found with

numerical computing, through the basic analytical solution of
The following fourth-order derivative equation is obtained
circuit parameter, like peak time value tp, half-peak time value t2,
when the constants of the terms are replaced with the constants
enveloping line and oscillation frequency f. Now to determine the
a, b, and c, respectively [1].
circuit parameter, now select one parameter that will change and
keep all other parameters constant, repeat this step by selecting
d 4i d 3i d 2i di other parameters as a variable and again keep remaining
a 4
 b 3
 c 2
 d  ei  0 (3)
parameters constant, this step will repeat till the selection of every
dt dt dt dt
parameter as a variable. this complete analysis has been done by
a   LLmC1C 2 
taking the transfer function of the fourth-order equivalent circuit.
(4) By using the poles and zeros concept, here make a transfer

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Vol. 5, Issue 1, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 326-333
Published Online May 2020 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

function with variable L, and the remaining other parameters will According to the IEC standard, the maximum allowable
be constant. Wave shaping analysis will start by putting L=0, overshoot is ±5%, and if Ls will not be present in the circuit
after that finding the response of that circuit, this response will be then the standard Vp is 1, therefore 5% of 1 is to be
known as a standard waveform. Now vary any one of the circuit calculated as 0.05 to 1.05 range of boundary values. The
parameters and find the response, and calculate the overshoot. program is used to determine the waveform curves and
According to that overshoot fix the VP range, to find the parameters by the known circuit component parameters.
inductance value. Repeat this step for all parameters of the circuit, Initially, parameters C1, Lm, and R1 are placed to
we found that this inductance value is either increasing or unchanging values that can hardly be adjusted in practice,
decreasing depending on which parameter is varying. With this and the particular parameters of the target waveform, such as
analysis, we can find which parameter is helpful to reduce the tp and t2, are provided. Then, the estimated value ranges for
inductance and accordingly overshoot also. In this optimization to C2, L, and R2 delimited by a set of parameters such as tp, t2,
calculate all the responses, there should be some range for wave t3, t1and can be predicted many times by closed computation
modulating inductance (L). Depending on that range intervals with the initial value. According to the current value
corresponding transfer functions responses will store in data. The C1,C2,R1,R2,Lm using the waveform parameter calculations
form that data the boundary range of Vp value will select only to calculate the assembly parameter values L,tp,t1,t2,t3,f.
one peak corresponding that L value and its maximum peak time The appropriate combination of circuit parameter values and
will be determined. By using 0.3Vp, 0.5Vp, and 0.9Vp values and the results of L and Vp values will show the best parameter
their corresponding time will be determined. To understand this variable will reduce peak overshoot and produces less effect
optimization an algorithm and flow chart is shown below and one due to switching impulse voltages in the system. The
example is taken for analysis. program is based on transfer function responses so input
voltage is taken as a step. Because of step input, the voltage
is 1volt, based on the input voltage the output voltage can be
determined. In this S-domain analysis, it is easy to evaluate
all the parameter wave shaping and corresponding rise time,
peak time, half time, frequency, front time, and tail time.

Code

Step1: Selection of L range

Step 2: Finding transfer function in S

domain with variable L.

Step 3:Getting different peak response

according to L range.

Step 4:Vp<=U.B & Vp>=L.B.

Step 5 : If no, go to step 4.

Step 6 : If yes, Corresponding Ls value will

display and With Vp value, can find0
.3Vp,0 .9Vp, 0.5Vp

Step 7: 0.3Vp, 0.9Vp,0 .5Vp<=U.B &

0.3Vp,0.9Vp,0 .5Vp>=L.B.

Step 8: If no, go to step 6.

Step 9 : If yes, CorrespondingVpt1, Vpt2,

Vpt3 time value will display.
Figure 2: Flow Chart for optimization

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 International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2020
Vol. 5, Issue 1, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 326-333
Published Online May 2020 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

analyze the wave shaping curves and corresponding suitable

values to find a better approximation for the 3 rd to 4th order
IV. SIMULATION AND RESULTS circuit [13-14]. Optimization is the better way to understanding
the wave shaping parameters to vary according to the desired
output response.

In this paper, all the analysis is done in s- domain with transfer

function taken the step as an input for easy to find the parameter
variations and its corresponding response to switching occur in
the system. From the table I to table II, all the parameter
variations are similar except Vp values, according to the peak
values the modulating wave inductance is coming into the
circuit, because of this inductance oscillation will be increased in
the system. To reduce the effect of inductance, there should be
an increase or decrease in the one-parameter and kept all the
remaining parameters should constant are shown in Table II.

C1: Input capacitance; R1, R2: Circuit Resistance; L: Wave In table II, changing Lm, R1, R2 values the peak values and
corresponding L values are were reduced and in fig 4 the values of the
Modulated Inductance; Lm: magnetizing inductance[14].
parameters increased R1, R2 value and decreasing Lm value are given
better results, but to reduce transformer inductance is done by using
Simulation is done in MATLAB 2013b version with 8GB RAM, tapping and manual it is very difficult, by increasing R1 higher value
modeling equivalent circuit using Simulink library, all the (2.22k ohm to 22k ohm) then the response is good. If R2 is changing
simulation results are compared with the optimization results. from 33 ohms to 50ohm it is giving better results. For this 4 th order
Here in TABLE 1 is showing the details of all parameters when circuit, the best method to control impulse is by changing R1 value. By
L=0 and corresponding response are shown in figure 4. If the varying c2 value inductance is nearly zero but it is not a suitable method
modulating wave inductance is zero the circuit is treated as a 3 rd to reduce oscillation in the system. Because when L=0 the response is
order circuit. The peak overshoot and the response are observed very poor. For that circuit, it is unable to reach a normal peak voltage.
when one parameter is changing by placing all remaining After impulse also it will not make any peak value, it doesn't make
parameters should keep constant and plotting the responses with sense to using to increasing c2 value [14-15].
L=0.
Calculating L value because during impulse inductance will increases
TABLE I: Switching impulse voltage waveform circuit automatically peak value also will increases. Then big oscillation
parameters analysis for 3rd order circuit. response occurs in the system. To reduce the effects of inductance (L)
by changing any good parameter to reduce its peak overshoot. In figure
4 and table II were presented to reduce peak overshoot when impulse
S.NO C1 C2 R1 R2 Lm L Vp occurs. Model order reduction for the original higher-order
( F ) ( F ) ( K ) ( ) (H) (H) (V) system to reduced system responses is shown in fig 7, and the
corresponding parameters are shown in table III, by observing
1 3 0.22 2.23 33 1.3 0 0.92 the fig,6,7, and Table III original higher-order system response
2 10 0.22 2.23 33 1.3 0 0.98 matches with the lower order system response.
3 3 1.12 2.23 33 1.3 0 0.73
4 3 0.22 22 33 1.3 0 0.92 In this paper an introduction is given for model order reduction,
all the analysis is taken from the reference [20-21], in this
5 3 0.22 2.23 50 1.3 0 0.92 numerator coefficients are found by using optimization method
6 3 0.22 2.23 33 0.5 0 0.92 [20-21]. And denominator coefficients are found by using the
stability equalization method.

In fig 4. clearly shown the response by increasing C1 from 3uf to

10uF, C2 from 0.22uF to 1.12uF R1 from 2.22K ohm to 22K
ohm, R2 from 33 ohms to 50ohm and Lm decreased from 1.3uH
to 0.5uH and all the corresponding values are were explained in
table 1. The peak value and parameters are shown in table 1[12].
By using these Vp values defending a range for finding
inductance values corresponding to parameter variations are
explained in table 2 and fig 5. The standard response will help to

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Vol. 5, Issue 1, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 326-333
Published Online May 2020 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

0.9

0.8

0.7
Voltage (v)

0.6

0.5

0.4 Standard waveform

Increasing C1=10uF
0.3 Increasing C2=1.12uF
Increasing R1=22K ohm
Increasing R2=50K ohm
0.2 Decreasing Lm=0.5uH

0 1 2 3 4
-4
Time (seconds) x 10

Figure 4: switching impulse voltage waveforms when L=0

1.6
Standard waveform
Increasing C1=10uF
1.4
Increasing C2=1.12uF
Increasing R1=22K ohm
Increasing R2=50K ohm
1.2
Decreasing Lm=0.5uH

1
Voltage (V)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4
-4
Time (seconds) x 10

Figure 5: Switching Impulse Voltage Waveforms

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Vol. 5, Issue 1, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 326-333
Published Online May 2020 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

TABLE II: Switching impulse voltage waveform circuit parameters analysis for 4th order circuit

S.NO C1 C2 R1 R2 Lm L Vp tp t1 t2 t3 f
( F ) ( F ) ( K ) (  ) (H) (mH) (V) ( s ) ( s ) ( s ) ( s ) (kHz)
1 3 0.22 2.23 33 1.3 1.24 1.39 48.88 2321 35.56 1534 10.22

2 10 0.22 2.23 33 1.3 1.45 1.49 56.77 3810 44.62 2427 8.807

3 3 1.12 2.23 33 1.3 0 0.72 222 3265 253 2736 2.252

4 3 0.22 22 33 1.3 0.16 1.015 25.47 2472 229 26778 19.63

5 3 0.22 2.23 50 1.3 0.32 1.004 32 2625 243 2101 15.62

6 3 0.22 2.23 33 0.5 0.14 1.004 21 1578 100.7 1265 23.80

1.2
Original system
Reduced system

0.8
Amplitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4
-4
Time (seconds) x 10

Figure 6 Original and Reduced transfer function response

1.01 Original system

Reduced system

1.005

0.995 .
Amplitude

0.99

0.985

0.98

0.975

0.97
3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
-5
Time (seconds) x 10

Figure 7 Peak values of Original and Reduced transfer function response.

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Vol. 5, Issue 1, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 326-333
Published Online May 2020 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

circuit parameters are obtained by using the optimization method

An original higher-order system transfer function is given [1-3]. By assuming the percentage overshoot the amount of
below inductance (L) is calculated. L for the overshoot is calculated,
3.9e  6s 2  0.000583s (9) and the result is verified with the analytical expression. From the
GO(s) 
2.746e  13s 4  8.394e  11s3  5.152e  6s 2  0.0008765s  1.022 study, it is identified the limits of wave modulated inductance,
which is causing the overshoot in the generation, are identified
A reduced lower-order system transfer function [4-6]. The calculated value of L through the optimization is
compared with the simulation results. The data of circuit and
638s impulse wave parameters corresponding to different overshoot is
Gr (s)  2 generated and the results are discussed. By changing one
s  172s  244565 (10) parameter and keep all remaining parameters constant, in the 4th
order circuit the value of R2 from 33 ohms to 50 ohms shown
better results to reduce the wave modulated inductance effect
Reduced model parameter values are similar to the original and its peak voltage. In this paper an introduction is given for
higher-order system. Reduced model numerator coefficients model order reduction, all the analysis is taken from the
are using optimization and denominator coefficients are reference [16-19], in this numerator coefficients are found by
found by using stability equalization method [18]. In this using optimization method [18-19]. And denominator
paper, only results are shown. To design any controller for coefficients are found by using the stability equalization method.
higher-order systems is difficult, to reduced complexity This method of model order reduction is giving better
higher system can be reduced to a lower order system and approximation for the original higher-order system.
design a controller for reduced model and implement that
controller to the higher-order system. It is one of the ideas to Acknowledgments
use high voltage applications that can be used by using
model order reduction to get simple analysis or to design The author wishes to acknowledge the valuable discussions
controlling equipment for high voltage applications based on with Chadaram Chandra Sekhar Junior Research Fellow in
the response of the reduced model. This paper is explaining NIT Warangal, Author would also like to thank Assistant
about the high voltage and model order reduction combined Professor Dr .K Chandrasekaran in NIT Raipur for their
application idea to expand more research points of view to continuing interest and encouragement.
reduce the complexity of high voltage design equipment.

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Published Online May 2020 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

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