1 (a (i) Explain the term balanced diet.

[3]

(ii) State three factors that influence a person’s nutritional needs.

3 [3]

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 (b) Glucose is absorbed in the small intestine and transported in the blood. The kidneys
filter the blood and reabsorb the glucose.
If the blood contains more than 180 mg of glucose per 100 cm3, the kidney cannot
reabsorb it all and some is present in the urine. This figure is called the renal
threshold.
A doctor suspects that a patient has diabetes because a urine test is positive for
glucose.
The patient takes a glucose tolerance test by drinking a solution of glucose. The doctor
records the patient’s blood glucose concentration at 30 minute intervals for five and a
half hours.
The results are plotted on Fig. 2.1.
300

250

200

blood glucose
concentration / 150
mg per 100 cm3

100

50

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330

glucose drink time / minutes

Fig. 2.1
(i) Draw a horizontal line on Fig. 2.1 to show the renal threshold. [1
(ii) State the time period when the kidney will produce urine containing glucose.

[1]

(iii) Sketch on Fig. 2.1 the blood glucose concentrations that the doctor might expect if
he repeated this test on someone who does not have diabetes. [1]

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(c) People who do not have diabetes maintain their blood glucose concentration below
180 mg per 100 cm3.

Explain how the body does this.

[3]

[Total: 12]

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2 (a Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of the human digestive system.

H C

E
G

Fig. 1.1

Use the letters from Fig. 1.1 to complete Table 1.1 to give the part of the human digestive
system that is identified by each function.

Write one letter only in each box. You may use the same letter more than once. There are some
letters that you will not use. The first one has been done for you.

Table 1.1

function
unctio

peristalsis B

protein digestion

insulin production

deamination

partially digested food is mixed with bile

most water is reabsorbed

[5]

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 The human diet provides nutrients for the synthesis of biological molecules that make up
cells, cell products and tissues.

(b) (i) Complete Table 1.2 to show the nutrients that are absorbed from food to
synthesise the large molecules listed.

Table 1.2

large molecules nutrients absorbed

protein

glycogen

fat
[3]

(ii) Mineral ions are required in the human diet in small quantities.

State the mineral ion required for each process:

making bone

making haemoglobin. [2]

(iii) State another type of nutrient required in the human diet in small quantities.

[1]

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 (c) One role of nutrients is to provide materials for the repair of damaged tissues.
Fig. 1.2 shows the events that happen after a cut to the skin.

immediately after the cut 24 hours later

scab
epidermis
released blood
blood clot
damaged
capillary phagocytes

3 to 7 days later 2 weeks later

new
capillary

Fig. 1.2

Use the information in Fig. 1.2 to describe what happens to seal the wound in the skin
and repair the skin tissue.

[5]

[Total: 16]

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3 Fig. 1.1 A shows a cell from the lining of the alimentary canal.

Fig. 1.1 B shows a cell from the lining of a kidney tubule.

Both cells absorb substances into the blood.

C C

A B
Fig. 1.1

(a) Name the structures labelled C on the cells in Fig. 1.1.

[1]

(b) List three substances that are absorbed by both cells shown in Fig. 1.1.

3 [3]

(c) Explain how both cells shown in Fig. 1.1 are adapted for absorption of substances into
the blood.

[2]

(d) Name the part of the alimentary canal that is lined by the cells shown in Fig. 1.1 A.

[1]

[Total: 7]

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4 Fig. 1.1 shows a section of a villus at two different magnifications.

...........................................

×270
red blood cells
×110

muscle tissue

...........................................

...........................................

Fig. 1.1

(a) Label the structures shown in Fig. 1.1.

Write the labels in the boxes in Fig. 1.1. [3]

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 (b) Suggest the role of the muscle tissue shown in the villus in Fig. 1.1.

[2]

Fig. 1.2 shows an experiment to investigate the uptake of glucose by cells of the villi.

• Two leak-proof bags were set up.

• One bag was made from artificial partially permeable membrane (Visking tubing).
• The other bag was made from a piece of small intestine containing living cells, with its
inner surface inside the bag.
• The bags were filled with equal volumes of a dilute glucose solution.
• The bags were suspended in the same glucose solution for two hours.
• After two hours, the volumes of the bags were measured and the contents were tested
for the concentration of glucose.

glass rod to
beaker support bags

dilute glucose dilute glucose solution

solution inside maintained at 37 °C
bags

10 cm length of artificial
10 cm length of
partially permeable
small intestine
membrane (Visking tubing)
containing living cells

Fig. 1.2

Inside the bag made from small intestine the volume and concentration of the glucose
solution decreased. There were no changes to the volume and concentration in the Visking
tubing bag.

(c) State and explain the process responsible for the decrease in the glucose
concentration in the bag made from small intestine.

[2]

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 (d) After two hours there was less water in the bag made from small intestine.

The volume of water in the bag made from small intestine decreased, but the volume in
the bag made from Visking tubing did not change. Explain why.

[3]

(e) An investigation studied the flow of water into and out of the human alimentary canal.
Table 1.1 shows the results.

Table 1.1

water into the alimentary canal water out of the alimentary canal

volume of water / method of water volume of water /

source of water
dm3 per day loss dm3 per day
stomach to the
water from diet 2.5 0.00
blood
small intestine to
saliva
ali 1.5 9.00
the blood
large intestine to
gastric juice 2.4 0.85
the blood

bile 0.8 in the faeces 0.15

pancreatic juice 0.8

intestinal
2.0
secretions

(i) Name the part of the alimentary canal that secretes most water in a digestive juice.

[1]

(ii) Name the part of the alimentary canal that absorbs most water.

[1]

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 (iii) Explain why water is added to food by the secretions shown in Table 1.1.

[3]

(iv) Explain why it is important that water is absorbed in the alimentary canal.

[2]

[Total: 17]

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