CHE 314 - Heat Transfer

Final Exam (Fall 2018), Dec. 18, 9:00am-11:00am:

PAVILION

Student’s Name: Abdurachman Ibn Said Durichman Student’s ID: 1234567891111110

Instructions
Write your name and student ID number on all sheets, number the sheets.

• This exam consists of 4 (FOUR) problems; total of 100 points.

• Duration of this exam is 120 minutes (2 hours).

• The final exam is closed book. No any books and no any lecture notes are allowed.

• All formulas necessary to solve the problems are given in the formula sheet.

• If something in the question is not clear, state your interpretation or assumptions con-
cerning it and proceed to solve the problem. Do not seek clarification from anyone including
the Instructors.

• Only faculty approved non-programmable calculators are allowed.

• ONE double side page (Letter Format, Width 27.94 cm, Height 21.59 cm) with ONLY own hand-written
notes (not scanned and not photo-copied) is allowed.

• When the time is finished please leave all solutions and exam sheet on your desk. Instructors
will collect your exam-test with solutions after the exam is finished.

Problem 1 - Theoretical Questions

a) What is the Boussinesq approximation used in the theory of natural convection? (5 points)

b) What nondimensional numbers are used to characterise pool boiling? (5 points)

Solution
ρ∞ −ρ
a) ρ = β(T − T∞ )

b) Ja - the Jakob number and Bo - the Bond number, (Pr number)

1
 Problem 2
• How water at Tm,in = 50 0 C enters a thin-walled tube placed horizontally in a cold air stream. The
water flow rate is ṁ = 0.1 kg/s. The tube diameter is D = 0.25 m. The length is L = 10 m. Ambient
air temperature is T∞ = −10 0 C . Air wind velocity over the tube is V∞ = 0.35 m/s, see Fig. 1. The
tube surface is maintained at an uniform temperature Ts = 5 0 C using the heat produced by the Joule
heating effect due to the electrical current going through the tube. Transport properties of the air and
water are given in the table below.

g
eHeatin
V Joul
8

cold
Ts
air
V

8
T
8

L T

8
hot
water
g=9.8 m2/s

Figure 1: Schematic represenation of Problem #2.

• The tabulated average properties are

Fluid ρ (kg/m3 ) cp (J/kg K) µ (N s/m2 ) k (W/m K) Pr α (m2 /s) β (1/K)

Water 980 4200 10−3 0.6 7 – –

Air 0.995 103 2.1 · 10−5 0.04 0.525 4 · 10−5 3.7 · 10−3

Case a: Calculate the heat rate between the tube surface and air. (20 points)

Case b: Calculate the outlet temperature, Tm,o , of the water? (10 points)

• NOTE: Radiation heat transfer can be neglected. Assume fully developed conditions. Gravity acceler-
ation is 9.8 m2 /s, the outer surface of a tube is 2π · R · L, the cross-sectional area of the tube is π · R2 .
Kinematic viscosity ν = µρ .

Solution
Case a: Ts = 5 0 C = 278 K, T∞ = −10 0 C = 263 K, Tm,in = 50 0 C = 323 K

• The heat rate between the tube surface and the water:

qsw = As · h(Ts − T∞ )

• The convection coefficient h = N uDkair is defined by N u comprising of (generally) forced convection and
natural convection. Let us define Re and Gr to find a possible flow regime ( natural convection, forced

2
 Gr 2
convection or mixed conevection) using Re ratio:

ρair V∞ D 0.995 · 0.35 · 0.25

ReD = = = 4145.8
µair 2.1 · 10−5

g · β · (Ts − T∞ ) · D3 9.8 · 3.7 · 10−3 (278 − 263)0.5253

GrD = = = 1.906 · 107
ν2 (2.1106 · 10−5 )2
Gr 1.906 · 107
= = 1.11
Re2D (4145.8)2
Gr
• Thus, it can be seen (0.2 < Re 2 < 10) that we have mixed convection regime. Both, natural convection
D
and forced convection must be taken into account.

• Overall average Nusselt number due to the forced convection:

 
N uF ≈ 0.4Re1/2 + 0.06Re2/3 P r0.4 = 31.8697

• Overall average Nusselt number due to the natural convection:

 2
1/6
0.387RaD
N uN = 0.6 + h i8/27  = 27.061
 
0.559

9/16
1+ Pr

where Ra = Gr · P r = 1.906 · 107 · (0.525) = 107

• Heat transfer correlation for Mixed Convection, transverse flow, cylinder:

1/4
1/4
N uP = N u4F + N u4N = (31.8697)4 + (27.061)4 = 35.39

• Finally,
N uP · kair
h= = 5.6617
D

qsw = (π D L) · h(Ts − T∞ ) = 667 W

A = π D L = 7.8540 m

b) Due to the heat qJ generated by the Joule heating the heat from the tube surface to air is NOT equal
to the heat from the tube surface to water.

|qexternal | =
6 |qinternal |

That is why the equation qexternal = ṁ cp (Tin − Tout ) can NOT be used to calculate Tout !

• Due to the fact that the tube is thin-wall tube and Ts = const is know, we can calculate the outlet
temperature of the water as follows (x = L):
   
Ts − Tm,o P ·L P ·L
= exp − hi ; =⇒ Tm,o = Ts − (Ts − Tm,in )exp − hi
Ts − Tm,in ṁ · cp ṁ · cp

where P = π D

3
• Calculate hi : for hot steam flow through the tube:
4ṁ
ReD = = 509.2958 < 2000
πDi µwater
Accordingly, the flow is laminar and the convection coefficient may be computed from:

N u = 3.66

Hence,
N uD · kwater
hi = = 8.784 W/m2 K
D
• Finally,
 
P ·L
Tm,o = Ts − (Ts − Tm,i )exp − hi = 316.2 K = 43.2 o C
ṁ · cp

4
 Problem 3
• A shell-and-tube heat exchanger (with one shell (with a diameter of 0.1 m) and two internal tubes) is
used to heat an oil using a hot water. Hot water flows inside two internal tubes. Each tube has 6
passes. Each internal tube has inner and outer diameters of 20 and 24 mm, respectively, and one pass
length of 3 m. The water flow rate in a single tube is 0.15 kg/s. The water enters the heat exchanger at
90 0 C and leaves at 35 0 C . Inlet and outlet temperatures of the oil are 12 0 C and 45 0 C , respectively.
Fouling factors are zero. Thermal conduction through the wall of the tube can be neglected.

Case a: Define operating regime of this heat exchanger: counterflow or parallel flow? Calculate the effectiveness
and NTU of this heat exchanger. (15 points)

Case b: Calculate the convective heat transfer coefficient for the tube outer surface (ho ). (15 points)

• The tabulated average properties are

Fluid ρ (kg/m3 ) cp (J/kg K) µ (N s/m2 ) k (W/m K) Pr

Water 1000 4184 0.5 · 10−3 0.65 3.15

Oil 800 1950 8 · 10−3 0.14 111.4

• NOTE: in your calculations use the temperature in Kelvin [K].

Solution

Th,i =90 C

∆ T1 mh
Tc,o=45 C
Th,o =35 C
mc ∆ T2
Tc,i =12 C

Figure 2: Schematic presenation of temperatures in HTE.

a. Heat exchanger operates in counterflow regime, due to Tc,o > Th,o , see Fig. 2.

• Calculate ∆T1 and ∆T2 for the heat exchanger:

(∆T1 − ∆T2 ) 45 − 23
∆Tlm =  =
= 32.78 K
ln 45

ln ∆T 1
∆T2 23

∆T1 = Th,i − Tc,o = (90 + 273) − (45 + 273) = 45 K

∆T2 = Th,o − Tc,i = (35 + 273) − (12 + 273) = 23 K

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• The heat transfer rate equations for the cold and hot flows:
q = ṁh · cp,h (Th,i − Th,o ) ; q = ṁc · cp,c (Tc,o − Tc,i )
| {z } | {z }
Ch Cc
(∆T1 − ∆T2 )
q = U · A · ∆Tlm ; ∆Tlm =  
∆T1
ln ∆T2

• Heat rate: The total flow arte of the hot water is ṁh = Ntube · ṁh = 2 · 0.15 = 0.3 kg/s

q = ṁh · cp,h (Th,i − Th,o ) = 69036 W

q
Cc = = 2092
(Tc,o − Tc,i )
Ch = ṁh · cp,h = 1255.2
Cmin = Ch

• effectiveness, ε

q
ε= = 0.71
qmax
qmax = Cmin (Th,i − Tc,i ) = 97906

• The number of transfer units (NTU)

U ·A
NTU = = 1.678
Cmin
q
U ·A= = 2106.1
∆Tlm
b. ————————————————————————————————————–
1 1 1
= +
U ·A hi · Ai ho · Ao
where
LP = Npass · L · Ntubes = 36 m
Ai = πDi · LP = 2.2619 m2 ; Ao = πDo · LP = 2.7143 m2
Finally,
 −1
1 1 1
ho = − = 1161.5 W/m2 K
Ao U · A hi · Ai
where
k Nu
hi = = 2804.8
Di
N u = 0.023Re4/5 P rn=0.3 = 86.3
4ṁh
Re = = 19099 > 2000
πDi µ
Flow is turbulent Re > 2000. n = 0.3 due to cooling.

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Problem 4
• An opaque, vertical plate is used as a reactor wall separating a hot gas from cold gas, see Fig. 3. The
wall thermal conductivity is kwall = 10 W/m·K. Hot gas flows down along the plate at TR,∞ = 200
0 C with h 2 2
R,∞ = 50 W/m K. The right side of the wall is irradiated with GR = 1500 W/m , of which
500 W/m2 is reflected. Cold gas flows up along the left side of the plate at a temperature of TL,∞ = 20
0 C with h 2 2
L,∞ = 285.4 W/m K. The left side of the wall is irradiated with GL = 350 W/m , of which 150
2
W/m is reflected. The steady-state temperatures of the wall-left and wall-right surfaces are TL = 40
0 C and T = 100 0 C , respectively. Both surfaces of the wall are diffuse and not gray, α 6= ε. But the
R
emissivities of the left and right sides of the wall are the same, εL = εR .

• Determine the thickness of the vertical wall, L, see Fig. 3. (30 points)

• NOTE: in your calculations use the temperature in Kelvin [K]. The Stefan-Boltzmann constant is
σ = 5.67 · 10−8 W/m2 K4 .

COLD GAS HOT GAS

GL WALL
TL GR
TR
8

K wall

8
hL G ref
L−? G ref h
8

8
TL
TR

Figure 3: Schematic represenation of Problem #4.

Solution
• The plate is opaque. Therefore, τ = 0.
Gref 150 Gref 500
• The reflectivities are ρL = GL = 350 = 0.429, ρR = GR = 1500 = 0.333

• The absorptivities are αL = 1 − ρL = 0.571, αR = 1 − ρR = 0.666

• Heat transfer balance for the plate: on the right side the plate receives heat from hot air and on the
left side the plate loses the heat:
 00 00
  00 00

qconv + qrad  = − qconv + qrad 
 
L R

00
qconvL = hL,∞ (TL − TL,∞ ) = 285.4(40 + 2713 − (20 + 273)) = 5708 W/m2
00
qradL = J − G = εL σTL4 − αL GL

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 00
qconvR = hR,∞ (TR − TR,∞ ) = 50(100 + 273 − (200 + 273)) = −5000 W/m2
00
qradR = J − G = εR σTR4 − αR GR

00 00 00 00
qradL + qradR = −qconvR − qconvL

00 00
−qconvR − qconvL + αR GR + αL GL −(−5000) − 5708 + 1000 + 200
εL = εR = 4 4 = = 0.3
σ(TR + TL ) 1641.7

where

αR GR = 1000 W/m2
αL GL = 200 W/m2
σ(TR4 + TL4 ) = 1641.7 W/M 2

• Finally,

(TL − TR )  00 00

−kwall = qconv + qrad  = 5670.7

L L
(TR − TL )
L = kwall = 0.1058 m
5670.7

END