Lecture Notes Arithmetic Sequences page 1

Let fan g = a1 ; a2 ; a3 ; ::: be an arithmetic sequence. If we denote the …rst element a1 by a and the common di¤erence
by d; then the nth element an can be computed as

an = a + (n 1) d

and the sum of the …rst nth elements sn = a1 + a2 + a3 + ::: + an can be computed as

a1 + an 2a + (n 1) d
sn = (n) or sn = (n)
2 2

Sample Problems

1. Consider the arithmetic sequence (an ) determined by a1 = 143 and d = 3.

a) Find the 220th element in the sequence. b) Find the sum of the …rst 220 elements.

2. Consider the arithmetic sequence 1; 4; 7; 10; 13; :::

a) Find the 200th element in the sequence. b) Find the sum of the …rst 200 elements.

3. Consider the arithmetic sequence determined by a1 = 45 and d = 5.

a) Find a150 . b) Find the sum a1 + a2 + ::: + a150 .

4. Suppose that (an ) is an arithmetic sequence. Find the values of a and d if we know that a10 = 38 and
a15 = 18.

5. Suppose that (an ) is an arithmetic sequence. Find the values of a and d if we know that a15 = 62 and
s20 = 700.

6. The sum of the …rst …ve elements of an arithmetic sequence is 45. Find the value of the third element. (In
short: …nd a3 if s5 = 45).

7. The sum of the …rst three elements in an arithmetic sequence is 219. The sum of the …rst nine elements in
the same arithmetic sequence is 603. Find the 143rd element in this sequence.

8. Find the …rst element and common di¤erence in an arithmetic sequence if we know that s20 = 230 and
s39 = 663.

9. The …rst elements in an arithmetic sequence is 2, its twenty-second element is 14. Find the value of n so that
an = 6.

10. The …rst eight elements in an arithmetic sequence add up to 604. The next eight elements add up to 156.
Find the …rst element and common di¤erence in the sequence.

11. The …rst element in an arithmetic sequence is 80: Find the common di¤erence if we also know that s9 is
eighteen times a11 .
1
12. Given the arithmetic sequence by a1 = 16 and d = , …nd all values of n so that sn = 50.
3
13. Suppose that fan g is an arithmetic sequence with a1 = 1. Find the second element if we know that the sum
of the …rst …ve elements is a quarter of the sum of the next …ve elements.

14. Three sides of a right triangle are integers and form consecutive terms in an arithmetic sequence. Find the
sides of the triangle.

c Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: May 17, 2013

Lecture Notes Arithmetic Sequences page 2

15. The …rst element in an arithmetic sequence is 10: Find the common di¤erence in the sequence such that a5 ,
a51 , and a55 are sides of a right triangle and a55 is the hypotenuse.

16. Consider the arithmetic sequence of odd natural numbers, 1; 3; 5; 7; 9; 11::: Prove that for all natural numbers
n, sn is a perfect square.

17. Suppose that a1 ; a2 ; a3 ; ::: and b1 ; b2 ; b3 ; ::: are arithmetic sequences. The sequence c1 ; c2 ; c3 ; ::: is formed
by multiplying the two sequences term by term, i.e. c1 = a1 b1 ; c2 = a2 b2 ; :::Find the value of c8 if we know
that c1 = 10; c2 = 48; and c3 = 66.

Practice Problems

1. Consider the arithmetic sequence determined by a1 = 8 and d = 3: Find a20 and s20 .

2. Consider the arithmetic sequence (an ) = 78; 75; 72; 69; :::Find a150 and s150 .

3. An arithmetic sequence is de…ned by a1 = 54 and d = 11. Find a10 and s10 .

4. A theater has 30 rows of seats. The …rst row contains 20 sets, the secons row contains 21 seats, and so on,
each row has one more seat than the previos one. How many seats are there in the theater?

5. Find a and d if a34 = 193 and s17 = 306.

6. The …rst seven elements of an arithmetic sequence add up to 91: The …rst …fteen elements add up to 495.
Find the second element in the sequence.

7. Consider the arithmetic sequence (an ) with the following conditions: a50 = 252 and s50 = 2800. Find the
…rst element and common di¤erence of the sequence.

8. Find a and d if

a) a5 = 45 and a33 = 24 c) a25 = 25 and s45 = 1170

b) a30 = 13 and s30 = 480 d) s36 = 288 and s99 = 5445

9. The …fth elements in an arithmetic sequence is 1, and its twenty-…rst element is 11. Find the value of n so
that an = 20.

10. The …rst element in an arithmetic sequence is 4. Find the common di¤erence in the sequence if given that
a10 , a31 , and a34 are sides of a right triangle where a34 is the hypotenuse.

11. Two arithmetic sequences are multiplied together to produce the sequence 468, 462, 384; ::: What is the next
term of this sequence?

c Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: May 17, 2013

Lecture Notes Arithmetic Sequences page 3

Sample Problems - Answers

1. a) 514 b) 40 810 2. a) 598 b) 59 900 3. a) 700 b) 49 125

4. a = 74; d = 4 5. a = 22; d = 6 6. 9 7. 209 8. a = 40 and d = 3

9. the eighth element 10. a = 100; d = 7 11. 5 12. 100 13. 2

1
14. 3d; 4d; and 5d; where d is any positive number 15. 16. see solutions 17. 144
2

Practice Problems - Answers

1. a20 = 49 and s20 = 410 2. a150 = 369 and s150 = 21 825 3. a10 = 45; d = 45

4. 1035 seats 5. a = 38; d = 7 6. 3 7. a = 140; d = 8

3 1
8. a) a = 48; d = b) a = 45; d = 2 c) a = 37; d = d) a = 43; d = 2
4 2
2
9. n = 33 10. 11. 234
3

c Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: May 17, 2013

Lecture Notes Arithmetic Sequences page 4

Sample Problems - Solutions

Please note that the …rst element is denoted by both a and a1 .

1. Consider the arithmetic sequence (an ) determined by a1 = 143 and d = 3.

a) Find the 220th element in the sequence.
Solution: a220 = a1 + 219d = 143 + 219 ( 3) = 514
b) Find the sum of the …rst 220 elements.
a1 + an
Solution 1 : We can use the formula sn = (n). We set n = 220.
2
a1 + a220 143 + ( 514) 371
s220 = (220) = (220) = 220 = 40 810
2 2 2
2a + (n 1) d
Solution 2: We can use the formula sn = (n). We set n = 220.
2
2 (143) + 219 ( 3) 371
s220 = (220) = 220 = 40 810
2 2

2. Consider the arithmetic sequence 1; 4; 7; 10; 13; :::

a) Find the 200th element in the sequence.
Solution: We see that d = 3. Then a200 = a1 + 199d = 1 + 199 (3) = 598
b) Find the sum of the …rst 200 elements.
a1 + a200 1 + 598
Solution 1 : s200 = (200) = (200) = 59 900
2 2
2a + 199d 2 (1) + 199 (3)
Solution 2: s200 = (200) = (200) = 59 900
2 2
3. Consider the arithmetic sequence determined by a1 = 45 and d = 5.
a) Find a150 .
Solution: a150 = a1 + 149d = 45 + 149 ( 5) = 700
b) Find the sum a1 + a2 + ::: + a150 .
a1 + a150 45 + ( 700)
Solution 1 : s150 = (150) = (150) = 49 125
2 2
2a + 149d 2 (45) + 149 ( 5)
Solution 2: s150 = (150) = (150) = 49 125
2 2
4. Suppose that (an ) is an arithmetic sequence. Find the values of a and d if we know that a10 = 38 and
a15 = 18.
Solution 1: Notice that the 15th element is smaller than the tenth: this sequence is decreasing, and so d
must be negative. Let a denote the …rst element and d the common di¤erence in the arithmetic sequence.
a10 = 38 and a15 = 18 can be expressed as

a + 9d = 38
a + 14d = 18

We will sove this system by elimination; we multiply the …rst equation by 1.

a 9d = 38
a + 14d = 18

c Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: May 17, 2013

Lecture Notes Arithmetic Sequences page 5

Then add the two equations.

5d = 20
d = 4

a + 9 ( 4) = 38
a 36 = 38
a = 74

Thus a = 74 and d = 4. We check: a10 = a + 9d = 74 + 9 ( 4) = 38 and a15 = a + 14d = 74 + 14 ( 4) = 18.

Solution 2. A neat shortcut:

a15 = a10 + 5d
18 = 38 + 5d
20 = 5d
4 = d

The rest of the solution is identical to the previous method.

5. Suppose that (an ) is an arithmetic sequence. Find the values of a and d if we know that a15 = 62 and
s20 = 700.
Solution: Let a denote the …rst element and d the common di¤erence in the arithmetic sequence. a15 = a+14d,
and a20 = a + 19d. Then

a15 = a + 14d =) 62 = a + 14d

2a + 19d
s20 = (20) =) 700 = (2a + 19d) 10
2
The second equation can be further simpli…ed by division by 10. Now we have the system

a + 14d = 62
2a + 19d = 70

We solve this system by elimination; we multiply the …rst equation by 2 and then add the two equations.

2a 28d = 124
2a + 19d = 70
9d = 54
d = 6

a + 14 (6) = 62
a + 84 = 62
a = 22

Thus a = 22 and d = 6. We check: a15 = 22 + 14 (6) = 62, a20 = 22 + 19 (6) = 92, and so
a1 + a20 22 + 92
s20 = (20) = (20) = 700.
2 2

c Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: May 17, 2013

Lecture Notes Arithmetic Sequences page 6

6. The sum of the …rst …ve elements of an arithmetic sequence is 45. Find the value of the third element. (In
short: …nd a3 if s5 = 45)
Solution 1: Using the usual notation, a and d, we need to …nd the value of a3 = a + 2d; and we have that
a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 = 45
a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + (a + 3d) + (a + 4d) = 45
5a + 10d = 45
5 (a + 2d) = 45
a + 2d = 9
a3 = 9
Solution 2: Let x denote the third term. Then the …rst …ve elements are
x 2d; x d; x; x + d; x + 2d
and if we add these, we easily get 5x. Thus 5x = 45 gives us x = 9. If we select any odd number of
consecutive elements in an arithmetic sequence, the middle element will be the average (arithmetic mean) of
these elements. It is often useful to use this in notation: three consecutive elements in an arithmetic sequence
can be denoted as x d; x; and x + d.
7. The sum of the …rst three elements in an arithmetic sequence is 219. The sum of the …rst nine elements in
the same arithmetic sequence is 603. Find the 143rd element in this sequence.
Solution1: We simply state the two partial sums and solve the system of linear equation for a and d. However,
the equations of this system can be signi…cantly simpli…ed, for a very good reason. For more on this, see the
second solution presented.
2a + 2d
s3 = 219 =) 219 = (3) =) a + d = 73
2
2a + 8d
s9 = 603 =) 603 = (9) =) a + 4d = 67
2
We solve the system
a + d = 73
a + 4d = 67
and obtain a = 75 and d = 2. Then the 143rd element can be easily found
a143 = a + 142d = 75 + 142 ( 2) = 209
Solution 2. The average (or arithmetic mean) of an odd number of consecutive elements in an arithmetic
sequence is always the element in the middle. If we add three consecutive elements in an arithmetic sequence,
the sum is always three times the middle element. If we add nine consecutive elements in an arithmetic
sequence, the sum is always nine times the middle element. Using this fact, we almost immediately have the
following:
s3 = 219 =) 219 = 3a2 =) a2 = 73
s9 = 603 =) 603 = 9a5 =) a5 = 67
Notice that the statements a2 = 73 and a5 = 67 are the same as the equations we obtained in Solution 1.
We can now easily solve for a and d.
a5 = a2 + 3d
67 = 73 + 3d =) d= 2
and a2 = 73 gives us
a2 = a + d
73 = a 2 =) a = 75

c Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: May 17, 2013

Lecture Notes Arithmetic Sequences page 7

8. Find the …rst element and common di¤erence in an arithmetic sequence if we know that s20 = 230 and
s39 = 663.
Solution: Let a and d denote the …rst element and common di¤erence in the sequence. Then we will set up
2a + (n 1) d
two equations in a and d stating s20 = 230 and s39 = 663. Recall the formula sn = n.
2

s39 = 663
2a + 38d
s20 = 230 39 = 663 divide by 39
2
2a + 19d 2a + 38d
20 = 230 simplify = 17 multiply by 2
2 2
(2a + 19d) 10 = 230 divide by 10 2a + 38d = 34
2a + 19d = 23

2a + 19d = 23
So now we just need to solve the system of equations . We will leave this task for the
2a + 38d = 34
reader. The system’s solution is a = 40 and d = 3.

9. The …rst elements in an arithmetic sequence is 2, its twenty-second element is 14. Find the value of n so that
an = 6.
Solution: Let a and d denote the …rst element and common di¤erence of the sequence. We will …rst solve
for d.

a22 = 14
a + 21d = 14 we know a = 2
2 + 21d = 14
21d = 12
12 4
d = =
21 7
We will now solve for n in an = 6

an = 6
4
a + (n 1) d = 6 we know a = 2 and d =
7
4
2 + (n 1) = 6 subtract 2
7
4
(n 1) = 4 divide by 4
7
1
(n 1) = 1 multiply by 7
7
n 1 = 7 add 1
n = 8

So the eighth element is 6.

c Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: May 17, 2013

Lecture Notes Arithmetic Sequences page 8

10. The …rst eight elements in an arithmetic sequence add up to 604. The next eight elements add up to 156.
Find the …rst element and common di¤erence in the sequence.
Solution: At …rst this problem looks tricky because the sum of the second eight elements seem to be a useless
piece of information. But it quickly becomes routine once we realize that the sum of the forst eight and
second eight elements in the sequence, if we add them, simply gives us the sum of the …rst sixteen elements.
In short, s16 = 604 + 156 = 760. Thus we have the system
2a + 7d
s8 = 604 (8) = 604 =) 2a + 7d = 151
2
2a + 15d
s16 = 760 (16) = 760 =) 2a + 15d = 95
2
We solve the system of linear equations for a and d. We will multiply the …rst equation by 1 and then add
the two equations.

2a 7d = 151
2a + 15d = 95

8d = 56
d = 7

Now we substitute d = 7 into either one of the two equations and solve for a: We easily obtain a = 100.

11. The …rst element in an arithmetic sequence is 80: Find the common di¤erence if we also know that s9 is
eighteen times a11 .
2a + (n 1) d
Solution: Recall that an = a + (n 1) d and sn = n:
2
s9 = 18a11
2 (80) + 8d
(9) = 18 (80 + 10d) divide by 9
2
2 (80) + 8d
= 2 (80 + 10d)
2
2 [(80) + 4d]
= 2 (80 + 10d) simplify
2
80 + 4d = 2 (80 + 10d) distribute
80 + 4d = 160 + 20d subtract 4d
80 = 160 + 16d subtract 160
80 = 16d divide by 16
5 = d

c Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: May 17, 2013

Lecture Notes Arithmetic Sequences page 9

1
12. Given the arithmetic sequence by a1 = 16 and d = , …nd all values of n so that sn = 50.
3
2a + (n 1) d 1
Solution: Recall that sn = n We write a = 16; d = ; and sn = 50, and solve for n.
2 3
2a + (n 1) d
sn = n
2
1
2 ( 16) + (n 1)
50 = 3n multiply by 2
2
1
100 = 32 + (n 1) n distribute n
3
1
100 = 32n + n (n 1) multiply by 3
3
300 = 96n + n (n 1)
2
300 = 96n + n n
2
0 = n 97n 300
We will solve this quadratic equation using the quadratic formula.
8
p p p > 200
97 972 4 ( 300) 97 9409 + 1200 97 10 609 97 103 < 2 = 100
n1;2 = = = = = 6
2 2 2 2 >
: = 3
2
Since n represents the index of the element in a sequence, it can not be a negative number, and so 3 is ruled
out. The answer is 100.
13. Suppose that (an ) is an arithmetic sequence with a1 = 1. Find the second element if we know that the sum
of the …rst …ve elements is a quarter of the sum of the next …ve elements.
Solution: Let d denote the common di¤erence. If S denotes the sum of the …rst …ve elements, i.e. S = s5 ;
then the second …ve elements add up to 4S. Thus s10 = S + 4S = 5S: Thus we have that the sum of the …rst
10 elements is …ve times the sum of the …rst ten elements.
5s5 = s10
2 + 4d 2 + 9d
5 (5) = (10) multiply by 2
2 2
25 (4d + 2) = 10 (9d + 2)
100d + 50 = 90d + 20 subtract 90d
10d + 50 = 20 subtract 50
10d = 30 divide by 10
d = 3
Thus the second element is a + d = 1 3= 2.
14. Three sides of a right triangle are integers and form consecutive terms in an arithmetic sequence. Find the
sides of the triangle.
Solution: Let us denote the middle side by x: Then the shortest side is x d and the longest is x + d: The
Pythagorean Theorem states then that
(x d)2 + x2 = (x + d)2
x2 2xd + d2 + x2 = x2 + 2dx + d2
x2 4xd = 0
x (x 4d) = 0

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Lecture Notes Arithmetic Sequences page 10

Either x = 0 (impossible for a side of a triangle) or x = 4d. Then the three sides are 3d; 4d; and 5d. Which
means that all such triangles are similar to the triangle with sides 3; 4; and 5 units.

15. The …rst element in an arithmetic sequence is 10: Find the common di¤erence in the sequence such that a5 ,
a51 , and a55 are sides of a right triangle and a55 is the hypotenuse.
Solution: We express a5 , a51 , and a55 in terms of a and d. It may be useful to note it now that if these
elements are sides of a rigth triangle in this order, then d must be positive.

a5 = a + 4d = 10 + 4d
a51 = a + 50d = 10 + 50d
a55 = a + 54d = 10 + 54d

We write the Pythagorean Theorem for these three quantities

(a5 )2 + (a51 )2 = (a55 )2

(10 + 4d)2 + (10 + 50d)2 = (10 + 54d)2

We solve this quadratic equation for d.

(10 + 4d)2 + (10 + 50d)2 = (10 + 54d)2

100 + 80d + 16d2 + 100 + 1000d + 2500d2 = 100 + 1080d + 2916d2
2516d2 + 1080d + 200 = 2916d2 + 1080d + 100
0 = 400d2 100
2
0 = 100 4d 1
0 = 100 (2d + 1) (2d 1)
1
d =
2
1 1
Since d must be positive, d = . We check: If a = 10 and d = , then
2 2
1 1
a5 = a + 4d = 10 + 4 = 12 and a51 = a + 50d = 10 + 50 = 35 and
2 2
1
a55 = a + 54d = 10 + 54 = 37
2

and 122 + 352 = 372 and so our solution is correct.

16. Consider the arithmetic sequence of odd natural numbers, 1; 3; 5; 7; 9; 11::: Prove that for all n, sn is a perfect
square.
Proof: Clearly a = 1 and d = 2.

2a + (n 1) d 2 1 + (n 1) 2 2 + 2n 2 2n
sn = (n) = (n) = (n) = (n) = n2
2 2 2 2
Not only these sums are all squares, but actually sn = n2 .

c Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: May 17, 2013

Lecture Notes Arithmetic Sequences page 11

17. Suppose that a1 ; a2 ; a3 ; ::: and b1 ; b2 ; b3 ; ::: are arithmetic sequences. The sequence c1 ; c2 ; c3 ; ::: is formed
by multiplying the two sequences term by term, i.e. c1 = a1 b1 ; c2 = a2 b2 ; :::Find the value of c8 if we know
that c1 = 10; c2 = 48; and c3 = 66.
Solution: Let a and d1 denote the …rst element and di¤erence in the arithmetic sequence (an ) and b and d2
in (bn ). We are given that

c1 = a1 b1 = 10
c2 = a2 b2 = 48
c3 = a3 b3 = 66

In terms of a; b; d1 and d2 :

ab = 10
(a + d1 ) (b + d2 ) = 48
(a + 2d1 ) (b + 2d2 ) = 66

Since we have four unknowns and only three equations, it seems that we can not …nd the value of all unknowns.
In this case, we also need to keep an eye on what we need to …nd:

c8 = a8 b8 = (a + 7d1 ) (b + 7d2 ) = ab + 7ad2 + 7bd1 + 49d1 d2

We perform the multiplications in each equation

ab = 10
ab + ad2 + bd1 + d1 d2 = 48
ab + 2ad2 + 2bd1 + 4d1 d2 = 66
ab + 7ad2 + 7bd1 + 49d1 d2 = ?

We substitute ab = 10 into eaqch equation and simplify

(ad2 + bd1 ) + (d1 d2 ) = 38

2 (ad2 + bd1 ) + 4 (d1 d2 ) = 56
10 + 7 (ad2 + bd1 ) + 49 (d1 d2 ) = ?

If we introduce the new variables X = ad2 + bd1 and Y = d1 d2 ; we can solve the system of linear equations
in two variables:

X +Y = 38
2X + 4Y = 56 and 10 + 7X + 49Y =?

We easily solve this and obtain X = 48 and Y = 10. Now we can compute c8 :

c8 = 10 + 7X + 49Y = 10 + 7 (48) + 49 ( 10) = 144

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c Hidegkuti, Powell, 2009 Last revised: May 17, 2013