KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,

KUMASI, GHANA

The Effects of ICT in Quantity Surveying Service Delivery in the Ghanaian Construction

Industry

by

ACKABAH ROBERT KOJO MAWUNYO

A Thesis submitted to the Department of Building Technology,

College of Art and Built Environment

in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

MAY 2018

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 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work towards the BSc. Quantity Surveying and

Construction Economics and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material

previously published by another person nor material which has been accepted for the award of

any other degree of the university, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the

text.

Student Name / ID:

Ackabah Robert Mawunyo Kojo (5380215)

Signature……………………………….. Date……………………………

Certified by:

Supervisor: Prof. Edward Badu

Signature……………………………….. Date……………………………

Certified by:

Dr. Theophilus Adjei-Kumi

(Head of Department, Building Technology)

Signature……………………………….. Date……………………………

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 ABSTRACT

Information and communication Technology (ICT) nowadays have great impact on the
construction industry and the way it works. The technology is viewed as crucial for effective and
successful project delivery. Currently, Quantity Surveying (QS) appears to be one of the few
professions that have not been profoundly transformed by the application of the technological
advancement offered by digital revolution especially in a developing economy like Ghana. The
study examines the extent to which the Ghanaian quantity surveyors have been moving with the
times of information technology. The aim is to identify the challenges faced by the professionals
by examining the factors affecting the use and adoption of computer applications in a dynamic
world of explosive growth of the information communication technology (ICT). The study
adopted a survey design methodology. A survey based on structured questionnaire was used to
elicit the relevant data from Quantity Surveyor who are all members of the Ghana Institution of
Surveyors. In all, fifty (50) respondents completed the questionnaire. The data was analyzed
using the Relative Importance Index and Mean/average Score. The study identified four main
factors from the literature and the survey as important factors affecting the adoption and use of
ICT by Quantity Surveyors in the Ghanaian construction industry. Thus, budget constraints for
ICT investments, lack of commitment by management towards ICT, lack of training and
technical support for construction professionals in ICT, inadequate ICT content of construction
educational system. The survey revealed three main professional quantity surveying software
known among the Ghanaian QS thus Masterbill, QS Elite and Win QS, however, yet they are not
frequently used in their practice. Finally it was recommended there should be financial support
from both the private and public sector for ICT investment in construction industry, also to there
should be increase in ICT content in construction education at all level.

Keywords: Information Communication Technology, Quantity Surveyors, Adopting ICT in

Construction

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION............................................................................................................................ i

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... ii

LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... vi

LIST OF FIGUURES ................................................................................................................. vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................... viii

DEDICATION.............................................................................................................................. ix

CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1

1.1 BACKGROUND................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Problem statement ................................................................................................................. 2

1.3 Aim of thesis: ........................................................................................................................ 4

1.4 Objectives: ............................................................................................................................. 4

1.5 Research Methodology.......................................................................................................... 4

1.6 Scope of the study ................................................................................................................. 4

1.7 Organisation of the research .................................................................................................. 5

CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 6

LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................ 6

2.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 6

2.1 Nature and Characteristic of the Construction Industry ........................................................ 6

2.1.3 The Construction Industry Hierarchy ............................................................................. 7

2.1.4 Construction Challenges ................................................................................................. 8

2.2 ICT and the Constructions Industry. ..................................................................................... 9

2.2.1 Information Requirements in Construction .................................................................. 10

2.3 Information Communication Technology (ICT) Explained................................................ 11

3.1 Need for ICT in the Construction Industry ......................................................................... 12

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 2.4. Drivers for ICT implementation in the construction .......................................................... 13

2.5 Quantity Surveying Services ............................................................................................... 14

2.5.1 Communication in Quantity Surveying ........................................................................ 16

2.5.2 Effect of ICT in the Quantity Surveying Practice. ....................................................... 17

2.5.3 Use of ICT Products / Software in Quantity Surveying Services Delivery and
Operations .............................................................................................................................. 20

2.6. Challenges in the Adoption of ICT in Quantity Surveying Practice. ................................. 21

2.7 An overview of the Quantity Surveying industry in Ghana. ............................................... 22

CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................... 25

METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................... 25

3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 25

3.2 Research Design .................................................................................................................. 25

3.3 Population of the Study ....................................................................................................... 25

3.4 Sample size and Sampling Techniques ............................................................................... 26

3.5 Research Instrument ............................................................................................................ 26

3.6 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 26

3.7 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 27

CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 28

PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ......................................................... 28

4.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 28

4.1 SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS ........................................................................................ 28

4.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................................... 29

4.2.1 Section A: Demographic variables and respondents profiles ....................................... 29

4.3. Section B: Effect of ICT in the field in Quantity Surveying delivery in the Ghanaian
Construction Industry. ............................................................................................................... 32

4.3.1 Challenges Affecting the Use of Computer by QS....................................................... 32

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 4.3.3 Professional Software Known and in Use by Ghanaian QS. ........................................ 35

4.3.4 Factors that Influence the Adoption of ICT in QS practice in Ghana. ......................... 36

4.3.5 Reasons for non-Utilisation of ICT by Ghanaian QS. .................................................. 37

4.3.6 Perceived Impact of IT on QS Roles ............................................................................ 37

4.4 Summary of Chapter ........................................................................................................... 39

CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................ 40

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION ...................................................................... 40

5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 40

5.2 Summary of the research ..................................................................................................... 40

5.3 Summary of the research findings ....................................................................................... 40

5.3.1 Objective 1: To identify the ICT products / software used by QS in Ghana. ............... 41

5.3.2 Objective 1: To identify the effect of the use of ICT in Quantity Surveying delivery in
Ghana. .................................................................................................................................... 41

5.3.3 Objective 2: To identify the factors hindering the use of ICT by QS in Ghana. .......... 41

5.4 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 42

5.5 Recommendations. .............................................................................................................. 43

5.5.1 Financial support for ICT investment in construction industry. ................................... 43

5.5.2 Training and management support for ICT in firms..................................................... 43

5.5.4 Increase ICT content in construction education at all level.......................................... 44

REFERENCES. ........................................................................................................................... 45

APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................. 53

QUESTIONNAIRE..................................................................................................................... 53

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Schemes of Works and Quantity Surveying Services. ................................................. 15
Table 4.2.1 Demographic Data .................................................................................................... 29
Table 4.3.1 Challenges Affecting the Use of Computer by QS ................................................... 33
Table 4.3.2 Benefits of ICT usage in the QS industry ................................................................. 35
Table 4.3.3 Professional Software Known and in Use by Ghanaian QS. .................................... 36
Table 4.3.4 Factors that Influence the Adoption of ICT in QS practice. ..................................... 37
Table 4.3.5 Non-Utilisation Factors of ICT by Ghanaian QS ...................................................... 37
Table 4.3.6 Perceived Impact of ICT on QS Roles in professional service delivery in Ghana ... 39

vi
 LIST OF FIGUURES
Figure 4.2.1 Respondents’ Qualification ..................................................................................... 31
Figure 4.2.2 Respondents’ Level of Experience .......................................................................... 31

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My greatest gratitude goes to God almighty for given me the strength, knowledge and above all

good health for the duration of my programme.

I also wish to express my heartfelt appreciation to my Supervisor Professor Badu for the

assistance, direction and helpful criticisms throughout the research process. My indebtedness

also goes to Dr. Ernest Kisi of the Department of Building Technology, my second supervisor,

for the vast contribution in terms of topic selection, advice and reference documents given me

during the period of the research.

Finally, I wish to thank all my family members for their support, understanding and prayers

during the entire period of my study.

viii
 DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to God almighty and my family for the immerse support throughout this

study.

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 CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Quantity Surveying is not a new profession but a profession that has been with the human race

since time immemorial. Although it was not formally developed in the pre-historic days, human

find a way of making necessary estimates of cost of materials and the whole Endeavour in

constructing their buildings. (Nortey, 2015). However, a more formalized way of the profession

was developed by the British in 17th century which provided a scientific and grandeur to the

profession (Ofori, 2012).

It is also evident that we live in a dynamic world characterized by incessant technology change,

the explosive growth of information and communication technology (ICT) otherwise shortened

as information technology (IT) has had a deepening impact on business systems and processes

(Rivardet al., 2004). The advancement in ICT has made possible fundamental changes in the

method of practice in all businesses and industries although at different levels including the

construction industry (Li, 2000). The construction industry with the aim of levelling their

colleagues in other industries have embraced the use of ICT such as internet, computing,

telephoning, satellite communication, electronic mailing, and AutoCAD applications to perform

most, if not all of their activities (Ibidapo, 2000). The quantity Surveyors’ ability to avail

themselves of these emerging opportunities provided by the advent of ICT depends on the sof

ICT application in the industry with some noted ones like the expert systems (ES), artificial

intelligence, knowledge-base systems (KBS), artificial neural networking (ANN), robotics and

computer aided design (Arif and Karam, 2001). Rivardet al. (2004) opined that the evolution of

ICT will have a profound impact on how organizations in the architectural, engineering and

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construction industry operate in the way other industries such as manufacturing and banking

have adopted and benefited from long ago. Honey (1998), noted that this is already the case in

many of the developed countries around the world. In lieu of this, he reported that the turn of the

last century has seen a reduction in paper-based operation in quantity surveying (QS) offices in

UK while electronic led-processes are leading to less dependence on taking-off sheets and other

ancillary stationery. The QS profession in Africa has also experienced significant changes over

the past decade (Oladapo, 2006) and these changes have occurred primarily in response to

changing industry/client demands, IT developments, increased levels of competition for services

and the vital role of the Quantity Surveyor in achieving improved and efficient service delivery.

Hence, there is no doubt that the construction industry has to improve its information flow and

project delivery mechanism as opined by Wager, 1998. Thus, as information flow increasingly

become electronic, QS computing facilities, software and databases will need to develop in a

compatible manner. Ghanaian quantity Surveyors will need to adapt to changes in work patterns

to improve their efficiency and develop new markets to maintain competitive advantage and

enhance profitability through the adoption of IT.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

From the background information presented, it is evident that, the importance and emerging roles

of Information Communication Technology (ICT) to the Quantity Surveyor (QS) in the

construction industry cannot be ignored. However, one of the obvious contests of the Ghanaian

Quantity Surveyor today is that, majority of the surveying processes continue to rely heavily on

traditional means of documentation and communications such as face-to-face meetings and

exchange of paper documents such as Bills of Quantity, drawings, specifications and site

instructions (Mohamed and Stewart, 2003).

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Anumba and Ruikar (2002) recounted certain flows within the construction industry which also

applies to the Quantity surveying industry. They stated that the traditional information and

communication are mostly characterized by manual and slow processes and hence,

• Producing numerous paper copies of documents and drawings.

• Management of a loose document is often time-consuming and tedious.

• Library archives of documents need to be maintained to effectively access data as and

when required.

• The reliance on third parties, such as courier services, can lead to delays and losses.

• The added expense incurred in the delivery of project documents to project members who

are geographically distributed

Yet, the traditional construction sector all over the world including that of the Ghanaian Quantity

Surveying industry are required to move towards innovation of their services to achieve more

efficient processing systems and service delivery methods.

For this reason, the vast benefits offered by ICT in the construction industry though seems

recognized, its adoption and use as normal part of the Quantity Surveying management and

process is still low; and contractors among the major players, have often been cited as those who

use ICT least of all (Peansupap and Walker, 2004).

While this situation could probably be true within the Quantity Surveying industry, specific

details regarding the extent of application and problems facing the use of ICT among the

Ghanaian Quantity Surveying industry still remain unclear. This study seeks to assess the

situation in Quantity Surveying industry in Ghana.

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1.3 AIM OF THESIS:

The aim of the study is to identify effects of Information Communication Technology in the field

of Quantity Surveying delivery in the Ghanaian Construction Industry.

1.4 OBJECTIVES:

In achieving the aim of the study, the following objectives were outlined.

• To identify the ICT products / software used by QS in Ghana,

• To identify the effect of the use of ICT in Quantity Surveying delivery in Ghana and

• To identify the factors hindering the use of ICT by QS in Ghana.

1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A Survey was used to provide answers to the issues earlier raised in the review. This involves

sampling registered Quantity Surveyors and obtaining their views on the existing trend in the

industry and also on their practice, through the use of well-structured questionnaires. The sample

population for this research work includes members of the Ghana Institute of Surveyors (GhIS)

who are registered and eligible to practice as Quantity Surveyors.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study was based on existing quantity surveying consultancy firms and

consortiums operating within Greater Accra region of Ghana. This was due to the fact that most

of bigger consultancy firms operating in Ghana have their head offices based in Accra. The

research also focused on selected QS in construction companies in Accra. The characteristics of

the QS were those who have been operating within the last 10 years.

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1.7 ORGANISATION OF THE RESEARCH

The dissertation was organized in five chapters. Chapter one introduced the whole thesis,

highlighting the main subject and problem statement; the aims and objective, scope,

methodology adopted and research outline.

Chapter two focused on the literature review and touched on information and communication

needs confronting quantity surveying service delivery, and the quest for improvements through

the use of information and communication technology (ICT) on the part of the Quantity Surveyor

as a key Construction Management Professional.

The chapter also explained various factors, roles and barriers to ICT implementation in the

construction sector. It further explored current drivers for use of ICT and various ICT tools and

applications of the sector.

Chapter three was devoted to the development of the theoretical framework of the research, it

explained the research methodology employed and also the statistical methods used in analyzing

the results.

Chapter four presented the analysis of data obtained, discussions and interpretation of the

findings of the survey.

Chapter five summarized the conclusions of the study and recommendations based on the

findings of the study.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses the literature review for this study. The review has been divided into two

sections. The first part deals with ICT and the Construction Industry generally; Information

Communication Technology in the construction, including providing a working understanding of

issues relating to information and communication needs in construction and current roles of ICT

in construction. The second part looks at the Quantity Surveying Professionals implementing

ICT in the construction industry, ICT tools and applications for the sector and perceived

challenges for its implementation. Finally the chapter ends with an overview of the Quantity

Surveying industry in Ghana.

2.1 NATURE AND CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

The most important sector in many economies is the construction industry. The Ghanaian

construction industry for instance, was valued at over GHC 3,900 million Ghana in 2010,

constituting about 9% GDP (Ghana Statistical service,2010), and therefore has the potential to

influence the country’s GDP more than any other service industry..

Also, the nature of the construction industry is quite different from other industries, such as the

manufacturing or retail sector, where processes and the working environment are well defined

and controlled (Gann, 1996). The temporary nature and uniqueness of construction projects are

often reflected in one-off locations, one-off designs solutions, one off project teams and usually

large numbers of geographically dispersed organisations and individuals, which lead to a more

6
fragmented communication platform and making project communication activities inevitably

complex.

Beyond that, the industry is also characterized by product uniqueness, on-site production and ad

hoc project teams with high turnover rate. In all these efforts, the industry relies on the use of

large amounts of information during the entire life-cycle of a project.

2.1.3 The Construction Industry Hierarchy

The construction industry is so hierarchical and fragmented in nature that some of the major

participants do not consider themselves to be part of the same industry (Hindle, 2000). This

requires close coordination among a large number of specialized but interdependent

organizations and individuals to achieve the cost, time and quality goals of a construction,

project (Toole, 2003). Hence, according to Maqsood et al. (2004), a major construction process

demands heavy exchange of data and information between project participants on a daily basis.

Rivard et al. (2004) have identified the two vital roles information plays in all construction

projects as the specification of the resulting product (design information) and the initiation and

control of the activities required for constructing the facility (management information).

In addition, Design consultants (architects, engineers and quantity surveyors), acting as

professional advisers to the client, are largely responsible for the production and dissemination of

both the design and management information among the various project participants.

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2.1.4 Construction Challenges

Construction organisations today are faced with many new challenges, including the need to

change current work practices; become more clients orientated; become more competitive; and

become more productive (Love, 1996). These challenges are attributable to factors that affect the

working environment, including globalization of the economy; greater performance expectations

from the clients; increased competition between local contractors; continued restructuring of

work practices and industrial relations. It is against this background that at various levels of

socio-economic development, several countries have recognized the need and importance of

taking measures to improve the performance of their construction industry in other to meet the

aspirations of its developmental goals (Ofori, 2000). One of such measures is the needs to

embrace technology and innovations in order to increase project performance.

According to Mohamed & Stewart (2003), the majority of construction process information is

heavily based upon traditional means of communication such as face-to-face meetings and the

exchange of paper documents in the form of technical drawings, specifications and site

instructions. This is why the construction industry has for many years suffered from difficult-to-

access, out-of-date and incomplete information (Shoesmith, 1995). As the management of

construction, like most other industries, requires accurate information, the need to increase the

efficiency of information management by exchanging massive volumes of information at high

speed and at relatively low cost has been long recognised by the industry (Deng et al., 2001).

As a result of these unique characteristics, it has often been difficult for the construction industry

to coordinate, store, and reuse knowledge that is obtained between the organization and its

8
individuals. This has often led to poor communication and inefficient information practices that

have contributed to the emergence of dysfunctional supply chains (Love et al., 1999).

2.2 ICT AND THE CONSTRUCTIONS INDUSTRY.

Typically, the construction sector is considered one of the most information-dependent

industries. For instance, a construction project chain may involve large numbers of skilled

professionals and companies with quite often, much repetition of activities and accumulation of

paperwork. Majority of these participants require access to the regular project information at one

time or another (Murray et al., 2001).

This means that, timely and accurate access to information is therefore important for all project

participants as it forms the basis on which decisions are made and physical progress is achieved.

Currently, several construction documents such as drawings, specifications, bills of quantities,

correspondence, schedules, and programmes produced on construction projects are currently

exchanged on paper bases and face to face communication between practitioners in industry

(Hore and West, 2005).

Admittedly, effective collaboration between all the role players during construction is not only

important but also necessary for the successful completion of a construction project. With so

many interested parties, effective communication and information sharing among them is vital.

Not only must the formal structures and networks be examined to understand the level of

information sharing that is happening on a formal basis, but the informal relationships among

parties will depend on how and when information is shared and how and when the information is

flowing (Perreira and Soares, 2007)..

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2.2.1 Information Requirements in Construction

Information can broadly be defined as the data and messages that are transmitted between people

within a communications network (Mead, 2001). According to Doherty (1997), information

plays two vital roles in construction by:

• Specifying the resulting product (i.e. design information)

• Initiates and controls the activities required for constructing the facility (management

information).

To this effect, successful management of information has a critical influence on the performance

of a project. In view of the above disposition, Murray et al (2001) provided information producer

and user matrix for as a guide for typical project chain.

The various participants on a project have to deal with a lot of information and it is imperative

that these information needs to be passed along the chain from team to team (Murray et al,

2001;Oladapo, 2006). Referring to the contribution by Tenah (1996), construction personnel who

have access to timely and accurate information will:

• reduce or maintain project durations

• make better use of resources

• increase labour and equipment productivity

• decrease cost.

Another contemporary observation worth noting is that, construction project management

typically spends about 70% of their time dealing (generating, managing, sending, collecting and

analysis) with data (Fisher and Yin, 1992). Similarly, Newton (1998) concluded that about 65%

10
of contractor-rework is attributed to insufficient, inappropriate or conflicting information. It

could therefore be argued that, because most project information are currently stored on paper,

which is difficult to access and time consuming to search may be a key input to this situation.

For this reasons, it is crucial that major site issues must be resolved quickly and efficiently to

avoid downtime, rework and waste with the associated cost overruns and this often requires

collaboration between on and off-site personnel (Miahet al., 1998).

Again the foregoing has demonstrated that, the ability to quickly convert data into information,

while at the same time reducing the drudgery associated with many of the administrative tasks is

very crucial to improve both staff efficiency and work interest (Flowers, 1996).

Indeed, effective data collation, information transfer and information retrieval have been cited as

important areas for improvement in construction (Bowden, 2005). By enhancing information

flow between the different site processes and teams, it becomes easier to monitor, control and

assess the project progress and hence integrate the on-site process effectively (Moniem, 2000).

2.3 INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) EXPLAINED

Information Technology (IT) can be defined as technology that is used to handle data,

information and knowledge. It involves the use of electronic devices and programmes for the

processing, storage, transfer and presentation of information (Doherty.1997). Today,

Communication technology is an important part of IT, hence, Information Communication

Technology (ICT). According to Ang et al 1997, ICT can broadly be defined as technologies

dedicated to information storage, processing and communications and involve a combination of

hardware, software and networks to transform raw data into useful information for speedy

retrieval (Farag, 2009). Therefore,

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Construction ICT entails the use of computer systems that are capable of capturing, organizing,

storing, analyzing, exchanging, transmitting, and sharing information

(Perkinson et al, 2006). Examples of ICT include video conferencing, web-based project

management applications, database management systems (DBS), data warehousing (DW), and

data mining (Harris and MacCaffer, 2001)

3.1 NEED FOR ICT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Quoting from Hassan and McCaffer, (2002) pointed out that, issues of time constraints,

complexity and operational disintegration has forced many enterprises both small and large, to

incorporate Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) into their business processes.

Obviously, the implementation of these ICT technologies in construction are aimed at supporting

information sharing among individuals and groups since the construction industry of today and

of the future demand the use of sustainable systems enabled by information and communication

technologies (Hassanain et al, 2000). Currently, Information and Communication Technologies

(ICT) are said to be providing construction firms with new opportunities for enhancing

information management processes, communication and collaboration (Bowden, 2005).

According to Songer (2000), owner organizations are requiring the engineering/construction

industry to perform at extraordinary levels of project delivery, hence, advances in project

delivery systems and use of information technologies provide tremendous potential for

enhancing the construction industry's overall performance.

By that, it is reported that the average annual growth rate of ICT investment in the construction

industry is increasing every year and now constitutes a significant part of the total project cost

(Löfgren, 2007). Notably, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is perceived as the

12
main enabler to implement radical changes in construction business processes (Isikdaget al,

2007).

The Roadcon Project (2003) observed that, ICT-based expected improvements and impacts could

be envisaged in many activity domains such as: performance(s) of building and construction,

including monitoring and performance measurements, as regards e.g. the conformity with

customer needs or the management of total Life-cycle costs (investment, operation,

maintenance); cost-effectively construction, along with Building Product customization and

differentiation; knowledge sharing tools, smooth / transparent use of ICT (for end users), and

process improvement through best options / practice and progress monitoring.

2.4. DRIVERS FOR ICT IMPLEMENTATION IN THE CONSTRUCTION

As result of the benefits offered by the use ICT in the construction sector, many constructions

organisations are currently motivated to adopt and invest in the technology. Many recent survey

outcomes suggest an increasing trend of firms using ICT in the construction industry (Rivard,

2000; peansupap, 2004).

According to Peansupap (2004), ICT can be used to:

• Improve productivity in construction through improved operational efficiency, reduce

cost and project cost.

• Support information integration and this in turn can help to reduce the volume of

information processed and reduce data re-entry by transferring information through

internet/Intranet protocols. This can provide benefits throughout project phases such as

design, construction, and operation.

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 • Enhance collaboration by supporting communication among project members and

sharing of information and documents, especially when team members are located in

different geographical areas (Ahmad,2002; Sriprasert and Dawood, 2002b).

• Support „e-commerce‟ and create opportunities to extend business or provide improved

customer service ( Skibniewski and Nitithamyong, 2004).

2.5 QUANTITY SURVEYING SERVICES

Quantity Surveyors are important members of the design and construction teams in both private

and public sectors of a nation. Their pivotal roles in project development and delivery are well

acknowledged (Mogbo, 1998). These roles according to Page et al., (2004), had placed them

potentially at the centre of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) that integrate

the contributions of all participants in the design, construction and maintenance processes. Thus,

they ensure that resources are utilized to the best advantage of the society by providing financial

management for project and cost consultancy services to the clients, designers and contractors

during the construction process. According to GhIS (2018), they are concerned with determining

the value of all descriptions of landed properties for the purpose of rating, insurance, mortgage,

probate, taxation, feasibility studies, accounting purchase or sale. The institution includes the

major services of consultancy practice in project development chain to: Preliminary and final

budget estimate; Contract documentation and procurement; Contract administration; Cost

Modeling and Final accounts. However, apart from providing cost advice and information,

quantity surveyors also value the work as it progresses. These services are referred to as

traditional services (Smith 2004; Akintoye, 2001; and Odusami, 1999 and Seeley, 1997).

Anayadike (2001) breaks down the quantity surveyors’ services according to stages involved in

construction operations as indicated in Table1.

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 TABLE 2.1 SCHEMES OF WORKS AND QUANTITY SURVEYING SERVICES.
S/No. Stage Activity QS Services

Consultation Clients outline requirements

1 Conceptualisation/Inception
(feasibility/viability studies) (initial cost indication)

Determination of general requirement

2 (scope, user’s requirements, special Development of Brief Budgetary Planning
features)
Revision and amendments to schemes Development of design,
3 Cost Plan
and final designs finalization of details
Tender invitation and
4 Delivery of production drawing Contract documentation
tendering
Tender processing and award Tender reporting and
5 Tender evaluation/Appraisal of client
of contract representation of client
Construction Implementation Cost check and control,
6 Review of work method/sequence
(process) cost/value control
Final costs from finalized
7 Verification of detects Finished production
accounts
8 Commissioning Handing-over Conclusion of Accounts

Source: Anyadike (2001)

Table1 revealed that quantity surveyors perform different contractual and technical duties at

various project developmental stages. For example at the inception, when the project

developmental activity is to determine the feasibility and viability of the scheme, the quantity

surveyors will prepare preliminary cost estimates to aid the stakeholders to perform their duties

etc.

Other services of the firms termed non-traditional by Smith, 2004 and Akintoye 2001 are

feasibility studies, life cost analysis, programming, taxation advice, arbitration /mediation, expert

15
witness/appraisal insurance valuations, risk management, quality management, value

management, project/construction and facility management. According to Smith (2004), the

profession has made significant benchmarks at providing cost management services to other

industries such as petro-chemical, manufacturing, mining, aeronautical and transport sectors.

These service products of the Quantity Surveying consultancy practice are aimed at improving

the cost information available to construction project participants during design and construction

operations. Provision of these services requires the firms to source for data both internally (from

their database) and externally (from other professionals and construction stakeholders), process

the data to decision –friendly and relevant information and disseminate it at appropriate time to

the users (other construction professionals and stakeholders) at various stages of construction

process. Thus, the firms collect, interpret and process data to generate and disseminate

information.

According to Durodola (2004), the Quantity Surveying consultants produce basically reports and

documents for management and cost control of construction projects. Seeley (1997) argued that

this service enables design and construction to be controlled within pre-determined limits of

expenditure. Nevertheless, irrespective of the construction development stage and the

information requirement, the firms follow the same procedures for the production of the cost

information.

2.5.1 Communication in Quantity Surveying

Effective communication is vital in Quantity Surveying service due to the large number of

project participants, the separation of design and construction disciplines and the geographically

dispersed nature of the projects (Barrie and Paulson, 1992). Therefore, the improvement of

16
communication in the industry has been a target of practitioners and researchers for many years.

In order to function effectively, construction professionals especially Quantity Surveyors must

have communication systems of different types to cover inter-personal, interdepartmental, and

inter-organisational communications (Guevara and Boyer, 1981; Bowden, 2005).

Characteristically, all construction projects generate paper data, and the larger the project the

larger the volume of records to be managed (Flowers, 1996). An inference that is often drawn is

that, effective communications are held back by the predominantly paper-based world and that;

electronic exchange and production of information should alleviate these problems (Moniem,

2000).

2.5.2 Effect of ICT in the Quantity Surveying Practice.

The benefits offered by ICT Quantity Surveying professionals on construction project are well

documenting literature.

This include among others improved access to richer information to aid decision making, quicker

information, improved information flow, greater management control and getting geographically

dispersed group to work together(Peansupap, 2004).

The roles of implementing ICT by the Quantity Surveying professional are highlighted in the

following stages of the construction process:

Tender Stage

The main functions of ICT usage at this stage are to advertise and distribute tender

documents, select successful tenderers and award contracts. Software used in the stage

can:

17
 • speed up the distribution of documentation and tenderers‟ communications;

• register tenderers online and download tenders/work packages electronically;

• provide a simple environment to evaluate the tenderers‟ responses through

• standard templates;

• prevent unauthorized access through built in security mechanisms;

• Communicate changes in the tender documents, during the tender process, quickly and

easily (COBRA, 2009; Çaglar, 2005;Björk, 2002).

Design and Construction Stage

Both design and production of construction projects share a need for rapid access to information

and communication in real time (Cowel, 2005). Improving information and communication

support for the core activities at the design and construction stage has become a strategic

challenge for the construction industry to increase efficiency and productivity in the construction

process (Samuelson, 2003).

Quantity surveys control and manage the exchange of documents between members of the

project team so that the overall deadlines of the project are met (e-Business Market Watch,

2005).

It is essential that each team member receives the right documents at the right time such as the

latest version of drawings, specifications requirements among others. ICT softwares are used at

this stage to:

• Improve efficiency of work

18
 • reduce the risk of errors and rework by ensuring that everyone in the project team is

working with the most current drawings and other documents;

• save time in the query (request for information, RFI) and approval process, by allowing

the design team to mark up and comment on drawings online;

• eliminate the risk of losing important files, by maintaining all current and past versions in

one central location;

• improve team communication by enabling team members to raise and respond to queries

in a structured way;

• maintain a complete log of all communications for tracking purposes (audit trail facility);

• provide clients and other participants with a view of the project as it is built; as some

software have incorporated virtual reality models to denote the status of a project at any

point in time (a snap shot view of a project);

• Provide a collaborative environment whereby the diverse participants can perform online

collaboration via the web.

• the real exchange of information takes place via other, informal channels, where other

forms of Information Communication Technology such as e-mail, SMS messaging and

mobile telephones, which enable direct contacts between project members in network-like

cooperation n(Çaglar, 2005;Peansupap, 2004; e-Business Market Watch ,2005)

Trading (E-Commerce)

Purchasing of materials is a lengthy and complex process, which requires the identification of

considerable resources and potential suppliers as well as the evaluation of quotes, which are

normally received in different formats.

19
Web-enabled Software used in this stage can:

• save time in the procurement of materials by automating document distribution and

communications (E-procurement);

• reduce the administrative costs of document handling and distribution to multiple

parties;

• reduce errors due to effective communication;

• ensure ease of comparison and evaluation of bids.

• Despite these significant roles, studies indicate that the ICT utilization ratio is still

relatively low in the construction industry (Woksepp and Olofsson, 2007; e-

Business Market Watch, 2005).

2.5.3 Use of ICT Products / Software in Quantity Surveying Services Delivery and
Operations

Quantity Surveying Practice the world-over and in Ghana in particular is experiencing dramatic

but significant changes in scope and service delivery. Smith (2004) attributed these changes to

the changing industry’s and clients’ demands, advances in Information and Communications

Technology, increased level of competition both locally and internationally and globalization.

Major among these changes is the paradigm shift from paper-based to computer based (digital)

cost information production and exchange (Oladapo, 2006) through the adoption and use of the

Information and Communications Technology (ICT)

The adoption and use of this technological innovation in the operations and services of the firms

had resulted in new work order that optimizes resources. According to Goyal (1991) this new

20
work order involves collection, storage, processing and transmission of cost information,

electronically, using computer and modern telecommunication networks.

The increasing adoption and use of the technology in work practices however, necessitated the

development of different specialist software packages for performing the array of tasks involved

in the practices (Adeoye, 1996). These packages include Digitizers, Autocard, Autosketch, Super

Project, Master Bill, WinQs, QSlotus, Computer Aided Taking Off (CATO), Estimator Pro.MB

3, QS Cad, RIPAC, EVEREST, Kwikest, etc for processing of operations. These packages

introduced new ways of performing Quantity Surveying tasks.

One pertinent question that would readily come to mind is ‘what are the effects of this new work

order on the quality of Quantity Surveying Services (Products) in Ghana? Answer is proffered to

this pertinent question in this study.

2.6. CHALLENGES IN THE ADOPTION OF ICT IN QUANTITY SURVEYING

PRACTICE.

Despite the recognition of the potential benefits of ICT in the construction industry, its

application has been limited. A study conducted on 115 construction companies that adopted the

use of technological innovations confirmed improvement in their quality of services (Musa et al.,

2010). However, despite the unparalleled benefits IT offers, Quantity Surveyors do not pay

particular attention to the advanced adoption of IT (Usman et al., 2012). Among the

reasons.stated for the limited use of IT in the Quantity Surveying practice are operational

inhibitors, educational problems, poor return on investments, and high costs of softwares, among

others (Oyediran and Odusami, 2005). In a study conducted by Smith (2001), Quantity

Surveyors in Australia faced several challenges in the adoption of IT in their practices. These

21
challenges included high cost of innovation/ learning new technologies, low margins that result

in little scope for investment in IT innovation and learning, fear of over-investing in IT, among

others. Gajendran et al. (2005) conducted an extensive review of literature (Love et al., 2001;

Smith, 2001; Betts, 1999; Betts, 1995) and classified the barriers to the adoption of IT into six

main themes. These themes included strategic/ tactical direction, time commitment, financial

dimension, value perception, and awareness/knowledge and risk attitude.

Also Sarsharetal(2004) has hinted that contractors can employ ICT as an enabler for integration,

collaboration, knowledge management, procurement, site management and process

improvement, Mak(2001) had reported that the use of ICTs in construction firms continues to be

piecemeal and that only few construction professionals are fully able to integrate ICTs with their

core business processes. Issues such as computer illiteracy, inadequate knowledge of ICT among

others has been cited as the most frequently reported shortcomings of the industry professionals

in many countries (Samuelson, 2002). Again the fact that QS core business activities are mainly

performed in the offices and construction sites, applications that support actual work are hard to

find has also been referred among others.

2.7 AN OVERVIEW OF THE QUANTITY SURVEYING INDUSTRY IN GHANA.

The IT revolution has been developing at an exponential rate (Ashworth and Hogg, 2002).

According to Heckford (1982), it is one of the two major factors that have impacted the

construction industry in the last few years when there was an increase in computer ownership by

construction professionals, which was associated with the availability of software packages. The

second factor was the increased competition in the construction industry which compelled

companies to use advance technologies to reduce cost and time, while maintaining project

22
quality as project becomes more complex (Heckford 1982). IT became increasingly important to

handle large volume of information and to manage complex projects (Adetola 1998). It is a field

that offers a plethora of potential benefits and opportunities to the construction industry in

general and the Quantity Surveying practice in particular, being a major player (Adetola, 1998).

The use of IT and the integration of computer application within the QS services can help to

increase the level of productivity in the construction industry and expand the range of

information available and the services provided in addition to speeding up construction and

reducing costs (Oyediran and Odusami, 2004).

In addition, several research efforts have been concentrated on the implementation of

information and technology tools in the Ghanaian construction industry. For example, Nortey

(2015) studied the extent of usage of computer particularly amongst Ghanaian construction

professional quantity surveyors. In the same vein, Sakou (2012) studied the influence of

information and communication technology on construction professional practice and

investigated the impediments to the use of ICT in the Ghanaian construction industry. However,

no prior attempt has been made at measuring or quantifying the level of usage and impact of IT

in Quantity Surveying service delivery in Ghana. The uniqueness of the work lies in the

Ghanaian context. Ghana is a developing economy in Africa. The level and pace of development

has been lethargic in many respects. The adoption of ICT in construction has nonetheless been

found desirable borrowing from its impact in other sectors of the economy, most especially the

service sector. A roadmap for ICT adoption in the Ghanaian construction sector according to

Sakou(2012) and Nortey (2015) requires a benchmark study to underpin the adoption process in

order to measure up to technologically advanced nations like UK. This study draws impetus from

the need to fill a gap in knowledge in this area of technological innovation in construction as a

23
thorough search of existing literature has shown the dearth of similar work in this area,

particularly QS service delivery in Ghana.

In conclusion, Ashworth and Hogg (2002) summarised the impact of ICT in QS delivery service

as increased speed of delivery and tasks execution, improved communications, enhanced quality

and provision of a wider range of services.

Despite the increasing importance of ICT, the Ghanaian construction industry and quantity

surveyors are still however reluctant in its utilisation (Nortey, 2015). This study draws impetus

from the need to fill a gap in knowledge in this area of technological innovation in construction

as a thorough search of existing literature has shown the dearth of similar work in this area,

particularly QS service delivery in Ghana.

24
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this study seeks to identify the effect of Information Communication Technology

in the field in Quantity Surveying delivery in the Ghanaian Construction Industry. This chapter

presents the research methodology for the study. This chapter of the study presents the study

design, population and target population, sampling, and data collection techniques as well as the

data

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

For this study, exploratory research design was used. This was used because, the researcher aims

at identifying the effect of ICT in the field in Quantity Surveying delivery in the Ghanaian

Construction Industry.

3.3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY

Population is the entire aggregation of items from which population can be drawn for a study

(Opoku-Amankwa, 2009). According to Passer (2004), a sample frame represents the

“operational definition of the population”. The population for this study was registered QS firms

in Accra and Kumasi. The list of registered QS firms in Ghana was obtained from GhIS. The list

provided 46 registered quantity surveying firms in Ghana with their respective locations and

contact details. The survey was limited to firms located in Accra and Kumasi because most of

the consulting firms are located in these two cities respectively (Ahadzie, 2007). Moreover, from

the obtained list 84.8% of the firms were located in Accra and 8.7% were located in Kumasi and

6.5% of the firms were located at the other parts of the regions in Ghana. According to Ghana

25
Institution of Surveyors GhIS (2017), the membership of the quantity surveying division located

in both Kumasi and Accra consisted of 43 firms. Therefore, the population for this research is 43

quantity surveying firms.

3.4 SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

To test theoretically expectations of any relationship, a wide range of different groups are needed

to include all various categories of people as far as possible (Opoku-Amankwa, 2009). Also,

sampling is the process of selecting a portion of the population to represent the entire population

(Polit and Hungler, 1999) and normally used in large-scale survey research for the sake of

economy and accuracy (Weisberg and Bowen, 1977). For the sake of this study, the sample size

was 50 employees within 43 recognized firms in Kumasi and Accra. Questionnaires was issued

to target respondent which give rises to the sample size thus the total sample size became 50.

3.5 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The research instrument used was administering a well-structured questionnaire. The

questionnaire consists of two sections. Section A comprises information relating to the socio

demographic characteristics of the respondent: name of organization, sex, age, marital status,

etc.; while Section B contains questions on the respondent interpretation and perception of the

effect of Information Communication Technology in the field in Quantity Surveying delivery in

the Ghanaian Construction Industry.

3.6 DATA ANALYSIS

After the data collection, there was the need to organize it into meaningful information for

decision-making. The first stage was the coding and classification into various groups for the

26
production of statistical tables and chart. The next stage was the presentation of the statistical

results for mean correlation analysis and relative importance index.

3.7 SUMMARY

Indeed the chapter has comprehensively described the entire research design and the

methodology for the study. Following this, the design of the survey instrument including the

sampling frame, the sample size, techniques for eliciting the relevant data and how the data will

be analysed have been described. The next chapter now discusses the analysis of the data and

findings from the survey.

27
 CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the data collected from the questionnaires and it’s analyzes in connection

to the research objectives. The results from the survey are largely presented in statistical tables

and charts in order to facilitate comprehension of the study. The results are discussed thoroughly

using descriptive statistics in order to understand the relationship between the study variables.

The first section deals with the information relating to the socio demographic characteristics of

the respondent: name of organization, sex, age, marital status, etc. The other aspect deal with the

analysis on views of the quantity surveyors (QS) on software which are used in Quantity

Surveying practice in Ghana, the challenges associated with the use of ICT in QS practice in

Ghana and potential benefits in adopting ICT in quantity surveying practice in Ghana. The

discussion of the results is directed towards the examination of the career trajectories within the

Quantity Surveying Profession in Ghana and how these trajectories can help promote the

adoptions of ICT in practicing of the profession in Ghana

4.1 SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS

To accomplish the goals of the study, a total of fifty (50) respondents were sampled for the

study. The characteristics have been presented in tables and charts in order to be subservient to

the comprehension and generation of confidence in the reliability and veracity of the data

collected.

28
4.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.2.1 Section A: Demographic variables and respondents profiles
Before the data was analyzed in accordance to the study objectives, a demographic characteristic

of the data was obtained. From the results, it is realized that the majority of the respondents

where males representing 64.00% of the total of from 50 respondents whiles 36.00% where

females. Most of the respondents representing 50.00%, where between the age of 25years and

35years, 38.00% were between the age of 35years and 50years, 12.0% between the age of

18years and 25years.None of the respondent were above 56years. Most of the respondents were

having bachelor’s degree representing (64.00%). Also 22.00% have practiced quantity surveying

for between 6-10 years, quite a number of (16.00%) have practiced between 11 to 19years.

14.00% have equally practiced between 0 to 5years and 20years & above respectively 10.00%.

Finally, Senior staff members involved in the survey were 40.00% whiles management members

constitute 36.00%. Junior staff members were 24.00% of the respondents. The demographic data

of respondents is illustrated in the table below and pie chats accordingly.

TABLE 4.2.1 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

Gender of Respondents
Gender Frequency Percentage
Male 32 64%
Female 18 36%
Age of Respondents
Years Frequency Percentage
18 - 25 6 12%
26 - 35 25 50%
35 - 55 19 38%
56 & Above 0 0%

29
 Qualification of Respondents
Education Level Frequency Percentage
Master’s degree 11 22%
Bachelor’s degree 32 64%
HND 7 14%
Duration of practise for Respondents
Years Frequency Percentage
0 - 5 years 7 14%
6 – 10 years 30 60%
11 – 19 year 8 16%
20 years and above 5 10%
Employment position of Respondents
Position Frequency Percentage
Management 18 36%
Senior staff 20 40%
Junior staff 12 24%
Respodent a member of Ghana Institution of Surveyors
Response
Yes 50 100%
No 0 0%
Source: Field Survey (2018).

30
 Qualification of Respondents Frequency

14% 22%

Master’s degree
Bachelor’s degree
64% HND

Figure 4.2.1 Respondents’ Qualification

Source: Field Survey (2018).

Duration of practise for Respondents Frequency

10% 14%
16%
0 - 5 yrs
6 – 10 yrs
11 – 19 yrs
60% 20 yrs and above

Figure 4.2.2 Respondents’ Level of Experience

Source: Field Survey (2018).

31
4.3. SECTION B: EFFECT OF ICT IN THE FIELD IN QUANTITY SURVEYING
DELIVERY IN THE GHANAIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.
The factors that motivate Ghanaian QSs to adopt ICT in their practice and service delivery are

ranked using the formula for Severity Index. The influence of each factor was assessed by the

respondents on a rating scale from 1 to 5

The Mean affecting score, calculated using the formula (FX).

F
Where, F= frequency (f; 0 to 50)

FX= frequency * rate score (x; 1to5)

4.3.1 Challenges Affecting the Use of Computer by QS

Table 2 lists 12 factors that challenge the effort to computerize quantity surveying practice in

Ghana. Rate of virus attack leading to loss of data and associated problems, & Rate at which

software becomes outdated and require up dating, appear to be the leading factors group. Returns

on investment appear to be the next leading factors group. Related to the high cost engaging

computer literates and Inadequate job in order to encourage investment in ICT; Educational

problems also appear significant as inhibiting factors. These educational factors revolve around

training at institutional and on-the job levels; Operational Inhibitors such as Virus attack leading

to loss of data & Rate at which software becomes outdated and require updating is also

significantly very challenging; Some of the respondents also holds the believe that ICT permits

other professional to encroach on their service area, that it is for the next generation of QSs and

that it will create unemployment problems for QSs. These are considered as myths and they

indicate some elements of conservatism prevalent among the practitioners.

32
 TABLE 4.3.1 CHALLENGES AFFECTING THE USE OF COMPUTER BY QS
Mean
Sn Total
Challenging Factors affecting Rank
No. No.
score
Rate of virus attack leading to loss of data, and associated
1 problems 50 4.52 1st
The rate at which software becomes outdated and require up
2 dating 50 4.52 2nd
3 The cost engaging computer literate is high 50 4.50 3rd
4 High cost of hardware/software 50 4.36 4th
5 Inadequate job order to encourage investment in computer 50 4.28 5th
QS training institutions are not equipped\positioned to give
6 computer education to their students 50 4.22 6th
7 Management does not see the need to computerize 50 4.12 7th
Management of organizations rarely give in-service training to
8 Q. S staff 50 4.00 8th
QS believes computer training and usage is for the coming
9 generation 50 3.76 9th
10 It is capable of creating unemployment for QSs 50 3.56 10th
11 It makes other professionals to encroach on QS jobs 50 3.52 11th
12 It is capable of creating unemployment for QSs 50 0.660 12th
Source: Field Survey (2018).

4.3.2 BENEFITS OF ICT USAGE IN THE QUANTITY SURVEYING INDUSTRY

Respondents were asked to indicate the benefits perceived to be associated with the adoption of

ICT in QS practices. Table 3 summarizes the views of the respondents on the perceived benefits.

6 out of the 8 benefits associated with the adoption of ICT which were identified in literature

were considered significant. Among the benefits perceived to be significantly associated with the

adoption of ICT in QS practices are that it

‘Facilitates decision making’, ‘increases productivity through automated quantities and cost

calculations’, ‘Enhances productivity, ‘eliminates measurement in many areas through the direct

extraction of quantities from CAD files’, ‘enhances easy coordination among project

participants’, etc.

33
The findings from this study corroborates that identified in literature (Chan, 2013; Wong, 2007;

Smith, 2001). According to Smith (2001), the benefits associated with the adoption of ICT in

Quantity Surveying practice include increased productivity through streamlined data entry and

management, increased productivity through automated quantities and cost calculation, increased

productivity through eh use of digitizers for measurement, elimination of measurement in many

areas through direct extraction of quantities from CAD files, etc.

34
TABLE 4.3.2 BENEFITS OF ICT USAGE IN THE QS INDUSTRY
Benefits In Adopting ICT In Quantity Mean
Sn
Surveying Practice Total No. affecting Rank
No.
score
1 Facilitates decision making 50 4.72 1st
2 Saves time and Improves document presentation 50 4.72 1st
3 Enhances productivity 50 4.74 3rd
4 Elimination of measurement in many areas 50 4.74 4th
through the direct extraction of quantities from
CAD files
5 enhances easy coordination among project 50 4.72 5th
participants’
6 Makes professionals’ jobs easier 6 3.00 6th
7 Gives users competitive advantage 58 4.47 7th
8 Savings money in operating costs 50 4.00 8th
Source: Field Survey (2018).

4.3.3 Professional Software Known and in Use by Ghanaian QS.

For the study, Table 3 showed that the most known and used software in quantity surveying

practice in Ghana is Masterbill with a mean item score of 2.69, followed by QS Elite and Win

QS with a mean score of 2.66, whilst others like Snape Vector, Catopro and Electronic

Document Management Systems (EDMS) etc are least known with a mean score between 2.28

and 2.07 respectively commonly use for measurement and estimating.

By considering the usage range of emerging ICT QS professional softwares, the study revealed

that current level of usage by the QSs was largely below average (Average mean score of 3.00).

The findings suggest that, while there is some level of awareness about these technologies, the

motivation for usage is lacking due to both internal and external constraints

35
TABLE 4.3.3 PROFESSIONAL SOFTWARE KNOWN AND IN USE BY GHANAIAN
QS.
Mean
Total
Sn No. affecting Rank
No.
ProfessionalSoftware score
1 Masterbill 50 2.64 1st
2 QS Elite 50 2.6 2nd
3 Win QS 50 2.66 3rd
4 Autodesk Quantity Takeoff 50 2.28 4th
5 Primavera 50 2.22 5th
6 Snape Vector 50 2.18 6th
7 Catopro 50 2.06 7th
8 In-house software 50 2.06 8th
Electronic Tendering , Workmate, Ripac,ArchiCad,
9 Electronic Document management systems (EDMS) 50 1.82 9th
etc
Source: Field Survey (2018)..

4.3.4 Factors that Influence the Adoption of ICT in QS practice in Ghana.

The results in Table 2 show “Changing trends in technology” is the most important factor,

followed by “Level of competition”. This suggests Changing trends in technology in the

Ghanaian construction sector is compelling quantity surveying practitioners to avail themselves

of the competitive edge which several authors (including Betts, 1999; Peansupap & Walker,

2005) believe ICT offers.

This implies that increasing competition will increase the rate of ICT diffusion in the QS

practice, which in turn will generate more competition; leading to Client / customer demand and

finally result in Construction industry demands.

36
 TABLE 4.3.4 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE ADOPTION OF ICT IN QS
PRACTICE.
Mean
Sn Factors that Influence the Adoption of ICT
Total No. affecting Rank
No. in QS practice
score
1 Changing trends in technology”. 50 3.38 1st
2 Level of competition 50 3.24 2nd
3 Client / customer demand 50 3.14 3rd
4 Construction industry demands 50 3.04 4th
Source: Field Survey (2018)..

4.3.5 Reasons for non-Utilisation of ICT by Ghanaian QS.

Table 4 indicates that the topmost reason why professionals are not exploiting the advantages

inherent in ICT is because of financial barrier (high initial cost) required in getting the license for

the software whilst lukewarm attitude of the professionals towards information technology

ranked least.

TABLE 4.3.5 NON-UTILISATION FACTORS OF ICT BY GHANAIAN QS

Mean
Factors that Influence non-Utilisation of ICT by
Sn No. Total No. affecting Rank
Ghanaian QS
score

1 Financial Barrier (high initial & running cost) 50 4.80 1st

2 Fear of new technology 50 4.76 2nd

3 Ignorance of the advantages Of ICT 50 4.68 3rd

4 Resistance to changes 50 4.50 4th

5 Lukewarm attitude towards information technology 50 4.00 5th

Source: Field Survey (2018).

4.3.6 Perceived Impact of IT on QS Roles

It was hypothesized that the adoption of ICT had low level of impact on QS roles, but the

average mean score confirmed the ranking as very significant. Table 8 shows that the adoption of

37
ICT has high level of impact on QS roles. Hence the adoption of IT has high level of impact on

QS roles is thereby upheld.

38
 TABLE 4.3.6 PERCEIVED IMPACT OF ICT ON QS ROLES IN PROFESSIONAL
SERVICE DELIVERY IN GHANA
Total Mean affecting score
Sn No. Impact of ICT on QS Roles Rank
No.
1 Bill preparation 50 4.80 1st
2 Cost control 50 4.72 2nd
3 Cost planning 50 4.72 3rd
4 Tendering 50 4.74 4th
5 Final account 50 4.66 5th
6 Cost modeling 50 4.52 6th
7 Cost analysis 50 4.50 7th
8 Feasibility study 50 4.42 8th
9 Valuation 50 4.36 9th
10 Variation 50 4.16 10th
Source: Field Survey (2018).

4.4 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER

This episode was keen to the examination and deliberations of the outcomes gotten from the

arena review based on the objectives of the study. It started with demography of the survey

questionnaire and descriptive statistics of the results got from the field. The section decided with

mean score index of the effect of Information Communication Technology in the field in

Quantity Surveying delivery in the Ghanaian Construction Industry.

39
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter summarizes the results from the research and draws conclusions from the collated

data. It begins by summing up all the core issues discussed earlier in previous chapters including

a review of how the key objectives were satisfied and a summary of the results are described.

Finally, conclusions are drawn and recommendations for action are also included.

5.2 SUMMARY OF THE RESEARCH

The research so far has presented the aim, objectives and the background problems that induced

the formation of the theoretical framework. Following this, a research methodology was

sequentially adopted to answer the key objectives of the study as presented in the research

analysis and findings. In addressing the aim and the objectives of the research, the main

approach used was to review the current state of affairs in construction ICT literature. This was

then trailed by investigating the use and relevance of these findings in Ghana through survey

questionnaire. At the end of the empirical study, the level of ICT infrastructure in the firms, the

extent of ICT usage and a set of reasons hindering the use of ICT reflecting the different

perspectives of the respondents were appropriately established. The research came out with key

findings, some of which addressed the main aim and objectives.

5.3 SUMMARY OF THE RESEARCH FINDINGS

As mentioned earlier in chapter one, this research was set out to identify the effect of

Information Communication Technology(ICT) in the field in Quantity Surveying delivery in the

Ghanaian Construction Industry, three research objectives were adopted in order to collectively

satisfy this aim. The study produced some significant findings that are summarized below.

40
5.3.1 Objective 1: To identify the ICT products / software used by QS in Ghana.
The findings have shown that, majority of the Quantity Surveyors in the survey use ICT and this

was reflected in the responds from table 4.5, the results from the investigation also identified the

top three professional software known and in use to be Masterbill (Mean affecting score= 2.64),

QS Elite (Mean affecting score= 2.60) and Win QS (Mean affecting score= 2.66). However,

none of them scored above the average mean score 3.00 implying that the software is not very

popular amongst the Ghanaian QS industry.

5.3.2 Objective 1: To identify the effect of the use of ICT in Quantity Surveying delivery in
Ghana.
Based on the review of data from literature, this aspect itemized some activities /operations of

quantity surveying roles. It analyzed the level of computerization or digitization of these

operations/activities and also the extent of usage of the advanced ICT tools and application using

mean score. The findings illustrated in table 5 have indicated a high ranking level of

computerization/ of most activities and operations identified in this study. It revealed that

activities related Bill preparation, Cost control, Cost planning, Tendering, Final account, Cost

modeling. The findings suggest that, computerization of these Qs role would highly impact the

Qs service delivery the Ghanaian construction industry.

5.3.3 Objective 2: To identify the factors hindering the use of ICT by QS in Ghana.

The factors that hinder the use of ICT by QS in Ghana can be put into five groups;

• Operational hindering factors which revolve around virus attack leading to loss of data,

and associated problems, the rate at which softwares becomes outdated and require

updating and Few QS software available to choose from.

41
 • Educational problems identified from the study include QS training institutions not being

equipped or positioned to give the required education to their students.

• Return on investment factors which revolves such as; Inadequate jobs in order to

encourage investment in computer, High cost of hardware/software, The cost engaging

computer literate is high.

• Management attitude; this hindering factor is attributed to Management of the

organizations that rarely give in-service training to Q. S staff and reluctant see the need to

computerize the QS practice.

• Lastly is the Myth factors which also include the fear that ICT may create unemployment

for QS and hence ICT training and usage is for the coming generation.

5.4 CONCLUSION.
From the foregoing, it can be concluded that the technological innovation has positively

impacted on the quality of quantity surveying services in the country. In addition, it could have

enabled the firms to meet the high expectations of the client were it not for the poor ICT

infrastructural facilities and inadequate power supply in the country. In this wise, the Ghana

Government and the professional institutions like the Ghana Institution of Surveyors has a vital

role to play at improving the ICT professional education, infrastructural facilities and power

supply in the country to fully exploit the benefit of the technology in the Ghanaian Construction

Industry. In all, the positive impact of the technology on the overall quality of the services of the

QS practitioner is an indication that it is a suitable and veritable tool for enhancing or improving

the services of the Quantity Surveying Industry in the country.

42
5.5 RECOMMENDATIONS.
On the basis of findings and conclusions drawn from the study, the following recommendations

are proposed.

5.5.1 Financial support for ICT investment in construction industry.

Investing in ICT is no longer primarily buying a piece of hardware or software. It is now more of

a potential long term investment in the process of change itself (Cleveland 1999). Due to obvious

tight margins for funding ICT within most firms as revealed in this study, there is the need for

some internal policies towards ICT investments in quantity surveying and construction firms. It

is therefore recommended that, the construction firms should be motivated by the direct benefits

of ICT and draw deliberate policies that provide some proportion of their internal budget for ICT

investments. This will aim to improve both productivity and profitability for their benefit. Again,

based on the understanding on the returns on ICT investment, financial institutions can assist

consultants and contractors in Ghana to finance their ICT investment by offering flexible credit

facilities to firms seeking to invest in ICT. This will support their operations to improve

efficiency and payback the facility. Furthermore, construction client may support contractors

upon request, to procure ICT equipments for their contracts as a means to support efficiency and

collaboration on their projects. This will be deducted on installments from their progress

payments.

5.5.2 Training and management support for ICT in firms.

As observed from the study, the management of construction activities is gradually moving from

the traditional paper based format to more digital processes. It is therefore recommended that

adequate ICT training and technical support for professionals especially the quantity surveyors in

the construction firms should be vigorously promoted by employers and other stakeholders such

as various professional bodies and associations of the industry in Ghana. This should aim at

43
providing the necessary awareness and build capacity to meet future challenges in this

marketplace.

5.5.4 Increase ICT content in construction education at all level

As explained by Foresight 2000, the advent of computer and ICT integration in the construction

processes creates the need for “cross disciplinary education‟. By recognizing the importance of

ICT education in quantity surveying and for that matter construction, it is recommended that a

robust content of ICT education which will generate adequate construction ICT skill acquisition

should be incorporated in construction courses as a supplement to technical knowledge and

expertise in various fields of construction study. A re-think‟ in this respect will help to deliver

the require ICT skills for the Ghanaian Quantity Surveying industry.

This will also be significant to develop and support the understanding of how ICT could be use

to support construction process at all levels to facilitate the necessary change and innovation.

44
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 APPENDICES

QUESTIONNAIRE
Project Topic: Identifying The Effect Of ICT In Quantity Surveying Service Delivery In The

Ghanaian Construction Industry.

This study is being conducted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of a

Bachelor’s degree in Quantity Surveying and Construction Economics.

All information received would be used for academic purpose only and treated in the strictest

confidence.

Instructions: Please kindly tick [ ] your response. Avoid writing your name on the

questionnaire.

SECTION A: Demographic Data.

1. Gender: Male [ ] Female [ ]

2. Age: 18 - 25 [ ] 26 - 39 [ ] 40 - 55 [ ] 56 & Above [ ]

3. Qualification: Master’s degree [ ] Bachelor’s degree [ ] HND [ ]

Other (Please specify………………………..)

4. How long have you been practicing as a Quantity Surveyor?

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0 - 5years [ ] 6 – 10years [ ] 11 – 19 [ ] 20years and above [ ]

5. Employment position: Management [ ] Senior QS [ ] Junior QS [ ]

6. Registered member of Ghana Institution of Surveyors (GhIS): Yes [ ] No [ ]

SECTION B: Rate the following factors according to how you feel they affect the Adoption of

Information Communication Technology in Quantity Surveying practice in the Ghanaian

construction industry. (Indicate your choice by placing [√] under your answer choice.)

7. To what extent do you agree or disagree to the following challenges associated with the use of

ICT in quantity surveying practice in Ghana?

No. Strongly Disagree Fairly Agree Strongly

Challenging Factors
Disagree agree Agree
i High cost of hardware/software

ii The rate at which software becomes

outdated and require up dating
iii Management of organizations rarely
give in-service training to Q. S staff
iv The cost engaging computer literate
is high
v QS believes computer training and
usage is for the coming generation
vi QS training institutions are not
equipped\positioned to give computer
education to their students
vii Management does not see the need to
computerize
viii Inadequate job order to encourage
investment in computer
ix Rate of virus attack leading to loss of
data, and associated problems
x It is capable of creating
unemployment for QSs
Xi It makes other professionals to
encroach on QS jobs
xii It is capable of creating
unemployment for QSs

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 8. How would you measure the potential benefits in adopting ICT in Quantity Surveying practice

in Ghana?

No. BENEFITS Strongly Disagree Fairly Agree Strongly

Disagree agree Agree
i Facilitates decision making
ii Saves time and Improves document
presentation
Savings money in operating costs
iii Enhances productivity
iv enhances easy coordination among
project participants’
v Makes professionals’ jobs easier
vi Elimination of measurement in many
areas through the direct extraction of
quantities from CAD files
vii Gives users competitive advantage

9. Which Professional Softwareis used by Quantity Surveyors in your company?

No. Professional Software Little Low Average High Very

or high
None
i
Win QS
ii
Catopro
iii
QS Elite
iv
Snape Vector
v
Primavera
vi
Masterbill
vii
Autodesk Quantity Takeoff
viii
In-house software
ix Electronic Tendering , Workmate, Ripac,ArchiCad,
Electronic Document management systems
(EDMS) etc

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10. Rate the following factors according to how you feel they Influence the Adoption ofICT in

the field in Quantity Surveying service delivery in the Ghanaian construction industry.

No. Factors Very Unlikely Average Likely Very

Unlikely Likely
i Changing trends in technology

ii Level of competition”

iii Construction industry demands

iv Client / customer demand

11. Rate the followingReasons according to how you feel they account for non-utilisation of ICT

by Quantity Surveying(QS) service delivery in the Ghanaian construction industry

No. Reasons for non-Utilisation Very Unlikely Average Likely Very

Unlikely Likely
i Financial Barrier (high initial cost)
ii Ignorance of the advantages Of
ICT
iii Fear of new technology

iv Resistance to changes
v Lukewarm attitude towards
information technology

12. How do you Perceived the Impact of ICT on Quantity Surveying (QS) Roles in professional

service delivery in Ghana?

No. QS Roles Very Low Low Average High Very High

i Bill preparation
ii Feasibility study
iii Valuation
iv Cost analysis
v Cost planning

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 vi Tendering
vii Variation
viii Cost control
ix Cost modeling
x Final account

Please kindly provide other strategies and factors appropriate for this study.

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THANK YOU

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