©COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC.

, JUNE 2008

TECHNICAL NOTE
MATERIAL STRESS-STRAIN CURVES

General
All material types have stress-strain curves that are defined by a series of
user-specified stress-strain points. In addition, concrete, rebar and structural
steel and tendon materials have several special types of parametric stress-
strain curve definitions. For concrete, Simple and Mander parametric defini-
tions are available. For rebar, Simple and Park parametric definitions are
available. For structural steel, a Simple parametric definition is available. For
tendons, a 250Ksi strand and a 250Ksi strand definition are available.

User Stress-Strain Curves

User stress-strain curves apply to all material types. They are defined by a
series of stress-strain points (, f). One of the stress-strain points must be at
(0,0). User stress-strain curves may be input and viewed as standard stress-
strain curves or as normalized curves. Normalized curves plot f/fy versus /y,
where y = fy /E. The program stores user stress-strain curves as normalized
curves. Thus, if the E or fy value for a material is changed, the stress-strain
curve for that material automatically changes.

Rebar Parametric Stress-Strain Curves

Two types of parametric stress-strain curves are available for rebar. They are
Simple and Park. The two are identical, except in the strain hardening region
where the Simple curves use a parabolic shape and the Park curves use an
empirical shape. The following parameters define the rebar parametric stress-
strain curves:

1
 Rebar
Rebar
Parametric
Parametric
Stress-Strain
Stress-Strain
Curves
Curves
2 3

Stress, f/fy
Stress, f

Strain,  Strain, y  /(fy/E)

Standard Curve Normalized Curve

Figure 1 Stress-Strain Curves

 = Rebar strain
f = Rebar stress
E = Modulus of elasticity
fy = Rebar yield stress

fu sh = Rebar ultimate stress capacity

u = Strain in rebar at the onset of strain hardening

= Rebar ultimate strain capacity
The rebar yield strain, y, is determined from y = fy /E.
The stress-strain curve has three regions. They are an elastic region, a per-
fectly plastic region, and a strain hardening region. Different equations are
used to define the stress-strain curves in each region.
The rebar parametric stress-strain curves are defined by the following equa-
tions:
 fu
Strain hardening is
Rebar Stress, f parabolic for Simple and
empirically
fy based for Park

Perfectly plastic

Elastic

 y  sh u
Rebar Strain, 
Figure 2 Rebar Parametric Stress-Strain Curve

For  ≤ y (elastic region)

f = E
For y <  ≤ sh (perfectly plastic region)
f = fy
For sh <  ≤ u (strain hardening region)
For Simple parametric curves,
 −  sh
f  f y  fu − f y   u −  sh

For Park parametric curves,
 m− sh 2 − 60 −m
sh
f  f y  
   230r  1
 60  −  sh  2 2 

where,
r   u −  sh
 Simple
Simple
Structural
Structural
SteelSteel
Parametric
Parametric
Stress-Strain
Stress-Strain
CurveCurve
4 5

f u f y 30r  12 − 60r − 1

m 2
15r
Both the Simple and the Park parametric stress-strain curves have the option
to use Caltrans default strain values for the curves. Those default values are
dependent on rebar size.
With As denoting the area of a rebar, the Caltrans default strains used by the
program are as follows:
u = 0.090 for As ≤ 1.40 in
2

u = 0.060 for As > 1.40 in

2

sh = 0.0150 for As ≤ 0.85 in2

sh = 0.0125 for 0.85 < As ≤ 1.15 in
2

sh = 0.0115 for 1.15 < As ≤ 1.80 in

2

sh = 0.0075 for 1.80 < As ≤ 3.00 in2

sh = 0.0050 for As > 3.00 in2
In terms of typical bar sizes, the default values are as follows:
u = 0.090 for #10 (#32m) bars and smaller
u = 0.060 for #11 (#36m) bars and larger
sh = 0.0150 for #8 (#25m) bars
sh = 0.0125 for #9 (#29m) bars
sh = 0.0115 for #10 and #11 (#32m and #36m) bars
sh = 0.0075 for #14 (#43m) bars
sh = 0.0050 for #18 (#57m) bars

Simple Structural Steel Parametric Stress-Strain Curve

The Simple structural steel parametric stress-strain curve has four distinct
regions. They are an elastic region, a perfectly plastic region, a strain harden-
ing region, and a softening region.
 fu

Steel Stress, f
Softening

fy Strain hardening

Perfectly plastic

Elastic

y  sh u r
Steel Strain, 
Figure 3 Simple Structural Steel Parametric Stress-Strain Curve

The following parameters define the structural steel Simple stress-strain

curve.
 = Steel strain
f = Steel stress
E = Modulus of elasticity
fy = Steel yield stress
fu = Steel maximum stress
sh = Strain at onset of strain hardening
u = Strain corresponding to steel maximum stress
r = Strain at steel rupture
The steel yield strain, y, is determined from y = fy /E.
The structural steel Simple parametric stress-strain curve is defined by
the following equations:
For  ≤ y (elastic region),
f = E
 Tendon
Tendon
250Ksi
270Ksi
Strand
Strand
Stress-Strain
Stress-Strain
Curve
Curve
6 7

For y < ≤ sh (perfectly plastic region),

f = fy
For sh <  ≤ r (strain hardening and softening regions),
 f u  1− r  
f  f y 1  r − 1 e
 fy

  
where,
− sh
r 
 u −  sh

The strain hardening and softening expression is from Holzer et al. (1975).

Tendon 250Ksi Strand Stress-Strain Curve

The following parameters define the 250Ksi Strand stress-strain curve.
f = Tendon stress
 = Tendon strain
E = Modulus of elasticity
y = Tendon yield stress
u = Tendon ultimate strain
The tendon ultimate strain, u, is taken as 0.03. The tendon yield strain, y, is
determined by solving the following quadratic equation, where E is in ksi.
The larger obtained value of y is used.
2
E y − 250  0.25  0
y

The stress-strain curve is defined by the following equations:

For  ≤ y,
f = E
For y <  ≤ u
0.25
f  250 −


Tendon Stress, f

y u
Tendon Strain, 
Figure 4 Tendon 250Ksi Strand Stress-Strain Curve

Tendon 270Ksi Strand Stress-Strain Curve

The following parameters define the 270Kksi Strand stress-strain curve.
f = Tendon stress
 = Tendon strain
E = Modulus of elasticity
y = Tendon yield stress
u = Tendon ultimate strain
The tendon ultimate strain, u, is taken as 0.03. The tendon yield strain, y, is
determined by solving the following quadratic equation, where E is in ksi.
The larger obtained value of y is used.

E y − 270  0.007E    1.93  0

2

The stress-strain curve is defined by the following equations:

 Simple
Mander
Concrete
Concrete
Parametric
Parametric
Stress-Strain
Stress-Strain
Curve
Curve
8 9

Tendon Stress, f

y u
Tendon Strain, 
Figure 5 Tendon 270Ksi Strand Stress-Strain Curve

For  ≤ y,
f = E
For y <  ≤ u
0.04
f  270 −
 − 0.007

Simple Concrete Parametric Stress-Strain Curve

The compression portion of the Simple concrete parametric stress-strain
curve consists of a parabolic portion and a linear portion. The following pa-
rameters define the Simple concrete parametric stress-strain curve.
 = Concrete strain
f = Concrete stress
f c′ = Concrete compressive strength

 ′c = Concrete strain at fc′

u = Ultimate concrete strain capacity

The concrete Simple parametric stress-strain curve is defined by the follow-
ing equations:
For  ≤  ′c (parabolic portion),
  2
       
2
f  fc′   ′  −  ′  
 c  c

For  ′c <  ≤ u (linear portion),

f f′ − 0.2 c 

c 1   − ′ 
 u − ′c 
The tensile yield stress for the Simple concrete curve is taken at 7.5 f c′ in
psi.
Concrete Stress, f

fc′

Linear

Parabolic

′c u
Concrete Strain, 
Figure 6 Simple Concrete Parametric Stress-Strain Curve

Mander Concrete Parametric Stress-Strain Curve

The Mander concrete stress-strain curve is documented in the following ref-
erence:
Mander, J.B., M.J.N. Priestley, and R. Park 1984. Theoretical Stress-
Strain Model for Confined Concrete. Journal of Structural Engineering.
ASCE. 114(3). 1804-1826.
The Mander concrete stress-strain curve calculates the compressive strength
and ultimate strain values as a function of the confinement (transverse rein-
forcing) steel. The following types of Mander stress-strain curves are possi-
ble.
 Mander – Unconfined Concrete
 Mander
Mander
Unconfined
Unconfined
Concrete
Concrete
Stress-Strain
Stress-Strain
Curve
Curve
10 11

 Mander – Confined Concrete – Rectangular Section

 Mander – Confined Concrete – Circular Section
The Mander unconfined concrete stress-strain curve can be generated from
material property data alone. The Mander confined concrete stress-strain
curves requir both material property data and section property data. The fol-
lowing section frame section types have appropriate section property data for
Mander confined concrete:
 Rectangular Section
 Circular Section
The following section objects in Section Designer sections have appropriate
property data for Mander confined concrete:
 Solid Rectangle
 Solid Circle
 Poly
 Caltrans Hexagon
 Caltrans Octagon
 Caltrans Round
 Caltrans Square
When a material with Mander stress-strain curves is assigned to a section that
has appropriate section property data for Mander confined concrete, the type
of Mander stress-strain curve used for that section is determined from the
section property data. When the section does not have appropriate data for
Mander confined concrete, the Mander unconfined concrete stress-strain
curve is always used.

Mander Unconfined Concrete Stress-Strain Curve

The compression portion of the Mander unconfined stress-strain curve con-
sists of a curved portion and a linear portion. The following parameters de-
fine the Mander unconfined concrete stress-strain curve.
 = Concrete strain
f = Concrete stress
 E = Modulus of elasticity
f c′ = Concrete compressive strength

 ′c = Concrete strain at fc′

u = Ultimate concrete strain capacity

The Mander unconfined concrete stress-strain curve is defined by the follow-
ing equations:
For  ≤ 2 ′c (curved portion),
fc′ xr
f  r
r −1  x
where
x =   ′c
E
r 
E − fc′ ′c 

For 2 ′c <  ≤ u (linear portion),

 2f c′ r   u −  
f    
 r − 1  2r  u − 2′c 

where r is as defined previously for the curved portion of the curve.

The tensile yield stress for the Mander unconfined curve is taken at 7.5 f c′
in psi.
 Mander
Mander
Confined
Confined
Concrete
Concrete
Stress-Strain
Stress-Strain
Curve
Curve
12 13

Concrete Stress, f
fc ′

Curved

Linear

′c 2′c u
Concrete Strain, 

Figure 7 Mander Unconfined Concrete Stress-Strain Curve

Mander Confined Concrete Stress-Strain Curve

For the compression portion of the Mander confined concrete stress-strain
curves, the compressive strength and the ultimate strain of the confined con-
crete are based on the confinement (transverse reinforcing) steel. The follow-
ing parameters define the Mander confined concrete stress-strain curve:
 = Concrete strain
f = Concrete stress
E = Modulus of elasticity (tangent modulus)
Esec = Secant modulus of elasticity
f c′ = Compressive strength of unconfined concrete

f c′c = Compressive strength of confined concrete; this item is depend-

ent on the confinement steel provided in the section and is ex-
plained later
 ′c = Concrete strain at fc′

u = Ultimate concrete strain capacity for unconfined concrete and

concrete spalling strain for confined concrete
′cc = Concrete strain at f c′c
 fc′c
Concrete Stress, f

fc ′

Esec

′ c 2′c u ′cc cu

Concrete Strain, 

Figure 8 Mander Confined Concrete Stress-Strain Curve

cu = Ultimate concrete strain capacity for confined concrete; this item
is dependent on the confined steel provided in the section and is
explained later
The Mander confined concrete stress-strain curve is defined by the following
equations:
fc′c xr
f = r
r −1  x
where,
 
′cc =    ′cc 
c
  fc
 

′

x =   ′cc
 Mander
Mander
Confined
Confined
Concrete
Concrete
Compressive
Compressive
Strength,
Strength,
14 15

Esec = fc′c ′cc

r = E E − Esec 

Mander Confined Concrete Compressive Strength, fc′c

The following parameters are used in the explanation of f c′c :

Ac = Area of concrete core measured from centerline to centerline of

confinement steel
Acc = Concrete core area excluding longitudinal bars; Acc = Ac (1-cc)
Ae = Concrete area that is effectively confined
Asc = Area of a circular hoop or spiral confinement bar
AsL = Total area of all longitudinal bars
Asx = Area of rectangular hoop legs extending in the x-direction
Asy = Area of rectangular hoop legs extending in the y-direction
bc = Centerline to centerline distance between rectangular perimeter
hoop legs that extend in the y-direction
dc = Centerline to centerline distance between rectangular perimeter
hoop legs that extend in the x-direction
ds = Diameter of circular hoops or spirals of confinement steel meas-
ured from centerline to centerline of steel
f c′ = Unconfined concrete compressive strength

fL = Lateral pressure on confined concrete provided by the confine-

ment steel
fL′ = Effective lateral pressure on confined concrete provided by
the confinement steel
fyh = Yield stress of confinement steel
Ke = Coefficient measuring the effectiveness of the confinement steel
s = Centerline to centerline longitudinal distance between hoops or
spirals
s′ = Clear longitudinal distance between hoops or spirals
 w′ = Clear transverse distance between adjacent longitudinal bars
with cross ties
cc = Longitudinal steel ratio; cc = AsL/Ac
s = Volumetric ratio of transverse confinement steel to the concrete
core
x = Steel ratio for rectangular hoop legs extending in the x-direction;
x = Asx/sdc
y = Steel ratio for rectangular hoop legs extending in the y-direction;
y = Asy/sbc
For circular cores:

s = 4Asc
ds s

 s f yh
fL =
2
 2
Acc = d 1 − cc
 
4 s
2
 s′ 
Ae =  ds −  for tied hoops
4 2

  s′ 
Ae = d  d −  for spirals
4 s s 2 

Ae
Ke =
Acc

fL′ = K efL

 fL′ 
= fc′  2.254 1  7.94fL′ − 1.254 
 fc′ 
f c′c  −2 
fc′

For rectangular cores

x = Asx
sdc
 Mander
Mander
Confined
Confined
Concrete
Concrete
Ultimate
Ultimate
Strain
Strain
Capacity,
Capacity,
(cu (cu
16 17

Asy
y =
sbc

fLx = x fyh
fLy = y fyh
 


n
w ′ s ′ 
1−
s ′ 

Ae = 
 2   
 2d 
 bc d c −
i 1−
2b
∑  c  c 
 i −1 6
 
 

Acc = bcdc

Ke = Ae
Acc

f L′ x = Ke fLx
f L′y = Ke fLy

After f L′x and f L′y are known, f c′c is determined using a chart for the
multiaxial failure criterion in terms of two lateral confining stresses that is
published in the previously referenced article, Mander et al. (1984).

Mander Confined Concrete Ultimate Strain Capacity,

 cu
The Mander confined concrete ultimate strain capacity, cu, is a function of
the confinement steel. The following figure shows the Mander stress-strain
curves for confined and unconfined concrete. The difference between the
confined and unconfined curves is shown shaded.
The shaded area shown in Figure 9 represents the additional capacity provid-
ed by the confinement steel for storing strain energy.
 Confined

Concrete Stress, f fc′c Unconfined

fc ′

′c 2′c u ′cc cu

Concrete Strain, 

Figure 9 Mander Confined and Unconfined Stress-Strain Curves

This area is limited to the energy capacity available in the area under the con-
finement steel stress-strain curve up to the ultimate steel strain, u.
Suppose A1 is the shaded area between the Mander confined and unconfined
curves and A2 is the area under the confinement steel stress-strain curve. Fur-
ther suppose s is the volumetric ratio of confinement steel to the concrete
core. Then, equating energies under the concrete and confinement steel
stress-strain curves gives:
A1 = Sa2
The program determines the appropriate value of the confined concrete ulti-
mate straining, cu, by trial and error, equating energies as described previ-
ously. When the A1 = sA2 relationship is satisfied, the correct value of  ′cu
has been found.
 References 18

The tensile yield stress for the Mander confined curves is taken as 7.5 f c′ in
psi.

References
Holzer et al. 1975. SINDER. A Computer Code for General Analysis of
Two-Dimensional Reinforced Concrete Structures. Report. AFWL-TR-
74-228 Vol. 1. Air Force Weapons Laboratory, Kirtland, AFB, New
Mexico.
Mander, J.B., M.J.N. Priestley, and R. Park 1984. Theoretical Stress-Strain
Model for Confined Concrete. Journal of Structural Engineering. ASCE.
114(3). 1804-1826.