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    Java-Objects-and-Classe-xian 2

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    Xian Manny Maraon
    This document discusses Java objects and classes. It defines key object-oriented concepts like objects, classes, states, behaviors, and methods. It explains that objects have states stored in fields and behaviors shown via methods. A class acts as a blueprint for objects and contains variables and methods. The document provides examples of a Dog class and creating Dog objects. It also covers topics like constructors, instance variables, accessing objects, and source file declaration rules for classes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Java-Objects-and-Classe-xian 2

    Uploaded by

    Xian Manny Maraon
    46 views7 pages
    This document discusses Java objects and classes. It defines key object-oriented concepts like objects, classes, states, behaviors, and methods. It explains that objects have states stored in fields and behaviors shown via methods. A class acts as a blueprint for objects and contains variables and methods. The document provides examples of a Dog class and creating Dog objects. It also covers topics like constructors, instance variables, accessing objects, and source file declaration rules for classes.

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    This document discusses Java objects and classes. It defines key object-oriented concepts like objects, classes, states, behaviors, and methods. It explains that objects have states stored in fields and behaviors shown via methods. A class acts as a blueprint for objects and contains variables and methods. The document provides examples of a Dog class and creating Dog objects. It also covers topics like constructors, instance variables, accessing objects, and source file declaration rules for classes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    46 views7 pages

    Java-Objects-and-Classe-xian 2

    Uploaded by

    Xian Manny Maraon
    This document discusses Java objects and classes. It defines key object-oriented concepts like objects, classes, states, behaviors, and methods. It explains that objects have states stored in fields and behaviors shown via methods. A class acts as a blueprint for objects and contains variables and methods. The document provides examples of a Dog class and creating Dog objects. It also covers topics like constructors, instance variables, accessing objects, and source file declaration rules for classes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 7

    “Java Objects and Classes”

    Submitted By:

    BSIT-3 Student

    Submitted To:
    Jifford R. Romasanta
    Instructor
    Java is an Object-Oriented Language. As a language that has the Object-Oriented feature, Java
    supports the following fundamental concepts −

     Object − Objects have states and behaviors. Example: A dog has states - color, name,
    breed as well as behaviors – wagging the tail, barking, eating. An object is an instance of
    a class.
     Class − A class can be defined as a template/blueprint that describes the behavior/state
    that the object of its type support.

    Objects in Java
    Let us now look deep into what are objects. If we consider the real-world, we can find many
    objects around us, cars, dogs, humans, etc. All these objects have a state and a behavior.

    If we consider a dog, then its state is - name, breed, color, and the behavior is - barking, wagging
    the tail, running.

    If you compare the software object with a real-world object, they have very similar
    characteristics.

    Software objects also have a state and a behavior. A software object's state is stored in fields and
    behavior is shown via methods.

    So in software development, methods operate on the internal state of an object and the object-to-
    object communication is done via methods.

    Classes in Java
    A class is a blueprint from which individual objects are created.

    Following is a sample of a class.

    Example
    public class Dog {
    String breed;
    int age;
    String color;

    void barking() {
    }

    void hungry() {
    }

    void sleeping() {
    }
    }
    A class can contain any of the following variable types.

     Local variables − Variables defined inside methods, constructors or blocks are called
    local variables. The variable will be declared and initialized within the method and the
    variable will be destroyed when the method has completed.
     Instance variables − Instance variables are variables within a class but outside any
    method. These variables are initialized when the class is instantiated. Instance variables
    can be accessed from inside any method, constructor or blocks of that particular class.
     Class variables − Class variables are variables declared within a class, outside any
    method, with the static keyword.

    A class can have any number of methods to access the value of various kinds of methods. In the
    above example, barking(), hungry() and sleeping() are methods.

    Following are some of the important topics that need to be discussed when looking into classes
    of the Java Language.

    Constructors
    When discussing about classes, one of the most important sub topic would be constructors. Every
    class has a constructor. If we do not explicitly write a constructor for a class, the Java compiler
    builds a default constructor for that class.

    Each time a new object is created, at least one constructor will be invoked. The main rule of
    constructors is that they should have the same name as the class. A class can have more than one
    constructor.

    Following is an example of a constructor −

    Example
    public class Puppy {
    public Puppy() {
    }

    public Puppy(String name) {


    // This constructor has one parameter, name.
    }
    }

    Java also supports Singleton Classes where you would be able to create only one instance of a
    class.

    Note − We have two different types of constructors. We are going to discuss constructors in
    detail in the subsequent chapters.
    Creating an Object
    As mentioned previously, a class provides the blueprints for objects. So basically, an object is
    created from a class. In Java, the new keyword is used to create new objects.

    There are three steps when creating an object from a class −

     Declaration − A variable declaration with a variable name with an object type.


     Instantiation − The 'new' keyword is used to create the object.
     Initialization − The 'new' keyword is followed by a call to a constructor. This call
    initializes the new object.

    Following is an example of creating an object −

    Example

    Live Demo
    public class Puppy {
    public Puppy(String name) {
    // This constructor has one parameter, name.
    System.out.println("Passed Name is :" + name );
    }

    public static void main(String []args) {


    // Following statement would create an object myPuppy
    Puppy myPuppy = new Puppy( "tommy" );
    }
    }

    If we compile and run the above program, then it will produce the following result −

    Output
    Passed Name is :tommy

    Accessing Instance Variables and Methods


    Instance variables and methods are accessed via created objects. To access an instance variable,
    following is the fully qualified path −

    /* First create an object */


    ObjectReference = new Constructor();

    /* Now call a variable as follows */


    ObjectReference.variableName;
    /* Now you can call a class method as follows */
    ObjectReference.MethodName();

    Example

    This example explains how to access instance variables and methods of a class.

    Live Demo
    public class Puppy {
    int puppyAge;

    public Puppy(String name) {


    // This constructor has one parameter, name.
    System.out.println("Name chosen is :" + name );
    }

    public void setAge( int age ) {


    puppyAge = age;
    }

    public int getAge( ) {


    System.out.println("Puppy's age is :" + puppyAge );
    return puppyAge;
    }

    public static void main(String []args) {


    /* Object creation */
    Puppy myPuppy = new Puppy( "tommy" );

    /* Call class method to set puppy's age */


    myPuppy.setAge( 2 );

    /* Call another class method to get puppy's age */


    myPuppy.getAge( );

    /* You can access instance variable as follows as well */


    System.out.println("Variable Value :" + myPuppy.puppyAge );
    }
    }

    If we compile and run the above program, then it will produce the following result −

    Output
    Name chosen is :tommy
    Puppy's age is :2
    Variable Value :2

    Source File Declaration Rules


    As the last part of this section, let's now look into the source file declaration rules. These rules
    are essential when declaring classes, import statements and package statements in a source file.
     There can be only one public class per source file.
     A source file can have multiple non-public classes.
     The public class name should be the name of the source file as well which should be
    appended by .java at the end. For example: the class name is public class Employee{}
    then the source file should be as Employee.java.
     If the class is defined inside a package, then the package statement should be the first
    statement in the source file.
     If import statements are present, then they must be written between the package statement
    and the class declaration. If there are no package statements, then the import statement
    should be the first line in the source file.
     Import and package statements will imply to all the classes present in the source file. It is
    not possible to declare different import and/or package statements to different classes in
    the source file.

    Classes have several access levels and there are different types of classes; abstract classes, final
    classes, etc. We will be explaining about all these in the access modifiers chapter.

    Apart from the above mentioned types of classes, Java also has some special classes called Inner
    classes and Anonymous classes.

    Java Package
    In simple words, it is a way of categorizing the classes and interfaces. When developing
    applications in Java, hundreds of classes and interfaces will be written, therefore categorizing
    these classes is a must as well as makes life much easier.

    Import Statements
    In Java if a fully qualified name, which includes the package and the class name is given, then
    the compiler can easily locate the source code or classes. Import statement is a way of giving the
    proper location for the compiler to find that particular class.

    For example, the following line would ask the compiler to load all the classes available in
    directory java_installation/java/io −

    import java.io.*;

    A Simple Case Study


    For our case study, we will be creating two classes. They are Employee and EmployeeTest.

    First open notepad and add the following code. Remember this is the Employee class and the
    class is a public class. Now, save this source file with the name Employee.java.
    The Employee class has four instance variables - name, age, designation and salary. The class
    has one explicitly defined constructor, which takes a parameter.

    Example
    import java.io.*;
    public class Employee {

    String name;
    int age;
    String designation;
    double salary;

    // This is the constructor of the class Employee


    public Employee(String name) {
    this.name = name;
    }

    // Assign the age of the Employee to the variable age.


    public void empAge(int empAge) {
    age = empAge;
    }

    /* Assign the designation to the variable designation.*/


    public void empDesignation(String empDesig) {
    designation = empDesig;
    }

    /* Assign the salary to the variable salary.*/


    public void empSalary(double empSalary) {
    salary = empSalary;
    }

    /* Print the Employee details */


    public void printEmployee() {
    System.out.println("Name:"+ name );
    System.out.println("Age:" + age );
    System.out.println("Designation:" + designation );
    System.out.println("Salary:" + salary);
    }
    }

    As mentioned previously in this tutorial, processing starts from the main method. Therefore, in
    order for us to run this Employee class there should be a main method and objects should be
    created. We will be creating a separate class for these tasks.

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