Anti-Malerials Materials
Anti-Malerials Materials
Anti-Malerials Materials
• The mosquito, not the human, is the definitive host for plasmodia, and it has been said
that the only function of human is to enable the parasite to infect more mosquitoes so
that further sexual recombination occur.
• The life cycle of the parasite consist of a sexual cycle, which take place in female
anopheles mosquito, and an asexual cycle, which occurs in humans.
• When an infected mosquito bites, it injects plasmodium sporozoites into the blood
stream. The sporozoites migrate through the blood to the liver, where they form cyst-like
structures contains thousands of merozoites.
• Schizonts (the pre-erythrocytic stage), which liberate merozoites: these infect red blood
cells, forming motile trophozoites, using haemoglobin as a nutrient, which after
Figure-2: The life cycle of malarial parasite (P.falsiparum) showing the sites of action
of anti malarial drugs
• The best way to deal with Malaria is to avoid the disease in the first place by mosquito
bites.
• Some drugs can be used prophylactically to prevent malaria, while others are directed
towards treating acute attacks.
• In general, Malarial drugs are classified in terms of the action against the different stages
of life cycle of the parasite.
1) Blood Schizonticidal agents
• Blood schizonticidal agents are used to treat acute attacks, they are also known as drugs
that produce a ‘suppressive’ or ‘clinical’ cure.
• They act on the erythrocytic forms of the plasmodium
• Drugs :
o Quinoline-methanols: (Quinine, Mefloquine)
o 4-aminoquinolones: (Chloroquine)
o Phenanthrene: (Halofantrine)
o Interfere with folate synthasis: (Pyrimethamine, Proguanil)
o Hydroxy naphthoquinone compound: (Atovaquone)
o Compounds derived from quinghaosu: (Artemether, Artesunate, Arteflene)
2) Chemoprophylaxis
• Drugs used for chemoprophylaxis block the link between exoerythrocytic stage and
erythrocytic stage, Thus, prevent the development of malarial attacks
• Prevention of infection by killing of sporozoites on entry into the host.
• Drugs :
o Chloroquine, Mefloquine Proguanil, pyrimethamine, Dapsone and Doxycycline
3) Curative-suppressive therapy
• Useful after observing malarial symptomes
• Drugs :
o Chloroquine, Quinine, Artether, Atovaquone, Lumifantrine
(1) CHLOROQUINE
Mechanism:1 (Assumption):
Resistance Mechanism:
Pharmacokinetic aspects:
Adverse effect:
(2) QUININE
• Quinine and its isomer Quinidine are blood Schizonticidal agent, useful for malarial strain
that is resistant to Chloroquine.
• Obtained from cinchona bark.
Also,
Also,
Mechanism: 3
Also,
Mechanism: 4
• Cerebral Malaria
• Ecbolic agent
Adverse effect:
(3) 8-AMINOQUINOLINES
Mechanism:
Adverse effect:
• The qinghaosu based compounds are derived from the herb qing hao, a tradition Chinese
remedy for malaria.
• Artemisinin, a poorly soluble chemical extract from Artemisia a fast acting blood
Schizonticide effective in treating acute attack of malaria.
• Artesunate, a water soluble derivative and synthetic analogues artemether and
artether have higher activity and better absorbtion.
• Artemisinin and derivative compounds are effective against multi drug resistant
P.falciparum
Mechanism:
Combinations
Mechanism: