Insect Long

PNHS HORTI-CROP
Part of Module for T.L.E

Grade Level: 7 Area: ____________
Competency Code:
CULTURAL REQUIREMENTS
LO. 1 Perform Cultural Practices
Content Standard: The learner demonstrates understanding of the cultural requirements of crops.
Performance Standard: The learner independently performs various cultural requirements of
plants.
OBJECTIVES: The learner should be able to:

1. Define the word pest.
2.Identify the different insect pests.
3. Enumerate the methods of controlling insect pests.
4. Explain the importance of controlling insect pest.
WHAT TO KNOW?
How are plants maintained in order to attain their optimum growth? Find out.
Are you ready for the cultural requirements?
Direction: Encircle the letter of the best answer

1. When is the proper time to water plants?
A. After planting seeds in seed boxes. C. After planting seeds in the field.
B. After transplanting seedlings. D. After thinning out.
2. What type of irrigation system is done if water is applied to plants in the form of spray or simulated rain?
A. Drip B. Sprinkle C. Sub-surface D. Surface
3. What is surface irrigation?
A. Water flows along furrows. C. Water drops like simulated rain.
B. Water drops in perforated tube. D. Water is supplied through submerged pipes.
4. What is the best definition of fertilizer?
A . Large amount of substances or nutrients needed by plants
B. Small amount of substances or nutrients needed by plants
C. Substances that come from decayed plants
D. Organic or inorganic material added to soil to improve soil fertility
5. Green manuring refers to:
A. leguminous plants that are plowed under to serve as fertilizer when decomposed.
B. applying chopped green leaves in the field.
C. collecting green colored animal manure to fertilize the field.
D. letting the rice straws decompose in the field.
6. Why are weeds detrimental to crops?
A. They protect the crops from sunlight C. Weeds compete with nutrients
B. They eliminate insects attacking the plants D. They improve crop yield
7. Which is not a biological method of controlling insects?
A. The use of predators to suppress insect pests C. The use of Malathion to spray the crops
B. Proper land preparation D. Proper timing of planting
8. When is irrigation water disastrous?
A. When it dissolves available nutrients C. When all the plant pests are killed
B. When soil erosion occurs D. When plants start wilting
9. Herbicides are chemicals used to kill/eradicate
A. snails B. weeds C. fungi D. bacteria
10. Why is artificial method of drainage considered the best method of removing excess water?
A. Water passes down quickly. C. It does not require manpower.
B. It is economical to use. D. Water passes down slowly.
1
PAG-ASA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Pag-asa, Bansud, Oriental Mindoro
Jaide H. Sapul Cp#0933-944-1481
PNHS HORTI-CROP
A. Crop Protection
Crop protection is the practice of removing weeds, adjusting weather and eliminating pests. It
may include managing everything that inhibit the growth of fruit, vegetables and all farm produce.
It is highly important because through this, higher quality crops are produced and wastage is reduced.
The increased crop production through proper crop protection leads to less use of resources like land,
water and labor. With less usage of land, biodiversity is preserved. Through this, more farm crops and
produce actually reach the markets, keeping the prices low.
A. Insect
In agricultural ecosystems, thousands or even millions of individuals of a single crop

species are planted in a monoculture. To maximize growth of the desired crop, we try to eliminate
organisms that we consider pests. Pests are organisms that might compete with or damage crop
species. They reduce plant density, cause plant stunted growth and their death, cause lower
production capacity, damage berries and in many other ways reduce the yield or quality of
agricultural products. Agricultural pests are plants, animals and fungus that reduce crop yields.
Insect pests cause great damage to crops. They chew, suck and lap the leaves,
flowers and fruits hence decreasing the yield and quality of produce. They also transmit disease to man
and crops as well.
Common insect pests:
Beetles ( Coleoptera)
Caterpillar and moth ( Lepidoptera)
Flies (Diptera), beanfly, leaf miner
True bugs (Himeptera) green soldier bug
hopper and mealy bugs (Homoptera)
Aphids
Grasshopper and crickets (Ortoptera)
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PNHS HORTI-CROP
Ants (Hymenoptera)
Pest Management
Diseases, insects, and weeds can cause costly and irreparable harm to livestock and crops. Methods
to manage these problems include the use of pesticides or biological pest control. Integrated pest management
(IPM) couples both methods and includes monitoring to reduce the overuse of pesticide applications. IPM aims
to develop and extend effective, affordable, and environmentally-sound control strategies.
IMPORTANCE OF PEST MANAGEMENT
Damage from pests often results in vast economic consequences. They threaten the health of our
nation’s vital agricultural, natural lands, and urban areas. Among the adverse impacts are:
• Infestation of farms, rangelands, and forests

• Obstructions to streams and waterways
• Damage to crops
• Loss of wildlife habitats
• Disease and quality of life impacts in populated areas
Taking action to reverse pest infestation is essential to combating these adverse impacts. NIFA
programs are working to reduce losses caused by insects, diseases, and weeds by providing services such as:
• Coordinating IPM efforts through regional IPM centers

• Promoting reduced-risk pest management
• Identifying appropriate and safe use of pesticides
• Detecting and researching new and persistent pests
• Developing alternative pest management strategies
• Involving social considerations into management systems
• Advancing detection, surveillance, rapid response, and recovery into pest management networks
General Approaches to Insect Control

There are several general approaches to insect pest management. When developing an overall pest
management strategy it is helpful to consider all of the available options. Most specific insect control methods
can be classified into the following major categories: cultural control, host resistance, physical control,
mechanical control, biological control, and chemical control. Not all are appropriate or useful in the home
garden.
A. Biological Control
 This is the use of beneficial organisms to control pests.
Many centuries ago, Chinese farmers observed that ants were helping to
control insect pests in their citrus orchards by feeding on caterpillars, beetles, and
leaf-feeding bugs. The farmers discovered that by collecting the papery nests of a
specific type of ant from trees in the countryside and moving them into their
orchards, they got better control of some pests.
Companion Planting
Some plants produce a natural insect repellent, which makes them

very beneficial when planted next to crops, and this is known as companion
planting. Planting garlic among vegetables helps to deter beetles, aphides and
spider mites; basil planted near tomatoes repels tomato hornworms; and
marigolds planted with squash or cucumbers repels cucumber beetles and
nematodes.
B. Mechanical Control
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PNHS HORTI-CROP
Mechanical control methods directly remove or kill pests. They can be rapid and effective, and many
are well suited for small acute pest problems
 Hand-picking can be used for large or brightly colored caterpillar.

 Some insects will defensively drop from plants if disturbed, and can be knocked into a container of
soapy water.
 Shaking plants will dislodge many pests.
 A strong spray of water will dislodge aphids and mites from greenhouse, garden, and house plants.
 Mouse traps are forms of mechanical control.
 Cultivation or tillage exposes many soil insects to desiccation or predation by birds.
C. Physical Controls
These are methods that physically keep insect pests from reaching
their hosts. Barriers include window screens for keeping health and nuisance
pests out of buildings and plant pests out of greenhouses, floating row covers
for many horticultural crops, and plant collars to keep cutworms from attacking
plants such as tomatoes
D. Host Resistance
Host resistance, or plant resistance, has been used effectively for decades to reduce the impact of
pests. Some plants have physical and chemical adaptations that allow them to repel, tolerate, or even kill
pests. Plant breeders attempt to use these characteristics and even improve them to develop crops that are
resistant. Many varieties of important crops grown today, such as rice, and corn are resistant to one or more
pests.
E. Cultural Control
These methods involve modification of standard farming or gardening practices to avoid pests or to
make the environment less favorable for them. There are several types of cultural controls; the following are a
few examples of commonly used methods.
 Crop rotation replaces a crop that is susceptible to a serious pest with another crop that is not
susceptible, on a rotating basis. For example, corn rootworm larvae can be starved out by following
corn with one to two years of a non-host crop such as soybeans, oats, or other crops. Crop rotation
works best in larger areas where the insects can not readily move from the old crop location to the
new, therefore, this technique has limited applicability to garden insect pests.
 Sanitation refers to keeping the area clean of plants or materials that may harbor pests. Examples
include removal of weeds in greenhouses that may harbor mites, aphids, or whiteflies; destruction
of crop residues such as corn stubble, or squash vines; cleaning of equipment that can spread
pests from one area to another.
 Trap cropping is the provision of a pest insect’s preferred food near the crop to be protected; the
insects are attracted to the trap crop which is then destroyed. For example, pickleworms will
concentrate in squash planted near cucumbers, and the squash plants can be destroyed.
F. Chemical Control
This involves the use of chemicals to kill pests or to inhibit their feeding,
mating, or other essential behaviors. The chemicals used in chemical control can
be natural products, synthesized mimics of natural products, or completely
synthetic materials.
Safety measures in using chemicals:
a. Use least hazardous products
b. Dispense and mix chemicals in well-ventilated areas
c. Use appropriate PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
d.
HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

SELF-CHECK 1.1 4
PNHS HORTI-CROP
Directions: Identify the following insects pests below. Write your answer in your activity notebook.
1. ____________________ 6. ____________________
2. _________________ 7. ___________________
3. ___________________ 8. ____________________
4. ___________________ 9. ____________________
5. __________________ 10. ____________________
SELF-CHECK 1.2
Directions: Enumerate the five methods of controlling weeds and give example for each type
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
WHAT TO REFLECT?
1. Define pest. (2pts)

2. Why is it important to control insect pests? Explain your answer in 2-3 sentences. Write your answer
in your activity notebook. (3pts)
References:
Learners Module p.34-35
https://nifa.usda.gov/topic/pest-management
https://www.topline.ie/blog/project-ideas/8-ways-to-control-common-garden-pests
https://wimastergardener.org/article/general-approaches-to-insect-control/
5
PNHS HORTI-CROP
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PNHS HORTI-CROP

Part of Module for T.L.E

LO. 1 Perform Cultural Practices

OBJECTIVES: The learner should be able to:

Direction: Encircle the letter of the best answer

In agricultural ecosystems, thousands or even millions of individuals of a single crop

Common insect pests:

Caterpillar and moth ( Lepidoptera)

Flies (Diptera), beanfly, leaf miner

True bugs (Himeptera) green soldier bug

hopper and mealy bugs (Homoptera)

Grasshopper and crickets (Ortoptera)

• Infestation of farms, rangelands, and forests

• Coordinating IPM efforts through regional IPM centers

General Approaches to Insect Control

 This is the use of beneficial organisms to control pests.

Some plants produce a natural insect repellent, which makes them

 Hand-picking can be used for large or brightly colored caterpillar.

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?

5. __________________ 10. ____________________

1. Define pest. (2pts)

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5. 10. __