NATIONAL COLLEGE ‘’SPIRU HARET”

PROFILE: HUMANISTIC
SECTION: PHILOLOGY INTENSIVE-ENGLISH
COURSE: BRITISH CUKLTURE AND CIVILIZATION

9/11: THE CONTROVERSY BEHIND THE

ATTACKS

COORDONATING TEACHER: MUNTEANU DIANA

STUDENT: DERVEȘTEANU ȘTEFANIA TEODORA

TÂRGU-JIU
2020

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CONTENTS

Argument…………………………………………………3
Introduction………………………………………………4
CHAPTER I: The History of the World Trade Center
Planning...............................................................................7
Construction........................................................................8
Criticism..............................................................................9
Major Events........................................................................10
CHAPTER II: The Day of the Attacks
Events…………………………………………………….. 13
Motives.................................................................................15
Terrorists...............................................................................17
Immediate response...............................................................21
‘War of Terror’.......................................................................21

CHAPTER III: Aftermath of the Attacks

Casualties..............................................................................22

CHAPTER IV: Controversy

Conspiracy Theories……………………………………….28
9/11 Truth Movement……………………………………...34
CONCLUSION…………………………………………….36
APPENDICES.......................................................................37
BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................39

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Argument

The day of September 11, 2001 is known as one which marks yet another
tragedy in the history of mankind, when terrorism transformed from an isolated
issue into an acute problem spreading rapidly throughout the entire world. We
were all witnesses to that horrendous happening that has remained imprinted in
our minds and which has changed our perspective upon the world.
Being an infant at the time of the attacks i had no idea what was happening at
the time, but as time passed and I started to grow and learn about it I truly
understood what that day meant for so many people. I was stupefied by the
images of the aftermath that i saw, incapable of understanding the gravity of
such a catastrophe. This is why I chose this subject for my paper, in
remembrance of the day that has changed people’s mentality, with the purpose
of better understanding the incident itself and its implications on today’s world.
There is general acceptance that terrorism is a term used not only to refer to the
United States of America, but also to the western societies to define the violent
acts of a group upon innocent victims, in order to create terror among people.
The World Trade Center was the target of the most violent terrorist attack on
September 11, 2001. Situated in Manhattan, it was a landmark for the United
States of America, being the centre of world commerce and one of the tallest
buildings in America.
Four planes were hijacked by a terrorist group and driven into the twin towers
of WTC and the Pentagon. The White House was also targeted, but eventually
this target was missed as the plane hijacked for this purpose crashed on a field in
Pennsylvania. The other planes hit their targets, the two towers being entirely
destroyed and the Pentagon being seriously damaged.
The terrorist attack took its toll, thousands of people dying on that day. In
response to the attack, the USA started a war against the terrorists and all the
organizations involved in such activities, taking measures to prevent other
possible attacks.
But was it really just a terrorist attack and nothing more? As time passed more
and more theories were formed about the events of 9/11, but the quenstion
remains: are these conspiracy theories actually true?

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Introduction

TERRORISM

https://telegraph.md/

We live in a world where appearances dominate every aspect of our life, be it

social, cultural, economic or even political. It is generally believed that this is a
world of freedom, peace and liberty, a world that has now found its balance after
a tumultuous history ravaged by wars, terror, deaths and blood but this is only a
facade for keeping people under control. Behind this illusion of democracy and
equality between states, the reality lies frightening, impregnated with corruption,
an avid lust for power and a desire to satisfy personal wishes, exceeding any
barriers of morality, ethics or human rights.
The process of globalization has transformed the world into the playground of
the great powers which gained control in a subtle, but efficient way over the less
developed states, threatening their national identity. Thus, some states
voluntarily comply to the actual mainstream, whereas others feel undermined by
the new trends designed to sneak in their traditional culture and therefore, they
feel obliged to react for the protection of their country, but most of the times in a
tough, violent manner leading to acts of terrorism. (Jean Servier 2001: 30)

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War can be defined by the confrontation between two armies and the invasion of
a territory may be a possible reason for war, but the massacre of the civilian
population, along with the infringement of its liberties, is related to terrorism.
What we call “terrorism” includes the violences executed by one or more
individuals against arbitrarily chosen victims, exclusively for sustaining a
power, a will of domination, through fear, through terror which immediately
becomes contagious for the entire population.
Therefore, “terrorism” is an offensive system used by an individual or a group
more or less ample, in order to impose their will in front of an entire people,
even in front of an entire civilization, to exert an influence on history. (Jean
Servier 2001: 31)
Terrorism is a criminal act that influences an audience beyond the immediate
victim. The strategy of terrorists is to commit acts of violence that draw the
attention of the local populace, the government, and the world to their cause.
The terrorists plan their attack to obtain the greatest publicity, choosing targets
that symbolize what they oppose. The effectiveness of the terrorist act lies not in
the act itself, but in the public’s or government’s reaction to the act. 4
There are three perspectives of terrorism:
• the terrorist’s. The phrase “one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom
fighter” is a view terrorists themselves would accept. Terrorists do not see
themselves as evil. They believe they are legitimate combatants, fighting for
what they believe in, by whatever means possible.
• the victim’s. A victim of a terrorist act sees the terrorist as a criminal with no
regard for human life.
• the general public’s. The general public’s view is the most unstable. The
terrorists take great pains to foster a “Robin Hood” image in hope of swaying
the general public’s point of view toward their cause. This sympathetic view of
terrorism has become an integral part of their psychological warfare and needs
to be countered vigorously.
Terrorism practises four types of attacks:
• Kidnapping personalities in order to obtain a ransom and often in exchange of
detainee terrorists
• Hijacking planes, followed, in general, by the same demands
• Robbing banks and weapons stockpiles, for “sustaining” the armed groups

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• Destroying buildings or different types of plants, depending on the terrorist’s

subjectivity ( Jean Servier 2001: 63)
Added to all these attacks are measures intended to shock the international
opinion, such as official statements to the press and publicity and their
broadcasting. Mass media gives the terrorism a new depth and vivid colors.
Through it, an assassin becomes a star -especially if he is photogenic- and gives
press conferences, presented as a victim of a society of all vices. ( Jean Servier
2001: 152)
Almost no week goes by without an act of terrorism taking place somewhere in
the world, indiscriminately affecting innocent people who just happened to be in
the wrong place at the wrong time. These massacres will not change positively
the mentality of people in the way of commiserating with the terrorists, as they
intend, but will arouse anger among the population and among states,
determining the victim state to react with violence and leading to large-scale
conflicts which have devastating consequences on people’s lives. Apparently,
there is ‘a free world’, divided by different interests, countries that disapprove
with terrorism, but which, paradoxically, sell weapons to other countries which
help the terrorists. ( Jean Servier 2001: 156)
Judging by the facts we encounter nowadays, we are led to believe that the
contemporary society is acting in the personal interests of the people in power,
ignoring the population’s interests and without any initiative of changing this
situation. So is there anything we, the common people, could do or are we going
to be bystanders witnessing acts of terrorism and corruption which will
eventually represent an attack on our moral values?

https://ziarulromanesc.de/international/cinci-germani-suspecti-de-terorism-
plecati-de-la-bucuresti-arestati-bulgaria/

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THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD TRADE CENTER

"The original twin towers... were built at a time when New York's future seemed
uncertain, the towers restored confidence and helped bring a halt to the decline
of lower Manhattan. Brash, glitzy, and grand, they quickly became symbols of
New York."
David Johnson and Shmuel Ross, World Trade Center History

PLANNING

1946
The story of the WTC began in the 1950s, when several visionary New Yorkers
planned to make downtown Manhattan the home of world commerce. During
the late 1940s and 1950s, economic growth in New York City was concentrated
in Midtown Manhattan, while Lower Manhattan was left out, therefore a plan
was created to unify and revitalize downtown through an original proposal for
only one 70-storey building, not the final twin towers design.
September 20, 1962
The current site for the World Trade Center was chosen and a Japanese-
American architect, Minoru Yamasaki, was selected to design the project.
Yamasaki's designs were often related to classical themes but his use of modern
technology resulted in contemporary structures of glass and concrete. A tube-
frame structural system was developed which allowed for open floor plans
without columns in the office spaces, the World Trade Center plan being
estimated at the sum of $525 million. It was a complex of six buildings
consisting of 10 million square feet of office space. However, the Twin Towers
were considered to be the focal point. The 110-storey buildings were to be the
world’s tallest skyscrapers..

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https://science.howstuffworks.com/

CONSTRUCTION

1966
Demolition at the site began with the clearance of thirteen square blocks of low
rise buildings for construction of the World Trade Center. WTC 1, the North
Tower, rose ahead of WTC 2.
August 1968
Construction on the north tower began.
January 1969
Construction on the south tower began.
December 23, 1970

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The topping out ceremony of the north tower took place. 1 WTC featured many
innovations such as the Twin Towers' high-speed elevators, sky lobbies, and the
"hollow tube" building model.
January 1972
The first major tenants moved into the south tower.
April 4, 1973
The twin towers debut as the tallest buildings in the world --at 1,368 and 1,362
feet and 110 stories each-- surpassing the height of the Empire State Building. In
addition to the twin towers, four smaller buildings and a hotel, all built nearby
around a central landscaped plaza, completed the complex.

CRITICISM

Plans to build the World Trade Center were controversial. Its site was the
location of Radio Row, home to hundreds of commercial and industrial tenants,
property owners, small businesses, and approximately 100 residents, many of
whom fiercely resisted forced relocation. A group of affected small businesses
sought an injunction challenging the Port Authority's power of eminent
domain. The case made its way through the court system to the United States
Supreme Court; it refused to hear the case.
The World Trade Center's design aesthetics attracted criticism from
the American Institute of Architects and other groups. Lewis Mumford, author
of The City in History and other works on urban planning, criticized the project,
describing it and other new skyscrapers as "just glass-and-metal filing
cabinets". The Twin Towers were described as looking similar to "the boxes that
the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building came in". Many disliked
the twin towers' narrow office windows, which were only 18 inches (46 cm)
wide and framed by pillars that restricted views on each side to narrow
slots. Activist and sociologist Jane Jacobs argued the waterfront should be kept
open for New Yorkers to enjoy.
Some critics regarded the trade center's "superblock", replacing a more
traditional, dense neighborhood, as an inhospitable environment that disrupted
the complicated traffic network typical of Manhattan. For example, in his
book The Pentagon of Power, Lewis Mumford denounced the center as an

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"example of the purposeless giantism and technological exhibitionism that are

now eviscerating the living tissue of every great city".

MAJOR EVENTS

February 13, 1975

On February 13, 1975, a three-alarm fire broke out on the 11th floor of the
North Tower. It spread to the 9th and 14th floors after igniting telephone cable
insulation in a utility shaft that ran vertically between floors. Areas at the
furthest extent of the fire were extinguished almost immediately; the original
fire was put out in a few hours. Most of the damage was concentrated on the
11th floor, fueled by cabinets filled with paper, alcohol-based fluid for office
machines, and other office equipment. Fireproofing protected the steel and there
was no structural damage to the tower. In addition to fire damage on the 9th
through the 14th floors, the water used to extinguish the fire damaged a few of
the floors below. At that time, the World Trade Center had no fire sprinkler
systems.

December 1975
The Top of the World Observation Deck opens at Two World Trade Center
(South Tower) on the 107th floor providing breathtaking views of Manhattan
1976
The world-famous restaurant, Windows on the World, opened on the top floors
(106th and 107th) of the north tower.

February 26, 1993

The first terrorist attack on the World Trade Center occurred on February 26,
1993, at 12:17 p.m. A Ryder truck filled with 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of
explosives, planted by Ramzi Yousef, detonated in the underground garage of
the North Tower. The blast opened a 100-foot (30 m) hole through five
sublevels with the greatest damage occurring on levels B1 and B2 and
significant structural damage on level B3. Six people were killed, and 1,042

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others were injured in the attacks, some from smoke inhalation. Sheikh Omar

Abdel Rahman and four other individuals were later convicted for their
involvement in the bombing,while Yousef and Eyad Ismoil were convicted for
carrying out the bombing. According to a presiding judge, the conspirators' chief
aim at the time of the attack was to destabilize the north tower and send it
crashing into the south tower, toppling both landmarks.
Following the bombing, floors that were blown out needed to be repaired to
restore the structural support they provided to columns. The slurry wall was in
peril following the bombing and loss of the floor slabs that provided lateral
support against pressure from Hudson River water on the other side. The
refrigeration plant on sublevel B5, which provided air conditioning to the entire
World Trade Center complex, was heavily damaged. After the bombing, the Port
Authority installed photoluminescent pathway markings in the stairwells.
The fire alarm system for the entire complex needed to be replaced because
critical wiring and signaling in the original system were destroyed. A memorial
to the victims of the bombing, a reflecting pool, was installed with the names of
those who were killed in the blast. It was destroyed following the September
11 attacks. The names of the victims of the 1993 bombing are included in
the National September 11 Memorial & Museum.

https://en.wikipedia.org/

January 14, 1998, robbery

InJanuary 1998, Mafia member Ralph Guarino gained maintenance access to
the World Trade Center. He arranged a three-man crew for a heist that netted
over $2 million from a Brinks delivery to the 11th floor of the North Tower.

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Other events

On the morning of August 7, 1974, Philippe Petit performed a high-wire walk

between the North and South Towers of the World Trade Center. For his
unauthorized feat 1,312 feet (400 m) above the ground, he rigged a 440-pound
(200 kg) cable and used a custom-made 30-foot-long (9.1 m), 55-pound (25 kg)
balancing pole. He performed for 45 minutes, making eight passes along the
wire. Though Petit was charged with criminal trespass and disorderly conduct,
he was later freed in exchange for performing for children in Central Park.
On February 20, 1981, an Aerolíneas Argentinas airliner was guided away by air
traffic controllers after radar signals indicated it was on a collision course with
the North Tower (1 WTC). The aircraft, which was scheduled to land at
nearby JFK Airport, was flying at a much lower altitude than regulations
recommended.
The 1995 PCA world chess championship was played on the 107th floor of the
South Tower.

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THE DAY OF THE ATTACKS

EVENTS

On 11th September 2001, an incredible piece of news, which encircled the entire
world with the speed of a lightning, made the hearts of billions of people from
each corner of the planet to shudder: at least 6 persons died after an explosion at
World Trade Center from New York. ( America sub teroare 2001: 5)
These were the first words that spread around the globe, words that did not give
anyone the possibility to foresee the seriousness and the real dimensions of the
tragedy that would shake from the roots in the next half of hour not only the
United States of America, but also the entire civilized world. A few minutes
were enough to change forever the appearance of the world as we knew it,
transforming it into an image always to remain deeply imprinted in our minds.
The consequence came soon, placing the humanity in front of an unprecedented
situation: at least 6 persons died and 1000 were injured after the explosion
produced by the collision of two planes with the towers of the World Trade
Center building from New York, at an 18-minute interval. The two planes
seemed to be part of a terrorism act. ( America sub teroare 2001: 5)
The United States of America represents a landmark from all points of view,
being considered so secure that nothing could happen to breach this security.
New York can also be considered, through everything that it represents, a world
capital. In this way, all the inhabitants of the planet were partakers in the
horrendous events that took place there. (America sub teroare 2001: 6)
Two impacts had taken place, both towers were surrounded by smoke, the
firefighters were concentrated in the area, the policemen dismissed the area; it
was supposed to act with speed for evacuating especially the two affected
buildings, as well as it was supposed that the fire would spread, affecting more
and more floors of the twin towers. (America sub teroare 2001: 7)
Events started to unfold rapidly. One of the two planes that hit the World Trade
Center was a Boeing 767 of American Airlines company, which took off from
Boston and most likely, it had been hijacked. A third plane hit, at the same time,
in the same manner, the Pentagon, the impact causing a fire that covered a side

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of the building which houses the U.S. Department of Defence, and which did not
withstand the impact and collapsed. As a consequences of this attack, the White
House had been evacuated in a rush. (America sub teroare 2001: 7)
The attacks on New York and Washington started at approximately 8.45 a.m,
local time, and took place over a period of 18 minutes, time elapsed between the
first collision with the WTC North Tower and the last collision with the WTC
South Tower. Meanwhile, the Pentagon was attacked and a fourth plane crashed
somewhere near Pittsburgh. ( America sub teroare 2001: 8)

https://www.independent.co.uk/

For New Yorkers, this is a rush hour, 9 o’clock being the time when the working
programme starts in Manhattan. It was supposed that some of the employees of
the companies that had the headquarters in the two towers were already at work,
others were in the one hundred elevators which served the towers and others
were heading for their work places. ( America sub teroare 2001: 8)
The different nature of the attacks from Washington lies in the fact that in this
case, there were attacked targets of national interest, namely the Pentagon and
the State Department. Therefore, this is not about a typical terrorist action,
although the scale at which the action developed in New York exceeded by far
the dimensions of any other previous terrorist attack. ( America sub teroare
2001: 9)
A dramatic moment of that day was the one when the American television
stations announced that evidence showed that the Boeing plane that crashed near

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Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania state actually targeted the White House. If the attack
on the White House had succeeded, the main symbol of the United States would
have disappeared and the scale of the disaster would have been much greater.
( America sub teroare 2001: 12)
People worldwide realized that terrorism is not limited by any boundaries and
that any of the people on this planet can be the victim of these forms of
fanaticism taken to unimaginable extremes.

http://www.september11news.com/

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MOTIVES

Osama bin Laden's declaration of a holy war against the United States, and
a 1998 fatwā signed by bin Laden and others, calling for the killing of
Americans, are seen by investigators as evidence of his motivation. In bin
Laden's November 2002 "Letter to America", he explicitly stated that al-Qaeda's
motives for their attacks include:

 U.S. support of Israel

 support for the "attacks against Muslims" in Somalia
 support of Philippines against Muslims in the Moro conflict
 support for Israeli "aggression" against Muslims in Lebanon
 support of Russian "atrocities against Muslims" in Chechnya
 pro-American governments in the Middle East (who "act as your agents")
being against Muslim interests
 support of Indian "oppression against Muslims" in Kashmir
 the presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia
 the sanctions against Iraq
After the attacks, bin Laden and al-Zawahiri released additional videotapes and
audio recordings, some of which repeated those reasons for the attacks. Two
particularly important publications were bin Laden's 2002 "Letter to
America",and a 2004 videotape by bin Laden.
Bin Laden interpreted Muhammad as having banned the "permanent presence of
infidels in Arabia".In 1996, bin Laden issued a fatwā calling for American
troops to leave Saudi Arabia. In 1998, al-Qaeda wrote, "for over seven years the
United States has been occupying the lands of Islam in the holiest of places, the
Arabian Peninsula, plundering its riches, dictating to its rulers, humiliating its
people, terrorizing its neighbors, and turning its bases in the Peninsula into a
spearhead through which to fight the neighboring Muslim peoples."
In a December 1999 interview, bin Laden said he felt that Americans were "too
near to Mecca", and considered this a provocation to the entire Muslim
world. One analysis of suicide terrorism suggested that without U.S. troops in
Saudi Arabia, al-Qaeda likely would not have been able to get people to commit
to suicide missions.
In the 1998 fatwā, al-Qaeda identified the Iraq sanctions as a reason to kill
Americans, condemning the "protracted blockade"[51] among other actions that
constitute a declaration of war against "Allah, his messenger, and
Muslims." The fatwā declared that "the ruling to kill the Americans and their
allies – civilians and military – is an individual duty for every Muslim who can

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do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate the al-

Aqsa Mosque and the holy mosque of Mecca from their grip, and in order for
their [the Americans'] armies to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and
unable to threaten any Muslim."
In 2004, Bin Laden claimed that the idea of destroying the towers had first
occurred to him in 1982, when he witnessed Israel's bombardment of high-rise
apartment buildings during the 1982 Lebanon War. Some analysts, including
Mearsheimer and Walt, also claimed that U.S. support of Israel was one motive
for the attacks. In 2004 and 2010, bin Laden again connected the September 11
attacks with U.S. support of Israel, although most of the letter expressed bin
Laden's disdain for President Bush and bin Laden's hope to "destroy and
bankrupt" the U.S.
Other motives have been suggested in addition to those stated by bin Laden and
al-Qaeda. Some authors suggested the "humiliation" that resulted from the
Islamic world falling behind the Western world – this discrepancy was rendered
especially visible by the globalization trend and a desire to provoke the U.S. into
a broader war against the Islamic world in the hope of motivating more allies to
support al-Qaeda. Similarly, others have argued that 9/11 was a strategic move
with the objective of provoking America into a war that would incite a pan-
Islamic revolution.

TERRORISTS
Within hours of the attacks, the FBI was able to determine the names and in
many cases the personal details of the suspected pilots and hijackers, by finding
the luggage of one of the terrorists which did not make the connection between
two flights. The bag was filled with documents and papers that revealed not only
the identities of all 19 hijackers, but also important clues about about their plans,
motives and backgrounds. Fifteen of the hijackers were from Saudi Arabia, two
from the United Arab Emirates, one from Egypt and one from Lebanon.
AMERICAN AIRLINES #77
BOEING 757
1) Khalid Almihdhar - Possible Saudi national
2) Majed Moqed - Possible Saudi national

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3) Nawaf Alhazmi - Possible Saudi national

4) Salem Alhazmi - Possible Saudi national
5) Hani Hanjour
AMERICAN AIRLINES #11
BOEING 767
1) Satam M.A. Al Suqami- Possible Saudi national
2) Waleed M. Alshehri - Possible Saudi national -Believed to be a pilot
3) Wail M. Alshehri -Believed to be a pilot
4) Mohamed Atta - Possible Egyptian national -Believed to be a pilot
5) Abdulaziz Alomari - Possible Saudi national -Believed to be a pilot
UNITED AIRLINES #175
BOEING 767
1) Marwan Al-Shehhi -Believed to be a pilot
2) Fayez Rashid Ahmed Hassan Al Qadi Banihammad
3) Ahmed Alghamdi 11
4) Hamza Alghamdi
5) Mohand Alshehri
UNITED AIRLINES #93
BOEING 757
1) Saeed Alghamdi
2) Ahmed Ibrahim A. Al Haznawi - Possible Saudi national
3) Ahmed Alnami
4) Ziad Samir Jarrah
As the testimony of the passengers and the crew members reveals, the terrorists
attacked somewhere between 8.42 and 8.46 a.m. They used knives, pepper spray
and they even threatened that they would detonate a bomb. They stabbed
members of the crew of pilots and also flight attendants and passengers.
(Raportul final al Comisiei Americane de Ancheta privind atacurile teroriste
asupra Statelor Unite ale Americii 2006: 4)

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The 19 Arabian Muslims have been portrayed as being extremely devoted

Muslims, ready to meet their Creator. Their actions were submitted to a duty to
their God and not to themselves. Western countries were considered faithless
and responsible for all the injustices commited in the world. In the name of their
religion, the Muslims considered it their duty to root out the sinners by any
means possible, their mission being to gain victory over the faithless nations.
All these beliefs were listed in special books that each Muslim had to acquire,
knowing by heart and rigorously fulfilling every action listed in the manual.
These books were spiritually and physically preparing them for their meeting
with the Creator, in other words, for death. What is paradoxical is that these
people were convinced that their mission is sacred and that the slaughter of so
many innocent people is a blessing, thanking the Creator that they were elected
to accomplish this mission and being ready to sacrifice their life in the name of
their God. Claiming that the United States declared war to God and to his
messengers, they wanted the killing of any American, anywhere in the world,
like an “individual duty of every Muslim able to do it in any country where it is
possible " (Raportul final al Comisiei Americane de Ancheta privind atacurile
teroriste asupra Statelor Unite ale Americii 2006: 62)
“The young came to prepare themselves for Jihad4 [holy war], commanded by
the majestic Allah's order in the holy Koran. [Koranic 'verse:] "Against them-
make ready your strength to the utmost of your power, including steeds of war,
to strike terror into the hearts of the enemies of Allah and your enemies, and
others besides whom ye may not know, but whom Allah doth know."
. . . to make their women widows and their children orphans.
. . . to make them desire death and hate appointments and prestige.
. . . to slaughter them like lambs and let the Nile, al-Asi, and Euphrates rivers
flow with their blood.”
Terrorists’ Training Manual
The terrorists involved in the 9/11 attacks are believed to be part of Al-Qaeda,
which is a militant Islamist group founded between August 1988 and late 1989.
It operates as a network comprising both a multinational, stateless army and a
radical Muslim movement calling for global Jihad, most of the world
considering it a terrorist organization. The founder of this organisation is Osama
bin Laden, who has repeatedly insisted on the need for violent jihad to right
what he believes are injustices against Muslims commited by the United States
and sometimes by other non-Muslim states. Probably the most infamous part of

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Bin Laden's ideology is that civilians, including women and children, are
legitimate targets of jihad.
“Is far better for anyone to kill a single American soldier than to waste effort in
other activities.”
“We believe that the worst thieves in the contemporary world and the biggest
terrorists are the Americans.Therefore, nothing leads us to do any difference
between them. Should not make any distinction between soldiers and civilians.
From our point of view, they are all targets”
Osama bin Laden (Raportul final al Comisiei Americane de Ancheta privind
atacurile teroriste asupra Statelor Unite ale Americii 2006: 62)

https://www.britannica.com/

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IMMEDIATE RESPONSE

The 9/11 attacks had immediate and overwhelming effects upon the American
people. Many police officers and rescue workers everywhere in the country got
involved in the process of recovering bodies from the twisted remnants of the
Twin Towers. Blood donations across the U.S. also saw a surge in the weeks
after 9/11. Over 3,000 children were orphaned, families were divided and many
pregnant women were to raise their children alone after the death of their
husbands.

‘THE WAR ON TERROR’

The phrase War on Terror was first used by President George W. Bush at that
time to describe a global military, political, legal and ideological struggle
against terrorist organizations and regimes that were accused of having a
connection with them or providing them with support or, which were perceived
or presented as posing a threat to the US and its allies in general. It was typically
used with a particular focus on militant Islamists and al-Qaeda.
The President stated that the United States will not only punish the perpetrators
of the attacks, but also those who granted them asylum. The United States was at
war with a new and different kind of enemy. The President requested that all
those responsible for causing suffering should be brought to justice and a
strategy to eliminate terrorists and punish those who support them should be
devised.
The USA intends to use all resources to eliminate the terrorist threat, to punish
those responsible for the attacks on 11th September, to make the countries and
any other structure responsible for granting asylum to terrorists , to work with
the coalition to eliminate terrorist groups and networks and to prevent
aggression against people, religions and cultures. The United States wanted to
drain the financial resources of all terrorist networks and to prevent them from
acquiring weapons of mass destruction. Their goal was the “ elimination of
terrorism as a threat to their way of life.”5

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CASUALTIES

The attacks caused the deaths of 2,996 people (including all 19 hijackers) and
injured more than 6,000 others. The death toll included 265 on the four planes
(from which there were no survivors), 2,606 in the World Trade Center and in
the surrounding area, and 125 at the Pentagon. Most of those who perished were
civilians, with the exception of 343 firefighters, 72 law enforcement officers, 55
military personnel, and the 19 terrorists who died in the attacks. After New
York, New Jersey lost the most state citizens, with the city of Hoboken having
the most New Jersey citizens who died in the attacks. More than 90 countries
lost citizens in the September 11 attacks; for example, the 67 Britons who died
were more than in any other terrorist attack anywhere as of October 2002. The
attacks killed about 500 more people than the attack on Pearl Harbor on
December 7, 1941, and are the deadliest terrorist attacks in world history.
In Arlington County, Virginia, 125 Pentagon workers lost their lives when
Flight 77 crashed into the western side of the building. Of these, 70 were
civilians and 55 were military personnel, many of whom worked for the United
States Army or the United States Navy. The Army lost 47 civilian employees,
six civilian contractors, and 22 soldiers, while the Navy lost six civilian
employees, three civilian contractors, and 33 sailors. Seven Defense Intelligence
Agency (DIA) civilian employees were also among the dead in the attack, as
well as an Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) contractor. Lieutenant
General Timothy Maude, an Army Deputy Chief of Staff, was the highest-
ranking military official killed at the Pentagon.
In New York City, more than 90% of the workers and visitors who died in the
towers had been at or above the points of impact. In the North Tower, 1,355
people at or above the point of impact were trapped and died of smoke
inhalation, fell or jumped from the tower to escape the smoke and flames, or
were killed in the building's eventual collapse. The destruction of all three
staircases in the tower when Flight 11 hit made it impossible for anyone above
the impact zone to escape. 107 people below the point of impact died as well.
In the South Tower, one stairwell, Stairwell A, was left intact after Flight 175
hit, allowing 14 people located on the floors of impact (including one man who
saw the plane coming at him) and four more from the floors above to escape.
New York City 9-1-1 operators who received calls from people inside the tower
were not well informed of the situation as it rapidly unfolded and as a result, told
callers not to descend the tower on their own In total 630 people died in that
tower, fewer than half the number killed in the North Tower. Casualties in the
South Tower were significantly reduced because some occupants decided to
start evacuating as soon as the North Tower was struck. The failure to evacuate

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NATIONAL COLLEGE ‘’SPIRU HARET”

the South Tower fully after the first jet crash into the North Tower was
described by USA Today as "one of the day's great tragedies".

http://www.september11news.com/

http://www.september11news.com/

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NATIONAL COLLEGE ‘’SPIRU HARET”

At least 200 people fell or jumped to their deaths from the burning towers (as
exemplified in the photograph The Falling Man), landing on the streets and
rooftops of adjacent buildings hundreds of feet below.  Some occupants of each
tower above the point of impact made their way toward the roof in the hope of
helicopter rescue, but the roof access doors were locked.[138] No plan existed for
helicopter rescues, and the combination of roof equipment, thick smoke, and
intense heat prevented helicopters from approaching.[139] A total of 411
emergency workers died as they tried to rescue people and fight fires. The New
York City Fire Department (FDNY) lost 343 firefighters, including a chaplain
and two paramedics. The New York City Police Department (NYPD) lost 23
officers. The Port Authority Police Department (PAPD) lost 37 officers. Eight
emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics from private emergency
medical services units were killed.
Cantor Fitzgerald L.P., an investment bank on the 101st–105th floors of the
North Tower, lost 658 employees, considerably more than any other employer.
Marsh Inc., located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93–100, lost
358 employees, and 175 employees of Aon Corporation were also killed.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) estimated that about
17,400 civilians were in the World Trade Center complex at the time of the
attacks. Turnstile counts from the Port Authority suggest 14,154 people were
typically in the Twin Towers by 8:45 a.m. Most people below the impact zone
safely evacuated the buildings.

http://www.september11news.com/
The falling man

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NATIONAL COLLEGE ‘’SPIRU HARET”

Deaths (victims + hijackers)

World Trade Center 2,606

New York City American 11 87 + 5

United 175 60 + 5

Pentagon 125

Arlington

American 77 59 + 5

Near Shanksville United 93 40 + 4

Total 2,977 + 19

Weeks after the attack, the death toll was estimated to be over 6,000, more than
twice the number of deaths eventually confirmed. The city was only able to
identify remains for about 1,600 of the World Trade Center victims. The
medical examiner's office collected "about 10,000 unidentified bone and tissue
fragments that cannot be matched to the list of the dead".Bone fragments were
still being found in 2006 by workers who were preparing to demolish the
damaged Deutsche Bank Building. In 2010, a team of anthropologists and
archaeologists searched for human remains and personal items at the Fresh Kills
Landfill, where 72 more human remains were recovered, bringing the total
found to 1,845. DNA profiling continues in an attempt to identify additional
victims. The remains are being held in storage in Memorial Park, outside the
New York City Medical Examiner's facilities. It was expected that the remains
would be moved in 2013 to a repository behind a wall at the 9/11 museum. In
July 2011, a team of scientists at the Office of Chief Medical Examiner was still
trying to identify remains, in the hope that improved technology will allow them
to identify other victims. On August 7, 2017, the 1,641st victim was identified
as a result of newly available DNA technology,  and a 1,642nd on July 26, 2018.
A further 1,111 victims are yet to be identified.

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"Initially, I thought I had died. I lost all sense. I had no sight. I had no smell. I
had no hearing. Everything was just silent….Nobody will ever fully recover
from what happened that day"
- McLoughlin.- survivor
"That day is one of those days where you can never forget, you remember every
detail you experience from the moment of the plane hitting the building, to the
evacuation and the building collapsing. Those images become a part of you."
- Manuel Chea- survivor

http://www.september11news.com/

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NATIONAL COLLEGE ‘’SPIRU HARET”

A list of the 77 countries whose citizens died as a result of the attacks on

September 11, 2001

. Antigua & . Haiti . South Africa . Canada .

Barbuda Jamaica
. Portugal . Belize
. Ghana . St. Lucia
. Bangladesh . Iran
. Panama . Chile
. Honduras . South Korea
. Argentina . Japan
. Romania . Bolivia
. Greece . Sweden
. Barbados . Ireland
. Peru . China
. Hong Kong . Spain
. Australia (China) . Jordan
. Brazil
. Guatemala . Russia . Switzerland
. Israel
. Philippines . Belgium . Colombia
. Sri Lanka
. Austria . India . Kenya
. Cambodia
. Guyana . Slovakia . Taiwan
. Italy
. Poland . Belarus
. St. Kitts &
. Bahamas . Indonesia Nevis
. Costa Rica . Ukraine . Norway
. Lebanon . Ecuador . Uzbekistan
. Thailand . Netherlands . Germany
. Czech Republic . UK . Pakistan
. Luxembourg . Egypt . Zimbabwe
. Trinidad & Tobago . New Zealand
. Dominica . Uruguay List distributed by the
Office of International
. Malaysia . El Salvador
Information
. Turkey . Nicaragua Programs, U.S.
. Dominican Republic . USA . Department of State

. Mexico France

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NATIONAL COLLEGE ‘’SPIRU HARET”

CONTROVERSY

CONSPIRACY THEORIES

HISTORY

There are many conspiracy theories that attribute the planning and execution of

the September 11 attacks against the United States to parties other than, or in
addition to, al-Qaeda, including that there was advance knowledge of the
attacks among high-level government officials. Government investigations and
independent reviews have rejected these theories. Proponents of these theories
assert that there are inconsistencies in the commonly accepted version, or
evidence that was either ignored or overlooked.
The most prominent conspiracy theory is that the collapse of the Twin
Towers and 7 World Trade Center were the result of controlled
demolitions rather than structural failure due to impact and fire. Another
prominent belief is that the Pentagon was hit by a missile launched by elements
from inside the U.S. government or that a commercial airliner was allowed to do
so via an effective stand-down of the American military. Possible motives
claimed by conspiracy theorists for such actions include justifying the invasions
of Afghanistan and Iraq (even though the U.S. government concluded Iraq was
not involved in the attacks)  to advance their geostrategic interests, such as plans
to construct a natural gas pipeline through Afghanistan.[10] Other conspiracy
theories revolve around authorities having advance knowledge of the attacks and
deliberately ignoring or assisting the attackers.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the technology
magazine Popular Mechanics have investigated and rejected the claims made by
9/11 conspiracy theorists. The 9/11 Commission and most of the civil
engineering community accept that the impacts of jet aircraft at high speeds in
combination with subsequent fires, not controlled demolition, led to the collapse
of the Twin Towers, but some groups, including Architects & Engineers for 9/11
Truth, disagree with the arguments made by NIST and Popular Mechanics.

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Since the attacks, a variety of conspiracy theories have been put forward in Web
sites, books, and films. Many groups and individuals advocating 9/11 conspiracy
theories identify as part of the 9/11 Truth movement. Within six hours of the
attack, a suggestion appeared on an Internet chat room suggesting that the
collapse of the towers looked like an act of controlled demolition. "If, in a few
days, not one official has mentioned anything about the controlled demolition
part," the author wrote, "I think we have a REALLY serious problem."[36] The
first theories that emerged focused primarily on various perceived anomalies in
the publicly available evidence, and proponents later developed more specific
theories about an alleged plot. One false allegation that was widely circulated by
e-mail and on the Web is that not a single Jew had been killed in the attack and
that therefore the attacks must have been the work of the Mossad, not Islamic
terrorists. Similar e-mail narratives claimed that all Arab taxi drivers were
absent in downtown Manhattan that morning.
The first elaborated theories appeared in Europe. One week after the attacks, the
"inside job" theory was the subject of a thesis by a researcher from the French
National Centre for Scientific Research published in Le Monde. Other theories
sprang from the far corners of the globe within weeks. Six months after the
attacks, Thierry Meyssan's piece on 9/11, L'Effroyable Imposture, topped the
French bestseller list. Its publication in English (as 9/11: The Big Lie) received
little attention, but it remains one of the principal sources for "trutherism".
 2003 saw the publication of The CIA and September 11 by former German state
minister Andreas von Bülow and Operation 9/11 by the German journalist
Gerhard Wisnewski; both books are published by Mathias Bröckers, who was at
the time an editor at the German newspaper Die Tageszeitung.
While these theories were popular in Europe, they were treated by the U.S.
media with either bafflement or amusement, and they were dismissed by the
U.S. government as the product of anti-Americanism.[39][40] In an address to the
United Nations on November 10, 2001, President George W. Bush denounced
the emergence of "outrageous conspiracy theories [...] that attempt to shift the
blame away from the terrorists, themselves, away from the guilty."
The 9/11 conspiracy theories started out mostly in the political left but have
broadened into what New York magazine describes as "terra incognita where left
and right meet, fusing sixties countercultural distrust with the don't-tread-on-
me variety".
By 2004, conspiracy theories about the September 11 attacks began to gain
ground in the United States. One explanation is that the rise in popularity
stemmed more from growing criticism of the Iraq War and the newly re-elected
President George W. Bush than from any discovery of new or more compelling
evidence or an improvement in the technical quality of the presentation of the
theories.[10] Knight Ridder news theorized that revelations that weapons of mass

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NATIONAL COLLEGE ‘’SPIRU HARET”

destruction did not exist in Iraq, the belated release of the President's Daily Brief
of August 6, 2001, and reports that NORAD had lied to the 9/11 Commission,
may have fueled the conspiracy theories.
Between 2004 and the fifth anniversary of the September 11 attacks in 2006,
mainstream coverage of the conspiracy theories increased.[10] The U.S.
government issued a formal analysis by the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) of the collapse of the World Trade Center.[43] To address the
growing publicity of the theories, the State Department revised a webpage in
2006 to debunk them. A 2006 national security strategy paper declared that
terrorism springs from "subcultures of conspiracy and misinformation," and that
"terrorists recruit more effectively from populations whose information about
the world is contaminated by falsehoods and corrupted by conspiracy theories.
The distortions keep alive grievances and filter out facts that would challenge
popular prejudices and self-serving propaganda." Al-Qaeda has repeatedly
claimed responsibility for the attacks, with chief deputy Ayman al-
Zawahiri accusing Shia Iran and Hezbollah of denigrating Sunni successes in
hurting America by intentionally starting rumors that Israel carried out the
attacks.
Some of the conspiracy theories about the September 11 attacks do not involve
representational strategies typical of many conspiracy theories that establish a
clear dichotomy between good and evil, or guilty and innocent; instead, they call
up gradations of negligence and complicity. Matthias Bröckers, an early
proponent of such theories, dismisses the commonly accepted account of the
September 11 attacks as being itself a conspiracy theory that seeks "to reduce
complexity, disentangle what is confusing," and "explain the inexplicable".
Just before the fifth anniversary of the attacks, mainstream news outlets released
a flurry of articles on the growth of 9/11 conspiracy theories, with an article
in Time stating that "[t]his is not a fringe phenomenon. It is a mainstream
political reality." Several surveys have included questions about beliefs related
to the September 11 attacks. In 2008, 9/11 conspiracy theories topped a "greatest
conspiracy theory" list compiled by The Daily Telegraph. The list was ranked by
following and traction.
In 2010, the "International Center for 9/11 Studies," a private organization that
is said to be sympathetic to conspiracy theories, successfully sued for the release
of videos collected by NIST of the attacks and aftermath. According to the
German daily Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, the videos that were published
shortly before the ninth anniversary of the attacks provide "new food for
conspiracy theorists." Many of the videos show images of 7 World Trade
Center, a skyscraper in the vicinity of the WTC towers that also collapsed on
September 11, 2001. Eyewitnesses have repeatedly reported explosions

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NATIONAL COLLEGE ‘’SPIRU HARET”

happening before the collapse of both of the towers, while experts consider these
theories to be unreasonable.
9/11 truth figures Steven E. Jones and Mike Berger have further added that
the death of Osama bin Laden did not change their questions about the attacks,
nor provide closure.
According to writer Jeremy Stahl, since Bush left office, the overall number of
believers in 9/11 conspiracy theories has dipped, while the number of people
who believe in the most "radical" theories has held fairly steady.

http://www.september11news.com/

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NATIONAL COLLEGE ‘’SPIRU HARET”

5 OF THE MOST COMPELIN THEORIEs

1.  The Twin Towers were brought down by explosives not

planes
Within just a few hours of the attacks on the Twin Towers, perhaps the most
well-known of all the theories had already surfaced in an Internet chat room.
The author of that post likened the collapse of the North and South Towers to an
act of controlled demolition due to the way the buildings fell so quickly and
perfectly into their own footprint. After the dust had settled, theorists raised
further evidence in the form of witness testimonies, citing reports of explosions
being heard before the Towers collapsed and debris visibly shooting out from
the lower levels of the buildings.
When the official report stated the Towers fell due to severe structural damage
caused by the planes and resulting fires, conspiracy theorists or 'truthers' as they
are otherwise known, argued the fires did not burn for long enough (56 minutes
in the case of the South Tower) to cause the catastrophic collapses.

2. A missile hit the Pentagon (not American Airlines Flight 77)

Early video footage and photos taken from the scene did not seem to show much
evidence of plane wreckage. Theorists maintain this was evidence that the
Pentagon was not struck by Flight 77, but by a missile or unmanned drone
instead. They also argue that the structural damage to the building was too minor
to have been made by a commercial airliner and question why the plane (piloted
by an amateur) was even allowed to crash into the headquarters of the United
States Department of Defense.

3. United Airlines Flight 93 was shot down

According to official reports, the passengers onboard Flight 93 attempted to take
back the plane from the hijackers and the subsequent struggle caused the aircraft
to crash into an open field in Pennsylvania. As with the Pentagon attack,
theorists state that little plane wreckage was actually discovered in the field and

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NATIONAL COLLEGE ‘’SPIRU HARET”

the crash site itself was too small for an airliner that size, arguing instead that the
plane was shot down by the military and so it disintegrated over a larger area. 
  
4. The United States government knew about the attacks and
stood the military down
A common belief amongst 'truthers' is that the North American Aerospace
Defense Command (NORAD) deliberately ordered their fighter jets to stand
down and allow the hijacked planes to reach their targets. America seemingly
had the most powerful air force in the world but failed to intercept any of the
planes that day, which theorists believe is an indication of a government
conspiracy to let the attacks go ahead. Why would they do such a thing?
Conspiracy theorists believe that the government wanted to use the attacks to
justify an invasion on Iraq and Afghanistan to secure oil interests.

5.  Insider traders knew about the attacks

In the days preceding the attacks, an 'extraordinary' amount of put options
(investments that pay off only when a stock drops in price) were placed on the
stocks of two airlines – American and United, which happened to be the airlines
hijacked during 9/11. As such, some theorists believe that traders had been given
advance warning of the attacks and were cashing in on the tragedy.

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NATIONAL COLLEGE ‘’SPIRU HARET”

9/11 TRUTH MOVEMENT

Name
"9/11 Truth movement" is a term that has been applied to loosely
affiliated organizations and individuals that question whether the United States
government, agencies of the United States or individuals within such agencies
were either responsible for or purposefully complicit in the September 11
attacks. The term is also being used by the adherents of the movement, who call
themselves "9/11 skeptics", "truth activists",or "9/11 Truthers",while generally
rejecting the term "conspiracy theorists".
Adherents
Adherents of the 9/11 Truth movement come from diverse social backgrounds.
The movement draws adherents from people of diverse political beliefs
including liberals, conservatives, and libertarians.
Lev Grossman of Time magazine has stated that support for the 9/11 Truth
movement is not a "fringe phenomenon", but "a mainstream political
reality." Others, such as Ben Smith of Politico and the Minneapolis Star
Tribune have stated that the movement has been "relegated to the fringe". The
Washington Post editorial staff went further describing the movement as
"lunatic fringe."[29] Mark Fenster, a University of Florida law professor and
author of the book Conspiracy Theories: Secrecy and Power in American
Culture, says that "the amount of organisation" of the movement is significantly
stronger than the organization of the movement related to doubts about the
official account of the assassination of John F. Kennedy, though this is likely the
result of new media technologies, such as online social networks, blogs, etc.
The 9/11 Truth movement is active in the United States as well as in other
countries.
In 2004, John Buchanan ran for president on a 9/11 Truth platform. Jeff
Boss ran in the 2008, 2012, and 2016 US presidential elections, and is currently
running in the 2020 election on a 9/11 Truth platform.
In a 2011 article in Skeptical Inquirer, Jamie Bartlett and Carl Miller gave an
overview and analyzed the members of the 9/11 Truth movement community.
The authors found that people involved in this movement, which seemingly is a
disparate group with very diversified backgrounds, could be classified into three
groups. They join the movement for different reasons, loosely self-assemble to
fill different roles, and are united by their shared mistrust in experts and the
establishment (government and reputable sources of knowledge) and have a

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NATIONAL COLLEGE ‘’SPIRU HARET”

conspiratorial stance. Through their engagement, they each find their own
fulfillment and satisfaction. Together, they contribute to the persistence,
resilience, and exaggerated claims of acceptance (in general public) of the
movement.

https://en.wikipedia.org/

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NATIONAL COLLEGE ‘’SPIRU HARET”

CONCLUSION

When starting the research and documentation for this paper, I never thought
that I could change my mentality and perspective upon the world. I could hardly
believe that there was anything that could make me react, as I thought that I had
seen and heard everything.
The information that I found ran contrary to my expectations. Despite all the
contradictory theories about the people responsible for the attacks, which I did
not find as important as the social, moral and psychological consequences on
people, I changed my opinion about humankind.
It was shocking for me to discover that man has such a tremendous potential for
destruction, for violence inflicted on other human beings. I still cannot accept
the idea that people are capable of killing, of judging and taking control over
other people’s lives, deciding over their right to live or die.
Maybe it really was an inside job and not a terrorist attack, maybe the U.S.
government planned it all or maybe it was just a simple terrorist attack with a lot
of casualties meant to hurt a lot of people for no justified purpose. Perhaps we
will descover the truth at some point, or perhaps we will never actually know
what truly happened that day.
No matter the circumstances or the actual truth, history will record this day as a
starting point, as the day in which humanity began to realise that it was time
terrorist organizations were disbanded. But it is also possible that this day will
mark the beginning of an escalation in violence in the fight against some
unforgiving forces. If this occurs, it will be terrible.

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NATIONAL COLLEGE ‘’SPIRU HARET”

APPENDICES

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http://www.september11news.com/

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NATIONAL COLLEGE ‘’SPIRU HARET”

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS
• 11 Septembrie- Raportul final al Comisiei Americane de Anchetă privind
atacurile teroriste asupra Statelor Unite ale Americii. Bucureşti: Editura
ALLFA, 2006.
• America sub teroare. Bucureşti: Editura Alex-Alex, Leti Press, 2001.
• Brinkbäumer, K., Buse, U., Cziesche, D. (2004) 11 Septembrie: Ziua în care
lumea s-a cutremurat. Bucureşti: Editura Runa.
• Chiesa, G. (2008) Zero: de ce versiunea oficială despre atacul de la 11
septembrie este un fals. Bucureşti: Editura Litera Internaţional

INTERNET RESOURCES

• Al-Qaeda Training Manual: http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/aqmanual.pdf

• http://www.fema.gov
• http://www.terrorism-research.com/
• http://www.fbi.gov/
• http://www.survivorsnet.org
• http://whatreallyhappened.com
• http://www.11-sept.org
• http://news.bbc.co.uk
• http://www.wtc.com/about/original-wtc
• http://en.wikipedia.org
• A list of the 77 countries whose citizens died as a result of the attacks on
September 11, 2001. U.S. Department of State, Office of International
Information Programs
 https://www.history.co.uk/

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