LAB 2

Wireless Local Area

Network
Medium Access Control for Wirelessly
Connected Stations

OBJECTIVES
This lab addresses the Medium Access Control (MAC) sublayer of the IEEE 802.11 standard
for the wireless local area network (WLAN). Various options of this standard are studied in
this lab. The performance of these options is analyzed under multiple scenarios.

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OVERVIEW
The IEEE 802.11 standard provides wireless connectivity to computerized stations that
require rapid deployment, such as portable computers. The Medium Access Control (MAC)
sublayer in the standard includes two fundamental access methods: distributed coordina-
tion function (DCF) and point coordination function (PCF). DCF utilizes the carrier sense
multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) approach. DCF is implemented in all
stations in the wireless local area network (WLAN). PCF is based on polling to determine the
station that can transmit next. Stations in an infrastructure network optionally implement
the PCF access method.
In addition to the physical CSMA/CA, DCF and PCF utilize a virtual carrier-sense mecha-
nism to determine the state of the medium. This virtual mechanism is implemented by
means of the network allocation vector (NAV), which provides each station with a prediction
of future traffic on the medium. Each station uses NAV as an indicator of time periods during
which transmission will not be initiated even if the station senses that the wireless medium
is not busy. NAV gets the information about future traffic from management frames and the
header of regular frames being exchanged in the network.
With DCF, every station senses the medium before transmitting. The transmitting station
defers as long as the medium is busy. After deferral and while the medium is idle, the trans-
mitting station has to wait for a random backoff interval. After the backoff interval and if the
medium is still idle, the station initiates data transmission or optionally exchanges request to
send (RTS) and clear to send (CTS) frames with the receiving station. The effect of RTS and
CTS frames will be studied in the Mobile WLAN lab.
With PCF, the access point (AP) in the network acts as a point coordinator (PC). The PC
uses polling to determine which station can initiate data transmission. It is optional for the
 Network Simulation Experiments Manual

stations in the network to participate in PCF and hence respond to polls received from the
PC. Such stations are called CF-Pollable stations. The PCF requires the PC to gain control
of the medium. To gain such control, the PC utilizes the Beacon management frames to
set the NAV in the network stations. Because the mechanism used to set NAV is based on
the DCF, all stations comply with the PC request to set their NAV, whether or not they are
CF-Pollable. This way the PC can control frame transmissions in the network by generating
contention-free periods (CFPs). The PC and the CF-Pollable stations do not use RTS/CTS in
the CFP.
The standard allows for fragmentation of the MAC data units into smaller frames.
Fragmentation is favorable in case the wireless channel is not reliable enough to transmit
longer frames. Only frames with a length greater than a fragmentation threshold will be
fragmented. Each fragment will be sent independently and will be separately acknowl-
edged. During a contention period, all fragments of a single frame will be sent as bursts
with a single invocation of the DCF medium access procedure. In case of PCF and during
a contention-free period, fragments are sent individually following the rules of the point
coordinator (PC).

PRE-LAB ACTIVITIES
& Read Section 2.7 from Computer Networks: A Systems Approach, 5th Edition.
: Go to www.net-seal.net and play the following animation:
m Wireless Network and Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance

PROCEDURE
12
Create a New Project
To create a new project for the Ethernet network:
1. Start OPNET IT Guru Academic Edition · Choose New from the File menu.
2. Select Project · Click OK · Name the project <your initials>_WirelessLAN, and name
the scenario DCF · Click OK.
3. In the Startup Wizard: Initial Topology dialog box, make sure that Create Empty Scenario is
selected · Click Next · Choose Office from the Network Scale list and check Use Metric
Units · Click Next twice · Click OK.

Create and Configure the Network

To create our wireless network:
1. The Object Palette dialog box should be now
on the top of your project space. If it is not
there, open it by clicking . Make sure that the
wireless_lan is selected from the pull-down
menu on the object palette.
2. Add to the project workspace the nine wlan_
station_adv (fix) from the palette.
a. To add an object from a palette, click its
icon in the object palette · Move your
mouse to the workspace · Left-click to
place the object. Right-click when finished.
3. Close the Object Palette dialog box · Arrange
the stations in the workspace as shown in the
following figure · Save your project.
 LAB 2
Wireless Local Area Network

Configure the Wireless Nodes

1. Repeat the following for each of the nine nodes:
Right-click on the node · Edit Attributes · Assign to the Wireless LAN MAC Address
attribute a value equals to the node number (e.g., address 1 is assigned to node_1) ·
Assign to the Destination Address attribute the corresponding value shown in the
following table · Click OK.

Node Destination
Name Address

node_0 Random
node_1 5
node_2 8
node_3 6
node_4 7
node_5 1
node_6 3
node_7 4
node_8 2

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a. The following figure shows the values assigned to the Destination Address and
Wireless LAN MAC Address attributes for node_1.
 Network Simulation Experiments Manual

Traffic Generation Parameters

1. Select all nodes in the network simultaneously except node_0 (click on all of them while
holding the Shift key) · Right-click on any of the selected nodes · Edit Attributes ·
Check the Apply Changes to Selected Objects check box.
2. Expand the Traffic Generation Parameters and the Packet Generation Arguments hierar-
chies · Edit the attributes to match the following figure · Click OK.

Buffer Size specifies

the maximum size of the
higher-layer data buffer
in bits. Once the buffer
limit is reached, the data
packets arriving from
the higher layer will be
discarded until some
packets are removed
from the buffer so that
the buffer has some free
space to store these new
packets.

3. Select all nodes in the network simultaneously, including

node_0 · Right-click on any of the selected nodes ·
Edit Attributes · Check the Apply Changes to Selected
Objects check box.
14 4. Expand the hierarchy of the Wireless LAN Parameters
attribute · Assign the value 4608000 to the Buffer Size
(bits) attribute · Click OK.
5. Right-click on node_0 · Edit Attributes · Expand the
Wireless LAN Parameters hierarchy and set the Access
Point Functionality to Enabled · Click OK.
6. Save the project.

Choose the Statistics

To test the performance of the network in our DCF scenario, we
will collect some of the available statistics as follows:
1. Right-click anywhere in the project workspace and
select Choose Individual Statistics from the pop-up
menu.
2. In the Choose Results dialog box, expand the Global
Statistics and Node Statistics hierarchies · Choose
the five statistics shown.
3. Click OK.

Configure the Simulation

Here we will configure the simulation parameters:
1. Click on and the Configure Simulation window
should appear.
2. Set the duration to be 10.0 minutes.
3. Click OK and then Save your project.
 LAB 2
Wireless Local Area Network

Duplicate the Scenario

In the network we just created, we did not utilize many of the features explained in the
overview section. By default, the distributed coordination function (DCF) method is used
for the Medium Access Control (MAC) sublayer. We will create three more scenarios to
utilize the features available from the IEEE 802.11 standard. In the DCF_Frag scenario,
we will allow fragmentation of the MAC data units into smaller frames and test its effect
on the network performance. The DCF_PCF scenario utilizes the point coordination
function (PCF) method for the MAC sublayer along with the DCF method. Finally, in the
DCF_PCF_Frag scenario we will allow fragmentation of the MAC data and check its effect
along with PCF.

THE DCF_FRAG SCENARIO

1. Select Duplicate Scenario from the Scenarios menu and give it the name DCF_Frag · Fragmentation
Click OK. Threshold specifies the
2. Select all the nodes in the DCF_ Frag scenario simultaneously · Right-click on any fragmentation threshold
in bytes. Any data packet
one of them · Edit Attributes · Check the Apply Changes to Selected Objects
received from a higher
check box. layer with a size greater
3. Expand the hierarchy of the Wireless LAN Parameters attribute · Assign the value 256 than this threshold will
to the Fragmentation Threshold (bytes) attribute · Click OK. be divided into frag-
ments, which will be
transmitted separately
over the radio interface.
Regardless of the value
of this attribute, if the
size of a higher-layer
packet is larger than 15
the maximum MSDU
size allowed by the IEEE
802.11 WLAN standard,
which is 2304 bytes,
then such a packet will
not be transmitted by
the MAC, and it will be
immediately discarded
when received.

4. Right-click on node_0 · Edit Attributes · Expand the Wireless LAN Parameters hierar-
chy and set the Access Point Functionality to Enabled · Click OK.

THE DCF_PCF SCENARIO

1. Switch to the DCF scenario, select Duplicate Scenario from the Scenarios menu and
give it the name DCF_PCF · Click OK · Save your project.
2. Select node_0, node_1, node_3, node_5, and node_7 in the DCF_PCF scenario simulta- To switch to a scenario,
neously (click on these nodes while holding the Shift key) · Right-click on any one of choose Switch to
the selected nodes · Edit Attributes. Scenario from the
3. Check Apply Changes to Selected Objects · Expand the hierarchy of the Wireless LAN Scenarios menu or just
Parameters attribute · Expand the hierarchy of the PCF Parameters attribute · Enable press Ctrl+<scenario
number>.
the PCF Functionality attribute · Click OK.
 Network Simulation Experiments Manual

4. Right-click on node_0 · Edit Attributes · Expand the Wireless LAN Parameters hierar-
chy and set the Access Point Functionality to Enabled · Click OK.

16 THE DCF_PCF_FRAG SCENARIO

1. Switch to the DCF_Frag scenario, select Duplicate Scenario from the Scenarios menu
and give it the name DCF_PCF_Frag · Click OK · Save your project.
2. Select node_0, node_1, node_3, node_5, and node_7 in the DCF_PCF_Frag scenario
simultaneously · Right-click on any one of the selected nodes · Edit Attributes.
3. Check Apply Changes to Selected Objects · Expand the hierarchy of the Wireless LAN
Parameters attribute · Expand the hierarchy of the PCF Parameters attribute · Enable
the PCF Functionality attribute · Click OK.
4. Right-click on node_0 · Edit Attributes · Expand the Wireless LAN Parameters hierar-
chy and set the Access Point Functionality to Enabled · Click OK.

Run the Simulation

To run the simulation for the four scenarios simultaneously:
1. Go to the Scenarios menu · Select Manage Scenarios.
2. Click on the row of each scenario and click the Collect Results button. This should
change the values under the Results column to <collect> as shown.
 LAB 2
Wireless Local Area Network

3. Click OK to run the four simulations. Depending on the speed of your processor, this
process may take several seconds to complete.
4. After the simulation of the four scenarios completes, click Close · Save your project.

View the Results

To view and analyze the results (Note: Actual results will vary slightly based on the actual
node positioning in the project):
1. Select Compare Results from the Result menu.
2. Change the drop-down menu in the lower-right part of the Compare Results dialog box
from As Is to time_average · Select the Delay (sec) statistic from the Wireless LAN time_average is the
hierarchy as shown. average value over time
of the values generated
during the collection
window. This average
is performed assuming
a “sample-and-hold”
behavior of the data
set (i.e., each value is
weighted by the amount
of time separating it from
the following update
and the sum of all the
weighted values is
divided by the width of
the collection window).

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3. Click Show to show the result in a new panel. The resulting graph should resemble the
following one.
Delay represents the
end-to-end delay of all
the packets received by
the wireless LAN MACs
of all WLAN nodes in the
network and forwarded
to the higher layer.
This delay includes
medium access delay at
the source MAC, recep-
tion of all the fragments
individually, and transfer
of the frames through AP,
if access point function-
ality is enabled.
 Network Simulation Experiments Manual

4. Go to the Compare Results dialog box · Follow the same procedure to show the graphs
of the following statistics from the Wireless LAN hierarchy: Load (bits/sec) and
Throughput (bits/sec). The resulting graphs should resemble the following ones.

Load represents the total

load (in bits/sec) submit-
ted to wireless LAN
layers by all other higher
layers in all WLAN nodes
of the network.
This statistic does not
include the bits of the
higher-layer packets
that are dropped by
WLAN MACs upon arrival
and not considered for
transmission because of,
for example, insufficient
space left in the higher-
layer packet buffer of
the MAC.

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Throughput represents
the total number of bits
(in bits/sec) forwarded
from wireless LAN lay-
ers to higher layers in
all WLAN nodes of the
network.
 LAB 2
Wireless Local Area Network

5. Go to the Compare Results dialog box · Expand the Object Statistics hierarchy · Expand
the Office Network hierarchy · Expand the hierarchy of two nodes. One node should
have PCF enabled in the DCF_PCF scenario (e.g., node_3) and the other node should
have PCF disabled (e.g., node_2) · Show the result of the Delay (sec) statistic for the
chosen nodes. The resulting graphs should resemble the following ones.

6. Repeat Step 5 above but for the Retransmission Attempts (packets) statistic. The result-
ing graphs should resemble the following ones. 19

7. Close all graphs and the Compare Results dialog box · Save your project.

FURTHER READING
ANSI/IEEE Standard 802.11, 1999 Edition: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and
Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications.
 Network Simulation Experiments Manual

EXERCISES
1. Based on the definition of the statistic Load, explain why with PCF enabled the load is
lower than if DCF is used without PCF.
2. Analyze the graphs that compare the Delay and Throughput of the four scenarios. What
are the effects of utilizing PCF and fragmentation on these two statistics?
3. From the last four graphs, explain how the performance of a node without PCF is affected
by having PCF enabled in other nodes in the network.
4. Create two new scenarios as duplicates of the DCF_PCF scenario. Name the first new
scenario DCF_allPCF and the second new scenario DCF_twoPCF. In DCF_allPCF, enable
the PCF attribute in all eight nodes: node_1 through node_8. (Note: Do not include
node_0 in any of your attribute editing.) In DCF_twoPCF, disable the PCF attribute
in node_3 and node_5 (this will leave only node_1 and node_7 with PCF enabled).
Generate the graphs for the Delay, Load, and Throughput statistics, and explain how the
number of PCF nodes might affect the performance of the wireless network.
5. For all scenarios, select the Media Access Delay statistic from the Global Statistics ·
Wireless LAN hierarchy. Rerun the simulation for all scenarios. Generate the graph that
compares the Media Access Delay statistic of all scenarios. Analyze the graph, explaining
the effect of PCF, fragmentation, and number of PCF nodes on media access delay.

LAB REPORT
Prepare a report that follows the guidelines explained in the Introduction Lab. The report
should include the answers to the preceding exercises as well as the graphs you generated
from the simulation scenarios. Discuss the results you obtained and compare these results
with your expectations. Mention any anomalies or unexplained behaviors.

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