Fractions PDF

FRACTIONS
Fractions
T
P OR
PASS
www.mathletics.com.au
Fractions allow us to split things into smaller equal sized amounts.
Write down two occasions where you have had to split something up evenly between family members
or friends. Describe how you made sure this was done fairly each time.
is a go!
Give th
Q For
one particular school:
There are 256 students in Year 7.
The Year 8, 9 and 10 groups all have half the number of students than the year just below them.
How many students are there at this school in Years 7 to 10?
Work through the book for a great way to do this
Fractions H 5 1
Mathletics Passport © 3P Learning SERIES TOPIC
How does it work? Fractions
Proper fractions
Proper fractions represent parts of a whole number or object.
numerator 1 number of equal parts you have

denominator 2 total number of equal parts
The numerator is always smaller than or equal to the denominator in proper fractions.
Let’s look at some equally sized shaded shapes.
(i) Write a fraction for the shaded parts of the squares below:
1 whole square Split into 2 equal parts Split into 3 equal parts Split into 4 equal parts
The number of equal parts shaded
1 =1 1 2 2
1 2 3 4
The total number of equal parts Larger denominator

= smaller equal parts
(ii) Shade these to match the fraction:

3 5 Shaded parts
8 12 Total equal parts
(iii) Include at least two half-shapes when shading these to match the fraction:
5 16
8 25
Two halves = 1 whole
2 H 5 Fractions
SERIES TOPIC Mathletics Passport © 3P Learning
How does it work? Your Turn Fractions
Proper fractions
1 What fraction of these equal-sized shapes have been shaded?
a b c d
e f g h
2 Shade these to match the given fraction:
a 5 b 8 c 3 d 11 e 4
12 8 7 16 10
3 Shade these to match the given fraction, including at least one pair of half-shapes:
a 9 b 3 c 5 d 7 e 1
25 10 6 10 4
Fractions H 5 3
PROPER FR
Proper fractions
AC
4
TIO
5
NS
4 Draw and shade diagrams with equal sized shapes to represent each of these fractions:
..../...../20...
(i) Shading whole shapes only.
S
ON
(ii) Including at least one pair of half-shaded shapes. RO
PER FRACTI
P
3 b
2
a
5 9
(i) (i)
(ii) (ii)
c
5 d
4
8 7
(i) (i)
(ii) (ii)
4 H 5 Fractions
Equivalent proper fractions
These are fractions with different numbers that represent the same amount.
For example, two fitness teams do three sessions of training in the same park.
Session 1: Grouped in pairs Session 2: In groups of four Session 3: Grouped as a whole team
4 2 1
8
4 2

Fraction of training groups wearing striped (or plain) shirts in each session.
The groups change size but the total number of people training remains the same
` 4 = 2 = 1 = Equivalent fractions
8 4 2
We find equivalent fractions by dividing/multiplying the numerator and denominator by the same number.
Write an equivalent fraction for each of these using the multiplication or division given in square brackets
(i) 3 6 # 3 @ (ii) 12 6' 4 @
5 32
3#3 = 9 12 ' 4 = 3
5#3 15 32 ' 4 8
` 3 and 9 = equivalent fractions ` 12 and 3 = equivalent fractions

5 15 32 8
Simplify these fractions by dividing the numerator and denominator by the highest common factor (HCF)
Simplify = Find the smallest

equivalent fraction. 
HCF: the largest number
that divides into both exactly
3 (ii) 18
(i)
9 24
HCF for 3 and 9 is: 3 HCF for 18 and 24 is: 6
` 3'3 = 1 ` 18 ' 6 = 3
9'3 3 24 ' 6 4
` 1 is the simplest equivalent fraction to 3 ` 3 is the simplest equivalent fraction to 18
3 9 4 24
Fractions H 5 5
1 Write the equivalent fractions represented by these equally-sized shaded areas:
a
b
= = = = =
2 Write an equivalent fraction for each of these using the multiplication or division given in square brackets:
8 6' 2 @
4 6# 5 @
a
1 b
10
c
3 6# 3 @ d
12 6 ' 6 @
5 24
3 Simplify these fractions by dividing the numerator and denominator by the highest common factor (HCF).
a 16 b 8
20 32
4 Simplify these two fractions.
a 14 b 16
21 24
Are the fractions 14 and 16 from question 4 equivalent fractions? Briefly explain your answer.
5
21 24

6 H 5 Fractions
6 Match the pair of equivalent fractions below by joining them with a straight line.
Solve the puzzle by matching the letter with the number each straight line passes through.
LENT PROPE
VA
UI ..../.. R
.../20.
..
EQ
FR
ACT
IONS
10
IONS
27 35 4
ACT
72 5
FR
EQ
UI
2 8 VA
LENT PROPE
R
5 12
6 3
10 4
2 6
7 15
1 6
4 24
8 1
14 2
6 5
30 15
2 1
3 5
1 4
3 7
3 12
5 16
3 8
8 15 10
30
Fractions H 5 7
Improper fractions and mixed numerals
An improper fraction has a bigger numerator (top) than denominator (bottom)

3 Improper fractions 5
2 4
numerator 2denominator
2 means ‘bigger than’
Mixed numerals have a whole number and a proper fraction.
11 Mixed numerals 11
2 4
A ‘mix’ of whole numbers and proper fractions.
Mixed numerals are simplified improper fractions.

Simplify these
Improper fractions to mixed numerals
(i) 5
3 5 = 5'3
3 numerator
= numerator ' denominator
denominator
= 1r 2
remainder
= 12
3
Whole number answer
same denominator
(ii) 14
4 14 = 7 = 7 ' 2 Simplify if possible picture form
4 2
= 3r1
remainder
= 31
2
Whole number answer same simplified denominator
Mixed numerals to improper fractions

+
(i) 1 2 1 2 = 3 # 1+ 2
3 3 3
#
= 5 same denominator
3
(ii) 2 1 +
5 1 = 5 # 2 +1
2
5 5
#
= 11 same denominator
5
8 H 5 Fractions
1 Write the mixed numerals represented by these shaded diagrams:

a b
= =
c d
= =
Make sure you write the fraction in simplest form where possible.
e f
= =
M ER AL S
NU
D
A N D MI XE
2 Simplify these improper fractions by writing them as mixed numerals.
a
12 b 14 c 23
IMP
./20...
5 3 2
..
..../..
RO
NS
PE
R F C TI O
RA
3 Write these fractions in simplest form first, then change to the mixed numerals.
a 15 b
21 c 18
9 14 16
4 Write the equivalent improper fraction for these mixed numerals.

a 11 b 23 c 44
2 4 5
5 Write the equivalent improper fraction for these mixed numerals after first simplifying the fraction parts.
a 4
2 b 2 6 c 25 24
12 24 72
Fractions H 5 9
Fractions on the number line
Proper fractions represent values between 0 and 1 on a number line.
1 number of equal steps taken between 0 and 1

2 total number of equal steps between 0 and 1
Mark equal-sized steps matching the denominator between 0 and 1, then plot the fraction using the numerator.
Display the fractions 1 , 3 and 2 on these number lines

2 5 3
1 step taken 3 steps taken 2 steps taken
1 = 3= 2 =
2 0 1 5 0 1 3 0 1
2 equal steps between 0 and 1 5 equal steps between 0 and 1 3 equal steps between 0 and 1
For mixed numerals, plot the fraction between the given whole number and the next whole number.
number of equal steps towards the next whole number ‘4’
Start from this whole number 31
2 total number of equal steps between ‘3’ and the next whole number ‘4’
Display and read these fractions on a number line
Mixed numerals
(i) 4 1 1 step taken towards 5 (ii) 2 2 2 steps taken towards 3
2 5
Start 4 1 5 Start 2 2 3
2 5
2 equal steps between 4 and 5 5 equal steps between 2 and 3
Improper fractions – simply change to the equivalent mixed numeral first then show on the number line
(i) 7 = 2 1 1 step taken towards 3 (ii) 18 = 3 = 1 1 1 step taken towards 2
3 3 12 2 2
Start 2 1 3 Start 1 1 2
3 2
3 equal steps between 2 and 3 2 equal steps between 1 and 2
Write down the fraction displayed on these number lines

(i) (ii) (iii)
0 1 3 4 4 5
2 steps taken towards 1 2 steps taken towards 4 4 steps taken towards 5
0 1 3 4 4 5
4 equal steps between 0 and 1 3 equal steps between 3 and 4 6 equal steps between 4 and 5
2 = 1 Simplest form 32 4 4 = 4 2 Simplest form

4 2 3 6 3
10 H 5 Fractions
T HE NUMBE
R LINE
ON
..../...../20...
FRACTIONS
FRACTIONS
1 What proper fraction do the following points on the number line represent? THE NUMB
ER LINE
ON
a b c
0 1 0 1 0 1
2 Display these fractions on a number line:
a 0 1
b
0 1
c
0 1
1 3 8
4 3 15
3 Write and display the fraction of equal shapes shaded on a number line for these diagrams:
a b c

0 1 0 1 0 1
4 Write the mixed numeral and equivalent improper fraction for the dots plotted on these number lines:
b c
a
2 3 1 2 5 6
= = =
5 Display these improper fractions on the number line:
27 = 11 = 22 =
a b c
10 2 5
2 3 4 5 6
6 Display these on the number line after changing to equivalent fractions in simplest form first.
a 42 = = b 63 = = c 110 = =
15 18 25
1 2 3 4 5
Fractions H 5 11
Reciprocal fractions
Original fraction 2 swap 5 Reciprocal fraction

5 2
Write the reciprocal of these fractions
(i) 3 3 3 4
4 swap Reciprocal fraction
4 4 3
(ii) 18 18 = 9 9 swap 4 Reciprocal fraction

8 8 4 4 9
Simplified
For mixed numerals, change to an improper fraction first then write the reciprocal.
Mixed numeral 31 7 7 swap

2 Reciprocal fraction
2 2 2 7
Improper fraction
Whole/mixed number examples: Always write as a fraction first.

Write the reciprocal of these
(i) 3 3 = 3 3 swap 1 Reciprocal fraction

1 1 3
Whole number as a fraction
(ii) 2 3 23 11 11 swap 4 Reciprocal fraction

4 4 4 4 11
Improper fraction
(iii) 4 9 4 9 43 23 23 swap 5 Reciprocal fraction

15 15 5 5 5 23
Simplified fraction Improper fraction
We will see why we find the reciprocal a little later on in this booklet.
It is used when dividing an amount by a fraction.
12 H 5 Fractions
F
CAL RACT
RO
IO
IP
NS
REC
3
4 4
1 Write the reciprocal for these fractions:
..../...
REC
3
../20...
S
ON
IP
RO
a 2 b 11 c 6 d 15 CAL RACTI
F
3 7 19 4
2 Write the reciprocal, then simplify these fractions:
a 6 b 14 c 12 d 25
10 8 18 10
3 Write the reciprocal of these:

1 1
a b c 2 d 4
5 9
4 Write the reciprocal of these mixed numerals:
a 1 b 32 c 15
23 5 9
5 Write the reciprocal of these mixed numerals after first writing as a fraction:

a 3
2 b 1 10 c 2 9
10 12 21
6 Write the reciprocal of these fractions as a simplified mixed numeral:
a 10
b 12 c 15
48 66 115
Fractions H 5 13
Where does it work? Fractions
Comparing fractions
This is where we see which fractions are larger than others.
1 or 1
2 3
Write equivalent fractions by changing the denominators to their LCM. Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)
The smallest value that appears
1#3 3 or 2 1#2 in both times tables
2#3 6 6 3#2
Since they have the same denominator, now just compare their numerators.
bigger 1 smaller 3 2 2
6 6
` 1 2 1
2 3
Compare the size of these fractions
(i) 2 , 3 and 5
3 4 12 2 3
, and 5 LCM of denominators = 12
3 4 12
2#4 8 , 9 3#3 and 5

3#4 12 12 4#3 12
5 1 8 1 9 Compare numerators
12 12 12
` 5 1 2 1 3 Order fractions by size

12 3 4
If comparing improper fractions, use the same method but leave the answer as a mixed numeral.
(ii) 11 and 13
4 5 11 13
, LCM of denominators = 20
4 5
11 # 5 55 , 52 13 # 4
4#5 20 20 5#4
55 2 52 Compare numerators
20 20
` 23 2 23 Write in simplest form

4 5
14 H 5 Fractions
Where does it work? Your Turn Fractions
Comparing fractions
1 Compare the size of these fractions:
a 2 and 1 b 3 and 5
5 3 4 7
RING FRAC
PA
TI
CO
ONS
1
2 Compare the size of the fractions in each of these groups: 2
1
..../.
ONS
3
..../2
CO
0...
3 , 1 and 11 9 , 2 and 5
TI
a b
PA
M
5 2 20 12 3 6 RING FRAC
3 Compare the size of these improper fractions:

14 , 15 and 21
a 9 and 16 b
4 7 3 4 8
Fractions H 5 15
Adding and subtracting fractions with the same denominator
+ =
1 + 2 = 3
4 4 4
one quarter and two quarters equals three quarters
- =
2 - 1 = 1
3 3 3
two thirds less one third equals one third
If the denominator (bottom) is the same, just add or subtract the numerators (top).
Simplify these fractions with the same denominator
(i) 2 + 5 2 + 5 = 2+5 Add the numerators only

9 9 9 9 9
= 7
9
(ii) 6 - 2 6 - 2 = 6 - 2 Subtract the numerators only

7 7 7 7 7
= 4
7
(iii) 2 + 5 2 + 5 = 2+5 Add the numerators only

3 3 3 3 3
Always write = 7
3
answers in
simplest form
= 21 Simplify
3
(iv) 3 - 1 + 4 3 - 1 + 4 = 3 -1+ 4 Subtract/add the numerators only

5 5 5 5 5 5 5
= 6
5
= 11 Simplify
5
16 H 5 Fractions
Adding and subtracting fractions with the same denominator
1 Simplify these without the aid of a calculator:
a 1 +1 b 3 -1 c 5+2
3 3 5 5 9 9
d
8 - 6 e 11 - 4 f 3+5
11 11 15 15 8 8
SAME D
THE EN
TH
OM
WI
IN
CTIONS
ATOR
..../..
FRA
Simplify these without the aid of a calculator:
.../20.
ADD
2
..
NG
IN
G
AND TI
1 +4 8-2 2+5 SUBTRAC
a b c
2 2 5 5 3 3
d 10 - 1 e 11 + 4 f 15 - 8
4 4 7 7 2 2
3 Simplify these without the aid of a calculator, remembering to write the answer in simplest form:
11 5 13 + 19 9 + 13
a - b c
4 4 6 6 8 8
a 4+1 +2 b 20 - 10 - 4 c 1 +1 -1
9 9 9 3 3 3 2 2 2
d 1 +4-2 e 8-4+6 f 13 + 11 - 9
5 5 5 7 7 7 6 6 6
Fractions H 5 17
Adding and subtracting fractions with a different denominator
+ =
1 + 1 ?
4 2 =
one quarter and one half equals ?
1# 2 = 2
2#2 4
+ =
1 + 2 = 3
4 4 4
one quarter and two quarters equals three quarters
Simplify these expressions which have fractions with different denominators
(i) 2 + 1 For 2 and 1 Denominators are different

3 5 3 5
` 2 + 1 = 2 #5 + 1#3 The LCM of the denominators is 15

3 5 3#5 5#3
= 10 + 3 Equivalent fractions with LCM denominators

15 15
= 10 + 3 Add the numerators only

15
Multiply top and bottom by
the number used to make the
= 13
15
denominator equal to the LCM
(ii) 7 - 1 + 3 For 7 , 1 and 3 Denominators are all different

8 2 4 8 2 4

7 - 1 + 3 = 7 - 1# 4 + 3# 2 The LCM of all the denominators is 8
8 2 4 8 2#4 4#2
= 7-4+6 Equivalent fractions with LCM in the denominators

8 8 8
= 7-4+6
8
= 9 Simplify the numerator

8
= 11 Simplify to mixed numeral

8
18 H 5 Fractions

1 Fill in the spaces for these calculations:
a 1 + 1 The LCM of the denominators is: b 4 - 1 The LCM of the denominators is:
3 6 7 5
` 1 + 1 = 1# +1 ` 5 - 1 = 5# - 1# 7
3 6 3# 6 7 5 7# 5#7
= +1 = -
6
= = simplest form
= simplest form
a 1 +1 b 5-1
3 2 6 2
c 2-1 d 1 +3
5 4 6 4
e 6-2 f 3+3
7 3 5 8
Fractions H 5 19

3 Simplify these expressions without the aid of a calculator, remembering to write the answer in simplest form.
HE
TH T DIFFE
a 1 +4 b
13 - 3 WI R
8 5
NS
2 5
EN
NG FRACTIO
TD
ENOMINATOR
..../...../20.
CTI
..
A
AD BT
R
DIN
G AND SU
c 1 +3 -1 d 3+ 3 -3
2 8 4 5 10 4
e 2-1 +5 f 7 - 1 + 11
3 4 6 12 3 24
20 H 5 Fractions
The same rules apply for questions with a mix of whole numbers and fractions. Here are some examples:
Simplify these expressions which have a mix of whole numbers and fractions
(i) 3 + 1 3+ 1 = 3 1 Write the fraction after the whole number

4 4 4
(ii) 1 - 2 1- 2 = 5 - 2 Write the whole number as a fraction with same denominator

5 5 5 5
= 3 Subtract the numerators only
5
(iii) 4 - 2 4 - 2 = 28 - 2 Write the whole number as a fraction with same denominator

7 7 7 7
= 26
7
= 35 Simplify fraction
7
4 Simplify these expressions:
a 2+ 1 b 1+ 3
2 4
c 1- 2 d 1- 3
3 8
e 2- 3 f 4- 1
5 4
g 3- 5 h 5- 5
3 2
Fractions H 5 21
Multiplying and dividing fractions
To multiply fractions, just remember: Multiply the numerators (top) and the denominators (bottom)
of = ‘ # ’
1 of 2 = 1 #
2 = 1# 2 = 2
3 5 3 5 3#5 15
To divide an amount by a fraction, just remember: flip the second fraction then multiply
1 '2 = 1 #
5 Only flip the second fraction
3 5 3 2
= 1#5
3#2
Change the ‘' ’ to a ‘ # ’
Remember: A flipped fraction
= 5 is called the reciprocal fraction
6
Simplify these:
We can use shaded diagrams to calculate the multiplication of two fractions
(i) 2 of 4
3 5 3 Draw a grid using the denominators as the dimensions
5
4
3 2 Use the numerators to shade columns/rows
= 8
15
`2 #
4 = 8 Write where they overlap as a fraction
3 5 15
If whole numbers are involved, write them as a fraction
(ii) 28 ' 2 ` 28 ' 2 = 28 # 7 Flip the second fraction and change sign to ‘ # ’
7 7 2

= 28 # 7 Write the whole number as a fraction
1 2
= 196
2
= 98 Simplify
1

= 98
22 H 5 Fractions

1 Calculate these fraction multiplications by shading the given grids:
a 1 of 3 b 2 of 4
5 4 3 7
3
5
7
4 ` 2 of 4 =
3 7
` 1 of 3 =
5 4
c 4 of 4 d
2 of 3
5 5 5 8
5 5
5 8
` 4 of 4 = ` 2 of 3 = =
5 5 5 8
simplified
e
3 of 7 f
3 of 5
4 9 4 6
4 4
9 6
` 3 of 7 = = ` 3 of 5 = =
4 9 4 6
simplified simplified
Fractions H 5 23
ANDD
IPLYING
LT
IVID
' MU
ONS
ING
....
ACTI
FRAC
Simplify these without the aid of a calculator: /...
../2
2
TION
F
0...
ING
MULT
S
1 1 3 1
IVID
IPLY #
a # b # ING
2 3 5 4 ANDD
2 2 2 2 3 2
c ` 3 j psst: this is just 3 #
3
d `5j
e 1 '3 f 2 '1
3 2 11 4
g 5 '4 h
3 '8
6 4
i 10 # 4 j 24 # 3
5 8
k 12 ' 3 l 2' 2
5 13
24 H 5 Fractions
3 Simplify these without the aid of a calculator, remembering to write the answer in simplest form.
2 2 3 3
a `8j b
4
#
2
c 3'5 d 2'5
8 4 3 3
e
9 '8 f 3 #
2 #
1 psst: same as the others!
10 5 4 3 2
g 2 #
3 #
1 h 1 ' 4 ' 1 psst: work left to right!
5 6 3 2 2
4 Is 2 of 4 exactly the same as 2 ' 12 ? Explain your answer.

3 6 3 8
Fractions H 5 25
Operations with mixed numerals
Just change to improper fractions then use the same methods as shown earlier.
Simplify these calculations involving mixed numerals
Addition and subtraction
(i) 1 2 + 2 1 1 2 + 2 1 = 5 + 13 Change to improper fractions

3 6 3 6 3 6
= 10 + 13 Equivalent fractions with LCM denominators

6 6
= 23
6
= 35 Simplify to mixed numeral

Or just add the whole numbers 6
and the fractions separately.
1+ 2 = 3 2 + 1 = 5
3 6 6
(ii) 4 1 - 1 1 4 1 - 1 1 = 21 - 3 Change to improper fractions

5 2 5 2 5 2
= 42 - 15 Equivalent fractions with LCM denominators

10 10
= 27
10
= 2 7 Simplify to mixed numeral

10
Multiplication and division
(iii) 1 3 #2
1 13 #2
1 = 7 #
7 Change to improper fractions
4 3 4 3 4 3
= 49 Multiply tops and bottoms together

12
= 4 1 Simplify to mixed numeral

12
(iv) 1 1 ' 2
6 11 '2 = 7 ' 2 Change to improper fractions
6 6 1
= 7 #
1 Flip second fraction and change to multiply
6 2
Remember
= 7 Multiply numerators and denominators together
12
2 = 2 , 3 = 3 , etc
1 1
26 H 5 Fractions
W
IONS ITH M
RAT IX
E
Operations with mixed numerals
OP
ED
+
#
NUM
ERALS
ERALS
1 Simplify these additions and subtractions without the aid of a calculator:
..../.
..../2
NUM
0...
+
#
OP
ED
2 1 +4 2 2 1 -1 2
RA X
E
a b TIO
NS WITH
MI
4 3 4 5
c 5 3 -2 1 d 3 1 +1 1
5 2 6 5
a 4 #1 2 b 43 #2
5 7
c 13 #3
1 d 51 #1
4
4 2 3 5
3 Simplify these divisions without the aid of a calculator:
a 3'21 b 12 '3
2 3
c 2 2 '1 1 d 5 1 '1 2
5 2 2 3
Fractions H 5 27
Combining all the operations
Earn yourself an awesome passport stamp by trying these trickier questions without using a calculator.
ME *
E SO
1 Simplify 1 + 6 3 #1
1 psst: remember your order of operations W
7 5 2
*A
/20...
*A
....
WE
..../.
SO
ME *
2 Simplify 4 1 ' 3 5 #5
1 psst: work left to right… so do the division first
2 6 3
3 Simplify this shaded diagram into a single fraction. psst: write as fractions, then work left to right

# +
28 H 5 Fractions
What else can you do? Fractions
Fractions of an amount
How many links are there in 2 of a chain made using a total of 20 links?
5
Simplified, this question is just: Find 2 of 20 .

5
Remember: ‘of’ = ‘ # ’
` 2 of 20 = 2 # 20
5 5
= 2 # 20
5 1
= 40
5
= 8
` 2 of the 20 links = 8 links

5
Here are some questions that calculate fractions of an amount.
(i) Juliet lost 1 of the 116 songs she had downloaded when a computer virus infected the files.
4
How many songs were not affected by the virus?
1 of 116 songs = 1 # 116 If 1 are gone, then 3 remain.

4 4
4 4 So finding 3 of 116 will get
4
= 1 + 116 the same answer. Try it!
4 1
= 116
4
= 29
` 116 - 29 = 87 songs not affected by the virus Answer the question
(ii) How long is 7 of 1 hour?

10
7 7
of 1 hour = of 60 minutes Change to smaller units if possible
10 10
= 7 # 60
10 1
= 420
10
= 42
` 7 of 1 hour = 42 minutes Answer the question
10
Fractions H 5 29
What else can you do? Your Turn Fractions
FRACTI
ONS
NT
OF
OU
AN
AM
0...
Calculate the amount for each of these, showing all working:
AN
1
AM
../2
UN O
/...
OF
T
....
1 of 20 3 of 32 ONS
a b FRACTI
5 4
c
2 of 24 d
5 of 42
3 6
2 Calculate the amount for each of these by first making the mixed numeral an improper fraction:
psst: the answers will be bigger than the given whole number
a 2 1 of 4 b 1 4 of 15
2 5
c 3 2 of 14 d 4 2 of 36
7 3
3 Calculate these fractions of quantities, showing all working:
a How many hours is 3 of 1 day? b How many grams is 3 of 2 kilograms?

4 10
1 day = 24 hours 1 kg = 1000 grams
30 H 5 Fractions
3 c How long is 5 of 2 hours? d How far is 1 of 3 kilometres?

6 5
1 hour = 60 minutes 1 km = 1000 metres
4 In an orchestra of 60 musicians, 1 were in the brass section. How many brass section players were there?

5
psst: remember to include a statement answering the question at the end
5 Krista and her team mates each receive 1 of a $900 prize for winning a competition.

5
How much does Krista receive?
Hank bought 2 of the 28 towels that were on sale in a shop. How many towels were not bought by Hank?
6
7

The lead in one brand of HB pencil is 8 graphite.

7
11
How many grams of non-graphite material are there in this brand if every pencil contains 33 grams of lead?
Fractions H 5 31
Here is what to do if you already have the fraction amount and need to find the original whole amount.
Amani used 250 g of one ingredient, which was 2 of the total ingredients used in the recipe she
5
was following. What is the total weight of ingredients used in this recipe?
2 of the total ingredients used = 250 g Divide the amount by the numerator
5
` 1 of the total ingredients = 250 g ' 2
5
= 125 grams Multiply answer by the denominator
A short-cut way is to
multiply 150 g by ` 5 (the total ingredients) = 125 g # 5
5
the reciprocal.
= 625 grams
250 g # 5 = 625 g
2
` Total weight of ingredients used in the recipe = 625 grams
8 The letter ‘e’ is used twenty-one times in this question. If this is 1 of all the letters used to write
8
this question, work out how many letters there are in total (show all working and check your
amount by counting).
9 During
a performance by Jolly Rob, 280 members of the audience found his jokes funny. If this was
4 of the total audience members at the performance, how many people were watching Jolly Rob?
7
10 y 3:00 pm, Juan had been waiting 30 minutes for his bus to arrive. If this is 5 of the total time he
B
6
spent waiting, at what time did his bus arrive?
32 H 5 Fractions
Two amounts as a fraction
Sometimes we need to compare two amounts by writing one as a fraction of the other.
For example, write 14 out of 36 as a fraction in simplest form
First amount 14 = 14 ' 2 Divide the amount by the HCF
Second ‘out of’ amount 36 36 ' 2
= 7 Simplest form
18
` 14 out of 36 = 7
18
These examples show how both amounts must be in the same units before writing as a fraction.
Write these amounts as fractions of one another in simplest form
(i) All the boxes in the picture weigh a total of 40 kg. The box being carried is 2000 g.
What fraction of the total weight is being carried?
40 kg = 40000 g Need both weights in the same smaller units
` 2000 = the fraction of the total weight being carried

40 000
1 kg = 1000 g = 1 Simplify fraction

20
` the box being carried is 1 of the total weight Answer question
20
(ii) What fraction of 2 1 hours is 15 minutes?

2
2 1 hours = 2 1 # 60 minutes 1 hour = 60 minutes
2 2
= 150 minutes Need both times in the same smaller units
First smaller amount 15 = 1 Simplify fraction

total amount 150 10
` 15 minutes is 1 of 2 1 hours Answer question
10 2
(iii) If one ream of paper contains 500 sheets, what fraction is 240 sheets out of 4 reams?
4 reams = 4 # 500 sheets
= 2000 sheets Need both amounts in the same smaller units
First smaller amount 240 = 3 Simplify

total amount 2000 25
` 240 sheets is 3 of 4 reams Answer question

25
Fractions H 5 33
AS A
NTS FR
OU
AM
AC
..../..
TI
TWO
ON
.../20.
1 Write the first amount as a fraction of the second for each of these in simplest form
TWO
ON
..
TI
AM
C
a 5 out of 20 b 16 out of 22 OU
A
NTS FR
AS A
c 35 marks out of a possible 40 d 2 hours of 1 day (1 day = 24 hours)
e 5 minutes of half-an-hour (1 hour = 60 minutes) f 25 cents out of $2 ($1 = 100 cents)
g 300 seconds of 1 hour (1 hour = 3600 seconds) h 23 days of March (31), April (30) and May (31)
2 In a school of 800 students, 240 were in Year 7. What fraction of the school are Year 7 students?
3 After 100 test rolls, a die displayed the number 5 sixteen times. What fraction of the rolls were 5?
4 Francesca fired 27 arrows at a target and hit the bullseye 6 times. What fraction of arrows
missed the bullseye?
5
A biscuit recipe contained 500 g of flour, 175 g of sugar and 125 g of butter. What fraction of the
recipe is butter?
34 H 5 Fractions
Word problems with fractions
While on a shopping trip, Xieng spent two fifths of her money on clothes and one third on cosmetics.
What fraction of her money did Xieng have left?
2 + 1 = fraction of Xieng’s money spent on shopping
5 3
= 6+5
15
= 11 Add the numerators together
15
` 15 - 11 = 4
15 15 15
Fraction for all of Xieng’s money Fraction spent Fraction of money Xieng has left
` Xieng still has 4 of her money after shopping

15
Here are some other word problem examples
(i) In a group of eighteen friends, one third are girls and one sixth of these girls have blonde hair.
How many blonde girls are in the group?
` 1 of 1 of 18 = number of blonde girls in the group

6 3
= 1 # 1 # 18
6 3 1
= 18
18
=1
` There is 1 blonde girl in the group of friends.
(ii) During one night, possums ate two fifths of the fifty five fruits on a tree. If one eleventh of the
eaten fruit grew back, how many fruits are now on the tree?
2 # 55 = Number of fruits eaten
5
= 110
5
= 22
1 # 22 = Number of fruits that grew back
11
= 22
11
= 2
` Number of fruits now on the tree = 55 - 22 + 2
= 35 pieces of fruit
Fractions H 5 35
1 A
t a recent trivia night, one table of competitors answered five eighths of the fifty six questions correctly.
How many questions did they get incorrect?
2
Co Tin usually takes approximately sixty and one quarter steps every minute when walking. How many
steps does he expect to take when he exercises by walking for one and two third hours each day?
WO
RD
S
ON
PR
TI
OB
AC
LE
FR
MS
TH
WI
WI
..../...../20...
S
EM
TH
L
OB
FR
PR
AC
T
RD
IO
WO
NS
3
A vegetable garden has one third carrots, one sixth pumpkins, one quarter herbs, and the rest are potato
plants. How many potato plants are in this garden of eighty plants?
4
A class of twenty four students compared eye colours on a chart. Two thirds of the class had brown eyes,
and three eighths of those brown-eyed students were boys. How many girls had brown eyes?
36 H 5 Fractions
5 For
one particular school:
There are 256 students in Year 7.
The Year 8, 9 and 10 groups all have half the number of students than the year just below them.
How many students are there at this school in Years 7 to 10?
er me?
Rememb
6
Five students in a class have a combined total of ninety profiles added as friends on a web-based social
network site.
Three fifths of the ninety profiles are shared by all five of the students. These shared profiles represent
one sixth of the total number of different profiles added as friends by all the students in the class.
How many different profiles are linked to students from this class?
7
Five sevenths of the fifty six images used as backgrounds on Meagan’s touchpad were photos she took
herself. .After moving five eighths of these photos to another computer, what fraction of the background
images now are not photos taken by her?
Fractions H 5 37
Reflection Time
Reflecting on the work covered within this booklet:
1 What useful skills have you gained by learning about fractions?
2 Write about one way you think you could apply fractions to a real life situations.
3 If you discovered or learnt about any shortcuts to help with fractions or some other cool facts,
jot them down here:
38 H 5 Fractions
Cheat Sheet Fractions
Here is a summary of the things you need to remember for fractions
Proper fractions
Represent parts of a whole number or object. The numerator is smaller than or equal to the denominator.
numerator 1 number of equal parts you have
denominator 2 total number of equal parts

These are fractions with different numbers that represent the same amount.
` 4 = 2 = 1 = Equivalent fractions
8 4 2

3 Improper fractions 5 11 Mixed numerals 11
2 4 2 4
numerator > denominator A ‘mix’ of whole numbers and proper fractions.

1 number of equal steps taken between 0 and 1
0 1 2 total number of equal steps between 0 and 1
31 number of equal steps towards the next whole number
3 4 Start 2 total number of equal steps between start and next whole number
Original fraction 2 5 Reciprocal fraction
5 2
Mixed numeral 31 7 7 2 Reciprocal fraction
2 2 2 7
Comparing fractions
Write equivalent fractions by changing the denominators to their LCM, then compare the numerators
1#3 3 2 1# 2
2#3 6 2 6 3#2
Adding and subtracting fractions

If the denominators (bottom) are the same, then simply add or subtract the numerators (tops).
If the denominators are the different, change to equivalent fractions with the same denominators using
the LCM. Then add or subtract the numerators of the new fractions.

To multiply fractions, just remember: Multiply the numerators (top) and the denominators (bottom).
To divide an amount by a fraction, just remember: flip the second fraction (reciprocal) then multiply.
Fractions of an amount ‘of’ means ‘ # ’ ` Find 2 of 2 means calculate 2 # 20

5 5

2 out of 5 as a fraction is 2 . If the two amounts are in different units, change the larger amount into
5
the smaller units. Eg, 200 g out of 2 kg becomes 200 g out of 2000 g.
Fractions H 5 39
Fractions Notes
40 H 5 Fractions
FRACTION
AL
S ITH MIXED
C
SW
3
RECIPRO
4
RECIPRO ON N
UM
AT
ER
OPER
ALS
..../...../20...
4 +
# +
#
3 AL
ALS
OPER
C
S
FRACTION
..../...../20...
ER
AT
UM
ON N
I
SW
ITH MIXED
NUME
XED R
MI
AL
IONS AND
S
FRACTIONS ..../...../
20...
CT
A MP
I
OF
RO PE R F R
NT
AN
OU
.
AM
/20..
A
MO
AN
.....
NT U
OF
..../
FRACTIONS
THE SAME
TH DE
WI
NO
S
FRACTION
MIN
ATOR A
..../
.....
/20..
NG
.
TI
DD
IN
GA AC
ND SUBTR

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What are proper fractions and how are they represented?

What are proper fractions and how are they represented?

How can you write equivalent fractions?

How can you write equivalent fractions?

FRACTIONS

Work through the book for a great way to do this

Proper fractions represent parts of a whole number or object.

numerator 1 number of equal parts you have

Let’s look at some equally sized shaded shapes.

The number of equal parts shaded

The total number of equal parts Larger denominator

(ii) Shade these to match the fraction:

Two halves = 1 whole

1 What fraction of these equal-sized shapes have been shaded?

2 Shade these to match the given fraction:

Equivalent proper fractions

` 3 and 9 = equivalent fractions ` 12 and 3 = equivalent fractions

Simplify = Find the smallest

Equivalent proper fractions

1 Write the equivalent fractions represented by these equally-sized shaded areas:

4 Simplify these two fractions.

Equivalent proper fractions

Improper fractions and mixed numerals

An improper fraction has a bigger numerator (top) than denominator (bottom)

Mixed numerals are simplified improper fractions.

Improper fractions to mixed numerals

Mixed numerals to improper fractions

Improper fractions and mixed numerals

1 Write the mixed numerals represented by these shaded diagrams:

4 Write the equivalent improper fraction for these mixed numerals.

Fractions on the number line

Proper fractions represent values between 0 and 1 on a number line.

1 number of equal steps taken between 0 and 1

Display the fractions 1 , 3 and 2 on these number lines

1 step taken 3 steps taken 2 steps taken

Display and read these fractions on a number line

2 equal steps between 4 and 5 5 equal steps between 2 and 3

Write down the fraction displayed on these number lines

2 = 1 Simplest form 32 4 4 = 4 2 Simplest form

2 Display these fractions on a number line:

5 Display these improper fractions on the number line:

Original fraction 2 swap 5 Reciprocal fraction

Write the reciprocal of these fractions

(ii) 18 18 = 9 9 swap 4 Reciprocal fraction

Mixed numeral 31 7 7 swap

Whole/mixed number examples: Always write as a fraction first.

(i) 3 3 = 3 3 swap 1 Reciprocal fraction

Whole number as a fraction

(ii) 2 3 23 11 11 swap 4 Reciprocal fraction

(iii) 4 9 4 9 43 23 23 swap 5 Reciprocal fraction

It is used when dividing an amount by a fraction.

2 Write the reciprocal, then simplify these fractions:

3 Write the reciprocal of these:

4 Write the reciprocal of these mixed numerals:

6 Write the reciprocal of these fractions as a simplified mixed numeral:

This is where we see which fractions are larger than others.

Compare the size of these fractions

2#4 8 , 9 3#3 and 5

` 5 1 2 1 3 Order fractions by size