Chemistry, Chapter 10, Rate of Reaction
Chemistry, Chapter 10, Rate of Reaction
Chemistry, Chapter 10, Rate of Reaction
2. It is the speed at which reactants are converted into the products in a chemical reaction.
3. A rate of reaction is …………. if the reaction occurs fast within a short period of time.
4. A rate of reaction is…………. if the reaction occurs slowly within a long period of time.
5. Rate of reaction is inversely proportional with time.
1
Rate of reaction ∝ time taken
The shorter the time taken, the higher the rate of reaction.
The longer the time taken, the lower the rate of reaction.
6. The change in amout of reactant or product that can be measured by :
increasing in volume of gas released
increasing in mass/concentration of product
decreasing in mass/concentration of reactant
Formation of precipitate
changes in pH, temperature or electrical conductivity.
Activity 1:-
Study the reaction between 2.0 g of CaCO3 with excess of 1.0 mol dm-3 HCl.
whole reaction =
V3
V2
V1
t1 t2 t3 Time/s
( V1 – 0) cm3
The average rate of reaction in the first t1 second =
( t1 – 0 ) s
The average rate of reaction between t1 second and t2 second = ( V2 – V1) cm3
( t2 – t1) s
= the gradient of the graph of the amount of reactant / product against time at any given time.
Volume of
gas/ cm3
V2
The rate of reaction at ta second
= the gradient of tangent to the curve at the given time
∆ y = ∆ y cm3
∆ xs
V1 = V2 - V1
∆ x t2 - t1
Chapter 10 2s
Time/ Rate of Reaction
t1 ta t2
4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10
Activity 2 :-
An experiment is carried out to determine the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate
and dilute hydrochloric acid. The volumes of carbon dioxide gas evolved at fixed
intervals are recorded.
Graph of the volumes of carbon dioxide gas against time are shown below.
Volume of
carbon dioxide Graph of the volumes of carbon dioxide gas against time
gas /cm3
40
30
20
10
Time/s
40 80 120 160 200
……….……………………………………………………………………………
(b) Draw a labeled diagram to show the set-up of the apparatus in the experiment.
(c) Calculate :
at 40 second at 80 second
(d) Base on the answer in (c) (ii), which have the higher rate of reaction. Explain your answer.
…………………….……………………………………………………………………………
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…………………...……………….……………………………………………………………
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Activity 3 :-
20 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 HCl is reacted with magnesium ribbon. The results are shown below.
Time /s 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
Volume of
0.0 8.5 16.0 22.0 27.5 32.0 36.0 39.0 42.0 44.0 46.0
H2 /cm3
(a) Draw the graph of the volume of hydrogen gas released against time.
(c) Compare the rate of reaction at 30 seconds and 105 seconds. Explain why?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(c) The graph of volume of carbon dioxide gas against time obtained is as shown below :
Experiment I
Large pieces
Experiment II
Small pieces
Time / s
tx ty tz
p = q =
• The rate of reaction of the small pieces of calcium carbonate chips is …………………… than the
rate of reaction of the large pieces.
Relationship between the size of marble chips and their total surface area :
small pieces have a ……………… total surface area than that of large pieces of marble chips of
the same mass.
The smaller the size of marble chips, the ………………….. the total surface area of marble
chips.
The larger the total surface area of marble chips, the ………………….. the rate of reaction.
The smaller the size of marble chips, the ………………….. the rate of reaction.
• The maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas collected for both experiments are
…………………. because the …………………. of the reactants are ………………….
Activity 4 :-
A group of students was carried out two experiments to investigate the factor affecting the rate of a
reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.
Table below shows information about the reactants used in each experiment.
Experiment Reactants
I Excess zinc granules and 25 cm³ of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.
II Excess zinc powder and 25 cm³ of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.
(a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction occur in these experiments.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) State the factor that affecting the rate of the reaction of Experiment I and Experiment II.
Chapter 10 8 Rate of Reaction
4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
The graph below shows the result obtained from these experiments.
Volume of gas
collected (cm3)
20
II
15
10
Time (s)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
(c) Calculate the average rate of reaction for Experiment I and Experiment II.
(b) Based on the table and graph, compare the rate of reaction between Experiment I and Experiment II
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Concentration of Reactant
(a) An experiment to show a reaction between sodium thiosulphate solution and dilute hydrochloric
acid acid is conducted.
(b) The rate of reaction is measured by how fast yellow precipitate (sulphur) is formed.
Observation is made on the time taken for the “X” sign placed under the conical flask to disappear
from view.
Temperature, volume and concentration of the hydrochloric acid are fixed but the concentration
of sodium thiosulphate solution is varied.
(c) Chemical equation for the reaction :
Na2S2O3 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + S + SO2 + H2O
(d) The graph of concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution against time, and the graph of
concentration against 1/time are plotted.
Concentration of Concentration of
Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3 ) Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3 )
• The higher the concentration of Na2S2O3, (the higher the • The higher the concentration of Na2S2O3, the ………….
number of moles of Na2S2O3, ) the ……………… the ……… the number of particles perunit
number of particles perunit ……………………… ………………….
Therefore, the ……………… the frequency of Therefore, the ……………… the frequency of
collision between particles. collisions between particles.
The ……………… the frequency of effective The ……………… the frequency of effective
collisions. collisions.
The ……………… the rate of reaction. The ……………… the rate of reaction.
3. Temperature
()a Study through observation to yellow precipitate (sulphur), the product of the reaction between
sodium thiosulphate solution with hydrochloric acid.
()b In this reaction, the temperature of the sodium thiosulphate solution is changed.
()c All other conditions such as volume and concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution and
hydrochloric acid is remain constant.
()d Time taken for certain amount of the yellow precipitate formed and covered the ‘X’ mark below
the beaker is recorded.
()e Two graph are obtained :
Temperature of Temperature of
Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3 ) Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3 )
• The higher the temperature of Na2S2O3, the ………… • The higher the temperature of Na2S2O3, the …………
2- +
the kinetic energy of S2O3 ions and H ions. the kinetic energy of S2O32- ions and H+ ions.
Therefore, the ……………… the frequency of Therefore, the ……………… the frequency of
2- +
collision between particles [ S2O3 ions and H collision between particles [ S2O32- ions and H+
ions ]. ions ].
The ……………… the frequency of effective The ……………… the frequency of …………….
collision. collision
The ……………… the rate of reaction. The ……………… the rate of reaction.
4. Catalyst
• Catayst is a chemical substance that increases the rate of reaction [change the rate of reaction],
but it does not change chemically at the end of the reaction.
• Positive catalyst increase the rate of reaction while negative catalyst decrease the rate of reaction.
• Characteristics of catalyst :
It does not change the quantity (amount) of the products formed.
It is unchanged chemically at the end of the reaction.
The amount of catalyst is the same before and after reaction.
It is specific.
Only small amount is needed.
It could become less effective when there are impurities.
• Study through :
I : The reaction between zinc with dilute sulphuric acid
[copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution as the catalyst]
II : The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2
[using different quantity of manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2 as the catalyst]
Experiment I :
The reaction between zinc with dilute sulphuric acid [CuSO4 as the catalyst]
Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
(b) Volume of hydrogen gas collected in a burette are recorded at every 30 seconds.
(c) This experiment is repeated by adding 2 cm3 copper(II) sulphate solution.
(d) In this reaction, mass of zinc, volume and concentration of sulphuric acid and temperature
are remain constant.
(e) Graph of volume of hydrogen gas produced against time are obtained :
Volume of
H2 gas /cm3
With catalyst
Without catalyst
Chapter 10 12 Rate of Reaction
Time/s
4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10
The gradient of the curve with catalyst is ………………. than the curve without catalyst.
At the end of this reaction, the total volume of H2 gas in both reactions is the same because
the ……….. of zinc and the…………………………………. of sulphuric acid is the same.
therefore, more particles will reach the same or more than the ………………………, Ea of
the reaction.
Experiment II :
(a) In this reaction, all other conditions such as volume and concentration of hydrogen
peroxide, temperature are remain constant.
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2
(f) Graph of volume of oxygen gas produced againts time are obtained :
Volume of
O2 gas (cm3)
Time (s)
t1 t2
• From the graph :
The gradient of the curve using 1 spatula of MnO2 is ………………. than using ½ spatula
of MnO2.
Chapter 10 13 Rate of Reaction
4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10
At the end of this reaction, the total volume of O2 gas in both reactions is the same because
the …………………. and …………………………… of hydrogen peroxide is same.
therefore, more particles will reach the same or more than the ……………………….., Ea
of the reaction.
5. Pressure
• Only for reactions involving reactants in gaseous state.
• When the pressure of a reaction (involving gaseous reactants) increases, the rate of reaction
increases.
• When the pressure of the gaseous reactants increases, the particles of the gaseous reactants are
compressed to occupy a smaller volume.
Thus, the number of gas particles per unit volume increases.
In Industry :
⊗ Haber process; manufacture of ammonia :
Optimum conditions :
Temperature : 400 - 500 oC
Pressure : 200 – 400 atm
Chapter 10 14 Catalyst : Iron/ferum,Rate
Fe of Reaction
4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
• The collisions that lead to a chemical reaction are known as effective collisions.
Energy
Progress of reaction
Ea The minimum energy the reactant particles must possessed before collision between them
can result in a chemical reaction.
Ea’ The lower activation energy in the presence of a catalyst.
Activity 5 :-
Zinc powder reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid. The temperature of the mixture increases.
(a) Draw an Energy Profile Diagram for the reaction. On the diagram, show the :
Heat of reaction, ΔH
Activation energy without a catalyst, Ea
Activation energy with a catalyst, Ea’
• The effective collisions will result in chemical reaction. When frequency of effective
collision increases, the rate of reaction will also increase.
CATALYST
SIZE OF TEMPERATURE OF Catalyst provides an
REACTANTS / CONCENTRATION alternative path of
REACTION MIXTURE
TOTAL SURFACE OF REACTANTS reaction which needs
AREA The higher the lower Activation
The higher the
The smaller the size of temperature, the higher is Energy, (Ea’).
concentration of reactants,
reactant, the larger the kinetic energy of
the higher is the number More particles are
is the total surface reacting particles. The
of particles in a unit able to overcome the
area exposed to reacting particles move
volume. new Activation
collision. faster.
Energy, (Ea’)
Activity 6 :-
Four experiments are carried out to study the factors that affect the rate of reaction.
The table below shows the details of each experiment.
Temperature of HCl
Experiment Reactants
/ °C
Excess of magnesium ribbon and
I 30
50 cm3 hydrochloric acid 1.0 mol dm–3
Excess of magnesium powder and
II 30
50 cm3 hydrochloric acid 1.0 mol dm–3
Excess of magnesium powder and
III 40
50 cm3 hydrochloric acid 1.0 mol dm–3
Excess of magnesium powder and
IV 40
50 cm3 sulphuric acid 1.0 mol dm–3
(a) Write the chemical equation of the reaction occurred in Experiment I and IV
Experiment I : …….…………………………………………………………………………………..
Experiment IV : ………………………………………………………………………………………..
(i) Experiment II
(ii) Experiment IV
(c) Sketch the graph of the volume of gas released against time for each Experiment I, II, III and IV on
the axes provided below.
Time / s
(d) Explain the difference in the rate of reaction in the experiments below.
Use the Collision Theory in your explanation.
(i) I and II
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Activity 7 :-
Interpretation of graph.
Study the graphs below and complete the following :
Quantity of product Reaction I used …………. size of reactants than reaction II.
t1 t2 Reaction I : ………………………. .
Activity 8 :-
Rate of Reaction and Thermochemistry (Conclusion)
5. ΔH is ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. The ……………… the size of reactants, the ……………… the total surface area.
7. Magnesium ribbon will react ……………… with warm sulphuric acid than cool sulphuric acid.
8. The ……………… the concentration of a solution, the ……………… rate of chemical reaction.
10. ……………………… is a chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down into simpler
substances.
Activity 9 :-
Complete the table below :
Haber process
Contact process
Ostwald process
END OF CHAPTER 10