Weeds of South Florida: An Identification Guide

Weeds of
South Florida
An Identification Guide
By the Palm Beach State College Horticultural Taxonomy Class, revised Sept. 2013
George Rogers, Ph.D.

South Florida Weed
Identification Guide
Instructions:
1. Select a major category A-K on this page.
2. Then proceed to the sections A-K on following pages matching by your category choice.
3. Upon arriving at the category you selected, read all the options in that category, seeking the best
matches.
4. Use the index to find pictures and text on the species you matched.
5. Some weeds appear under multiple categories.
Major Categories:
• Does the weed have peltate leaves? (The leaf-stalk attached at the center of the leaf blade,
like the stem on a mushroom). The weed is probably a “Dollarweed” (species of Hydrocotyle,
especially Hydrocotyle umbellata)
• Is the weed a grass, sedge, or grasslike? Go to “A” below
• Is the weed a climbing vine? Go to “B” below
• Does the weed have a strong odor when crushed? Go to “C” below
• Does the weed have fuzzy leaves and stems? Go to “D” below
• Does the weed have opposite (paired) simple (not compound) leaves? Go to “E” below
• Does the weed have leaves with 3 leaflets? Go to “F” below

• Does the weed have compound leaves with more than 3 leaflets? Go to “G” below
• Does the weed have alternate (attached singly, not in pairs) simple (not compound) leaves with
toothed edges? Go to “H” below
• Does the weed have alternate simple leaves with smooth edges? Go to “I” below
• Does the weed live entirely or mostly in water, such as a canal or pond? Go to “J” below
• Does the weed have milky sap when broken? Go to “K” below.
1
A. Grass (A1) Weeds and Sedge (A2) Weeds
Hundreds of grass species occur locally. This guide helps with the most common and conspicuous
weeds. For more choices visit my web site www.floridagrasses.org.
A1. Grass Weeds

(Stems round and often hollow; leaves usually attached in 2 rows)
1. Grass > 6’ tall
Inflorescence a panicle with branches in whorls…Guinea Grass (Urochloa maxima)
Inflorescence resembles a bristly hotdog; grass is 8’-12’ tall…Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum)
Inflorescence resembles fuzzy fingers or a broom, usually in a wet ditch…Phragmites (Phragmites

australis)
1. Grass 1’-6’ tall
Flower spikes delicate paired bunny ears and extremely feathery-fuzzy in various arrangements. These
grasses often 3’-5’ tall…Bluestem Grasses (species of Andropogon, mostly A. glomeratus and A.
virginicus, see www.floridagrasses.org)
Inflorescence a tall (2’-4’) wand with a narrow flame-shaped inflorescence on it; leaves thin and
tough…Smutgrass (Sporobolus indicus)
Inflorescence a panicle (the branches branched) and the spikelets sparse:
• Panicle branches in whorls…Guinea Grass (Urochloa maxima)
• Panicle thin and sparse, the branches not whorled; leaves often in two clear rows; species often
but not necessarily in water or wet mud…Torpedo Grass (Panicum repens) (There are many
species of Panicum in Florida.)
Inflorescence with fingerlike branches usually all of equal length radiating from a single point (except
in Crabgrass where the lengths and attachments points are messy):
Inflorescence “fingers” thin and wirelike, often > 3” long, in “sloppy” arrangement: different
attachment points, different lengths, different angles, the individual spikelets with a rim of cilia…
Southern Crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris)
Inflorescence resembling thick (1/4” diameter) fingers radiating like spokes…Crowsfoot

Grass (Dactyloctenium aegyptium)
Inflorescence thin (< ¼”diameter) fingers radiating like spokes, 1’-2.5’ tall…
Fingergrass (Eustachys petraea)
Inflorescence with a cluster of fingers on top, and with one isolated finger below…Goosegrass
(Eleusine indica)
2
Inflorescence comprised of conspicuously silky-hairy spikes on a tall wand; this grass usually > 3’
tall…Vasey Grass (Paspalum urvillei)
Inflorescence resembling a fuzzy pencil…Gophertail Lovegrass (Eragrostis ciliaris)

Note: Feather Lovegrass (E. amabilis) is similar, 1’ tall, but the inflorescence is open and spreading.
Grass with painful burr fruit...Sandspurs (Cenchrus species, usually C. spinifex)
3. Grasses Sprawling or creeping, usually < 6” tall
Small (6” tall) thin-leaved rhizomatous grass with the inflorescence spikes radiating as an umbel of
fingers…Bermuda Grass (Cynodon dactylon) (occasionally becomes very tall)
Grass with painful burr fruit…Sandspur (Cenchrus species, usually C. spinifex)
Inflorescence branches sticking straight out at right angles like “signal arms”…Small Leaf Alexander
Grass, Signalgrass (Urochloa distachya, = U. subquadripara)
Inflorescence branches forming a “Y” on the top of the plant; the spikelets in the inflorescences look like
flat clams; leaves often broad and often reddish, sprawling in disturbed sandy places…Thin Paspalum
(Paspalum setaceum) Note: Turf Bahia Grass is Paspalum notatum.
Plants hugging the ground, forming a mat in turf…Blanket Crabgrass (Digitaria serotina) Note: Indian
Crabgrass, D. longiflora, is similar but has longer second glumes (> 1 mm).
106 3
Melothria pendula 33 Poinsettia heterophylla 42 Spreading Dayflower 91
A2. Sedge Weeds Mexican-Clover 63 Pokeweed 76 Stinging Nettles 68
Mexican-Tea 66 Polypremum procumbens 84 Stylosanthes hamata 28
Mikania cordifolia 50 Pony’s Foot 38 Suriname Sedge 92
Stems often triangular and solid; leaves usually attached all around the stem; leaves often restricted to Mikania micrantha 50 Portulaca oleracea 79 Swinecress 57
the top and bottom of the plant. Note: There are hundreds of sedges in South Florida. Selected Mikania scandens 50 Pouzolzia Bush 77 Synedrella 51
important weeds are listed here. For more depth visit www.floridagrasses.org. Mile-a-Minute Vine 50 Pouzolzia zeylanica 77 Taraxacum officinale 38
Milky Sap 16 Precatory Bean 83 Thin Paspalum 92
1. Large showy sedge (2’-5’) on wet bank of pond or canal; inflorescence branches resemble Momordica 20 Pseudognaphalium 36 Thistle 78
Momordica charantia 20 Psilotum nudum 98 Three Flower Beggarweed 93
bottlebrush…Fragrant Flatsedge (Cyperus odoratus) Natal Grass 67, 68 Purple Everlastings 36 Threeseed Mercuries 94, 96
Nettles 68 Purple Nutsedge 70 Tick Trefoil 93
2. Main inflorescence branches flat: Nodeweed 51 Purple Pigweed 77 Toothed Leaves 12
Nutgrasses 70 Purple Thistle 78 Torpedo Grass 96
• Spikes reddish, plant may have tubers…Purple Sedge (Cyperus rotundus) Nutsedges 70 Purslane 79 Tread Softly 68
Oakleaf Rabbit Tobacco 36 Trefoil 93
Fleabane 71 Ragleaf 79 Tridax 95
• Spikes yellowish; mature plants usually with tubers; styles 3…Yellow Flatsedge (Cyperus Oakleaf Fleabane 71 Ragweed 80 Tridax procumbens 95
esculentus) Odors 6 Rattlebox 56, 88, 89 Trifoliate Leaves 10
Oenothera laciniata 37 Rhynchelytrum repens 67 Trifolium repens 40
• Spikes greenish to yellowish; tubers absent; styles 2…Manyspike Flatsedge (Cyperus Oldenlandia corymbosa 71 Ricefield Flatsedge 83 Tropical Signalgrass 95
Old World Richardia brasiliensis 22 Tropical Soda Apple 97
polystachyos) Diamond Richardia grandiflora 63 Urena lobata 26
Flower 71 Richardia scabra 44 Urochloa distachya 95
• Spikes greenish, with dark spotted scales (dark seed showing through); tubers absent; styles 3; Old World Rosary Pea 83 Urochloa mutica 73
often in moist spots…Annual Sedge (Cyperus compressus) Diamond Flower 71 Rosary Pea Urochloa subquadripara 95
One-Leaf Clover 17 Precatory Bean 83 Urtica 68
Opposite Leaves 8 Rust Weed 84 Vine Weeds 5
• Stem rough like sandpaper…Suriname Sedge (Cyperus surinamensis) Oxalis 72 Sand Mats 85 Virginia Plantain 75
Oxalis corniculata 72 Sandspur 87 Water-Hyacinth 99
3. Main inflorescence branches (spikelet clusters) globe-shaped or cylinder shaped, not flat: Palmately Lobed 10 Sedge Weeds 4 Water-Lettuce 99
Panicum repens 96 Shaggy Soldiers 45 Wedelia 100
• More than one spike per plant; spikes more or less globe-shaped with <50 rounded spikelets… Para Grass 73 Showy Rattlebox 88 Weed
Parietaria floridana 43 Sida rhombifolia 52 Identification Guide 1
Baldwin’s Flatsedge (Cyperus croceus aka C. globosus) Paspalum 92 Sida ulmifolia 102 Weed Identification Guide 1
Paspalum setaceum 92 Signalgrass 95 Weeds Having Alternate Simple Leaves
• More than one spike per plant; spikes more or less cylindric with 40-120 flat spikelets… Pectis 8 Simple, Alternate (or Rosette), Toothed With Smooth (Entire) Leaf Margins
Pinebarren Flatsedge (Cyperus retrorsus) Pectis glaucescens 30 Leaves 12 14
Pectis humifusa 30 Slim Amaranth 90 Weeds Having Simple, Alternate (or Ro-
Pectis prostrata 30 Smilax auriculata 47 sette), Toothed Leaves 12
• One white flower cluster/plant…Fragrant Kyllinga (Kyllinga odorata) Pellitory 43 Smooth Rattlebox 89 Weeds With Milky Sap 16
Pennsylvania Bittercress 74 Smut Grass 89 Weeds With Odors 6
• One green flower cluster per plant, the cluster not taller than broad; creeping turf weed…Shortleaf Peppergrass 75 Soda Apple 97 Weeds With Opposite Leaves 8
Kyllinga (Kyllinga brevifolia). Low Kyllinga (Kyllinga pumila) is similar but has no rhizome. Phasey Bean 101 Solanum americanum 23 Weeds With Palmately Lobed or Trifoliate
Phyla nodiflora 62 Solanum nigrum 23 Leaves 10
Phyllanthus 59 Solanum viarum 97 Weeds With Pinnately Compound (or
Phyllanthus tenellus 59 Soldier’s Orchid 56 Deeply Pinnately Lobed) Leaves 11
Physalis angulata 37 Sonchus asper 90 Whisk Fern 98
Phytolacca americana 76 Sonchus oleraceus 90 Wild Bushbean 101
Pigweed 77 Sourgrass 72 Wild Poinsettia 102
Pilea 18 Southern Crabgrass 32 Wire Weed 102
Pilea microphylla 18 South Florida Weed Identification Guide 1 Yellow Nutsedge 70
Pinnately Compound 11 Sow Thistles 90 Youngia 18
Pinnately Lobed 11 Spanish Needles 21 Youngia japonica 18
Pistia stratiotes 99 Spermacoce verticillata 25 Zeuxine strateumatica 56
Plantago major 75 Sphagneticola trilobata (Wedelia trilobata)
Plantago virginica 75 100
Plantain 75 Spiny Amaranth 90
Poinsettia 102 Spiny Sow Thistle 90
Poinsettia cyathophora 102 Sporobolus indicus 89
4 105
Index
Abrus precatorius 83
Chinese-Violet 30
Chromolaena odorata 53
Fiddler’s Spurge 42
Field Copperleaf 94
B. Climbing Vine Weeds
Acalypha 94 Cinchweed 30 Fire-on-the-Mountain 102
Acalypha alopecuroidea 94
Acalypha arvensis 94
Climbing Dayflower 91
Climbing Vine Weeds 5
Florida Beggarweed 43
Florida Pellitory 43
B1. Leaves Compound
Acalypha cubensis 94 Coat Buttons 95 Florida-Pusley 44
Acalypha setosa 94 Commelina 91 Foxtail Copperleaf 94 Leaves pinnately compound and alternate; flowers pealike, violet; seeds red/black…Rosary Pea (Abrus
Alligator Weed 17 Commelina diffusa 91 Fuzzy Weeds 7 precatorius). Note: Trumpet Creeper (Campsis radicans) has opposite compound leaves, stems covered
Alternanthera philoxeroides 17 Common Sow Thistle 90 Galinsoga quadriradiata 45 with roots, and large orange tube-shaped flowers.
Alternate Simple Leaves With Smooth Conyza canadensis 27 Gallant Soldiers 45
(Entire) Leaf Margins 14 Coontail 30, 31 Gamochaeta purpurea 36
Alyce Clover 17 Copperleafs 94 Gaura 20 Leaves with 3 leaflets; flowers pealike and yellow…Cowpea (Vigna luteola).
Alysicarpus vaginalis 17 Crabgrass 32 Gaura angustifolia 20 Note: Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) has 3 leaflets; its stems are covered with roots. Milkpeas
Amaranth 90 Crassocephalum crepidioides 79 Geranium carolinianum 28 (Galactia) often have three leaflets too, the flowers pinkish.
Amaranthus blitum 77 Creeping Beggarweed 33 Gophertail 46
Amaranthus hybridus 90 Creeping-Cucumber 33 Grassleaf Spurge 46
Leaves palmately compound with > 3 leaflets; stems covered with roots…Virginia Creeper
Amaranthus spinosus 90 Creeping Inchplant 34 Grass Weeds 2
Ambrosia artemisiifolia 80 Creeping Indigo 35 Greenbriar 47 (Parthenocissus virginiana)
Andropogon glomeratus 25 Creeping Tick Trefoil 93 Hairy Indigo 47, 49
Crotalaria lanceolata 56 Hawksbeard 18
Aquatic Weeds 15
Artillery-Plant 18 Crotalaria pallida 89 Heartleaf Sida 49 B2. Leaves Simple (Not Compound)
Asiatic Hawksbeard 18 Crotalaria spectabilis 88 Hedyotis corymbosa 71
Asiatic Pennywort 19 Cuban Copperleaf 94 Hempvines 50 Leaves Opposite (often heart-shaped or arrow-head shaped): Mikania species
Asystasia gangetica 30 Cudweeds 36 Heterotheca subaxillaris 26
Baldwin’s Flatsedge, Cutleaf Evening Horseherb 51
Leaves Alternate:
Globe Sedge 19 Primrose 37 Horseweed 27
Balsam Pear 20 Cutleaf Evening Primrose 37 Hydrocotyle asiatica 19
Beeblossom 20 Cutleaf Groundcherry 37 Hydrocotyle umbellata 39 Leaves not lobed (but may have teeth):
Beggar Ticks 21 Cyanthillium cinereum 58 Identification Guide 1
Beggar Ticks, Cynodon dactylon 21 Inchplant 34 Species of Morning Glories (Ipomoea) have arrow-head-shaped leaves; their flowers are shaped like
Spanish Needles 21 Cyperus esculentus 70 Indian Crabgrass 32
funnels. There are several species in South Florida.
Beggarweed 33, 93 Cyperus iria 83 Indian-Hemp 52
Bermuda Grass 21 Cyperus polystachyos 60 Indigo 35
Bidens alba 21 Cyperus rotundus 70 Indigofera hirsuta 49 Leaves with lobes:
Bittercress 74 Cyperus surinamensis 92 Indigofera spicata 35
Black Medic 22 Dandelion 38 Iresine diffusa 54 Leaves 3-lobed and with notched base; with tendrils; flowers yellow; fruit a smooth cucumber green on
Black Nightshade 23 Dayflower 91 Ironweed 58
the inside…Creeping-Cucumber (Melothria pendula)
Brazilian-Clover 22 Desmodium incanum 33 Jack-in-the-Bush 53
Brazilian Pusley 22 Desmodium tortuosum 43 Juba’s Bush 54
Broadleaf Plantain 75 Desmodium triflorum 93 Kyllinga 55 Leaves usually 5- or 7-lobed; with tendrils; flowers yellow; fruit a bumpy “cucumber” orange on the inside
Burnweed 24 Dichondra 38 Kyllinga brevifolia 55 with red seeds…Balsam-Pear (Momordica charantia) Note: Noyau Vine (Merremia dissecta) has similar
Bushbean 101 Dichondra caroliniensis 38 Lanceleaf Rattlebox 56 leaves but no tendrils, a dry capsular fruit, and white funnel-shaped flowers with a red eye.
Bushy Bluestem 25 Digitaria longiflora 32 Laportea 68
Buttonweed 25 Digitaria serotina 32 Lawn Orchid 56
Caesar Weed 26 Dixie Beggarweed 43 Lemna 39
Callisia repens 34 Dollarweed 39 Lepidium didymum 57
Calyptocarpus vialis 51 Drymaria cordata 40 Lepidium virginicum 75
Camphorweed 26 Drymary 40 Lesser Swinecress 57
Canadian Horseweed 27 Duckweed 39 Lilac Tasselflower 58
Caperonia 94 Dutch White Clover 40 Little Ironweed 58
Cardamine pensylvanica 74 Eclipta 41 Llima 49
Carolina Geranium 28 Eclipta prostrata 41 Long-Stalked
Catbriar 47 Eichhornia crassipes 99 Phyllanthus 59
Cenchrus spinifex 87 Emilia sonchifolia 58 Macroptilium lathyroides 101
Centella asiatica 19 Eragrostis ciliaris 46 Manyspike Flatsedge 60
Cerasee 20 Erechtites hieraciifolius 24 Match-Weed 62
Ceratophyllum demersum 31 Erigeron quercifolius 71 Medic 22
Chamaesyce 85 Euphorbia graminea 46 Medicago lupulina 22
Chenopodium ambrosioides 66 Everlastings 36 Melinis repens 67
104 5
Index
Chinese-Violet 30
Field Copperleaf 94
B1. Leaves Compound
Aquatic Weeds 15
Leaves Alternate:
104 5
Wire Weed
C. Weeds With Odors When Crushed
Sida ulmifolia
Low weed 4”-8” tall, with four tiny white petals; fruit long
SIGH-da like a mini-green bean…Pennsylvania Bittercress
ulm-ah-FOAL-ee-ah
Malvaceae
(Cardamine pensylvanica)
Native to: Florida native
Weed to 2’ tall; leaves coarsely serrate or lobed; flowers white with 4 petals; fruit resembling a tiny coin…
Florida abundance and distribution: Often on sandy soil.
Peppergrass (Lepidium virginicum)
Recognition
Extremely fuzzy weed with yellow “dandelion” flower…Camphorweed
resembling a small Hibiscus(Heterotheca
flower. subaxillaris)
Tall weed to 6’; leaf segments threadlike (resembles Dill)…Dog
Potentially Fennel
confused species:(Eupatorium capillifolium)
Similar to the likewise common and weedy
Contributed by Grace Walton

Weed to 2’-3’ tall with strong “chemical” odor; flowers green, tightly congested…Mexican Tea
(Chenopodium ambrosioides)
Weed mat-forming with deeply pinnately lobed leaves; fruit resembles “Mickey Mouse” ears…Lesser
Swinecress (Lepidium didymium)
Very tall weed, potentially 6’-12’ or more tangled with other plants; leaves opposite, dentate; flower heads
fuzzy, white to pinkish…Jack-in-the-Bush (Chromolaena odorata)
6 103
Wild Poinsettia Wire Weed D. Fuzzy Weeds
Sida ulmifolia
Fire-on-the-Moun- SIGH-da ulm-ah-FOAL-ee-ah Yellow “dandelion” flower; foliage fragrant when crushed…Camphorweed (Heterotheca subaxillaris)
Malvaceae
tain Native to: Florida native Very tall weed, potentially 6’-12’ or more tangled with other plants; leaves opposite, dentate; flower
Poinsettia cyathophora
poin-SET-ee-ah sigh-ayth-OFF-or-ah heads fuzzy, white to pinkish…Jack-in-the-Bush (Chromolaena odorata)
Florida abundance and distribution: Often on sandy soil.
Euphorbiaceae
Weed
Recognition: To 2’ tall. Lower portions woody, with strong roots difficult to pull. Leaves dark green, 2’-6’ Flower
serrate. tall; leaves
yellow toheart-shaped
creamy, and velvety; flowers round and yellow…Heartleaf Sida (Sida
resembling a small Hibiscus flower. cordifolia)
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout
Potentially confused species: Similar to the likewise common and weedy Sida rhombifolia (Indian Hemp), which differs by having the
WeedSida)
flowers or fruits on long wirelike stalks instead of nestled among the leaves. Sida cordifolia (Heartleaf 2’-6’has
tall; leaves
velvety linear or
nearly so; plants hirsute to hispid; flowers in small white heads
leaves.
Recognition: Can grow into a low subshrub to 4’ tall with milky
sap. Leaves 4”-7” long with wavy edges. Top leaves just below (Asteraceae)…Canada Horseweed (Conyza canadensis)
flowers with a splash of red.
Leaves pinnately compound on plant to 3’ tall; flowers coral; pods resemble fuzzy hotdogs…Hairy Indigo
Potentially confused species: Fiddler’s Spurge (P.
heterophylla) has the topmost leaves green and white, with no (Indigofera hirsuta)
Sprawling weeds with opposite entire-margined leaves and fringed stipule. Flowers usually pinkish.
Common in patches in low-maintenance turf…Mexican-Clover (Richardia grandiflora, consider also other
species of Richardia…see “opposite leaves” at “E” below)
Erect or floppy weed with opposite toothed leaves; flower heads with creamy “petals” (ray flowers), these
with 3 teeth…Tridax (Tridax procumbens)
Flower heads with 5 “petals” (ray flowers” having three terminal teeth)…Shaggy Soldiers, Gallant Soldiers
(Galinsoga quadriradiata)
Sprawling weed with opposite, toothy, wrinkled leaves; flower heads yellow…Wedelia (Sphagneticola
trilobata)
Erect weed to 2’ tall having soft woolly hairs, often so much that the young stem looks “snowy”; leaf
blades widest toward the tip and tapering gradually toward the base (obspatulate); flower heads tightly
congested, greenish or chaffy…Cudweed (Gamochaeta purpurea, or possibly other Gamochaeta or
Pseudognaphalium species)
102 7
E. Weeds With Opposite Leaves Wild Bushbean
(If the plant is a vine, see Vines)
Phasey Bean
Plant to 10’ or taller, intertwined with other plants, leaves conspicuously hairy, fragrant when crushed… Macroptilium lathyroides
mak-rop-TIL-ee-um lay-thy-ROY-deez
Jack in the Bush (Chromolaena odorata) Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Flower heads fuzzy-blue…Ageratum (Ageratum houstonianum). Consider also Clinopodium. Native to: Central America, South American, West Indies, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
Florida abundance and distribution: Introduced to Florida and found from Central to South Florida, Louisiana, Georgia and South Carolina.
Leaves narrowly elliptic with long-ciliate margins, gland-dotted; flower heads yellow; entire plant 2” tall...
Cinchweeds (Pectis prostrata and other Pectis species) Recognition: Prostrate or twining depending on sun or shade, can be up to 1.5 m tall, annual or biennial, lower portion can become woody;
stalks and petioles pubescent; stipules lanceolate; leaflets trifoliate, elliptic to ovate-lanceolate. Flowers in pairs in racemes, maroon, or
blood-red to red-purple. Wings and keel tinged green, red or white; keel spirally twisted; pods pubescent, linear and twisted.
Flower heads fuzzy-white, resembling tiny shaving brushes…Hammock Snakeroot (Ageratina jucunda;
consider also species of Eupatorium) Potentially confused species: Macroptilium atropurpureum is similar but has black flowers and broader leaves.
Other: Good nitrogen fixation, suspected of causing poisoning with horses, and alternative host for Silverleaf Whitefly.
Plants with milky sap…Chamaesyce (See Sand Mat for distinctions among locally abundant Chamaesyce
species) Contributed by Andrea Schechter
Plant erect with green leafy “pyramid” on top, resembling a green “shrimp plant”…Blechum (Blechum
pyramidatum)
Leaves linear; plants green to rust-colored, standing 1”-3” tall; flowers white, tiny…Rustweed
(Polypremum procumbens)
Plant sprawling; leaves narrowly elliptic with stipule between them; flowers white, on long wirelike stalks,
with 4 petals; fruits with 2 conspicuous lobes…Old World Diamond Flower (Oldenlandia corymbosa)
Leaves < ½” long, very crowded, flowers inconspicuous…Artillery Plant (Pilea microphylla)
Erect herb or subshrub; leaves narrowly elliptic to near-linear, clustered at nodes, with stipules; flowers
tiny, white, clustered in more or less globe-shaped heads…Buttonweed (Spermacoce verticillata). The
native Spermacoce assurgens is smaller, has the flower heads less globe-shaped, and the leaves are not
clustered at the nodes.
The opposite leaves fuzzy:
• Leaves entire-margined with fringed stipule between them…Richardia (see Mexican-Clover for
distinctions among the three locally common Richardia species)
• Leaves entire-margined, with no stipule; flowers white, with the 5 petals split to resemble 10
petals at a glance…Chickweed (Stellaria media)
• Leaves coarsely serrate; flower heads with creamy ray flowers having 3 teeth; fruits are
“parachutes”…Tridax (Tridax procumbens)
• Flower heads with 5 “petals” (ray flowers) having 3 terminal teeth…Shaggy Soldiers, Gallant
Soldiers (Galinsoga quadriradiata)
• Leaves deeply wrinkled, coarsely serrate-lobed; flowers yellow heads (Asteraceae)…Wedelia

(Sphagneticola trilobata)
8 101
Wedelia The opposite leaves hairless or nearly so:
Sphagneticola trilobata (Wedelia trilobata)
sfag-net-IK-oh-luh try-lo-BAY-tuh • Plant sprawling; leaves serrate, flower heads white and purplish, congested on a long stalk
Asteraceae resembling a match…Match Plant (Lippia nodosa)
Native to: Central and South America
• Leaves serrate; flowers tube-shaped yellow…Baby Jump-Up (Mecardonia procumbens)
Florida abundance and distribution: Very abundant and can be aggressive invader.
Recognition: Low growing mat, hairy stems. Opposite leaves, rough and hairy, dark green. Yellow flowers, daisylike.
• Leaves serrate; flower heads (Asteraceae) yellow…Horseherb (Calyptocarpus vialis) (See
Calyptocarpus for similar Synedrella.)
Contributed by Geovany Esteban
• Leaves entire-margined, sessile or nearly so, as broad as long; fruit sticks like velcro…Drymary
(Drymaria cordata)
• Leaves entire-margined, ovate, with deeply indented veins; flower stalks long and spidery, with
small purplish flowers and elongate fruits broadened toward the tips…Red Spiderling (Boerhavia
diffusa)
• Leaves entire-margined; plants sprawling; stipules absent (vs. Button Weed); flowers congested in
more or less globe-shaped heads on long stalks…Joyweed (Alternanthera flavescens)
• Leaves entire-margined, the blades often about as broad as long; flowers tiny, green, at the
nodes…Florida Pellitory (leaves opposite or alternate) (Parietaria floridana)
100 9
F. Weeds With Palmately Lobed or Trifoliate Leaves Water-Lettuce
(Having 3 Lobes or 3 Leaflets) Pistia stratiotes
PISS-tea-ah strat-ee-OH-teas
Araceae
Leaves palmately lobed or fringed, but not divided into 3 leaflets…Wild Geranium (Geranium
carolinianum) Native to: Worldwide in warm climates, with nativity unclear.
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout in lakes, rivers,

Leaves with 3 distinct leaflets: and canals.
Climbing vine with roots along the stem; flowers white…Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) (Similar Recognition: Resembles fuzzy lettuce plant. Aquatic herb usually
found floating with stolons bearing multiple plants or young
Virginia Creeper, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, has 5 or more leaflets per leaf.) plantlets. Roots dangling into the water, bluish or purplish, feathery.
Flowers inconspicuous. Leaf blades round, glossy, green, thick,
Aggressive, large climbing vine with leaflets > 3” long, not root-bearing along the stem; flowers purple… pubescent.
Kudzu (Puereria montana) Other: Heavy infestations can cause oxygen depletion and damage
to aquatic ecosystems.
Plants creeping or sprawling; leaflets serrate but with no white chevron (vs. Trifolium); flowers tiny and
Contributed by Sarah Lopinot
congested into yellow hoplike heads…Black Medic (Medicago lupulina or M. polymorpha; M. sativa,
Alfalfa, has purplish flowers.) Photo by John Bradford
Plants small weeds under 1’ tall; leaflets with a deeply notched tip; flowers round and yellow…Sourgrass
(Oxalis corniculata)
Plants small weeds < 1’ tall; leaflets with a white “chevron” mark, serrate…Dutch White Clover (Trifolium Water-Hyacinth
album) Eichhornia crassipes
eye-CORN-ee-ah CRASS-ah-peas
Pontederiaceae
Creeping weeds < 1’ tall; leaflets with no white mark, and entire-margined, sometimes with reddish
Native to: South America
margins; middle leaflet stalked; flowers pink, pealike...Threeflower Beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum)
Florida abundance and distribution: Chokes bodies of water
Plants prostrate or erect; leaflets with a silvery-white smudge in the center, entire-margined; central throughout.
leaflet stalked; flowers purple; fruit a sticktight…Creeping Beggarweed (Desmodium incanum) Recognition: Floating, the leaf petioles with a swollen float. Flowers
lavender.
Plants may be sprawling but usually erect and up to 3’ or more tall; leaflets entire-margined, with no
Contributed by Sarah Lopinot.
white mark, the central leaflet on a long stalk; flowers purple and pealike; sticktight pods twisted…Dixie
Beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum) (and see the following species)
Plants to 3’ tall but usually smaller; trifoliate leaves may be mistaken for the preceding species but the
central leaflet sessile or nearly so, the stipules inconspicuous and < 0.5 mm long; fruit a long cylindric
pod (vs. segmented sticktights); flowers purplish, strongly bilaterally symmetrical…Fringed Spiderflower
(Cleome rutidosperma)
Plants erect to 4’ tall, the fruits elongate, sausage-shaped inflated pods that rattle when ripe. Flowers
pealike: yellow or yellow marked with red. Central leaflet not stalked…Rattleboxes (Crotalaria). Lance-
leaf Rattlebox has 3 narrow lanceolate leaflets. Smooth Rattlebox has 3 broad elliptic leaflets. Showy
Rattlebox has simple leaves.
Plants sprawling to 3’ tall; flowers pealike, yellow; leaflets narrowly elliptic with acuminate apex…Cheesy
Toes (Stylosanthes hamata)
10 99
Whisk Fern G. Weeds With Pinnately Compound (or Deeply Pinnately Lobed)
Psilotum nudum
sy-LOH-tum NEW-doom
Leaves
Psilotaceae
Plant a vine; flowers violet; seeds red and black…Rosary Pea (Abrus precatorius)
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout, common in Cabbage Palm boots, and occurs sometimes as weed in flower pots. Plant creeping; compound leaves opposite; flowers bright yellow; fruit a spiny burr…Puncture Vine
(Tribulus cistoides)
Recognition: Terrestrial or epiphytic branching weed up to 2’ tall lacking roots and leaves. Stems triangular with small bract-like
appendages bearing yellow sporangia.
Plant to 3’ tall, hairless; the compound leaves opposite, very irregular, the edges serrate, the tips of the
Other: Whisk Ferns are the least complex of the terrestrial vascular plants and are thought to be one of the most primitive. They are not lobes sharply pointed; flower heads (Asteraceae) white with yellow centers; fruits are sticktights…Spanish
true ferns.
Needles, Beggarticks (Bidens alba)
Contributed by Carrie Black
Plants erect to 3’ tall, hairy; the compound leaves having entire-margined rounded leaflets; flowers
pinkish-rosy, pealike; fruits resemble tiny bristly hotdogs…Hairy Indigo (Indigofera hirsuta)
Plants creeping; pinnately compound leaves with 5-7 obovate leaflets; flowers pealike, salmon-colored…
Creeping Indigo (Indigofera spicata)
Plants erect, to 3’ tall, the leaves opposite, fernlike, deeply pinnately lobed (to essentially compound),
the leaflets lobed; leaf parts with rounded tips; flowers greenish and small in dense clusters…Ragweed
(Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
Plants to 3’ tall with mustard odor when crushed; leaves irregularly pinnately lobed (but not compound);
flowers yellow with 4 petals…Leaf Mustard (Brassica juncea)
Sprawling; strong odor when crushed; leaves pinnately compound (or very deeply lobed), the leaflets
irregularly lobed and toothed; fruits with pair of “Mickey Mouse ears”…Lesser Swinecress (Lepidium
didymum)
98 11
H. Weeds Having Simple, Alternate (or Rosette), Toothed Leaves Tropical Soda Apple
Solanum viarum
Flowers pink with long inferior ovaries…Beeblossom (Gaura angustifolia) so-LANE-um vie-AIR-um
Solanaceae
Plant with milky sap… see “weeds with milky sap” below Native to: South America
Inflorescence a thick “foxtail”...Acalypha species Florida abundance and distribution: Common in the peninsula where it can be a serious pest in pastures. Not present in the western
panhandle.
Leaves painfully spiny…Purple Thistle (Cirsium horridulum) Recognition: A large, sprawling, spiny plant with round 1” fruit patterned like watermelon (green and whitish) when young, turning yellow
when ripe.
Serrate (teeth angled toward leaf tip---compare with dentate below): Potentially confused species: The similar native Soda Apple has fruits that turn from green to yellow to bright red without developing the
watermelon pattern. It is also weedy, but not as aggressive as tropical soda apple.
Some or all of the leaves compound, see…Beggarticks (Bidens alba)
Other: Tropical Soda Apple is on the federal noxious weed list. Because it’s unpalatable to cattle and produces large quantities of viable
seed, it can quickly cover pastures with impenetrable mounds and thickets.
Crushed leaves emit a strong “chemical” odor…Mexican Tea (Chenopodium ambrosioides; consider
also Peppergrass, Lepidium virginicum---see below) Contributed by David Black, Ph.D.
Foliage and fruit photos by John Bradford

Plant with tiny white 4-petalled flowers and round flat fruits 1/8” in diameter; leaves smelly when
crushed…Peppergrass (Lepidium virginicum)
Leaves all in a basal cluster, with widely spaced teeth; flowers green in a vertical green wand…Plantain
(Plantago virginica)
Basal rosette with irregularly toothed leaves, the plant rising to 4’ tall with the stem leaves narrow and
not toothed; plant parts with conspicuous long stiff hairs…Canadian Horseweed (Conyza canadensis)
Flowers lilac; leaves with long-tapered bases…Little Ironweed (Cyanthillium cinereum)
Flowers yellow:
• Flowers sessile or nearly so; leaves hairless or nearly so…Wireweed (Sida ulmifolia)
• Flowers sessile or nearly so; leaves very fuzzy…Heartleaf Sida (Sida cordifolia)
• Flowers on wire-like stems 1”-2” long…Indian Hemp (Sida rhombifolia)
Dentate (teeth point straight out) or leaf margins spiny or irregularly lobed:
Plants sprawling in moist places; leaves with notched base, the teeth shallow…Asiatic Pennywort
(Centella asiatica)
Plants < 1’ tall; leaves deeply and irregularly lobed, pungent when crushed; flowers tiny with 4 white
petals; pods long like miniature green beans…Pennsylvania Bittercress (Cardamine pensylvanica)
Plants to 2’ tall; leaf bases wrapped around stem; flower heads red or lilac…Tassel Flowers (Emilia
fosbergii (red) and E. sonchifolia (lilac))
Plants to 3’ tall, with mealy white powder on young growth; flowers green in congested clusters…Lambs
Quarters (Chenopodium album)
12 97
Plants to 2’ tall. Flowers yellow, resembling dandelion flower but numerous; basal leaves irregularly
Torpedo Grass lobed and narrowed toward the base…Asiatic Hawksbeard (Youngia japonica)
Panicum repens
PAN-ah-cum REE-pens
Poaceae Very common weed having leaves with large irregular lobes and teeth, the stems rising to 4’ tall from a
rosette; flower heads mostly white with a long cylindric vaselike involucre of phyllaries (green base to the
Native to: Probably native to Old World, now worldwide flower heads)…Burnweed (Erechtites hieraciifolius)
Florida abundance and distribution: Extremely abundant, especially in wet habitats, such as shores, ditches, and shallow water.
Sometimes on “dry” habitats. One of the worst local wetalnd weeds. Plants < 18” tall; petals yellowish, the sepals forming a husk around the flower base and around the
fruit…Husk Tomato. There are several species of Physalis in Florida. Physalis walteri and P. angustifolia
Recognition: Grass to 2.5 feet tall, usually shorter. Strongly rhizomatous, forming dense stands. Leaves strongly 2-ranked.
Inflorescence thin and irregular, to about 8 cm tall. Spikelet ca. 2.5 mm. have stellate trichomes, P. walteri throughout, and P. angustifolia glabrous except on the sepals. The
other species have simple trichomes. Physalis angulata has sharp teeth on the leaves. Physalis
Potentially confused species: Other local Panicum species. See www.floridagrasses.org pubescens and P. arenicola have similar pubescent leaves with irregular lobes and blunt teeth; the
Contributed by George Rogers former has dark spots on the flower, and the latter has flowers with no dark spots. There are additional
species but not likely encountered as weeds in South Florida.
96 13
I. Weeds Having Alternate Simple Leaves With Smooth (Entire) Leaf Tridax, Coat Buttons
Margins Tridax procumbens
TRY-dax pro-COME-bens
Asteraceae
Plants to 5’ or more tall, with leaves 8” or more long, bearing small white flowers in erect or dangling
Native to: Tropical America, now a pantropical weed.
racemes and dark purple berries…Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana)
Florida abundance and distribution: Mid to lower Florida in dry
Plant to 5’ tall with bright showy yellow flowers; leaves simple…Showy Rattlebox (Crotalaria spectabilis) areas, roadsides, waste areas, pastures, and crops.
(Other rattleboxes have trifoliate leaves) Recognition: Opposite simple pubescent leaves with toothed
margins. Flower heads with creamy ray flowers having 3 teeth,
Plant seasonally a rosette, then rising to 5’ tall, the rosette leaves toothed, the stem leaves linear and with yellow disk flowers. Achene is hairy. Galinsoga is similar.
See Galinsoga for comparison.
and untoothed; plant with conspicuous stiff white hairs on all parts…Canadian Horseweed (Conyza
canadensis) Contributed by June Wilkinson and Carolyn Hendry
Plants to 3’ tall, thorny…Spiny Amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus; see also Purple Amaranth and Slim
Amaranth)
Plants to 3’ tall. Leaves often notched at the tip…Purple Amaranth (Amaranthus blitum)
Plants to 3’ tall, not thorny, the leaves ovate with pointy tips and smoothly curved veins; flowers in
elongate green cigarette-shaped clusters...Slim Amaranth (see this species under Spiny Amaranth)
Tropical Signalgrass
Urochloa distachya
Plants to 2’ tall; leaves spatulate, stems and young leaves with white wool…Cudweeed (Gamochaeta your-OCK-low-ah di-STAKE-ee-ah
purpurea) Poaceae
Native to: Tropica Asia and Australasia. Widely naturalized.

Delicate weed to 18” tall with tiny green flowers in leaf axils; leaves alternate or opposite…Florida
Pellitory (Parietaria floridana) Synonym: Urochloa subquadripara
Florida abundance and distribution: Occurs in southern half of

Turf weed to 6” tall; leaves with disproportionately large white stipules…Alyce Clover (Alysicarpus the Florida Peninsula.
vaginalis)
Recognition: Typically spreading close to the ground with
branched stolons. Distinctive look with a few appressed spikelets
Creeping turf weed with deeply notched leaf bases, the blades otherwise nearly round…Pony’s Foot, on short horizontal branches in two ranks. A magnifier shows a
Dichondra (Dichondra caroliniensis) ligule of fine hairs and a large, broad, wrap-around first glume with
numerous veins. See www.floridagrasses.org.
Creeping weed with rounded succulent leaves; flowers yellow; open fruits resembling a tiny nest with Potentially confused species: Blanket Crabgrass grows in a
eggs…Purslane (Portulaca oleracea). Portulaca amilis, an introduced species, has flat leaves and purple similar way, although leaves and their sheathing bases are usually
flowers. Portulaca pilosa is native and likewise has purple flowers, but the leaves are round (vs. flat). much hairier than those of Topical Signal Grass.
Trianthema portulacastrum is unusual---it has broad leaves not very succulent and pale pinkish flowers. Contributed by David Black, Ph.D.
Plants creeping with small blue 3-petalled flowers having hairy stamens…Spreading Dayflower
(Commelina diffusa)
14 95
Threeseed Mercuries J. Aquatic Weeds
Copperleafs Floating freely unrooted:
Acalypha species
ay-call-EYE-pha (ay-CAL-ee-pha)
Euphorbiaceae
Leaves extremely fuzzy, in a cabbage-like rosette with roots dangling…Water Lettuce (Pistia statiotes)
Native to: Multiple (approx. 8) species in Florida, some native, some introduced weeds, and some cultivated ornamentally and called Leaf bases swollen into floats…Water-Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
Copperleaves.
Florida abundance and distribution: Occasional Plant < ½” in diameter, made of one or more roundish green disks…Duckweed (Lemna sp.) (Consider
also Mosquitofern, Azolla ficuloides, or possibly A. pinnata. Azollas are tiny floating ferns with overlapping
Recognition: Diverse, the flowers in catkins which may be bushy like a foxtail or thin and open. Flowers separate male and female, the
individual flowers small and inconspicuous. Female flowers (and fruits) three-parted and associated with lobed bracts. Leaves stipulate.
scales resembling shingles.)
Potentially confused species: The related genus Caperonia has similarities but the female flowers have no bracts. Weed floating freely; leaves coin-sized, fuzzy, paired, with dangling roots…Water-Spangles (Salvinia
Other: Selected non-native weedy species, all scattered in Florida:
minima, also possible, S. molesta)
Acalypha alopecuroidea, Foxtail Copperleaf, has the female flowers in a dense bushy foxtail.
Acalypha arvensis, Field Copperleaf, shown below, is similar to the preceding species but has long cilia on the tips of the bracts. Rooted, either submerged or rising to the surface:
Acalypha setosa, Cuban Copperleaf, is unusual. Its female inflorescences are comparatively sparse and do not form a bushy foxtail like
the other two species.
Leaves dissected into linear segments…Coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum)
Leaves pinnate, resembling fine fish skeletons…Parrotfeather (Myriophyllum pinnatum, or other

Myriophyllum species)
Leaves pinnate, similar to Myriophyllum but with fewer leaflets (< 8 vs. > 10)…Mermaid (Proserpinaca
pectinata)
Leaves opposite; stem hollow and floating; flowers in a white congested head…Alligator Weed
(Alternanthera philoxeroides)
Leaves opposite; stem square; flowers 2-lipped…Indian Swampweed (Hygrophila polysperma)
Leaves whorled, not serrate, the midrib without prickles…Brazilian Waterweed (Egeria densa)
Leaves whorled; serrate; midvein with prickles beneath…Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata)
Sedge sometimes floating mats; flowers in globose heads; achenes white…Cuban Bulrush (Oxycaryum
cubense)
94 15
K. Weeds With Milky Sap Three Flower Beggarweed
Leaves opposite…Sand Mats (See Chamaesyce under “opposite leaves” above) Creeping Tick Trefoil
Desmodium triflorum
des-MOH-dee-um try-FLOR-um
Leaves just under the flowers splashed with red…Wild Poinsettia (Poinsettia cyathophora) Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Plants to 3’ tall; leaves to multiple inches long, irregularly lobed; flowers with 3-lobed ovaries…Fiddler’s Native to: Old World Tropics
Spurge (Poinsettia heterophylla) (Similar to Wild Poinsettia but without the red markings) Florida abundance and distribution: Introduced to Florida and distributed from Central to South Florida, also introduced to Louisiana.
Plant to 2’ tall; flowers white with 3-lobed ovary…Grassleaf Euphorbia (Euphorbia graminea) (Resembles Recognition: Perennial forming a much-branched dense creeping mat with trifoliate leaves having obovate to obcordate emarginate
leaflets. Terminal leaflet larger than the lateral leaflets. Stipules triangular and pubescent. Flowers 1-3 in leaf axils, pink to bluish to
Fiddler’s Spurge but thinner and with flowers white as opposed to green and pink) purplish in color. The pod flat, jointed and small. The mature pod or its segments attach to anything that passes by tiny hooked hairs. The
entire plant is pubescent.
Flower head single, yellow…Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
Potentially confused species: Desmodium incanum (Creeping Beggarweed, Spanish Clover, Tick Trefoil) is erect and much larger; its
leaflets are elliptic to oblong, dark green and often with a silver stripe along the center vein. Desmodium tortuosum (Dixie Ticktrefoil,
Plant to 4’ tall; leaves with main vein purple, leaf base curled where it contacts the stem; flower heads Florida Beggarweed) leaflets are ovate to oblong with flowers bluish-green or pink on a plant rising potentially multiple feet tall (vs.
yellow…Sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus, or S. asper) prostrate). Dixie Trefoil has conspicuous stipels (resembling stipules) at the base of the middle leaflet.
Other: The whole plant is used medicinally for inducing sweat and promoting digestion.
Contributed by Andrea Schechter.
16 93
Suriname Sedge Alligator Weed
Cyperus surinamensis Alternanthera philoxeroides
sigh-PAIR-us sir-ah-nam-EN-sis al-ter-NAN-thur-ah fill-ox-er-OID-ees
Cyperaceae Amaranthaceae
Native to: South America Native to: South America
Florida abundance and distribution: Common throughout most of Recognition: Sprawling herb usually in water, or in
the state row crops and gardens; stem often pinkish; leaves
opposite, elliptic to oblanceolate; fruits tiny, one-seeded.
Recognition: Weedy sedge easily recognized by short, stubby Gomphrena has two bracts beneath the flower head. Joy-
clustered spikelets and especially by uniquely scratchy “sandpaper” Weed (Alternanthera flavescens) grows in dry habitats,
stem below the inflorescence. Often but not necessarily in moist has the tepals pubescent (vs. glabrous), and leaves
places. usually lanceolate (vs. elliptic or widest above the middle).
Contributed by George Rogers Other: Alligator Flea Beetles have been released as
biological control for this weed.
Thin Paspalum
Paspalum setaceum
pass-PAL-lum see-TAY-see-um
Poaceae
Alyce Clover
Native to: Florida native One-Leaf Clover
Alysicarpus vaginalis
Florida abundance and distribution: Common throughout most of al-liss-ee-KAR-pus vaj-in-AIL-iss
Florida Fabaceae
Recognition: Perennial in clumps up to 3’ tall. Leaf blades broad Native to: Old World Tropics
and slightly wavy, narrowing to a sharp point with stiff hairs along
margins. Ligule short and fringed. Inflorescence slender and Florida abundance and distribution: Naturalized in
branching with seeds tightly spaced along undersides of stalks. Florida, Southern United States and the West Indies
Other: Extremely common weed in lawns and along roadsides. Recognition: Stems erect or spreading, up to 1 cm
long, with leaves singular, simple and alternate, ovate
Contributed by Geovany Esteban to lanceolate, up to 2.5 cm long. Plants with large
conspicuous stipules. Flowers in racemes with 6-12
flowers; corolla reddish purple, purplish blue or yellow;
pods compressed with 4-7 segments
Other: Grown as a forage plant.
Contributed by Andrea Schechter
92 17
Artillery-Plant Spreading Dayflower
Pilea microphylla
PILE-ee-ah mike-crow-FILL-ah Climbing Dayflower
Urticaceae Commelina diffusa
kom-uh-LINE-uh deh-FEW-sa
Native to: Florida native Commelinaceae
Florida abundance and distribution: Scattered throughout Native to: Asia
Recognition: Low to the ground. Leaves crowded, more or Florida abundance and distribution: Introduced to Florida, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands and Hawaii. Found in moist and irrigated locations,
less elliptic, small, < 1” long, in a single plane on light green sometimes aggressive and problematic.
stems. Flowers green and small.
Recognition: A creeping perennial or annual, depending on where it’s located with simple, alternate spathelike leaves that are lanceolate
Contributed by Nathan Hendry to ovate. Flowers blue, ½” wide with 3 sepals, the lower petal usually smaller, three yellow stamens.
Potentially confused species: There are several species of Commelina in Florida. Commelina benghalensis is larger and broader in leaf
size, more pubescent and with red hairs on the leaf sheath. The flowers are bluish to violet with the bottom leaf colorless. It produces
subterranean flowers. Commelina virginica resembles C. benghalensis but the leaves are a little larger and longer, and it has blue flowers;
also C. virginica is scabrous. Commelina erecta (Erect Dayflower) has the third (lower, smaller) petal white.
Other: In China this species is used as a febrifugal and has diuretic effects. Also, the juice of the petals is used in painting.

Asiatic Hawksbeard
Youngia japonica
YOUNG-ee-ah jaw-PON-ah-cah
Asteraceae
Native to: Asia, naturalized worldwide in warm climates,

including the SEUS
Recognition: Rosette-forming and taprooted. Leaves

pinnately sharply lobed with a large terminal lobe, the lateral
lobes becoming smaller toward the base. Flowering stalks
rising above the leaves, having up to 30 flower heads, these
yellow and resembling dandelion flowers.
Potentially confused species: Dandelion has only one flower

head/stalk.
Means of dispersal: Seedlike fruits on feathery “parachutes.”
Contributed by Janel Schaffer
18 91
Asiatic
Sow Thistles
Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sow Thistle) Pennywort
Sonchus asper (Spiny Sow Thistle) Centella asiatica (Hydrocotyle asiatica)
SON-kus ASS-per ohl-er-ACE-ee-us sen-TELL-ah ays-ee-AT-ah-cah
Asteraceae (Compositae) Apiaceae (or Araliaceae)
Native to: Worldwide weeds. Both species introduced into Florida Native to: Warm Asia
Florida abundance and distribution: Common weeds throughout most Florida abundance and distribution: Ditches and other low moist
of the state. places throughout Florida.
Recognition: Large, fast-growing with spiny irregular leaves often having Recognition: Small, low-growing, herbaceous perennial having
purple veins, and with yellow flower heads. Milky sap. Note distinctive shovel-shaped leaves sometimes with red edges. Flowers small,
large auricles (ears) where the leaf joins the stem. The two species are white to pink.
similar. Sonchus asper has the auricle curled and has no transverse
ridges on the “seed” (achene). Sonchus oleraceus has the auricle Means of dispersal: Rhizomes and seeds
straight or nearly so and has cross-bars on the achene between the ribs.
Other: In India and in Asia this species has served as a medicinal
Contributed by George Rogers herb for thousands of years. Today Centella asiatica is used in a
wide variety of pharmaceutical products for skin care, kidney and
Photo: Sonchus asper by John Bradford liver problems, wounds, and the immune system. Centella leaves
are used fresh in salads and dried in teas.
Contributed by William Mullarkey

Spiny Amaranth
Amaranthus spinosus
am-ah-RAN-thus spie-NO-sus
Amaranthaceae
Native to: Tropical America
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout, common
Recognition: Leaves alternate, with curving veins, the stem sharply

spiny. Flowers tiny, green, congested in spikes.
Baldwin’s Flatsedge,
The similar Slim Amaranth (Amaranthus hybridus) has no thorns. See
also Purple Amaranth (having notched leaf tips) in this manual. Globe Sedge
Cyperus croceus
Contributed by George Rogers sigh-PEAR-us CROW-see-us
Cyperaceae
Photo to left: Spiny Amaranth. Photo below Slim Amaranth (by Forest and
Kim Starr, permitted use) Native to: Florida native
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout, one of the most

common weedy sedges
Recognition: Perennial 1’-3’ tall, with nearly globose spikelet

clusters usually on long bare wands.
Easily confused species: This species resembles C. retrorsus

and has in some classifications been treated as a synonym. The
latter has more-cylindric spikelet clusters, and 40-120 (vs. 10-50)
rounded (vs. flat) spikelets.
Internet reference: www.floridagrasses.org
Contributed by Ginelle Monico
90 19
Balsam Pear, Cerasee Smooth Rattlebox
Momordica charantia Crotalaria pallida
muh-MORD-ah-cah kar-ANT-ee-ah kroh-tuh-LARE-ee-ah PAL-lid-duh
Cucurbitaceae Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Native to: Southern Asia Native to: Africa

Florida abundance and distribution: In disturbed sites from
Florida abundance and distribution: Naturalized and distributed
Putnam Co. to the central and southern peninsula.
throughout Florida, mostly in the Peninsula.
Recognition: A fast growing climber that reaches a height of 6’
and bears deeply lobed and alternate leaves, yellow flowers, and Recognition: Alternate, compound, trifoliate leaves, the leaflets
orange-yellow fruit red on the inside. Flowering mostly in summer oblong to elliptic, the center leaflet larger than lateral leaflets; leaflet
and fruiting mostly during the autumn. margins entire and often ending in sharp point. Stalks ribbed and
pubescent; petioles 2-4 cm and very pubescent. About 10-40 yellow
Other: Balsam Pear may be helpful in the treatment of Type- flowers with reddish-brown streaks (veins) atop terminal racemes, the
2 diabetes. In the Caribbean the plant is called Cerasee (with bracts linear. Wings oblong, the banner rounded, the keel curved, all
different spelling variations) and is a traditional medicine for pilose. Pod approx 3.5-3.8 cm long, oblong, inflated, with a groove
numerous ailments. on one side and pubescent, containing 20-30 seeds. As the fruit
matures, the seeds break loose in the pod and “rattle.”
Potentially confused species: There are multiple species of
Crotalaria in Florida both native and non-native. This species has
characteristically trifoliate leaves with the leaflets more or less elliptic.
Showy Rattlebox has simple leaves. Crotalaria lanceolata has more
or less linear leaflets.
Other: Good nitrogen fixation. It is toxic to livestock, especially

ingesting the seeds.
Smut Grass
Sporobolus indicus
spore-OB-ah-lus IND-ah-cus
Poaceae
Native to: Widespread in tropical areas with exact origins unclear, not
a Florida native
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout, common in

Beeblossom disturbed sandy places
Gaura angustifolia Recognition: Tall (3’) slender grass with very narrow tough leaves
GOW-rah ann-gust-ah-FOAL-ee-ah and the flowering spike usually narrow and wand-like. See www.
Onagraceae floridagrasses.org
Native to: Florida native Other: Part of a taxonomically confused species complex.
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout Contributed by George Rogers
Recognition: Narrow-leaved weed having pink flowers in spring

and summer, these with long inferior ovaries. Common on
disturbed roadsides and similar mowed weedy places.
Contributed by George Rogers, photo by John Bradford
20 89
Showy Rattlebox Beggar Ticks,
Crotalaria spectabilis
kroh-tuh-LARE-ee-ah speck-TAB-ah-liss Spanish Needles
Fabaceae Bidens alba
BYE-dens AL-bah
Native to: Asia Asteraceae
Florida abundance and distribution: Naturalized and distributed throughout Florida and the Southern United States, Hawaii and Puerto Native to: Native to Florida
Rico.
Florida abundance and distribution: Very abundant, throughout
Recognition: Annual 0.6-1.5 m tall with a single ribbed green to purple stem. Leaves alternate and simple, oblanceolate to elliptical and
pubescent, green to yellow-green in color. Petiole approx. 2.8 cm long, the stipules ovate-triangular. Having about 20-30 large showy flowers Recognition: Herbaceous, with opposite compound, serrate
in terminal racemes. Petals yellow with purplish-red veins, the sepals green and smooth. Fruit oblong, inflated, black to brown, approx. 3-5 leaves. Flower heads with white ray flowers and yellow disk
cm long and smooth, containing > 20 seeds. As the fruit matures, the seeds break loose inside and “rattle,” hence the name Rattlebox. flowers. Seedlike fruits cling by two short sharp needles to
clothing.
Potentially confused species: Several species of Crotalaria live in Florida. This is the only large species with simple (vs. trifoliate) leaves.
Easily confused species: Tridax has simple leaves,
Other: Good nitrogen fixation. It is toxic to certain animals, especially the seeds. Used as a green manure crop. conspicuously 3-notched ray flowers, extensive pubescence,
and parachute-type fruits (vs. sticktights). There are additional
Contributed by Andrea Schechter species of Bidens in Florida. Bidens mitis and B. laevis have
yellow flower heads. Bidens bipinnata has double compound (vs.
once-compound) leaves and fruits with 3 (vs. 2) horns.
Contributed by June Wilkinson and Carolyn Hendry
Bermuda Grass
Cynodon dactylon
SIN-oh-dawn DACT-ah-lawn
Poaceae
Native to: Africa, Asia, and beyond
Florida abundance and distribution: This escaped turf grass is

naturalized throughout the warmer regions of the United States,
where it was introduced in the colonial period from the Old World
Tropics.
Recognition: Leaf blades gray-green, short with rough edges.

Erect stems to 12” tall. (Occasionally much taller.) Stems slightly
flattened, often tinged purple. Seed heads in distinctive fingerlike
umbels of 2-6 spikes. Roots deep, once established difficult to
remove.
Other: Aggressive, crowding out other grasses and invasive. It is

fast-growing and tough, making this species popular for turf.
Internet sources: 2011 American-Lawn.com.

www.floridagrasses.org
88 21
Black Medic Sandspur
Medicago lupulina Cenchrus spinifex
med-ah-CAW-go loop-you-LINE-ah SEN-krus SPINE-ah-fex
Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Poaceae
Native to: Eurasia Native to: United States
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout Florida abundance and distribution: Tufts or dense mats and best adapted to dry sandy and sandy loam soils, also on heavier soils. The
grass is very adapted to old fields, waste places and sandy sites. There are several additional Cenchrus species in Florida. Consult www.
Recognition: Summer annual or short-lived perennial in floridagrasses.org.
disturbed areas. Prostrate to 1’ tall, with nitrogen-fixing root
nodules. Stems 1’-2’ long, with small hairs. Leaves trifoliate, Recognition: This Sandspur is a warm season annual, and sometimes a short-lived perennial to 2’ tall, sometimes with runners. The leaf
the central leaflet on a separate petiolule, the leaflet margins blade is 2”-6” long and flat. The sheath is flat and hairy along the margins. The raceme seedhead has 6-20 spiny burrs covered with fine
serrulate. Flowers tiny, yellow, numerous in thimble-like hairs.
bunches. Fruit a tiny pod that remains closed at maturity.
Contributed by Janel Schafer
Potentially confused species: Other local weeds with trifoliate
leaflets include Beggarweeds (Desmodium species), which differ
by having entire leaflets and purplish flowers and non-serrate
leaflets; Oxalis, which has deeply notched leaflets; and Dutch
White Clover (Trifolium album) with white flowers and a white
chevron on each leaflet.
Brazilian-Clover,
Brazilian Pusley
Richardia brasiliensis
reh-CHARD-ee-ah brah-zil-ee-EN-sis
Rubiaceae
Native to: Tropical America, probably not including Florida
Recognition: Sprawling weed with opposite fuzzy leaves and a

fringed stipule between the bases. Flowers tiny, star-shaped with
(4)5(6) petals. See “Mexican-Clover” (Richardia grandiflora) for
comparison with similar species. Brazilian-Clover has the smallest
flowers of the trio, and has fruit segments with flat inner faces.
Contributed by George Rogers
22 87
Black Nightshade
Solanum americanum
so-LAY-num ah-mer-ah-CANE-um
Solanaceae
Florida abundance and distribution: Abundant throughout
Recognition: Perennial or subshrub to about 4’ tall, having

irregularly shaped leaves, which may have entire or coarsely
serrate margins Flowers white, star-shaped, with 5 sepals, 5
petals, 5 yellow stamens, and a solitary pistil. Fruit a black
berry.
Potentially confused species: There are other species of

Solanum in Florida (see also Tropical Soda Apple in the present
guide). The present species stands apart by not being a vine,
by not being conspicuously fuzzy, by being thornless, and by
having black berries. The name Solanum nigrum is sometimes
misapplied to this species.
Other: Black Nightshade contains alkaloids (including tropane,

pyridine, solanine) and sterols. Symptoms include digestive
disturbance, weakness, trembling, impaired breathing, and
paralysis.
Contributed by Ryan Agnew
Chamaesyce hirta (top) and C. hyssopifolia (bottom)
86 23
Burnweed Sand Mats
Erechtites hieraciifolius Chamaesyce species
err-RECH-ah-tees high-er-ace-ah-FOAL-ee-us kam-eh-SIGH-see
Asteraceae Euphorbiaceae
Native to: Florida native Native to: Commonly encountered species are native to Florida. (Chamaesyce lasiocarpa and C. mendezii are introduced.)
Florida abundance and distribution: Common weed, Florida abundance and distribution: Species of this genus are abundant throughout. Florida is home to about 24 species.
especially in moist burned areas.
Recognition: Members of Chamaesyce are sprawling mat-formers or erect subshrubs. Sap milky. Leaves opposite; flowers small and
Recognition: To about 3’ tall, the leaves deeply incised, the inconspicuous, with the 3-lobate ovary characteristic of the Euphorbiaceae. This key (with data from R. Wunderlin and B. Hansen, “Guide to
teeth with sharp points. Flower heads swollen the Vascular Plants of Florida” 2nd ed.) will help with species abundant in South Florida:
basally, green-with a little yellow. Achenes with parachutes.
1. Fruits hairless …2
Contributed by George Rogers. Photos by John Bradford 1. Fruits pubescent…6
FRUITS HAIRLESS
2. “Flowers” (cyathia) clustered or in branched inflorescences….3
2. “Flowers” solitary or in unbranched clusters at nodes…4
3. Stipule much longer than wide…C. hypericifolia
3. Stipule mostly shorter than wide…C. hyssopifolia (Plants stand up)
4. Leaves with a red rim…C. cumulicola (Sand dunes, coastal scrub)
4. Leaves not rimed in red…5
5. Stipules easy to see (1 mm long, white); upright subshrub…C. mesembrianthemifolia (Dunes)
5. Stipules inconspicuous…C. blodgettii
FRUITS HAIRY
6. Fruits hairy only at the corners…7
6. Fruits hairy all over…8
7. Leaves light green…C. mendezii (Introduced from Mexico)
7. Leaves dark green…C. prostrata
8. “Flowers” clustered or in branched inflorescence…9
9. Gland appendages absent; inflorescences all at branch tips…C. ophthalmica
9. Gland appendages present; some inflorescences at nodes…C. hirta (Strongly hairy, having short white hairs and longer yellowish hairs
with dark and light markings; leaves often reddish)
10. Styles nail-shaped; foliage sometimes with a red spot…C. maculata (Sidewalk crack mat weed)
10. Styles not swollen toward the tip; leaf not spotted…C. thymifolia
24 85
Rust Weed Bushy Bluestem
Polypremum procumbens Andropogon glomeratus
polly-PREEM-um pro-COME-benz an-dro-POE-gone glow-mer-AY-tus
Loganiaceae Poaceae
Native to: Florida native Native to: Central America, West Indies, North America
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout on sunny sand Florida abundance and distribution: Most of Florida, especially
on moist soils
Recognition: Small clumping weed with opposite bristly needle-shaped leaves, often becoming rust-colored. Flowers tiny and
inconspicuous, white. Recognition: Forms a narrow clump of flattened blue-green leaf
blades. Flower stalks topped with dense, fluffy, silvery pink to
Contributed by George Rogers white panicles. Rises to 6’ tall above foliage in late summer to
early fall. Panicles soften into billowy plumes.
Potentially confused species: Andropogon glomeratus and

A. virginicus are the most common Andropogons in Florida.
Andropogon virginicus differs by having its flowering mostly along
the stems as opposed to concentrated toward the tops.
See www.floridagrasses.org.
Buttonweed
Spermacoce verticillata
sperm-ah-COSE-ee ver-tiss-ah-LAY-tah
Rubiaceae
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout most of the

Peninsula, a dominant and pervasive weed of many habitats.
Recognition: Tough erect or sprawling weed having narrow

opposite (or apparently whorled) leaves with a fringed stipule
between the bases, leaves often numerous in axillary tufts;
flowers tiny, 4-petalled, aggregated into semi-globose white
buttons.
Potentially confused species: The native Spermacoce remota

(S. assurgens) likewise occurs in weedy situations. It is less
robust and often smaller; the leaves are not clustered in axillary
tufts; its flowers are in tight clusters but may be light pink (vs.
white) or white, and the clusters are not globose.
84 25
Caesar Weed Ricefield Flatsedge
Urena lobata Cyperus iria
you-REEN-ah lobe-AY-tah sigh-PEAR-us (sometimes pronounced SIPE-ah-rus) EAR-ee-ah
Malvaceae Cyperaceae
Native to: Originally from Asia, and now throughout tropical and Native to: Eurasia. Widely naturalized
subtropical regions around the globe
Florida abundance and distribution: Occasional throughout Florida in
Florida abundance and distribution: Most abundant in South Florida moist or wet disturbed sites.
Recognition: Bushy growth pattern with low branching. Leaves grayish- Recognition: The tiny scales that cover the seeds are cupped and
green and alternately arranged with serrate margins, with a cluster of give the spikelet a beaded look. The inflorescences look more irregu-
glands on the underside where the petiole joins the blade. Light pink lar and messy and less flattened than most Cyperus species.
flowers about 1 cm wide, usually with 5 petals. Fruit shaped like a dime-
sized pie with bristly segments that cling to fabric. Other: An important weed of rice in Asia. Recent systems for increas-
ing rice production and decreasing costs involve reduced water levels
Contributed by Ginelle Monico that have the side effect of more problems with weeds.
Contributed by David Black, Ph.D.
Rosary Pea
Precatory Bean
Abrus precatorius
AY-bus prek-uh-TOR-ee-us
Fabaceae
Native to: India and Tropical Asia
Florida abundance and distribution: Introduced to Florida and

abundant.
Recognition: Climbing vine. Pinnately compound leaves with narrow

oblong leaflets. Flowers rose-violet and pealike; seeds glossy red, black
at the base; pods 1.5” long and oblong.
Camphorweed Other: Seeds are potentially fatal if ingested. The seeds are used to
Heterotheca subaxillaris make Rosary Beads and necklaces.
het-er-oh-THEE-cah sub-axe-ah-LAIR-us
Asteraceae Contributed by Andrea Schechter and Mike Derer
Florida abundance and distribution: Common in dry sandy places

throughout the state
Recognition: Aromatic fuzzy herb of dry areas. Flower heads bright

yellow. Fruits tiny “parachutes” in a head, resembling dandelion
26 83
Canadian Horseweed
Conyza canadensis
con-EYE-zah can-ah-DEN-sis
Asteraceae
Recognition: Potentially to several feet tall, with hispid-hirsute

stems and leaves. Leaves alternate, narrowly elliptic to linear,
sessile on mature stems, often twisted, long-pubescent. Flowers
in small white heads in uncrowded racemes/panicles, these in
pyramid-shaped clusters at the top of the plant. When young, the
rosette with oblanceolate coarsely serrate-lobed pubescent leaves
reminiscent of many other Asteraceae. The long hairs help with
identification.
Other: May cause dermatitis when handled.
Contributed by George Rogers.
Photos by John Bradford
Photos: Previous page, bottom left, ragweed by John Bradford, bottom right, female flowers of A. hispida
by Jim Conrad (permitted use). Above, male flower heads by John Bradford.
82 27
Carolina Geranium More on Ragweed...
From Treasure Coast Natives
Geranium carolinianum
ger-AIN-ee-um care-oh-lin-ee-AIN-um Isn’t ambrosia food of the gods, incarnate here on earth as that marshmallow-coconut-jello salad? What was Linnaeus thinking when he
Geraniaceae named Ragweed that!?
Native to: North America, including Florida It’s not exactly divine, but Ragweed is a native weed distributed, get this (!) from Alaska to Florida, and from there globally as an invasive
exotic. It loves disturbance. Have you ever seen how Ragweed monopolizes freshly excavated dirt? Among other adaptations, the seeds
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout, winter (achenes) are tiny burrs no doubt carried by anything that moves. The seeds accumulate in the soil seed bank with varied germination
annual in disturbed places times. Some sprout lickety-split, others slumber for decades waiting for that road grader. John and George this week hiked the Cypress
Creek Natural Area near Jupiter Farms and, after passing by all the photogenic wildflowers, focused on the dominant species. The spoil
Recognition: Hairy. Leaves in a rosette, palmately lobed. banks along the graded road are two solid ribbons of Ragweed.
Flowers 1/2” diam., white to pink or purplish. Capsule
resembling a bird’s beak, springing open to launch 5 seeds. In a fun little book, My Weeds, garden writer Sara Stein described a classroom activity called Magic Dirt, where the children go outside and
fill a flowerpot with nice “clean” soil, and place their pot on the classroom windowsill to witness awakening weeds. I LIKE it! The Cypress
Contributed by William Mullarkey Creek road banks are Magic Dirt on a macro-scale. How long have some of those seeds slept in the soil? Perhaps their parents caused
sneezing at the Battle(s) of the Loxahatchee on more or less that ground in 1838.
That’s the thing we all know about Ragweed, Gesundheit! The plant releases pollen like a fiend. Such wanton wind pollination is unusual in
the mostly insect-pollinated Aster Family.
Ragweed shuns insect pollinators, nectar, and perfumed scents. It scorned Brooks Brothers and put on torn blue jeans, and chose a different
path: wind pollination. It thinks it is a grass.
The small Ragweed flower heads look like single flowers, and are arranged in catkins (linear clusters), as in many wind-pollinated plants. The
pollen-producing (“male”) flowers are separate from the seed-making (“female”) flowers on the same plant. (Yes, self-pollination can occur
on one plant; that way, a single individual can pioneer a whole new population.)
The female flowers are little more than an ovary with two big stigmas jutting out like antennae to catch wind-borne pollen. The male flowers
are nothing more than pollen bags.
Cheesy Toes
And that is why Ragweed is so sneezy…it lives to pollute the air with pollen. I’ve read that one plant can generate a billion grains.
Stylosanthes hamata And why is air-borne pollen so allergenic? Did you ever wonder how a flower knows which pollen to let fertilize its seeds, and which to
style-oh-SAN-thees ham-AY-tah thwart? I mean, a female cat knows a male cat, and a female turtle probably knows a male turtle. But flowers are different. The stigma
Fabaceae (pollen-receptive surface) has built-in pollen recognition ability. A pollen grain landing on a stigma can release proteins that ask the stigma,
“am I on the right stigma”? The stigma can then allow the pollen to perform its function, or kill it. When pollen catches in our moist sinuses,
Native to: Caribbean Islands it releases its recognition proteins and asks, “am I on a stigma?” Our immune system recognizes that foreign protein as an antigen.
Florida abundance and distribution: Occasional weed in

South Florida
Recognition: Creeping or sub-shrubby, often in turf, with

trilobite (or pinnately compound) leaves and small yellow
pealike flowers.
Potentially confused species: Rabbitbells (Crotalaria

rotundifolia) have a similar habit and similar flowers but the
leaves are simple.
Photo by John Bradford
28 81
Ragweed Hooked on Cheesytoes
Ambrosia artemisiifolia The first time I saw Cheesytoes (what a name!) was on a rough roadside a few years ago---the kind of scratchy littered place you change a
am-BROZE-ee-ah art-eh-miz-eh-FOAL-ee-ah
flat tire. The Cheesytoes seemed to fit in among the coarse exotic weeds. Not recognizing the plant, I keyed it out and was pleased to greet
Asteraceae
a native species. Who knows, maybe it was rising defiantly from the original scrubby soil seedbank underlying the thoroughfare. At least
cultivar 'Verano' (see below) withstands herbicide attack, which may help explain the roadside existence of today's plants.
Rising from an old seedbank is plausible, because species of Stylosanthes have particularly hard durable seeds. This matters in a crop
Florida abundance and distribution: Common throughout
plant you wish to grow from seed, and a recent (2011) study in Grass and Forage Science suggests microwaves to get the party started with
one Stylosanthes species.
Recognition: Plants to 4’ tall; leaves opposite, deeply pinnately lobed (to essentially compound), the leaflets lobed; flower heads green and
inconspicuous in dense clusters.
Stylosanthes is an odd little genus. There are more or less 25 species, 23 of them in warm America and two in the tropical Old World.
Florida has three species, more or less: Stylosanthes biflora is widespread from Central to North Florida. Some native plant nurseries sell
Other: Famous (and debatable) culprit in hay fever.
it. Why not? Tough, forgiving, undemanding, and attractive. Stylosanthes calcicola occupies the very southern tip of Florida and is state-
listed as endangered. Native to our botanical home range in Palm Beach County is S. hamata.
Species of Stylosanthes interface with human activity mainly in the pasture. They are legumes able to grow under varied and trying
circumstances. They fix nitrogen and have an unusual ability to extract phosphorus from their substrate. Not bad, let's see, fix nitrogen,
extract phosphorus, and as an added bonus the plants repel ticks. All of these things have spawned fodder plantings from China and
Australia to Brazil.
Our own Stylosanthes hamata is historically a broadly defined species, or perhaps "species plus some." Taxonomic studies, chromosomal
observations, biochemical data, and most recently DNA work have combined over the years to show the "species" to be a mix of diploid
plants (having one set of chromosomes) and hybrid strains with extra chromosome sets derived from other species, in other words a genetic
hodgepodge. The "Stylosanthes hamata" cultivar 'Verano' is technically a combination of two species. So then, cryptic genetic pollution of a
native population by alien cultivated material is possible, similar to the situation in Phragmites reeds.
In Florida both diploid (two chromosome sets) and tetraploid (four chromosome sets, probable hybrids) occur. Diploid and tetraploid "S.
hamata" strains behave differently: the diploids require alkaline soil but the tetraploids do not; the diploids seem to be less drought tolerant;
and the diploids seem to require long days for flowering. This, however, is all based on narrow data with the knowledge that there are
multiple tetraploid strains. So overgeneralization is possible.
Similarly to the fruits on Sea Rocket, the fruits bust into two segments, one remaining on the parent plant and one hitting the road. In Sea
Rocket the wandering segment floats away. In Cheesytoes, the wanderer has a hook to grab a passerby, and when that happens the more
homebound segment remains attached to the parent plant. Oh, btw, "hamata" means hooked.
80 29
Chinese-Violet Purslane
Asystasia gangetica Portulaca oleracea
ass-ah-STAYS-ee-ah gan-JET-ah-cah port-you-LACK-ah ole-er-ACE-ee-ah
Acanthaceae Portulacaceae
Native to: Old World Tropics Native to: Old World? Widespread for centuries, and of unclear
origins.
Florida abundance and distribution: Mostly
South Florida, often on dryish sites. Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout Florida as a weed
in lawns and along roadsides.
Recognition: Sprawling or erect rhizomatous
perennial having elliptic opposite leaves with Recognition: Succulent annual with thick obovate entire ½ inch to
smooth margins, and having terminal racemes 1 inch long leaves. Flowers small, yellow. Fruit opening into a tiny
bearing blue-violet or white or pinkish bilaterally “bowl” containing black seeds.
symmetrical tubular flowers. Exploding
capsules fling seeds. Also known as: Verdolaga, Little Hogweed, and Pusley

Contributed by June Wilkinson
Cinchweed
Pectis prostrata, P. glaucescens
PECK-tus pros-TRAY-tah glau-KESS-ens
Asteraceae
Ragleaf
Native to: Florida native (Pectis humifusa Crassocephalum crepidioides
introduced) crass-oh-CEPH-ah-lum kre-id-ee-OID-eez
Asteraceae
Florida abundance and distribution:
Widespread, in dry sandy disturbed sites, Native to: Africa
including turf. Can be mat-forming.
Florida abundance and distribution: Miami-Dade, Broward, Palm
Recognition: Low mat-forming plant with Beach, Martin counties. Seems to prefer moist places.
narrowly elliptic, gland-dotted opposite leaves
with ciliate margins. Flower heads yellow. Recognition: Reminiscent of Burnweed but leaf lacerations
shallower, and flower heads with purplish (vs. yellow-green) florets.
Potentially confused species: Pectis prostrata
has sessile heads. Pectis glaucescens has Contributed by George Rogers
pedunculate heads. There are additional Pectis
species. Richardias can have slightly similar Photo by john Bradford
(but broader) pubescent opposite leaves, but
are stipulate and are not gland-dotted.
Photo of P. glaucescens by John Bradford
30 79
Purple Thistle Coontail
Cirsium horridulum Ceratophyllum demersum
SIR-see-um hor-ID-you-lum sair-at-OFF-ah-lum (sair-at-oh-FILL-um) dee-MURS-um
Asteraceae Ceratophyllaceae
Native to: Maine south into Florida and west to Texas. Also found in the West Indies, Mexico and Central America. Native to: Florida native
Florida abundance and distribution: This is a frequent native weed of pinelands and prairies. It is often found along the edges of marshes Florida abundance and distribution: Aquatic weed throughout
and is typical in overgrazed pastures, and as a roadside weed. Grown in full sun exposure, drought-tolerant when established, low salt
water tolerance. Soils from moist, well-drained to moderately well-drained sandy or limestone soils, without humus. Recognition: Plant resembles a fluffy tail, with feathery leaves divided into threadlike segments, each segment with tiny teeth, giving
the leaf a rough feeling.
Recognition: Stem 1’-5’ tall, with alternate leaf arrangement. The leaves are spiny, 6”-10” long, lanceolate, pinnately lobed, stalkless
and clasping the stem, with spiny margins and tips. The basal rosette is broader than tall. Flowers in large variably colored heads (2”-3” Potentially confused species: Myriophyllum aquaticum, an exotic species, has a similar overall aspect but the leaves are divided into
diameter) including pale pink, rose/mauve, pale yellow, purple, cream/tan. It blooms all year long, mostly spring-fall. The flower heads are fine pinnate segments resembling a comb or a fish skeleton.
surrounded by distinctive pinnately lobed spine-tipped bracts.
Other: Also known as Yellow Thistle or Spiny Thistle. The name “horridulum" refers to the very prickly leaves. This is a major attractor of
insect pollinators (butterflies bees, wasps and/or birds). This plant is a larval host plant and a nectar plant. The flowering heads are often
torn apart by beetles. Birds help spread the seeds.
Contributed by Grace Walton and William Mullarkey
78 31
Crabgrass Pouzolzia Bush
Southern Crabgrass: Digitaria ciliaris Pouzolzia zeylanica
Indian Crabgrass: Digitaria longiflora pooh-ZOLZ-ee-ah zay-LAN-ah-cah
Urticaceae
Blanket Crabgrass: Digitaria serotina
dij-ah-TARE-eh-ah sill-ee-AIR-us lonj-ah-FLOOR-ah sair-OUGHT-ah-naw Native to: Asia
Poaceae
Florida abundance and distribution: Roadsides, old fields, waste
Native to: Digitaria longiflora is not native; the other species are. places, and disturbed areas in the Peninsula.
Florida abundance and distribution: All three species are widespread in the state. Recognition: Fuzzy weed 3--5’ feet tall with alternate (or opposite)
leaves. Leaf blades ovate. White flowers, tiny and knob-like in leaf axils.
Recognition: There are numerous species of Digitaria in Florida. See www.floridagrasses.org. These three are especially common weeds.
All Digitaria species have long narrow fingerlike flowering spikes. The spikes are messy---attached at different heights and of different Other: Highly invasive. Spreads by seed and has an extensive root
lengths (see left-hand photo below). system. When attempting to rid area of P. zeylanica, tuber-like root
systems will continue to spread and send up new stems.
Digitaria ciliaris is a potentially tall weed often 2’-3’ tall in disturbed sites. The spikelets have conspicuous marginal cilia.
Digitaria serotina is a common turf weed. It forms low mats in lawns. The leaves are narrowly lanceolate and fuzzy. Contributed by Nathan Hendry
Digitaria longiflora is similar but not hairy, and the spikelets are very short (1.2-1.5 mm vs. > 1.5 mm in D. serotina).
Potentially confused species: Another common turf weed is Thin Paspalum; its spikelets are usually about 2 mm long and > 1 mm wide
(vs. smaller in the Digitaria species).
Purple Pigweed
Amaranthus blitum
am-ah-RAN-thus BLIGHT-um
Amaranthaceae
Native to: Mediterranean Region
Recognition: Annual herb with trailing stems 1’-2’ long, and more or
less oval leaves having distinctive notched tips, on long petioles. The
numerous green flowers clustered in the angles between leaf and stem
and are unisexual, without petals. The female flower develops into a
juicy, crimson fruit containing a single seed.
Potentially confused species: Spiny Amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus)

has thorns, and the leaf tips are not indented; its leaf blades have light-
Left: Digitaria ciliaris inflorescence. Right: Digitaria serotina in lawn. colored markings. Slim Amaranth (A. hybridus) has pointy leaves.
Other: Commonly called Strawberry Blite or Purple Amaranth.
32 77
Pokeweed Creeping Beggarweed
Phytolacca americana Desmodium incanum
fight-oh-LAK-ah ah-mer-ah-CANE-ah des-MOE-dee-um in-CAN-um
Phytolaccaceae Fabaceae
Native to: Lower 48 states and Canada Native to: Central and South America
Florida abundance and distribution: Common throughout Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout, also in other southern
states and the Caribbean.
Recognition: Perennial herb that can reach up to 10’ in height and often has a purple stem. The small round white flowers are in erect (to
dangling) racemes; and the berries are a deep purple to black. Recognition: Erect or prostrate hairy perennial with trifoliate leaves
and elliptic to oblong leaflets. Terminal leaflet longer than the other two,
Other: Despite historical uses fully cooked as an “edible” green, this species is deadly poisonous. Children have died from ingesting the dark green, often with a silvery stripe along the center vein. Flowers in a
berries. Mistaken for root crops, the roots have killed persons who have eaten the thick roots that resemble parsnips. Merely touching the raceme, pink or purplish. Pod jointed, kidney-shaped, clings.
plant can cause an extreme immune-system response due to highly bioactive “pokeweed mitogens.”
Potentially confused species: In D. tortuosum the leaflets are ovate
Contributed by George Rogers to narrowly lance-elliptic with flowers blue-green to pink, the leaflet
lacking the silvery marking. In D. triflorum the leaflets are obovate to
obcordate, and can have a notched tip. Desmodium triflorum is more of
a groundcover. It lacks the silverish stripe.
Contributed by Andrea Schechter. Flower photo by John Bradford.
Bottom photo: Note light-colored markings along main leaflet veins.
Creeping-Cucumber
Melothria pendula
mel-OH-three-ah PEND-you-luh
Cucurbitaceae
Native to: Much of the eastern and central U.S. and beyond, including
Florida, now scattered in many parts of the world.
Recognition: Clinging vine with coiled tendrils. Leaves alternate, with

3-5 lobes, usually dark green, up to about 3 inches long and wide, largest
at the base of the vine and tapering to the top of the vine, which may be
several feet long. Flowers small, yellow, with 5 petals. Fruits resemble
very small watermelons smelling like cucumbers and turning black when
ripe. Seeds white.
Other: Fed to animals in Mexico. The ripe black fruit reportedly can
function as a laxative.
Contributed by William Mullarkey.
76 33
Creeping Inchplant Peppergrass
Lepidium virginicum
Turtle Vine lep-ID-ee-um vir-GIN-ah-kum
Callisia repens Brassicaceae
caw-LIZ-ee-ah REE-pens
Commelinaceae Native to: North America and Mesoamerica
Native to: Tropical America Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout Florida in
disturbed areas
Florida abundance and distribution: Found in several counties of Florida, Louisiana and Texas, also Puerto Rico, V.I. and Hawaii.
Recognition: Rosette-forming plant to 1.5’ tall. Leaves with
Recognition: As the name suggests, it is a creeping mat. Leaves glossy, simple and alternate, semi-succulent, cordate to ovate-lanceolate, odor when crushed, alternate, irregularly serrate, tapered
sometimes with purple margins, purple underneath, also purple on stems. There are small and inconspicuous short-lived delicate white basally. Tiny white flowers with 4 petals and 6 stamens in
flowers. racemes. Fruits small disk-shaped pods (silicles) a fraction of an
inch in diameter.
Photo: Forest & Kim Starr
Plantain
Plantago major (Broadleaf Plantain)
Plantago virginica (Virginia Plantain)
plan-TAY-go MAY-jer and ver-GIN-ah-cah
Plantaginaceae
Native to: Virginia Plantain is native. Broadleaf Plantain is

Eurasian.
Florida abundance and distribution: Both occur throughout

most of Florida in waste, disturbed, and compacted soils.
Recognition: Both species form rosettes, with a narrow green

flowering wand resembling a 4th of July sparkler rising 4” to a
foot. Broadleaf Plantain has leaves 2”-9” long and over half
as wide. Each leaf has 5-9 parallel veins. Virginia Plantain
differs by having the leaves tapered to the base not forming a
petiole, and by having serrate (vs. entire) leaf margins. There are
additional Plantago species in Florida.
Other: Broadleaf Plantain has tender young leaves useful in

salads. Plantago major has been used to heal wounds and is
a blood coagulant. Leaves were applied to battlefield wounds,
accounting for the name “Soldiers Herb.”
Photo P. virginica, by John Bradford
34 75
Pennsylvania Bittercress Creeping Indigo
Cardamine pensylvanica Indigofera spicata
car-DAM-ah-knee pen-sill-VAN-ah-cah in-dig-OFF-er-ah spike-AY-tah
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Fabaceae
Native to: Widespread and presumably native weed Native to: Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, widely naturalized in
warm areas.
Florida abundance and distribution: Through the state in moist places, a winter weed
Florida abundance and distribution: Frequent in Florida, except
Recognition: Erect weed with alternate irregularly pinnately lobed or pinnately compound leaves, the terminal leaflet as long as or longer for the western panhandle.
than the others, with 3 lobes. Flowers white with 4 petals. Fruits long slender pods called silicles.
Recognition: Herb with branches spreading flat on the ground
Other: The plant contains glucosinolates. When crushed the plant parts give off a “horseradish” odor. and compound leaves with mostly 5 or 7 leaflets. The most
conspicuous feature is the salmon color of the tightly clustered
Contributed by June Wilkinson flowers.
Potentially confused species: The only indigos likely to be seen

in south Florida growing flat on the ground are Creeping Indigo
and the less common native Coastal Indigo (Indigofera miniata).
Coastal Indigo has small, narrow leaflets covered with pale hairs
lying flat which give the leaves a grayish look, and has flowers and
fruits less crowded.
An erect species is Hairy Indigo (I. hirsuta) which also is in this

manual.
Other: Creeping Indigo has been used for erosion control and
soil improvement, but planting in pasture is avoided because the
plant contains a toxic amino acid that causes liver damage and
abortion. This species has been used to make indigo dye, but the
larger Indigofera tinctoria was normally used.
74 35
Cudweeds Para Grass
(Everlastings, Purple Everlastings) Urochloa mutica
Gamochaeta purpurea your-OCK-low-ah (or your-oh-CLOE-ah) MUTE-ah-cah
Poaceae
(and additional similar species)
Consider also Pseudognaphalium Native to: South America
gam-oh-KEET-ah purr-PURR-ee-ah
Asteraceae Florida abundance and distribution: Central and
southern Peninsula. In ditches and moist habitats, often
Native to: Florida native forming massive stands.
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout Recognition: Large coarse space-filling grass of wet
areas, notably pubescent, especially on the leaf sheaths.
Recognition: Leaves narrow, sometimes Inflorescence branches straight and jutting out almost at
somewhat spoon-shaped; the entire plant woolly. right angles.
Flowers inconspicuous.
Rabbit Tobacco is Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium.
Pseudognaphalium differs from Gamochaeta by
having the flower heads in more-open branching
inflorescences, as opposed to congested spikelike
wands. Both of these genera have species formerly
assigned to Gnaphalium. Sorting out the species
in this complex is beyond the scope of the present
manual.
36 73
Oxalis, Sourgrass Cutleaf Evening
Oxalis corniculata
OX-ah-lus corn-ick-you-LAY-tah Primrose
Oxalidaceae Oenothera laciniata
een-OTH-er-ah la-sin-ee-AY-tah
Native to: Eastern and central United States. Widespread worldwide Onagraceae
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout Florida Native to: Florida native
Habitats: Yards, gardens, turf, landscaped areas, fields, agricultural crops, and nurseries. Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout
Reproduction: It reproduces by seeds and by creeping aboveground horizontal stems that root at nodes. When seeds mature, capsules Recognition: Leaves more or less elliptic. Leaf margins with irregular
open explosively, often spreading seeds 10 feet or more. The plants can form asexual bulbils at the base. entire to coarsely toothed or lobed margins, giving the name
Cutleaf Evening Primrose. Flowers yellowish, with long inferior ovaries.
Recognition: This aggressively spreading low-growing perennial broadleaf plant has shamrock-like leaves (resembling a clover shape). Pods long and bean-shaped.
Delicate-appearing. The leaflets have notched tips. Flowers are present almost year-round. Flowers yellow. Fruits consist of narrow green
cylindrical capsules. Seeds are egg shaped, flat, brown, and have transverse ridges. The leaves differ from Clover or Desmodium leaves by
being deeply notched at the tips of the leaflets, which hang limp and flaccid at night, and can be recognized by their sharp acid flavor.
Oxalis debilis has pinkish flowers.
Left-hand photo: Oxalis corniculata. Right-hand photo: O. debilis (by John Bradford)
Cutleaf Groundcherry
Physalis angulata
FISS-al-is ang-yoo-LAY-tuh
Solanaceae
Native to: United States and tropical America
Florida abundance and distribution: Dry disturbed areas throughout

Florida.
Recognition: Plant 60-90 cm with dark green oval toothy leaves with
simple hairs. Fruit surrounded by distinctive 10-ribbed lantern-shaped
calyx with dark veins. Flower five-sided and yellow.
Potentially confused species: Distinguished from the several other

Florida Physalis species by the inflated, 10-sided lantern-like calyx
with dark venation and the leaves generally more sharply toothy
in appearance. Physalis walteri and P. angustifolia have stellate
trichomes, P. walteri throughout, the plant and P. angustifolia on the
sepals. The other species have simple trichomes. Physalis pubescens
and P. arenicola have similar pubescent leaves with irregular lobes and
blunt teeth; the former has dark spots on the flower, and the latter has
flowers with no dark spots. There are additional species but not likely
encountered as weeds, esp. in South Florida.
72 37
Dandelion Oakleaf
Taraxacum officinale
tur-AX-ah-cum off-iss-a-NAIL-ee Fleabane
Asteraceae Erigeron quercifolius
err-IJ-er-on kewr-seh-FOAL-ee-us
Native to: Eurasia, now widespread around the globe. Asteraceae
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout Native to: Florida native
Recognition: An herbaceous perennial with milky sap and with Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout most of
3”- 12” long leaves with deeply toothed edges, in a basal rosette. Florida. There are additional Erigeron species in Florida.
Dandelions are easily recognized by their yellow flower heads that
turn into round balls of silvery-white parachutes to blow away in Recognition: Can be up to 3 feet tall, fuzzy, with variously
the wind. lobed leaves. The flower head has numerous delicate
white rays around a yellow disk.
Contributed by Mike Derer
Dichondra
Pony’s Foot
Dichondra caroliniensis
die-KON-dra care-oh-linn-ee-ENN-sis
Convolvulaceae
Native to: Native to Florida
Florida abundance and distribution: Common throughout the

Old World
state
Diamond
Flower
Recognition: Creeping turf weed having alternate cordate leaves.
Flowers small, white, bowl-shaped.
Oldenlandia corymbosa
Potentially confused species: Drymary (Drymaria cordata) has (Hedyotis corymbosa)
opposite (vs. alternate) leaves with no (or slight) basal notch. old-en-LAND-ee-ah core-um-BOSE-ah
Rubiaceae
Native to: Old World Tropics
Abundance and distribution in Florida: Throughout and

occasional, usually in turf.
Recognition: Small sprawling weed with narrow opposite

leaves having a stipule between the bases. Flower tiny,
white (or pale pink). Fruit a tiny woody capsule.
38 71
Nutsedges (Nutgrasses) Dollarweed
Purple Nutsedge is Cyperus rotundus Hydrocotyle umbellata
Yellow Nutsedge is Cyperus esculentus hi-dro-CAW-ta-lee um-bell-AY-tah
sigh-PEAR-us row-TON-dus ess-cue-LENT-us Apiaceae
Cyperaceae
Native to: Both are Old World species.
Florida abundance and distribution: Common throughout the state.
Florida abundance and distribution: Both are throughout the state, abundant in places, sometimes aggressive. Cyperus rotundus is
regarded as “the world’s worst weed.” Recognition: Produces tangled, air-filled horizontal stems that root at
the nodes. Blades circular with notched margins. Petioles attach to
Recognition: Cyperus esculentus and C. rotundus differ from the somewhat similar C. polystachyos by having 3 (vs. 2) stigmas. and the center of leaf blades. Flowers tiny, white, in a single terminal umbel.
spikes spaced out along a larger axis (vs. clustered tightly). The long straight spikes are yellow-brown in C. esculentus and reddish in C.
rotundus. Both are rhizomatous and may form tubers. See www.floridagrasses.org Potentially confused species: There are several similar Hydrocotyle
(and Centella) species in Florida.
Contributed by: George Rogers
Centella asiatica has cordate leaves.
Photos. Left: C. rotundus. Right: C. esculentus
Hydrocotyle bonariensis has large (7 cm) leaves with variable
margins, which may be variably dentate-notched, and may be
conspicuously toothed, and has compound umbels.
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides is an aquatic species with a notch all the

way to the petiole.
Hydrocotyle umbellata has a round leaf often with the marginal

notches of equal depth (but not reliably distinguished from H. verticil-
lata by this alone), and a simple umbel.
Hydrocotyle verticillata has a round leaf often with one notch deeper
than the others, and flowers in multiple whorls (as opposed to the
single umbel in the other species)
Duckweed
Lemna species
LEM-nah
Lemnaceae
Native to: Multiple species are native to Florida.
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout on surfaces of slow-

moving waters, occasionally on wet mud.
Recognition: Tiny floating plants with 1-3 leaves measuring 1/16-1/8

inch in length. Roots dangling. Flowers essentially invisible.
70 39
Drymary
Drymaria cordata
dry-mar-EE-ah cord-AY-tah
Caryophyllaceae
Native to: Tropical America, now around the globe
Florida abundance and distribution: Common turf weed

throughout the state. Prominent in the winter, shade-tolerant,
and fond of moisture.
Recognition: Creeping turf weed with opposite more or less

circular notched sessile or nearly sessile leaves; flowers small,
white, with 5 petals, each of these split to give the impression
of 10 petals, on stalks rising to about a foot tall. Fruits burr-like
due to persistent “Velcro” calyx, sticking to fabric.
Potentially confused species: Chickweed (Stellaria media)

is related and similar but has fuzzy leaves on well developed
petioles. Pony’s foot (Dichondra caroliniensis) has alternate
(vs. opposite) more-cordate leaves on well developed petioles.
Dutch White Clover

Trifolium repens
try-FOH-lee-um REE-penz
Fabaceae
Native to: Europe, West Asia and North Africa
Florida abundance and distribution: Naturalized in the United

States
Recognition: This dense mat-forming creeping clover to 1 foot

tall has alternate, trifoliate leaves with white chevron markings
on the leaflets. Flower heads white, becoming pinkish with age.
Potentially confused species: This species differs from other

weeds having trifoliate leaflets by having a white chevron mark
on each serrate leaflet.
40 69
Nettles and Tread Softly Eclipta
Stinging Nettles are species of Urtica and Laportea (Urticaceae) Eclipta prostrata
Tread Softly is Cnidoscolus stimulosus (Euphorbiaceae) ee-CLIPT-ah pros-TRAY-tah
URR-tah-cah la-PORT-ee-ah nide-OS-cue-lus stim-you-LOES-us Asteraceae
Native to: All are native to Florida. Native to: Florida native
Florida abundance and distribution: Within our state, Laportea and Urtica are nearly confined to North Florida, except that Urtica turns up Florida abundance and distribution: Marshes, moist disturbed sites, irrigated landscape areas.
rarely as a weed, and the non-native West Indian Woodnettle Laportea aestuans is widespread in South Florida. Tread Softly is by far the
most common and troublesome stinging plant in South Florida, on dry sites, scrub or near the sea, often on coastal dunes. Recognition: To 2’ tall, rooting at the nodes, with opposite, hairy, lanceolate to linear leaves with serrate or entire margins. Flower heads
stalked with numerous white ray flowers and tiny disk flowers.
Recognition: All have visible stinging hairs. Laportea aestuans has alternate serrate leaves, and tiny green flowers in a panicle.
Cnidoscolus stimulosus is a perennial or subshrub in dry sand; it has palmately lobed leaves with conspicuous bristles. The flowers are Potentially confused species: Oakleaf Fleabane (in this guide) likewise has numerous white ray flowers but the leaves are alternate and
white. lobed (vs. opposite and mostly lanceolate).
Contributed by: George Rogers Other: “Eclipta” comes from Greek for “deficient,” in reference to the absence of a pappus.
Nettles, Ankle Biters, and Burning Noses

Modified from Treasure Coast Natives
A prominent memory from fooling around the hills of West Virginia as a kid was, “be careful about jumping down into muddy ravines.” I can
still see in my mind’s eye the standard summertime ravine bottom biological community: Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), nettles (species
of Urtica and/or Laportea), and yellowjackets (or some sort of hornet with that general appearance). The yellowjackets were benign, but
the nettles would sting the living beejeebers out of exposed epidermis….then you rubbed jewelweed juice on the welts in some vain hope of
relief. We called it “the 15-minute itch.”
Throughout most of the eastern U.S. the stingers are Laportea canadensis and Urtica dioica (and other Urtica species). Laportea has
alternate leaves, Urtica distinctively has opposite leaves.
Around Palm Beach and Martin counties, Urtica and Laportea are not common, but they are a little here to punish the unwary. Laportea
aestuans is probably native to more tropical places, maybe making its way northward aided by Global Warming. Urtica chamaedroides
(leaves opposite) is scattered around Florida. An Urtica, probably this species, inhabits the PBSC plant nursery in Palm Beach Gardens,
apparently having hitchhiked on nursery plants. Given the weediness of Urtica, there would be no earth-shaking amazement in coming
across additional species locally.
What is astounding about Urtica and Laportea is their vengeful hairs. Plants with toxins are a dime a dozen. Plants with thorns, spines,
and prickles are too. But these little stinkers smite their foes with an injection of toxin. The tip of the hair snaps off in your flesh, and
movement of the hair squeezes a bulb at the base, squirting the irritant into the wound. The whole thing looks and works like a turkey
baster. The irritating “venom” seems to contain formic acid, as in ant bites.
The plants are not all bad though. Urtica is grown as a green fertilizer.
The small wind-pollinated flowers have a spring-loaded mechanism to toss their pollen onto the breeze. The stamen filaments are bent
inward as the flower develops, and when the moment of truth arrives, they pop forth explosively launching the pollen. How the anthers
open coordinated with the springing filaments is a mystery of nature.
False-Nettle, Boehmeria cylindrica is abundant around our haunts. It looks like Urtica but has no stinging hairs. False-Nettle brings us now
to a little ethnobotany. Members of the Nettle Family have long strong fibers. Examples include Hemp (Cannabis), Urtica dioica (which
has served as a fiber source), and Ramie, which is Boehmeria nivea, an Asian species. Cannabis persists to this day where it was grown
historically for hemp. Florida was once a major fiber-growing and fiber-research state, and one fiber plant still with us escaped is Ramie. It
differs from False Nettle by having the leaf blades white-hairy beneath and branchy (vs. spikelike) flower clusters.
Another locally prominent ankle-stinger, Cnidoscolus stimulosus, is sometimes called Tread Softly, Bull Nettle, or Spurge Nettle. Usually
in dry sunny sandy habitats, Tread Softly is in the Spurge Family and is related to “Cuban-Spinach” (Cnidoscolus chayamansa). Also
related to Tread Softly, likewise in the Spurge Family, and scattered in Florida—even if our own immediate counties have few or none—are
the Noseburns, species of Tragia. They too inject a sting, and the mechanism is extra-special. Contact with their hairs stabs a dagger of
calcium oxalate into your soft skin. This is the same stuff that puts the dumb in Dumbcanes, but that’s not for today. To sum it up, just
watch your step.
Photo on next page of Tread Softly by John Bradford
68 41
Fiddler’s Spurge Natal Grass
Poinsettia heterophylla Melinis repens
poin-SET-ee-ah het-er-OFF-ah-la (Rhynchelytrum repens)
Euphorbiaceae mah-LINE-us REE-pens
Poaceae
Native to: Africa
Florida abundance and distribution: Weedy disturbed sites throughout
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout. It grows from erect clumps in open and disturbed areas such as roadsides. Prefers dry
Recognition: Milky sap. Irregularly shaped leaves. Flowers tiny, surrounded by irregular whitish bracts. conditions and invades scrub areas among other habitats. Germinates under a wide range of temperature conditions with rates controlled
by temperature when adequate moisture is available.
Easily confused species: Resembles Wild Poinsettia but bracts not red.
Recognition: Showy grass to 3’ tall with masses of fluffy pink panicles. Natal grass possesses branching culms that root at the nodes. The
Contributed by George Rogers flowers are borne in panicles; their color varies from purple to pink with reddish hairs that turn gray with age.
Other: The pollen is a mild allergen. Uses are erosion control, ornamental, forage. www.floridagrasses.org
42 67
Mexican-Tea Florida Beggarweed
Chenopodium ambrosioides Dixie Beggarweed
(Dysphania ambrosioides, Teloxys ambrosioides) Desmodium tortuosum
keen-oh-PODE-ee-um am-broze-ee-OID-ees des-MOH-dee-um tor-tew-OH-sum
Chenopodiaceae Fabaceae
Native to: Tropical America, now widespread around the world Native to: West Indies, South and Central America, Florida, Texas and
several other Southern states.
Florida abundance and distribution: Common, throughout
Recognition: Weed to 3’ tall with irregularly lobed-serrate leaves and inconspicuous small green flowers. Strong “chemical” odor when
crushed Recognition: Erect annual or low shrub, to 8’ tall, with green trifoliate
leaves having ovate to oblong leaflets. Terminal leaflet longer than the
Other: With many historical medicinal uses lateral leaflets; also the stalk of the terminal leaflet is longer. Terminal or
axillary raceme bearing pealike flowers pink to bluish-green, in pairs. Pod
Contributed by George Rogers twisted and jointed, attaching itself to anything that passes by tiny hooked
hairs. The entire plant is pubescent.
Potentially confused species: Desmodium incanum (Creeping

Beggarweed, Spanish Clover) dark green in color often with a silver stripe
along the center vein. Desmodium triflorum (Three-Flowered Beggarweed)
creeps on the ground surface, much smaller than Florida Beggarweed. On
D. tortuosum (see photo) look for conspicuous stipels (outgrowths at the
base of each leaflet).
Other: Cultivated in Florida for forage, a forb/herb, also cultivated as a

nitrogen-enricher.
Contributed by Andrea Schechter. Photos by John Bradford
Florida Pellitory
Parietaria floridana
pah-rye-ah-TEAR-ee-ah flore-ah-DAIN-ah
Urticaceae
Native to: Florida to South America
Florida abundance and distribution: Abundant in most of Florida, except

for northwest region
Recognition: Short-lived delicate but often abundant perennial or annual

herb having opposite (or infrequently alternate) leaves the size of a dime.
Flowers axillary, inconspicuous, winter and spring.
Other: Flowers in Winter/Spring
66 43
Florida-Pusley
Richardia scabra
reh-CHARD-ee-a SCAY-brah
Rubiaceae
Native to: Tropical America, presumably not Florida
Recognition: Sprawling weed with opposite leaves having a

fringed stipule between the bases. Flowers white and star-
shaped. Resembles the other Richardia species in Florida.
See Mexican-Clover (Richardia grandiflora) for comparison and
general discussion. Richardia scabra has white star-shaped
flowers between the other two Richardia species in size but
with overlapping dimensions, leaf surfaces with the hairiness
diminished toward the center, and fruit segments warty and
with a narrow inner face. Very similar to Richardia brasiliensis,
with its flat (vs. narrow) inner face of the fruit segment the best
distinguishing character.
Other: Regarded as an indicator for nematodes in turf.
44 65
Dreamy Drifts of Pink
Gallant Soldiers, Shaggy Soldiers
Galinsoga quadriradiata
(Galinsoga parviflora var. quadriradiata)
Returning reluctantly to my office just now from Tropical Smoothie with my Limey Blimey smoothie, heavenly meadows of pink in the athletic gal-in-SOGE-ah quaq-ra-rade-ee-AY-tah
field soothed my troubling mind, thanks to a member of my favorite Dicot family, the Coffee Klatsch (aka the Rubiaceae). Typical of life here Asteraceae
in Misnomer Meadows, “Mexican-Clover” is no Clover and it is not natively Mexican. Thus for the sake of accuracy some call it Fairy Cups.
If you live in South Florida you have seen the pink cloud in the median strip. Some observers say it looks like snow, but those must be Native to: Tropical America
Floridians who have never actually seen snow. And just like snow, this weed’s not native to South Florida. South America is home.
The genus Richardia consists of about 15 species ranging naturally from the Southeastern U.S. to Argentina, with some escaped in the
Old World. The original native U.S. representation is a messy question beyond the scope today. Some of the species can be tough to Recognition: Annual 2’-3’ tall, with shallow roots. Stems and opposite leaves hairy. Leaf blades vaguely triangular with 3 main veins.
distinguish. Flower heads ¼”-1/2” wide, with a yellow center surrounded by 5 white ray flowers, each with three points at the tip (compare with Tridax).
Tridax has rougher leaves with longer more conspicuous fuzziness, and proportionally narrow leaves without the multiple large main veins of
Any fool can distinguish Richardia grandiflora at 70 mph in the highway median. Seems like cars, lawn mowers, and Global Warming might Galinsoga.
be expanding its range northward, at least as far as arctic Gainesville, and motivated searchers could probably pinpoint more-northerly
patches. Other: The juice is a blood coagulant and helps diminish swelling in open wounds.
How does one pretty weed take over vast areas of lightly maintained turf? I have no single answer, but here is a bundle of silly notions: 1. Contributed by William Mullarkey and June Wilkinson.
The Coffee Family is a talented weed family. 2. The mat sprawls low. I dug one up this morning. The underground rhizome bears roots
all over itself, and it sprouts, sprouts, and sprouts near or even below the ground surface. Mowing clearly prompts branching from way Photo courtesy of Daniel L. Nickrent and PhytoImages, Southern Illinois University.
down low. 3. The weed is mighty drought-tolerant, happy on sterile soils, and probably nematode-proof (just guessing based on a related
species). 4. Each fruit splits into a variable number of bumpy little “seeds.” The “seed” production of a single patch is infinite, and all
those little crumbs build up a seedbank. 5. And the big question, are Richardias alleleopathic? That is, do they make natural herbicides to
suppress competition? I do not know. They look like it.
Mexican-Clover has opposite leaves, and between their bases is the hallmark of the Coffee Family, an “interpetiolar” (between the petioles)
stipule. The stipule is fringed on top, and basally forms a cup around the node where new buds form. Although often in the Coffee Family
the stipule functions to draw symbiotic ants, or to protect the terminal bud, my guess is that in Mexican-Clover the stipule catches water and
coddles the sprouting buds nestled like baby kangaroos in the stipular pouch. The stipule is fringed on top, and encases the lateral buds
(future branches). Rising at 45 degrees on each side are the petioles (leaf stalks).
The fairy cup flowers look like classic butterfly-pollinated blossoms, and butterflies visit along with bees and other insects. A big patch
of MC can be bug-lively. Each flower head is a sponge in a cup, with the maturing fruitlets embedded deep in the moisture. The flowers
are packed together tightly with their sepals rising vertically as a collective water trap in the center, reminiscent of some Bromeliad tanks.
Bringing a specimen in this morning after a wet night, the flower heads left puddles of water on the microscope stage.
Being a lawn weed, Mexican-Clover raises the boring question, over and over, about ”what do you spray on it?” Now please understand, as
a pesticideophobic, lunatic fringe nature-nut, this question is not my cup of tea. Yet turf herbicides interest me from the dark side. Noodling
around Google reveals many recommendations to use Atrazine to get those ugly Fairy Cups out of your lovely yard.
So now a moment on the Atrazine soapbox. That is bad stuff unless you like deformed amphibians. Atrazine is one of the most-used turf
herbicides in the U.S., although alternatives might replace it. Perhaps you thought the U.S. had already pretty much eliminated chlorinated
pesticides, such as DDT, Chlordane, and Lindane. Well, is an herbicide a pesticide? I’d like to know, because we still have plenty of
chlorinated herbicides, the two main examples being lawn poisons we infuse into our personal environments, 2-4-D, and Atrazine. 2,4-D is
a chlorinated (auxin) hormone mimic. And Atrazine has a slight molecular similarity to the fertilizer urea. Plants take up Atrazine from the
soil as they might take up urea. Where does the rest of the Atrazine go? Atrazine is so water-soluble it contaminates waters worldwide.
And it is implicated ominously in environmental-health issues.
Photos next page: Left, stipule. Right, young fruit segments.
64 45
Gophertail Mexican-Clover
Richardia grandiflora
Lovegrass reh-CHARD-ee-ah grand-ah-FLOOR-ah
Eragrostis ciliaris Rubiaceae
air-ah-GRAWZ-tus sil-ee-AIR-us
Poaceae Native to: South America
Native to: Africa, Asia, and Southern America Florida abundance and distribution: Very abundant (sometimes forming carpet) in low mowed disturbed sites such as road median strips.
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout the Recognition: Sprawling mat-forming fuzzy plants with opposite leaves, having a fringed stipule between the leaf bases. Flowers pink to
state. Tolerant to salty areas and dry sand. near-white.
Recognition: Annual grass. Flower stalk narrow, fuzzy, Potentially confused species: There are two other species of Richardia in South Florida. The other two have smaller (to 10 mm vs. > 12
and reddish. mm long), white to pale lilac flowers. Richardia brasiliensis has fruit segments with short hairs on the surface and the inner corner broad.
Its leaves are covered uniformly on the top surface with hairs. Richardia scabra has fruit segments with bumps on the surface and a narrow
Contributed by Geovany Esteban inner corner. It leaves are hairy toward the upper surfaces and are bare or less hairy toward the middles. The name “Florida Pusley” is
sometimes applied to these species, especially R. scabra, but the species are tough to distinguish and the name is applied inconsistently.
Other: Mexican-Clover is one of the most abundant mowed-area weeds in Florida, forming carpets of pink-lilac flowers. These are not true
“clovers,” but instead are members of the Coffee Family.
Grassleaf Spurge
Euphorbia graminea
you-FORB-ee-ah gram-IN-ee-ah
Euphorbiaceae
Native to: Mexico
Florida abundance and distribution: Central and southern

counties, locally abundant
Recognition: Milky sap. Leaves variable, irregularly

shaped, entire-margined to bluntly and coarsely serrate.
Flowers white, small, inconspicuous, star-shaped with
5 “petals”; the apparent ovary (female flower) markedly
3-lobed.
46 63
Match-Weed Greenbriar, Catbriar
Phyla nodiflora Smilax auriculata and additional species
FY-luh no-dah-FLOR-uh SMILE-axe hour-ick-you-LAY-tah
Verbenaceae Smilacaceae
Native to: Warm U.S. to South America Native to: Smilix auriculata and multiple additional species are native to Florida.
Florida abundance and distribution: Poorly drained soils without humus, in low moist areas. Matchweed spreads by both seeds and Recognition: Aggressive and very common tough-textured vines, often with tendrils and/or thorns. Leaves elliptic or trilobed, the main
stolons. Growth rate fast. Full to partial sun. veins more or less parallel. Flowers in an umbel.
Recognition: Spreading and forming large open or dense patches. About 1-3 inches or taller in flower. Opposite leaves with small teeth at Other: These plants make enormous rhizomes.
the outer tip. Hairy branching stems. The purple to white flowers forming a match-head appearance. It blooms all year.
Other: Also known as Mat Lippia, Fog Fruit, or Turkey Tangle. A tea (chachahan) is made from the leaves. Artificial sweetener.
That rhizome can be as big as your arm, a real whopper. No typhoon or fire is going to discourage that nugget of life. But how about hungry
Contributed by Grace Walton hogs? One of our species, Smilax bona-nox reportedly has prickles on the rhizome (at least sometimes—the species is variable). This
adaptation possibly evolved in the natural range of wild peccaries and thus was pre-adapted to deter feral hogs, perhaps. It would be
fascinating to know if the prickly rhizome has affected the distribution and abundance of S. bona-nox relative to the piggy-wiggies who root
and snoot hereabouts. To repeat for emphasis, however, the prevalence of prickly rhizomes in S. bona–nox is unclear—not the sort of thing
botanists observe often.
Thirsty cowboys enjoyed Smilax when they passed on the whiskey in favor of a nice
refreshing sarsaparilla. Maybe those cowboys needed it for personal reasons: one
of the early uses of sarsaparilla was to treat syphilis. Different species of Smilax
historically have wound up on dinner tables: the rhizomes as pseudo-spuds, as
flour, as a natural jello, and as stand-in for asparagus.
Is munching Smilax is a good idea? That the genus has a history in medicine is a
sign of bioactivity, and bioactivity is a sign of potential consequences. Smilax is
sufficiently neurotoxic to be a potential treatment for seizures. Sarsaparilla served
to alleviate rheumatism. Some species yield steroid precursors. So when we go
walk the garden path, please don’t hand me a Smilax tendril to nibble (unless I’m
having a seizure).
Botanist John Mitchell provides a recipe for Smilax aphrodisiac some readers may wish to try:
• Smilax roots
• One white hot nail
• Coatimundi penis
Chill the mixture for a week and take a teaspoon a day. (Let me know.)
Smilax is the Monocot twin to Dicot grapes, right down to the tendrils and fruit clusters. They are related to Lilies, and the flowers look like
tiny Lily flowers. They don’t smell so great though — an older name for the genus is Coprosmanthus, meaning “dung-smelling flower.” Of
the dozen species in Florida, those encountered in the area of Palm Beach County are Smilax auriculata (very common, leaf blades usually
with basal lobes, the leaf margins not bony, the midvein beneath the leaf jutting out similarly to the side veins, the female flowers with 2-3
stigmas), S. bona-nox (mnemonic: bona-nox has bony leaf margins), S. laurifolia (leaf usually narrow with the base unlobed, the midvein
beneath more prominent than the side veins, the female flowers with just one stigma), and S. tamnoides (bottom half of leaf margin with
prickly little teeth). Good luck! The leaf shapes are dismayingly diverse within species.
62 47
Smilax auriculata
(both photos this page and S. bona-nox on previous page by John Bradford)
48 61
Manyspike Flatsedge Hairy Indigo
Cyperus polystachyos Indigofera hirsuta
Cyperaceae in-dig-OFF-ah-rah hear-SUIT-ah
sigh-PEAR-us pol-ee-STAKE-ee-us Fabaceae
Native to: Florida native Native to: Africa, southern Asia, and northern Australia. Widely
naturalized.
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout Florida in well drained
Recognition: True to its name, this common sedge has numerous flatwood sites and in disturbed areas. Adapted to sandy soils with good
flat spikes. It is somewhat unusual locally by having only 2 stigmas drainage, sometimes on land too dry for other legumes.
(vs. the more common possession of 3 stigmas).
Recognition: Shrubby herbaceous annual, woody at the base, shoots
Potentially confused species: Other Cyperus species. Nutsedges with brown spreading hairs. Leaves with 5 or 7 leaflets. Dense clusters
appear below; they have 3 stigmas, and the spikes are more spread of small, bright salmon-red flowers. Pods cylindrical with spreading
out (vs. usually tightly clustered). See www.floridagrasses.org brown hairs.
Contributed by George Rogers Potentially confused species: Other species of Indigofera have
similar clusters of salmon flowers but only this one is a large plant with
conspicuous spreading hairs.
More on Cyperus polystachyos
Modified from Treasure Coast Natives Other: Hairy Indigo is an effective nitrogen fixer and resistant to root
knot nematodes, making it valuable for improving Florida’s poor, sandy
This species grows everywhere. Why are some species rare while others are taking over the world? Manyspike Flatsedge covers Florida soils. Young growth can be cut for hay and fresh re-growth makes high
and ranges southward to South America. Is it then tropical? Well, yes, and looking northward it goes all the way to Maine. The plant is also protein forage. Older growth becomes woody and loses value.
in Hawaii, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Where did it originate? Where was it distributed before ships circled the Globe? Who knows?
Contributed by David Black Ph.D. and Geovany Esteban
When I say grows everywhere, I don’t merely mean on a global scale. To narrow the focus locally, there is probably one within 200 yards of
where you are sitting. The habitats are just about any: lake shores, depression ponds, roadside ditches, hammocks, pine woods, weedy
roadsides, saltmarshes, shell mounds, burned forests, prairies, sand hills, and scrub areas. The sites are often moist, but not necessarily,
and the soil is often organically enriched but then again can be acid, alkaline, clay, lava, or sand.
The species is as varied as it is widespread, a challenge to taxonomists who disagree on its definition. Manyspike Flatsedge can inhabit
your mowed lawn, or left alone may be two feet tall. The inflorescence may be compact or spread out, branched or not, and yellowish or
red.
How does a species get around like that? The fruits are tiny (1 mm long) achenes (fruits that resemble seeds), as is true of the other 599
species of Cyperus. The achenes float and blow around, and probably ride in or on birds. Oh, by the way, several other species of Cyperus
are global super-weeds too. If you are not familiar with Cyperus, think of Papyrus, which is weedy itself.
The surface of the achene is sculptured with bumps and depressions. And this is common on small seeds and achenes, especially in wet
Heartleaf Sida, Llima
habitats. Why the patterned surface? The leading thought in my experience is to cling to mud on birds' feet, like mud sticks to the sculpted Sida cordifolia
pattern of your hiking boots. Or a rough irregular surface may catch the wind. Maybe passing through a bird's intestine helps the achene SIGH-dah cor-daw-FOAL-ee-ah
initiate contact with soil mycorrhizae or other microbes, or remain moist, or get a tiny boost of nutrition. Or, much more boringly, maybe the Malvaceae
external bumps and valleys are "bubble wrap."
Native to: Tropical America (not Florida)
That this sedge grows on salty places adjacent to the sea probably helps it roam the Seven Seas.
Florida abundance and distribution: Abundant in the southern half of
But how will I know it when I see it? First off, it looks like any garden variety standard "Cyperus" Flatsedge with leaves clustered at the base the state
and another tuft clustered at the top of a triangular stem. The flowering spikes are flat and numerous. Now here is the easy part: there
are just 2 styles, as opposed to the 3 in most of our other locally common Cyperus species. If the styles are 2 and the spikes are flat, you Recognition: Tall (to 5’) fuzzy weed with heart-shaped serrate-margined
probably found it. (And to make certain, the spikelet is under 2 mm wide and there is no elongate pointed tip on the spikelet scales.) leaves and round yellow flowers, these often congested and with many
stamens
What do Florida, New England, Brazil, Morocco, Italy, Israel, Thailand, Polynesia, and Australia have in common? Cyperus polystachyos.
Potentially confused species: Wireweed (Sida ulmifolia) is usually
Photos on next page by John Bradford. Bottom photo is the achene 1 mm long. smaller, is not fuzzy, and has its flowers nearly sessile (vs. on long wire-
like peduncles).
60 49
Hempvines Long-Stalked
(see also Mile-a-Minute Vine)
Mikania cordifolia (Florida Keys Hempvine)
Phyllanthus
Phyllanthus tenellus
Mikania scandens (Climbing Hempvine) fil-LAN-thus ten-ELL-us
my-CANE-ee-ah cord-ah-FOAL-ee-ah SCAN-denz Euphorbiaceae
Asteraceae
Native: Both species native
Florida abundance and distribution: Common throughout Florida
Florida abundance and distribution: Both throughout (M. cordifolia
of limited distribution in Panhandle) Recognition: Upright to 2’ tall but often shorter with reddish stems
and leaf margins. Inconspicuous white star shaped flowers. Fruit
Recognition: Both species climbing vines with opposite cordate or green and round on long stalks. Leaves oval and slightly pointed at
arrow-head shaped (to deltoid) leaves and “fuzzy” white to pinkish ends, alternate in two rows on lateral shoots.
flower heads in corymbs. Mikania cordifolia has the phyllaries > 6
mm long; in M. scandens they are < 5 mm long. See also Mile-a- Potentially confused species: Chamber Bitter (Phyllanthus urinaria)
Minute Vine in this guide for comparison with this invasive exotic has warty (vs. smooth) fruit without a stalk and more closely spaced
species. leaves giving it a bushy appearance.
Contributed by George Rogers Contributed by Carrie Black
Mile-a-Minute Vine
Mikania micrantha
my-CANE-ee-ah mi-CRAN-tha
Asteraceae
Florida Abundance and Distribution: In southernmost Florida near Homestead (2011) but capable of rapid spreading. Check the Internet
for updated distribution data.
Recognition: This vine can grow an inch per day. Thin leaves are heart shaped, in opposite pairs—from ½ to 5 inches long. Greenish-white
flower heads are terminal in dense bunches. See also “Hempvines” in this guide.
Potentially confused species: Mikania micrantha differs from the native M. cordifolia by having flower heads < 6 mm long. Mikania
micrantha differs from the native M. scandens by having pale (vs. darker) leaf coloration and no reddish foliar tints, white (vs. pinkish)
flower heads, and phyllaries and inflorescence axes nearly hairless.
Other: American Army introduced it into the Pacific islands during WWII for camouflage. The vine has spread to become one of the most
noxious plants in parts of Tropical Asia, threatening to overtake acres where tea, rubber, and coconuts are in production. It can be used as
a source of animal fodder, and has localized medicinal uses as anti-infective, balm for insect bites and poison ivy. This species is currently
under study in the United States as a potential antibiotic.
Contributed by Carolyn Hendry
50 59
Lilac Tasselflower Horseherb
Emilia sonchifolia Calyptocarpus vialis
Asteraceae cal-ip-toe-CARP-us vie-AL-us
Asteraceae
Native to: Lower 48 states, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico
Native to: Southeastern U.S. to Central America.
Florida abundance and distribution: Most abundant in lower half
of state Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout Florida, mostly in the southern part.
Recognition: Flower heads “tassels” usually purple or lilac in Recognition: The small opposite broad leaves have toothed margins and conspicuous veins. Stems grow along the ground, rooting at
color. Emilia fosbergii is similar but with red tassels. nodes. Bright yellow flower heads are a quarter-inch across.
Contributed by Mike Derer Potentially confused species: Nodeweed, Synedrella nodiflora is almost indistinguishable vegetatively and in the appearance of the
flower head. Synedrella differs in the achene on the ray flowers having a lacerate wing, in comparison with the non-lacerate wings in
Caylptocarpus. Often, but not very convincing, in Synedrella the leaf venation is dominated by the arching basal veins to the point that the
secondary veins are conspicuously subordinate, while in Calyptocarpus the secondary veins more or less rival the arching basal veins. Good
luck with that distinction!
Little Ironweed
Cyanthillium cinereum
(Conyza cinerea, Senecioides cinerea, Vernonia cinerea)
Asteraceae
Native to: Probably Old World Tropics, now widespread globally
Florida abundance and distribution: Southern half of Peninsula
Recognition: To about 18” tall with alternate serrate leaves,

often with winged petioles. Flower heads numerous in corymbs,
small, lilac.
Potentially confused species: Similar to Lilac Tassel Flower (in

this guide) but the flower heads smaller and more numerous, and
with narrow, serrate leaves (vs. leaves lobed with clasping leaf
bases).
58 51
Indian-Hemp Lesser Swinecress
Sida rhombifolia Lepidium didymum
SIGH-dah rhom-bah-FOAL-ee-ah leh-PID-ee-um DID-ee-mum
Malvaceae Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
Native to: Florida native Native to: Worldwide weed of unclear origins
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout, a common weed of brushy disturbed sites. Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout
Recognition: Subshrubby weed to 5’ tall with rhombic, alternate leaves; flowers and fruits on long (1’-3”) wirelike stalks. Recognition: Creeping weed with finely dissected pinnate leaves. Fruits flat and two-lobed. Crushed foliage has strong odor.
Potentially confused species: Multiple species of Sida inhabit South Florida. Wireweed (Sida ulmifolia) is similar but the flowers and fruits Contributed by George Rogers
are sessile or nearly so (vs. being on a wirelike stalk). Heartleaf Sida (S. cordifolia) has heart-shaped velvety leaves.
52 57
Lanceleaf Rattlebox Jack-in-the-Bush
Crotalaria lanceolata Chromolaena odorata
kroh-tuh-LAR-ee-ah lan-see-oh-LAY-tuh krome-ah-LANE-ah oh-door-AY-tah
Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Asteraceae
Native to: Africa and Madagascar Native to: North America
Florida abundance and distribution: Naturalized and distributed Florida abundance and distribution: Invasive in crop lands and neglected pastures. Common in weedy forest margins and openings,
throughout Florida, but less in the Panhandle, and in other roadsides, on well-drained soil.
southeastern states
Recognition: Fairly large, woody and shrub-like, tending to lean on other plants, having long sprawling branches, to 12’ tall. Leaves
Recognition: Erect annual or perennial with alternate compound opposite, velvety-pubescent, ovate with toothed edges. Flowers in fuzzy terminal brush-like clusters, white to light blue with thread-like
trifoliate leaves, the leaflets linear to linear-lanceolate. The center petals. Crushed foliage with a characteristic fragrance.
leaflet longer than the lateral leaflets. About 10-40 small yellow
flowers having reddish-brown streaks (veins) sit atop terminal Potentially confused species: Species of Eupatorium are similar but generally smaller in stature, not velvety-pubescent, usually white-
racemes. Pod approx. 4-6 cm long, oblong, with a groove on one side, flowered, and less aggressively weedy in ruderal areas.
pubescent, and curved upward at the tip, with 20-50 seeds. As fruit
matures, the seeds break loose inside the pod and “rattle.” Contributed by Nathan Hendry
Potentially confused species: There are many species of Crotalaria in

Florida, native and non-native. This species has linear-lanceolate (vs.
broader) leaflets and reddish-brown floral markings. See also Smooth
Rattlebox and Showy Rattlebox.
Lawn Orchid
Soldier’s Orchid
Zeuxine strateumatica
zoo-ZINE-ee strat-ah-MAT-eh-cah
Orchidaceae
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout, often as lawn weed
Recognition: Plant not much taller than surrounding turf, with grasslike leaves. Flowering spike to 4 inches tall, the flowers 2 to numerous,
white, horizontal with a yellow lip. Bracts papery, reddish-brown. Flowering winter to early spring in Florida.
Other: Apparently apomictic or self-pollinating.
56 53
Juba’s Bush Kyllinga
Iresine diffusa Kyllinga brevifolia and additional species
eye-res-EYE-nee duh-FEW-sah kei-LIN-ga brev-ah-FOAL-ee-ah
Asteraceae Cyperaceae
Native to: Florida native Native to: Around world in warm regions
Florida abundance and distribution: A common subshrub found in sun to partial shade in disturbed sites and hammocks, throughout most Florida distribution and abundance: Throughout. Grows best in sunny wet conditions. A common turf weed in irrigated or otherwise moist
of Florida. settings.
Recognition: Subshrub to 3’ tall with opposite leaves. Flowers small and very numerous in a diffuse eye-catching plumelike panicle. Recognition: Perennial rhizomatous herb rarely to 2 feet—usually much shorter. Flower cluster green, dome-shaped, to about ¼”-1/2”
long.
Other: Pollen may be allergenic. Larval food host plant for Hayhurst’s Scallopwing Skipper butterfly. Juba was King of Mauretania (North
Africa) around 25 BCE. Potentially confused species: Kyllinga brevifolia is rhizomatous; the similar K. pumila is merely clumping; also occurring locally, K. odorata
has a white (vs. green) flower cluster.
Internet source: www.floridagrasses.org
Contributed by Carolyn Hendry and Ryan Agnew
54 55
Juba’s Bush Kyllinga
Iresine diffusa Kyllinga brevifolia and additional species
eye-res-EYE-nee duh-FEW-sah kei-LIN-ga brev-ah-FOAL-ee-ah
Asteraceae Cyperaceae
Native to: Florida native Native to: Around world in warm regions
Florida abundance and distribution: A common subshrub found in sun to partial shade in disturbed sites and hammocks, throughout most Florida distribution and abundance: Throughout. Grows best in sunny wet conditions. A common turf weed in irrigated or otherwise moist
of Florida. settings.
Recognition: Subshrub to 3’ tall with opposite leaves. Flowers small and very numerous in a diffuse eye-catching plumelike panicle. Recognition: Perennial rhizomatous herb rarely to 2 feet—usually much shorter. Flower cluster green, dome-shaped, to about ¼”-1/2”
long.
Other: Pollen may be allergenic. Larval food host plant for Hayhurst’s Scallopwing Skipper butterfly. Juba was King of Mauretania (North
Africa) around 25 BCE. Potentially confused species: Kyllinga brevifolia is rhizomatous; the similar K. pumila is merely clumping; also occurring locally, K. odorata
has a white (vs. green) flower cluster.
Internet source: www.floridagrasses.org
Contributed by Carolyn Hendry and Ryan Agnew
54 55
Lanceleaf Rattlebox Jack-in-the-Bush
Crotalaria lanceolata Chromolaena odorata
kroh-tuh-LAR-ee-ah lan-see-oh-LAY-tuh krome-ah-LANE-ah oh-door-AY-tah
Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Asteraceae
Native to: Africa and Madagascar Native to: North America
Florida abundance and distribution: Naturalized and distributed Florida abundance and distribution: Invasive in crop lands and neglected pastures. Common in weedy forest margins and openings,
throughout Florida, but less in the Panhandle, and in other roadsides, on well-drained soil.
southeastern states
Recognition: Fairly large, woody and shrub-like, tending to lean on other plants, having long sprawling branches, to 12’ tall. Leaves
Recognition: Erect annual or perennial with alternate compound opposite, velvety-pubescent, ovate with toothed edges. Flowers in fuzzy terminal brush-like clusters, white to light blue with thread-like
trifoliate leaves, the leaflets linear to linear-lanceolate. The center petals. Crushed foliage with a characteristic fragrance.
leaflet longer than the lateral leaflets. About 10-40 small yellow
flowers having reddish-brown streaks (veins) sit atop terminal Potentially confused species: Species of Eupatorium are similar but generally smaller in stature, not velvety-pubescent, usually white-
racemes. Pod approx. 4-6 cm long, oblong, with a groove on one side, flowered, and less aggressively weedy in ruderal areas.
pubescent, and curved upward at the tip, with 20-50 seeds. As fruit
matures, the seeds break loose inside the pod and “rattle.” Contributed by Nathan Hendry
Potentially confused species: There are many species of Crotalaria in

Florida, native and non-native. This species has linear-lanceolate (vs.
broader) leaflets and reddish-brown floral markings. See also Smooth
Rattlebox and Showy Rattlebox.
Lawn Orchid
Soldier’s Orchid
Zeuxine strateumatica
zoo-ZINE-ee strat-ah-MAT-eh-cah
Orchidaceae
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout, often as lawn weed
Recognition: Plant not much taller than surrounding turf, with grasslike leaves. Flowering spike to 4 inches tall, the flowers 2 to numerous,
white, horizontal with a yellow lip. Bracts papery, reddish-brown. Flowering winter to early spring in Florida.
Other: Apparently apomictic or self-pollinating.
56 53
Indian-Hemp Lesser Swinecress
Sida rhombifolia Lepidium didymum
SIGH-dah rhom-bah-FOAL-ee-ah leh-PID-ee-um DID-ee-mum
Malvaceae Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
Native to: Florida native Native to: Worldwide weed of unclear origins
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout, a common weed of brushy disturbed sites. Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout
Recognition: Subshrubby weed to 5’ tall with rhombic, alternate leaves; flowers and fruits on long (1’-3”) wirelike stalks. Recognition: Creeping weed with finely dissected pinnate leaves. Fruits flat and two-lobed. Crushed foliage has strong odor.
Potentially confused species: Multiple species of Sida inhabit South Florida. Wireweed (Sida ulmifolia) is similar but the flowers and fruits Contributed by George Rogers
are sessile or nearly so (vs. being on a wirelike stalk). Heartleaf Sida (S. cordifolia) has heart-shaped velvety leaves.
52 57
Lilac Tasselflower Horseherb
Emilia sonchifolia Calyptocarpus vialis
Asteraceae cal-ip-toe-CARP-us vie-AL-us
Asteraceae
Native to: Lower 48 states, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico
Native to: Southeastern U.S. to Central America.
Florida abundance and distribution: Most abundant in lower half
of state Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout Florida, mostly in the southern part.
Recognition: Flower heads “tassels” usually purple or lilac in Recognition: The small opposite broad leaves have toothed margins and conspicuous veins. Stems grow along the ground, rooting at
color. Emilia fosbergii is similar but with red tassels. nodes. Bright yellow flower heads are a quarter-inch across.
Contributed by Mike Derer Potentially confused species: Nodeweed, Synedrella nodiflora is almost indistinguishable vegetatively and in the appearance of the
flower head. Synedrella differs in the achene on the ray flowers having a lacerate wing, in comparison with the non-lacerate wings in
Caylptocarpus. Often, but not very convincing, in Synedrella the leaf venation is dominated by the arching basal veins to the point that the
secondary veins are conspicuously subordinate, while in Calyptocarpus the secondary veins more or less rival the arching basal veins. Good
luck with that distinction!
Little Ironweed
Cyanthillium cinereum
(Conyza cinerea, Senecioides cinerea, Vernonia cinerea)
Asteraceae
Native to: Probably Old World Tropics, now widespread globally
Florida abundance and distribution: Southern half of Peninsula
Recognition: To about 18” tall with alternate serrate leaves,

often with winged petioles. Flower heads numerous in corymbs,
small, lilac.
Potentially confused species: Similar to Lilac Tassel Flower (in

this guide) but the flower heads smaller and more numerous, and
with narrow, serrate leaves (vs. leaves lobed with clasping leaf
bases).
58 51
Hempvines Long-Stalked
(see also Mile-a-Minute Vine)
Mikania cordifolia (Florida Keys Hempvine)
Phyllanthus
Phyllanthus tenellus
Mikania scandens (Climbing Hempvine) fil-LAN-thus ten-ELL-us
my-CANE-ee-ah cord-ah-FOAL-ee-ah SCAN-denz Euphorbiaceae
Asteraceae
Native: Both species native
Florida abundance and distribution: Common throughout Florida
Florida abundance and distribution: Both throughout (M. cordifolia
of limited distribution in Panhandle) Recognition: Upright to 2’ tall but often shorter with reddish stems
and leaf margins. Inconspicuous white star shaped flowers. Fruit
Recognition: Both species climbing vines with opposite cordate or green and round on long stalks. Leaves oval and slightly pointed at
arrow-head shaped (to deltoid) leaves and “fuzzy” white to pinkish ends, alternate in two rows on lateral shoots.
flower heads in corymbs. Mikania cordifolia has the phyllaries > 6
mm long; in M. scandens they are < 5 mm long. See also Mile-a- Potentially confused species: Chamber Bitter (Phyllanthus urinaria)
Minute Vine in this guide for comparison with this invasive exotic has warty (vs. smooth) fruit without a stalk and more closely spaced
species. leaves giving it a bushy appearance.
Contributed by George Rogers Contributed by Carrie Black
Mile-a-Minute Vine
Mikania micrantha
my-CANE-ee-ah mi-CRAN-tha
Asteraceae
Florida Abundance and Distribution: In southernmost Florida near Homestead (2011) but capable of rapid spreading. Check the Internet
for updated distribution data.
Recognition: This vine can grow an inch per day. Thin leaves are heart shaped, in opposite pairs—from ½ to 5 inches long. Greenish-white
flower heads are terminal in dense bunches. See also “Hempvines” in this guide.
Potentially confused species: Mikania micrantha differs from the native M. cordifolia by having flower heads < 6 mm long. Mikania
micrantha differs from the native M. scandens by having pale (vs. darker) leaf coloration and no reddish foliar tints, white (vs. pinkish)
flower heads, and phyllaries and inflorescence axes nearly hairless.
Other: American Army introduced it into the Pacific islands during WWII for camouflage. The vine has spread to become one of the most
noxious plants in parts of Tropical Asia, threatening to overtake acres where tea, rubber, and coconuts are in production. It can be used as
a source of animal fodder, and has localized medicinal uses as anti-infective, balm for insect bites and poison ivy. This species is currently
under study in the United States as a potential antibiotic.
Contributed by Carolyn Hendry
50 59
Manyspike Flatsedge Hairy Indigo
Cyperus polystachyos Indigofera hirsuta
Cyperaceae in-dig-OFF-ah-rah hear-SUIT-ah
sigh-PEAR-us pol-ee-STAKE-ee-us Fabaceae
Native to: Florida native Native to: Africa, southern Asia, and northern Australia. Widely
naturalized.
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout Florida in well drained
Recognition: True to its name, this common sedge has numerous flatwood sites and in disturbed areas. Adapted to sandy soils with good
flat spikes. It is somewhat unusual locally by having only 2 stigmas drainage, sometimes on land too dry for other legumes.
(vs. the more common possession of 3 stigmas).
Recognition: Shrubby herbaceous annual, woody at the base, shoots
Potentially confused species: Other Cyperus species. Nutsedges with brown spreading hairs. Leaves with 5 or 7 leaflets. Dense clusters
appear below; they have 3 stigmas, and the spikes are more spread of small, bright salmon-red flowers. Pods cylindrical with spreading
out (vs. usually tightly clustered). See www.floridagrasses.org brown hairs.
Contributed by George Rogers Potentially confused species: Other species of Indigofera have
similar clusters of salmon flowers but only this one is a large plant with
conspicuous spreading hairs.
More on Cyperus polystachyos
Modified from Treasure Coast Natives Other: Hairy Indigo is an effective nitrogen fixer and resistant to root
knot nematodes, making it valuable for improving Florida’s poor, sandy
This species grows everywhere. Why are some species rare while others are taking over the world? Manyspike Flatsedge covers Florida soils. Young growth can be cut for hay and fresh re-growth makes high
and ranges southward to South America. Is it then tropical? Well, yes, and looking northward it goes all the way to Maine. The plant is also protein forage. Older growth becomes woody and loses value.
in Hawaii, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Where did it originate? Where was it distributed before ships circled the Globe? Who knows?
Contributed by David Black Ph.D. and Geovany Esteban
When I say grows everywhere, I don’t merely mean on a global scale. To narrow the focus locally, there is probably one within 200 yards of
where you are sitting. The habitats are just about any: lake shores, depression ponds, roadside ditches, hammocks, pine woods, weedy
roadsides, saltmarshes, shell mounds, burned forests, prairies, sand hills, and scrub areas. The sites are often moist, but not necessarily,
and the soil is often organically enriched but then again can be acid, alkaline, clay, lava, or sand.
The species is as varied as it is widespread, a challenge to taxonomists who disagree on its definition. Manyspike Flatsedge can inhabit
your mowed lawn, or left alone may be two feet tall. The inflorescence may be compact or spread out, branched or not, and yellowish or
red.
How does a species get around like that? The fruits are tiny (1 mm long) achenes (fruits that resemble seeds), as is true of the other 599
species of Cyperus. The achenes float and blow around, and probably ride in or on birds. Oh, by the way, several other species of Cyperus
are global super-weeds too. If you are not familiar with Cyperus, think of Papyrus, which is weedy itself.
The surface of the achene is sculptured with bumps and depressions. And this is common on small seeds and achenes, especially in wet
Heartleaf Sida, Llima
habitats. Why the patterned surface? The leading thought in my experience is to cling to mud on birds' feet, like mud sticks to the sculpted Sida cordifolia
pattern of your hiking boots. Or a rough irregular surface may catch the wind. Maybe passing through a bird's intestine helps the achene SIGH-dah cor-daw-FOAL-ee-ah
initiate contact with soil mycorrhizae or other microbes, or remain moist, or get a tiny boost of nutrition. Or, much more boringly, maybe the Malvaceae
external bumps and valleys are "bubble wrap."
Native to: Tropical America (not Florida)
That this sedge grows on salty places adjacent to the sea probably helps it roam the Seven Seas.
Florida abundance and distribution: Abundant in the southern half of
But how will I know it when I see it? First off, it looks like any garden variety standard "Cyperus" Flatsedge with leaves clustered at the base the state
and another tuft clustered at the top of a triangular stem. The flowering spikes are flat and numerous. Now here is the easy part: there
are just 2 styles, as opposed to the 3 in most of our other locally common Cyperus species. If the styles are 2 and the spikes are flat, you Recognition: Tall (to 5’) fuzzy weed with heart-shaped serrate-margined
probably found it. (And to make certain, the spikelet is under 2 mm wide and there is no elongate pointed tip on the spikelet scales.) leaves and round yellow flowers, these often congested and with many
stamens
What do Florida, New England, Brazil, Morocco, Italy, Israel, Thailand, Polynesia, and Australia have in common? Cyperus polystachyos.
Potentially confused species: Wireweed (Sida ulmifolia) is usually
Photos on next page by John Bradford. Bottom photo is the achene 1 mm long. smaller, is not fuzzy, and has its flowers nearly sessile (vs. on long wire-
like peduncles).
60 49
Smilax auriculata
(both photos this page and S. bona-nox on previous page by John Bradford)
48 61
Match-Weed Greenbriar, Catbriar
Phyla nodiflora Smilax auriculata and additional species
FY-luh no-dah-FLOR-uh SMILE-axe hour-ick-you-LAY-tah
Verbenaceae Smilacaceae
Native to: Warm U.S. to South America Native to: Smilix auriculata and multiple additional species are native to Florida.
Florida abundance and distribution: Poorly drained soils without humus, in low moist areas. Matchweed spreads by both seeds and Recognition: Aggressive and very common tough-textured vines, often with tendrils and/or thorns. Leaves elliptic or trilobed, the main
stolons. Growth rate fast. Full to partial sun. veins more or less parallel. Flowers in an umbel.
Recognition: Spreading and forming large open or dense patches. About 1-3 inches or taller in flower. Opposite leaves with small teeth at Other: These plants make enormous rhizomes.
the outer tip. Hairy branching stems. The purple to white flowers forming a match-head appearance. It blooms all year.
Other: Also known as Mat Lippia, Fog Fruit, or Turkey Tangle. A tea (chachahan) is made from the leaves. Artificial sweetener.
That rhizome can be as big as your arm, a real whopper. No typhoon or fire is going to discourage that nugget of life. But how about hungry
Contributed by Grace Walton hogs? One of our species, Smilax bona-nox reportedly has prickles on the rhizome (at least sometimes—the species is variable). This
adaptation possibly evolved in the natural range of wild peccaries and thus was pre-adapted to deter feral hogs, perhaps. It would be
fascinating to know if the prickly rhizome has affected the distribution and abundance of S. bona-nox relative to the piggy-wiggies who root
and snoot hereabouts. To repeat for emphasis, however, the prevalence of prickly rhizomes in S. bona–nox is unclear—not the sort of thing
botanists observe often.
Thirsty cowboys enjoyed Smilax when they passed on the whiskey in favor of a nice
refreshing sarsaparilla. Maybe those cowboys needed it for personal reasons: one
of the early uses of sarsaparilla was to treat syphilis. Different species of Smilax
historically have wound up on dinner tables: the rhizomes as pseudo-spuds, as
flour, as a natural jello, and as stand-in for asparagus.
Is munching Smilax is a good idea? That the genus has a history in medicine is a
sign of bioactivity, and bioactivity is a sign of potential consequences. Smilax is
sufficiently neurotoxic to be a potential treatment for seizures. Sarsaparilla served
to alleviate rheumatism. Some species yield steroid precursors. So when we go
walk the garden path, please don’t hand me a Smilax tendril to nibble (unless I’m
having a seizure).
Botanist John Mitchell provides a recipe for Smilax aphrodisiac some readers may wish to try:
• Smilax roots
• One white hot nail
• Coatimundi penis
Chill the mixture for a week and take a teaspoon a day. (Let me know.)
Smilax is the Monocot twin to Dicot grapes, right down to the tendrils and fruit clusters. They are related to Lilies, and the flowers look like
tiny Lily flowers. They don’t smell so great though — an older name for the genus is Coprosmanthus, meaning “dung-smelling flower.” Of
the dozen species in Florida, those encountered in the area of Palm Beach County are Smilax auriculata (very common, leaf blades usually
with basal lobes, the leaf margins not bony, the midvein beneath the leaf jutting out similarly to the side veins, the female flowers with 2-3
stigmas), S. bona-nox (mnemonic: bona-nox has bony leaf margins), S. laurifolia (leaf usually narrow with the base unlobed, the midvein
beneath more prominent than the side veins, the female flowers with just one stigma), and S. tamnoides (bottom half of leaf margin with
prickly little teeth). Good luck! The leaf shapes are dismayingly diverse within species.
62 47
Gophertail Mexican-Clover
Richardia grandiflora
Lovegrass reh-CHARD-ee-ah grand-ah-FLOOR-ah
Eragrostis ciliaris Rubiaceae
air-ah-GRAWZ-tus sil-ee-AIR-us
Poaceae Native to: South America
Native to: Africa, Asia, and Southern America Florida abundance and distribution: Very abundant (sometimes forming carpet) in low mowed disturbed sites such as road median strips.
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout the Recognition: Sprawling mat-forming fuzzy plants with opposite leaves, having a fringed stipule between the leaf bases. Flowers pink to
state. Tolerant to salty areas and dry sand. near-white.
Recognition: Annual grass. Flower stalk narrow, fuzzy, Potentially confused species: There are two other species of Richardia in South Florida. The other two have smaller (to 10 mm vs. > 12
and reddish. mm long), white to pale lilac flowers. Richardia brasiliensis has fruit segments with short hairs on the surface and the inner corner broad.
Its leaves are covered uniformly on the top surface with hairs. Richardia scabra has fruit segments with bumps on the surface and a narrow
Contributed by Geovany Esteban inner corner. It leaves are hairy toward the upper surfaces and are bare or less hairy toward the middles. The name “Florida Pusley” is
sometimes applied to these species, especially R. scabra, but the species are tough to distinguish and the name is applied inconsistently.
Other: Mexican-Clover is one of the most abundant mowed-area weeds in Florida, forming carpets of pink-lilac flowers. These are not true
“clovers,” but instead are members of the Coffee Family.
Grassleaf Spurge
Euphorbia graminea
you-FORB-ee-ah gram-IN-ee-ah
Euphorbiaceae
Native to: Mexico
Florida abundance and distribution: Central and southern

counties, locally abundant
Recognition: Milky sap. Leaves variable, irregularly

shaped, entire-margined to bluntly and coarsely serrate.
Flowers white, small, inconspicuous, star-shaped with
5 “petals”; the apparent ovary (female flower) markedly
3-lobed.
46 63
Dreamy Drifts of Pink
Gallant Soldiers, Shaggy Soldiers
Galinsoga quadriradiata
(Galinsoga parviflora var. quadriradiata)
Returning reluctantly to my office just now from Tropical Smoothie with my Limey Blimey smoothie, heavenly meadows of pink in the athletic gal-in-SOGE-ah quaq-ra-rade-ee-AY-tah
field soothed my troubling mind, thanks to a member of my favorite Dicot family, the Coffee Klatsch (aka the Rubiaceae). Typical of life here Asteraceae
in Misnomer Meadows, “Mexican-Clover” is no Clover and it is not natively Mexican. Thus for the sake of accuracy some call it Fairy Cups.
If you live in South Florida you have seen the pink cloud in the median strip. Some observers say it looks like snow, but those must be Native to: Tropical America
Floridians who have never actually seen snow. And just like snow, this weed’s not native to South Florida. South America is home.
The genus Richardia consists of about 15 species ranging naturally from the Southeastern U.S. to Argentina, with some escaped in the
Old World. The original native U.S. representation is a messy question beyond the scope today. Some of the species can be tough to Recognition: Annual 2’-3’ tall, with shallow roots. Stems and opposite leaves hairy. Leaf blades vaguely triangular with 3 main veins.
distinguish. Flower heads ¼”-1/2” wide, with a yellow center surrounded by 5 white ray flowers, each with three points at the tip (compare with Tridax).
Tridax has rougher leaves with longer more conspicuous fuzziness, and proportionally narrow leaves without the multiple large main veins of
Any fool can distinguish Richardia grandiflora at 70 mph in the highway median. Seems like cars, lawn mowers, and Global Warming might Galinsoga.
be expanding its range northward, at least as far as arctic Gainesville, and motivated searchers could probably pinpoint more-northerly
patches. Other: The juice is a blood coagulant and helps diminish swelling in open wounds.
How does one pretty weed take over vast areas of lightly maintained turf? I have no single answer, but here is a bundle of silly notions: 1. Contributed by William Mullarkey and June Wilkinson.
The Coffee Family is a talented weed family. 2. The mat sprawls low. I dug one up this morning. The underground rhizome bears roots
all over itself, and it sprouts, sprouts, and sprouts near or even below the ground surface. Mowing clearly prompts branching from way Photo courtesy of Daniel L. Nickrent and PhytoImages, Southern Illinois University.
down low. 3. The weed is mighty drought-tolerant, happy on sterile soils, and probably nematode-proof (just guessing based on a related
species). 4. Each fruit splits into a variable number of bumpy little “seeds.” The “seed” production of a single patch is infinite, and all
those little crumbs build up a seedbank. 5. And the big question, are Richardias alleleopathic? That is, do they make natural herbicides to
suppress competition? I do not know. They look like it.
Mexican-Clover has opposite leaves, and between their bases is the hallmark of the Coffee Family, an “interpetiolar” (between the petioles)
stipule. The stipule is fringed on top, and basally forms a cup around the node where new buds form. Although often in the Coffee Family
the stipule functions to draw symbiotic ants, or to protect the terminal bud, my guess is that in Mexican-Clover the stipule catches water and
coddles the sprouting buds nestled like baby kangaroos in the stipular pouch. The stipule is fringed on top, and encases the lateral buds
(future branches). Rising at 45 degrees on each side are the petioles (leaf stalks).
The fairy cup flowers look like classic butterfly-pollinated blossoms, and butterflies visit along with bees and other insects. A big patch
of MC can be bug-lively. Each flower head is a sponge in a cup, with the maturing fruitlets embedded deep in the moisture. The flowers
are packed together tightly with their sepals rising vertically as a collective water trap in the center, reminiscent of some Bromeliad tanks.
Bringing a specimen in this morning after a wet night, the flower heads left puddles of water on the microscope stage.
Being a lawn weed, Mexican-Clover raises the boring question, over and over, about ”what do you spray on it?” Now please understand, as
a pesticideophobic, lunatic fringe nature-nut, this question is not my cup of tea. Yet turf herbicides interest me from the dark side. Noodling
around Google reveals many recommendations to use Atrazine to get those ugly Fairy Cups out of your lovely yard.
So now a moment on the Atrazine soapbox. That is bad stuff unless you like deformed amphibians. Atrazine is one of the most-used turf
herbicides in the U.S., although alternatives might replace it. Perhaps you thought the U.S. had already pretty much eliminated chlorinated
pesticides, such as DDT, Chlordane, and Lindane. Well, is an herbicide a pesticide? I’d like to know, because we still have plenty of
chlorinated herbicides, the two main examples being lawn poisons we infuse into our personal environments, 2-4-D, and Atrazine. 2,4-D is
a chlorinated (auxin) hormone mimic. And Atrazine has a slight molecular similarity to the fertilizer urea. Plants take up Atrazine from the
soil as they might take up urea. Where does the rest of the Atrazine go? Atrazine is so water-soluble it contaminates waters worldwide.
And it is implicated ominously in environmental-health issues.
Photos next page: Left, stipule. Right, young fruit segments.
64 45
Florida-Pusley
Richardia scabra
reh-CHARD-ee-a SCAY-brah
Rubiaceae
Native to: Tropical America, presumably not Florida
Recognition: Sprawling weed with opposite leaves having a

fringed stipule between the bases. Flowers white and star-
shaped. Resembles the other Richardia species in Florida.
See Mexican-Clover (Richardia grandiflora) for comparison and
general discussion. Richardia scabra has white star-shaped
flowers between the other two Richardia species in size but
with overlapping dimensions, leaf surfaces with the hairiness
diminished toward the center, and fruit segments warty and
with a narrow inner face. Very similar to Richardia brasiliensis,
with its flat (vs. narrow) inner face of the fruit segment the best
distinguishing character.
Other: Regarded as an indicator for nematodes in turf.
44 65
Mexican-Tea Florida Beggarweed
Chenopodium ambrosioides Dixie Beggarweed
(Dysphania ambrosioides, Teloxys ambrosioides) Desmodium tortuosum
keen-oh-PODE-ee-um am-broze-ee-OID-ees des-MOH-dee-um tor-tew-OH-sum
Chenopodiaceae Fabaceae
Native to: Tropical America, now widespread around the world Native to: West Indies, South and Central America, Florida, Texas and
several other Southern states.
Florida abundance and distribution: Common, throughout
Recognition: Weed to 3’ tall with irregularly lobed-serrate leaves and inconspicuous small green flowers. Strong “chemical” odor when
crushed Recognition: Erect annual or low shrub, to 8’ tall, with green trifoliate
leaves having ovate to oblong leaflets. Terminal leaflet longer than the
Other: With many historical medicinal uses lateral leaflets; also the stalk of the terminal leaflet is longer. Terminal or
axillary raceme bearing pealike flowers pink to bluish-green, in pairs. Pod
Contributed by George Rogers twisted and jointed, attaching itself to anything that passes by tiny hooked
hairs. The entire plant is pubescent.
Potentially confused species: Desmodium incanum (Creeping

Beggarweed, Spanish Clover) dark green in color often with a silver stripe
along the center vein. Desmodium triflorum (Three-Flowered Beggarweed)
creeps on the ground surface, much smaller than Florida Beggarweed. On
D. tortuosum (see photo) look for conspicuous stipels (outgrowths at the
base of each leaflet).
Other: Cultivated in Florida for forage, a forb/herb, also cultivated as a

nitrogen-enricher.
Contributed by Andrea Schechter. Photos by John Bradford
Florida Pellitory
Parietaria floridana
pah-rye-ah-TEAR-ee-ah flore-ah-DAIN-ah
Urticaceae
Native to: Florida to South America
Florida abundance and distribution: Abundant in most of Florida, except

for northwest region
Recognition: Short-lived delicate but often abundant perennial or annual

herb having opposite (or infrequently alternate) leaves the size of a dime.
Flowers axillary, inconspicuous, winter and spring.
Other: Flowers in Winter/Spring
66 43
Fiddler’s Spurge Natal Grass
Poinsettia heterophylla Melinis repens
poin-SET-ee-ah het-er-OFF-ah-la (Rhynchelytrum repens)
Euphorbiaceae mah-LINE-us REE-pens
Poaceae
Native to: Africa
Florida abundance and distribution: Weedy disturbed sites throughout
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout. It grows from erect clumps in open and disturbed areas such as roadsides. Prefers dry
Recognition: Milky sap. Irregularly shaped leaves. Flowers tiny, surrounded by irregular whitish bracts. conditions and invades scrub areas among other habitats. Germinates under a wide range of temperature conditions with rates controlled
by temperature when adequate moisture is available.
Easily confused species: Resembles Wild Poinsettia but bracts not red.
Recognition: Showy grass to 3’ tall with masses of fluffy pink panicles. Natal grass possesses branching culms that root at the nodes. The
Contributed by George Rogers flowers are borne in panicles; their color varies from purple to pink with reddish hairs that turn gray with age.
Other: The pollen is a mild allergen. Uses are erosion control, ornamental, forage. www.floridagrasses.org
42 67
Nettles and Tread Softly Eclipta
Stinging Nettles are species of Urtica and Laportea (Urticaceae) Eclipta prostrata
Tread Softly is Cnidoscolus stimulosus (Euphorbiaceae) ee-CLIPT-ah pros-TRAY-tah
URR-tah-cah la-PORT-ee-ah nide-OS-cue-lus stim-you-LOES-us Asteraceae
Native to: All are native to Florida. Native to: Florida native
Florida abundance and distribution: Within our state, Laportea and Urtica are nearly confined to North Florida, except that Urtica turns up Florida abundance and distribution: Marshes, moist disturbed sites, irrigated landscape areas.
rarely as a weed, and the non-native West Indian Woodnettle Laportea aestuans is widespread in South Florida. Tread Softly is by far the
most common and troublesome stinging plant in South Florida, on dry sites, scrub or near the sea, often on coastal dunes. Recognition: To 2’ tall, rooting at the nodes, with opposite, hairy, lanceolate to linear leaves with serrate or entire margins. Flower heads
stalked with numerous white ray flowers and tiny disk flowers.
Recognition: All have visible stinging hairs. Laportea aestuans has alternate serrate leaves, and tiny green flowers in a panicle.
Cnidoscolus stimulosus is a perennial or subshrub in dry sand; it has palmately lobed leaves with conspicuous bristles. The flowers are Potentially confused species: Oakleaf Fleabane (in this guide) likewise has numerous white ray flowers but the leaves are alternate and
white. lobed (vs. opposite and mostly lanceolate).
Contributed by: George Rogers Other: “Eclipta” comes from Greek for “deficient,” in reference to the absence of a pappus.
Nettles, Ankle Biters, and Burning Noses

A prominent memory from fooling around the hills of West Virginia as a kid was, “be careful about jumping down into muddy ravines.” I can
still see in my mind’s eye the standard summertime ravine bottom biological community: Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), nettles (species
of Urtica and/or Laportea), and yellowjackets (or some sort of hornet with that general appearance). The yellowjackets were benign, but
the nettles would sting the living beejeebers out of exposed epidermis….then you rubbed jewelweed juice on the welts in some vain hope of
relief. We called it “the 15-minute itch.”
Throughout most of the eastern U.S. the stingers are Laportea canadensis and Urtica dioica (and other Urtica species). Laportea has
alternate leaves, Urtica distinctively has opposite leaves.
Around Palm Beach and Martin counties, Urtica and Laportea are not common, but they are a little here to punish the unwary. Laportea
aestuans is probably native to more tropical places, maybe making its way northward aided by Global Warming. Urtica chamaedroides
(leaves opposite) is scattered around Florida. An Urtica, probably this species, inhabits the PBSC plant nursery in Palm Beach Gardens,
apparently having hitchhiked on nursery plants. Given the weediness of Urtica, there would be no earth-shaking amazement in coming
across additional species locally.
What is astounding about Urtica and Laportea is their vengeful hairs. Plants with toxins are a dime a dozen. Plants with thorns, spines,
and prickles are too. But these little stinkers smite their foes with an injection of toxin. The tip of the hair snaps off in your flesh, and
movement of the hair squeezes a bulb at the base, squirting the irritant into the wound. The whole thing looks and works like a turkey
baster. The irritating “venom” seems to contain formic acid, as in ant bites.
The plants are not all bad though. Urtica is grown as a green fertilizer.
The small wind-pollinated flowers have a spring-loaded mechanism to toss their pollen onto the breeze. The stamen filaments are bent
inward as the flower develops, and when the moment of truth arrives, they pop forth explosively launching the pollen. How the anthers
open coordinated with the springing filaments is a mystery of nature.
False-Nettle, Boehmeria cylindrica is abundant around our haunts. It looks like Urtica but has no stinging hairs. False-Nettle brings us now
to a little ethnobotany. Members of the Nettle Family have long strong fibers. Examples include Hemp (Cannabis), Urtica dioica (which
has served as a fiber source), and Ramie, which is Boehmeria nivea, an Asian species. Cannabis persists to this day where it was grown
historically for hemp. Florida was once a major fiber-growing and fiber-research state, and one fiber plant still with us escaped is Ramie. It
differs from False Nettle by having the leaf blades white-hairy beneath and branchy (vs. spikelike) flower clusters.
Another locally prominent ankle-stinger, Cnidoscolus stimulosus, is sometimes called Tread Softly, Bull Nettle, or Spurge Nettle. Usually
in dry sunny sandy habitats, Tread Softly is in the Spurge Family and is related to “Cuban-Spinach” (Cnidoscolus chayamansa). Also
related to Tread Softly, likewise in the Spurge Family, and scattered in Florida—even if our own immediate counties have few or none—are
the Noseburns, species of Tragia. They too inject a sting, and the mechanism is extra-special. Contact with their hairs stabs a dagger of
calcium oxalate into your soft skin. This is the same stuff that puts the dumb in Dumbcanes, but that’s not for today. To sum it up, just
watch your step.
Photo on next page of Tread Softly by John Bradford
68 41
Drymary
Drymaria cordata
dry-mar-EE-ah cord-AY-tah
Caryophyllaceae
Native to: Tropical America, now around the globe
Florida abundance and distribution: Common turf weed

throughout the state. Prominent in the winter, shade-tolerant,
and fond of moisture.
Recognition: Creeping turf weed with opposite more or less

circular notched sessile or nearly sessile leaves; flowers small,
white, with 5 petals, each of these split to give the impression
of 10 petals, on stalks rising to about a foot tall. Fruits burr-like
due to persistent “Velcro” calyx, sticking to fabric.
Potentially confused species: Chickweed (Stellaria media)

is related and similar but has fuzzy leaves on well developed
petioles. Pony’s foot (Dichondra caroliniensis) has alternate
(vs. opposite) more-cordate leaves on well developed petioles.
Dutch White Clover

Trifolium repens
try-FOH-lee-um REE-penz
Fabaceae
Native to: Europe, West Asia and North Africa
Florida abundance and distribution: Naturalized in the United

States
Recognition: This dense mat-forming creeping clover to 1 foot

tall has alternate, trifoliate leaves with white chevron markings
on the leaflets. Flower heads white, becoming pinkish with age.
Potentially confused species: This species differs from other

weeds having trifoliate leaflets by having a white chevron mark
on each serrate leaflet.
40 69
Nutsedges (Nutgrasses) Dollarweed
Purple Nutsedge is Cyperus rotundus Hydrocotyle umbellata
Yellow Nutsedge is Cyperus esculentus hi-dro-CAW-ta-lee um-bell-AY-tah
sigh-PEAR-us row-TON-dus ess-cue-LENT-us Apiaceae
Cyperaceae
Native to: Both are Old World species.
Florida abundance and distribution: Common throughout the state.
Florida abundance and distribution: Both are throughout the state, abundant in places, sometimes aggressive. Cyperus rotundus is
regarded as “the world’s worst weed.” Recognition: Produces tangled, air-filled horizontal stems that root at
the nodes. Blades circular with notched margins. Petioles attach to
Recognition: Cyperus esculentus and C. rotundus differ from the somewhat similar C. polystachyos by having 3 (vs. 2) stigmas. and the center of leaf blades. Flowers tiny, white, in a single terminal umbel.
spikes spaced out along a larger axis (vs. clustered tightly). The long straight spikes are yellow-brown in C. esculentus and reddish in C.
rotundus. Both are rhizomatous and may form tubers. See www.floridagrasses.org Potentially confused species: There are several similar Hydrocotyle
(and Centella) species in Florida.
Centella asiatica has cordate leaves.
Photos. Left: C. rotundus. Right: C. esculentus
Hydrocotyle bonariensis has large (7 cm) leaves with variable
margins, which may be variably dentate-notched, and may be
conspicuously toothed, and has compound umbels.
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides is an aquatic species with a notch all the

way to the petiole.
Hydrocotyle umbellata has a round leaf often with the marginal

notches of equal depth (but not reliably distinguished from H. verticil-
lata by this alone), and a simple umbel.
Hydrocotyle verticillata has a round leaf often with one notch deeper
than the others, and flowers in multiple whorls (as opposed to the
single umbel in the other species)
Duckweed
Lemna species
LEM-nah
Lemnaceae
Native to: Multiple species are native to Florida.
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout on surfaces of slow-

moving waters, occasionally on wet mud.
Recognition: Tiny floating plants with 1-3 leaves measuring 1/16-1/8

inch in length. Roots dangling. Flowers essentially invisible.
70 39
Dandelion Oakleaf
Taraxacum officinale
tur-AX-ah-cum off-iss-a-NAIL-ee Fleabane
Asteraceae Erigeron quercifolius
err-IJ-er-on kewr-seh-FOAL-ee-us
Native to: Eurasia, now widespread around the globe. Asteraceae
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout Native to: Florida native
Recognition: An herbaceous perennial with milky sap and with Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout most of
3”- 12” long leaves with deeply toothed edges, in a basal rosette. Florida. There are additional Erigeron species in Florida.
Dandelions are easily recognized by their yellow flower heads that
turn into round balls of silvery-white parachutes to blow away in Recognition: Can be up to 3 feet tall, fuzzy, with variously
the wind. lobed leaves. The flower head has numerous delicate
white rays around a yellow disk.
Dichondra
Pony’s Foot
Dichondra caroliniensis
die-KON-dra care-oh-linn-ee-ENN-sis
Convolvulaceae
Florida abundance and distribution: Common throughout the

Old World
state
Diamond
Flower
Recognition: Creeping turf weed having alternate cordate leaves.
Flowers small, white, bowl-shaped.
Oldenlandia corymbosa
Potentially confused species: Drymary (Drymaria cordata) has (Hedyotis corymbosa)
opposite (vs. alternate) leaves with no (or slight) basal notch. old-en-LAND-ee-ah core-um-BOSE-ah
Rubiaceae
Abundance and distribution in Florida: Throughout and

occasional, usually in turf.
Recognition: Small sprawling weed with narrow opposite

leaves having a stipule between the bases. Flower tiny,
white (or pale pink). Fruit a tiny woody capsule.
38 71
Oxalis, Sourgrass Cutleaf Evening
Oxalis corniculata
OX-ah-lus corn-ick-you-LAY-tah Primrose
Oxalidaceae Oenothera laciniata
een-OTH-er-ah la-sin-ee-AY-tah
Native to: Eastern and central United States. Widespread worldwide Onagraceae
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout Florida Native to: Florida native
Habitats: Yards, gardens, turf, landscaped areas, fields, agricultural crops, and nurseries. Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout
Reproduction: It reproduces by seeds and by creeping aboveground horizontal stems that root at nodes. When seeds mature, capsules Recognition: Leaves more or less elliptic. Leaf margins with irregular
open explosively, often spreading seeds 10 feet or more. The plants can form asexual bulbils at the base. entire to coarsely toothed or lobed margins, giving the name
Cutleaf Evening Primrose. Flowers yellowish, with long inferior ovaries.
Recognition: This aggressively spreading low-growing perennial broadleaf plant has shamrock-like leaves (resembling a clover shape). Pods long and bean-shaped.
Delicate-appearing. The leaflets have notched tips. Flowers are present almost year-round. Flowers yellow. Fruits consist of narrow green
cylindrical capsules. Seeds are egg shaped, flat, brown, and have transverse ridges. The leaves differ from Clover or Desmodium leaves by
being deeply notched at the tips of the leaflets, which hang limp and flaccid at night, and can be recognized by their sharp acid flavor.
Oxalis debilis has pinkish flowers.
Left-hand photo: Oxalis corniculata. Right-hand photo: O. debilis (by John Bradford)
Cutleaf Groundcherry
Physalis angulata
FISS-al-is ang-yoo-LAY-tuh
Solanaceae
Native to: United States and tropical America
Florida abundance and distribution: Dry disturbed areas throughout

Florida.
Recognition: Plant 60-90 cm with dark green oval toothy leaves with
simple hairs. Fruit surrounded by distinctive 10-ribbed lantern-shaped
calyx with dark veins. Flower five-sided and yellow.
Potentially confused species: Distinguished from the several other

Florida Physalis species by the inflated, 10-sided lantern-like calyx
with dark venation and the leaves generally more sharply toothy
in appearance. Physalis walteri and P. angustifolia have stellate
trichomes, P. walteri throughout, the plant and P. angustifolia on the
sepals. The other species have simple trichomes. Physalis pubescens
and P. arenicola have similar pubescent leaves with irregular lobes and
blunt teeth; the former has dark spots on the flower, and the latter has
flowers with no dark spots. There are additional species but not likely
encountered as weeds, esp. in South Florida.
72 37
Cudweeds Para Grass
(Everlastings, Purple Everlastings) Urochloa mutica
Gamochaeta purpurea your-OCK-low-ah (or your-oh-CLOE-ah) MUTE-ah-cah
Poaceae
(and additional similar species)
Consider also Pseudognaphalium Native to: South America
gam-oh-KEET-ah purr-PURR-ee-ah
Asteraceae Florida abundance and distribution: Central and
southern Peninsula. In ditches and moist habitats, often
Native to: Florida native forming massive stands.
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout Recognition: Large coarse space-filling grass of wet
areas, notably pubescent, especially on the leaf sheaths.
Recognition: Leaves narrow, sometimes Inflorescence branches straight and jutting out almost at
somewhat spoon-shaped; the entire plant woolly. right angles.
Flowers inconspicuous.
Rabbit Tobacco is Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium.
Pseudognaphalium differs from Gamochaeta by
having the flower heads in more-open branching
inflorescences, as opposed to congested spikelike
wands. Both of these genera have species formerly
assigned to Gnaphalium. Sorting out the species
in this complex is beyond the scope of the present
manual.
36 73
Pennsylvania Bittercress Creeping Indigo
Cardamine pensylvanica Indigofera spicata
car-DAM-ah-knee pen-sill-VAN-ah-cah in-dig-OFF-er-ah spike-AY-tah
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Fabaceae
Native to: Widespread and presumably native weed Native to: Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, widely naturalized in
warm areas.
Florida abundance and distribution: Through the state in moist places, a winter weed
Florida abundance and distribution: Frequent in Florida, except
Recognition: Erect weed with alternate irregularly pinnately lobed or pinnately compound leaves, the terminal leaflet as long as or longer for the western panhandle.
than the others, with 3 lobes. Flowers white with 4 petals. Fruits long slender pods called silicles.
Recognition: Herb with branches spreading flat on the ground
Other: The plant contains glucosinolates. When crushed the plant parts give off a “horseradish” odor. and compound leaves with mostly 5 or 7 leaflets. The most
conspicuous feature is the salmon color of the tightly clustered
Contributed by June Wilkinson flowers.
Potentially confused species: The only indigos likely to be seen

in south Florida growing flat on the ground are Creeping Indigo
and the less common native Coastal Indigo (Indigofera miniata).
Coastal Indigo has small, narrow leaflets covered with pale hairs
lying flat which give the leaves a grayish look, and has flowers and
fruits less crowded.
An erect species is Hairy Indigo (I. hirsuta) which also is in this

manual.
Other: Creeping Indigo has been used for erosion control and
soil improvement, but planting in pasture is avoided because the
plant contains a toxic amino acid that causes liver damage and
abortion. This species has been used to make indigo dye, but the
larger Indigofera tinctoria was normally used.
74 35
Creeping Inchplant Peppergrass
Lepidium virginicum
Turtle Vine lep-ID-ee-um vir-GIN-ah-kum
Callisia repens Brassicaceae
caw-LIZ-ee-ah REE-pens
Commelinaceae Native to: North America and Mesoamerica
Native to: Tropical America Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout Florida in
disturbed areas
Florida abundance and distribution: Found in several counties of Florida, Louisiana and Texas, also Puerto Rico, V.I. and Hawaii.
Recognition: Rosette-forming plant to 1.5’ tall. Leaves with
Recognition: As the name suggests, it is a creeping mat. Leaves glossy, simple and alternate, semi-succulent, cordate to ovate-lanceolate, odor when crushed, alternate, irregularly serrate, tapered
sometimes with purple margins, purple underneath, also purple on stems. There are small and inconspicuous short-lived delicate white basally. Tiny white flowers with 4 petals and 6 stamens in
flowers. racemes. Fruits small disk-shaped pods (silicles) a fraction of an
inch in diameter.
Photo: Forest & Kim Starr
Plantain
Plantago major (Broadleaf Plantain)
Plantago virginica (Virginia Plantain)
plan-TAY-go MAY-jer and ver-GIN-ah-cah
Plantaginaceae
Native to: Virginia Plantain is native. Broadleaf Plantain is

Eurasian.
Florida abundance and distribution: Both occur throughout

most of Florida in waste, disturbed, and compacted soils.
Recognition: Both species form rosettes, with a narrow green

flowering wand resembling a 4th of July sparkler rising 4” to a
foot. Broadleaf Plantain has leaves 2”-9” long and over half
as wide. Each leaf has 5-9 parallel veins. Virginia Plantain
differs by having the leaves tapered to the base not forming a
petiole, and by having serrate (vs. entire) leaf margins. There are
additional Plantago species in Florida.
Other: Broadleaf Plantain has tender young leaves useful in

salads. Plantago major has been used to heal wounds and is
a blood coagulant. Leaves were applied to battlefield wounds,
accounting for the name “Soldiers Herb.”
Photo P. virginica, by John Bradford
34 75
Pokeweed Creeping Beggarweed
Phytolacca americana Desmodium incanum
fight-oh-LAK-ah ah-mer-ah-CANE-ah des-MOE-dee-um in-CAN-um
Phytolaccaceae Fabaceae
Native to: Lower 48 states and Canada Native to: Central and South America
Florida abundance and distribution: Common throughout Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout, also in other southern
states and the Caribbean.
Recognition: Perennial herb that can reach up to 10’ in height and often has a purple stem. The small round white flowers are in erect (to
dangling) racemes; and the berries are a deep purple to black. Recognition: Erect or prostrate hairy perennial with trifoliate leaves
and elliptic to oblong leaflets. Terminal leaflet longer than the other two,
Other: Despite historical uses fully cooked as an “edible” green, this species is deadly poisonous. Children have died from ingesting the dark green, often with a silvery stripe along the center vein. Flowers in a
berries. Mistaken for root crops, the roots have killed persons who have eaten the thick roots that resemble parsnips. Merely touching the raceme, pink or purplish. Pod jointed, kidney-shaped, clings.
plant can cause an extreme immune-system response due to highly bioactive “pokeweed mitogens.”
Potentially confused species: In D. tortuosum the leaflets are ovate
Contributed by George Rogers to narrowly lance-elliptic with flowers blue-green to pink, the leaflet
lacking the silvery marking. In D. triflorum the leaflets are obovate to
obcordate, and can have a notched tip. Desmodium triflorum is more of
a groundcover. It lacks the silverish stripe.
Contributed by Andrea Schechter. Flower photo by John Bradford.
Bottom photo: Note light-colored markings along main leaflet veins.
Creeping-Cucumber
Melothria pendula
mel-OH-three-ah PEND-you-luh
Cucurbitaceae
Native to: Much of the eastern and central U.S. and beyond, including
Florida, now scattered in many parts of the world.
Recognition: Clinging vine with coiled tendrils. Leaves alternate, with

3-5 lobes, usually dark green, up to about 3 inches long and wide, largest
at the base of the vine and tapering to the top of the vine, which may be
several feet long. Flowers small, yellow, with 5 petals. Fruits resemble
very small watermelons smelling like cucumbers and turning black when
ripe. Seeds white.
Other: Fed to animals in Mexico. The ripe black fruit reportedly can
function as a laxative.
Contributed by William Mullarkey.
76 33
Crabgrass Pouzolzia Bush
Southern Crabgrass: Digitaria ciliaris Pouzolzia zeylanica
Indian Crabgrass: Digitaria longiflora pooh-ZOLZ-ee-ah zay-LAN-ah-cah
Urticaceae
Blanket Crabgrass: Digitaria serotina
dij-ah-TARE-eh-ah sill-ee-AIR-us lonj-ah-FLOOR-ah sair-OUGHT-ah-naw Native to: Asia
Poaceae
Florida abundance and distribution: Roadsides, old fields, waste
Native to: Digitaria longiflora is not native; the other species are. places, and disturbed areas in the Peninsula.
Florida abundance and distribution: All three species are widespread in the state. Recognition: Fuzzy weed 3--5’ feet tall with alternate (or opposite)
leaves. Leaf blades ovate. White flowers, tiny and knob-like in leaf axils.
Recognition: There are numerous species of Digitaria in Florida. See www.floridagrasses.org. These three are especially common weeds.
All Digitaria species have long narrow fingerlike flowering spikes. The spikes are messy---attached at different heights and of different Other: Highly invasive. Spreads by seed and has an extensive root
lengths (see left-hand photo below). system. When attempting to rid area of P. zeylanica, tuber-like root
systems will continue to spread and send up new stems.
Digitaria ciliaris is a potentially tall weed often 2’-3’ tall in disturbed sites. The spikelets have conspicuous marginal cilia.
Digitaria serotina is a common turf weed. It forms low mats in lawns. The leaves are narrowly lanceolate and fuzzy. Contributed by Nathan Hendry
Digitaria longiflora is similar but not hairy, and the spikelets are very short (1.2-1.5 mm vs. > 1.5 mm in D. serotina).
Potentially confused species: Another common turf weed is Thin Paspalum; its spikelets are usually about 2 mm long and > 1 mm wide
(vs. smaller in the Digitaria species).
Purple Pigweed
Amaranthus blitum
am-ah-RAN-thus BLIGHT-um
Amaranthaceae
Native to: Mediterranean Region
Recognition: Annual herb with trailing stems 1’-2’ long, and more or
less oval leaves having distinctive notched tips, on long petioles. The
numerous green flowers clustered in the angles between leaf and stem
and are unisexual, without petals. The female flower develops into a
juicy, crimson fruit containing a single seed.
Potentially confused species: Spiny Amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus)

has thorns, and the leaf tips are not indented; its leaf blades have light-
Left: Digitaria ciliaris inflorescence. Right: Digitaria serotina in lawn. colored markings. Slim Amaranth (A. hybridus) has pointy leaves.
Other: Commonly called Strawberry Blite or Purple Amaranth.
32 77
Purple Thistle Coontail
Cirsium horridulum Ceratophyllum demersum
SIR-see-um hor-ID-you-lum sair-at-OFF-ah-lum (sair-at-oh-FILL-um) dee-MURS-um
Asteraceae Ceratophyllaceae
Native to: Maine south into Florida and west to Texas. Also found in the West Indies, Mexico and Central America. Native to: Florida native
Florida abundance and distribution: This is a frequent native weed of pinelands and prairies. It is often found along the edges of marshes Florida abundance and distribution: Aquatic weed throughout
and is typical in overgrazed pastures, and as a roadside weed. Grown in full sun exposure, drought-tolerant when established, low salt
water tolerance. Soils from moist, well-drained to moderately well-drained sandy or limestone soils, without humus. Recognition: Plant resembles a fluffy tail, with feathery leaves divided into threadlike segments, each segment with tiny teeth, giving
the leaf a rough feeling.
Recognition: Stem 1’-5’ tall, with alternate leaf arrangement. The leaves are spiny, 6”-10” long, lanceolate, pinnately lobed, stalkless
and clasping the stem, with spiny margins and tips. The basal rosette is broader than tall. Flowers in large variably colored heads (2”-3” Potentially confused species: Myriophyllum aquaticum, an exotic species, has a similar overall aspect but the leaves are divided into
diameter) including pale pink, rose/mauve, pale yellow, purple, cream/tan. It blooms all year long, mostly spring-fall. The flower heads are fine pinnate segments resembling a comb or a fish skeleton.
surrounded by distinctive pinnately lobed spine-tipped bracts.
Other: Also known as Yellow Thistle or Spiny Thistle. The name “horridulum" refers to the very prickly leaves. This is a major attractor of
insect pollinators (butterflies bees, wasps and/or birds). This plant is a larval host plant and a nectar plant. The flowering heads are often
torn apart by beetles. Birds help spread the seeds.
Contributed by Grace Walton and William Mullarkey
78 31
Chinese-Violet Purslane
Asystasia gangetica Portulaca oleracea
ass-ah-STAYS-ee-ah gan-JET-ah-cah port-you-LACK-ah ole-er-ACE-ee-ah
Acanthaceae Portulacaceae
Native to: Old World Tropics Native to: Old World? Widespread for centuries, and of unclear
origins.
Florida abundance and distribution: Mostly
South Florida, often on dryish sites. Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout Florida as a weed
in lawns and along roadsides.
Recognition: Sprawling or erect rhizomatous
perennial having elliptic opposite leaves with Recognition: Succulent annual with thick obovate entire ½ inch to
smooth margins, and having terminal racemes 1 inch long leaves. Flowers small, yellow. Fruit opening into a tiny
bearing blue-violet or white or pinkish bilaterally “bowl” containing black seeds.
symmetrical tubular flowers. Exploding
capsules fling seeds. Also known as: Verdolaga, Little Hogweed, and Pusley

Cinchweed
Pectis prostrata, P. glaucescens
PECK-tus pros-TRAY-tah glau-KESS-ens
Asteraceae
Ragleaf
Native to: Florida native (Pectis humifusa Crassocephalum crepidioides
introduced) crass-oh-CEPH-ah-lum kre-id-ee-OID-eez
Asteraceae
Florida abundance and distribution:
Widespread, in dry sandy disturbed sites, Native to: Africa
including turf. Can be mat-forming.
Florida abundance and distribution: Miami-Dade, Broward, Palm
Recognition: Low mat-forming plant with Beach, Martin counties. Seems to prefer moist places.
narrowly elliptic, gland-dotted opposite leaves
with ciliate margins. Flower heads yellow. Recognition: Reminiscent of Burnweed but leaf lacerations
shallower, and flower heads with purplish (vs. yellow-green) florets.
Potentially confused species: Pectis prostrata
has sessile heads. Pectis glaucescens has Contributed by George Rogers
pedunculate heads. There are additional Pectis
species. Richardias can have slightly similar Photo by john Bradford
(but broader) pubescent opposite leaves, but
are stipulate and are not gland-dotted.
Photo of P. glaucescens by John Bradford
30 79
Ragweed Hooked on Cheesytoes
Ambrosia artemisiifolia The first time I saw Cheesytoes (what a name!) was on a rough roadside a few years ago---the kind of scratchy littered place you change a
am-BROZE-ee-ah art-eh-miz-eh-FOAL-ee-ah
flat tire. The Cheesytoes seemed to fit in among the coarse exotic weeds. Not recognizing the plant, I keyed it out and was pleased to greet
Asteraceae
a native species. Who knows, maybe it was rising defiantly from the original scrubby soil seedbank underlying the thoroughfare. At least
cultivar 'Verano' (see below) withstands herbicide attack, which may help explain the roadside existence of today's plants.
Rising from an old seedbank is plausible, because species of Stylosanthes have particularly hard durable seeds. This matters in a crop
plant you wish to grow from seed, and a recent (2011) study in Grass and Forage Science suggests microwaves to get the party started with
one Stylosanthes species.
Recognition: Plants to 4’ tall; leaves opposite, deeply pinnately lobed (to essentially compound), the leaflets lobed; flower heads green and
inconspicuous in dense clusters.
Stylosanthes is an odd little genus. There are more or less 25 species, 23 of them in warm America and two in the tropical Old World.
Florida has three species, more or less: Stylosanthes biflora is widespread from Central to North Florida. Some native plant nurseries sell
Other: Famous (and debatable) culprit in hay fever.
it. Why not? Tough, forgiving, undemanding, and attractive. Stylosanthes calcicola occupies the very southern tip of Florida and is state-
listed as endangered. Native to our botanical home range in Palm Beach County is S. hamata.
Species of Stylosanthes interface with human activity mainly in the pasture. They are legumes able to grow under varied and trying
circumstances. They fix nitrogen and have an unusual ability to extract phosphorus from their substrate. Not bad, let's see, fix nitrogen,
extract phosphorus, and as an added bonus the plants repel ticks. All of these things have spawned fodder plantings from China and
Australia to Brazil.
Our own Stylosanthes hamata is historically a broadly defined species, or perhaps "species plus some." Taxonomic studies, chromosomal
observations, biochemical data, and most recently DNA work have combined over the years to show the "species" to be a mix of diploid
plants (having one set of chromosomes) and hybrid strains with extra chromosome sets derived from other species, in other words a genetic
hodgepodge. The "Stylosanthes hamata" cultivar 'Verano' is technically a combination of two species. So then, cryptic genetic pollution of a
native population by alien cultivated material is possible, similar to the situation in Phragmites reeds.
In Florida both diploid (two chromosome sets) and tetraploid (four chromosome sets, probable hybrids) occur. Diploid and tetraploid "S.
hamata" strains behave differently: the diploids require alkaline soil but the tetraploids do not; the diploids seem to be less drought tolerant;
and the diploids seem to require long days for flowering. This, however, is all based on narrow data with the knowledge that there are
multiple tetraploid strains. So overgeneralization is possible.
Similarly to the fruits on Sea Rocket, the fruits bust into two segments, one remaining on the parent plant and one hitting the road. In Sea
Rocket the wandering segment floats away. In Cheesytoes, the wanderer has a hook to grab a passerby, and when that happens the more
homebound segment remains attached to the parent plant. Oh, btw, "hamata" means hooked.
80 29
Carolina Geranium More on Ragweed...
From Treasure Coast Natives
Geranium carolinianum
ger-AIN-ee-um care-oh-lin-ee-AIN-um Isn’t ambrosia food of the gods, incarnate here on earth as that marshmallow-coconut-jello salad? What was Linnaeus thinking when he
Geraniaceae named Ragweed that!?
Native to: North America, including Florida It’s not exactly divine, but Ragweed is a native weed distributed, get this (!) from Alaska to Florida, and from there globally as an invasive
exotic. It loves disturbance. Have you ever seen how Ragweed monopolizes freshly excavated dirt? Among other adaptations, the seeds
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout, winter (achenes) are tiny burrs no doubt carried by anything that moves. The seeds accumulate in the soil seed bank with varied germination
annual in disturbed places times. Some sprout lickety-split, others slumber for decades waiting for that road grader. John and George this week hiked the Cypress
Creek Natural Area near Jupiter Farms and, after passing by all the photogenic wildflowers, focused on the dominant species. The spoil
Recognition: Hairy. Leaves in a rosette, palmately lobed. banks along the graded road are two solid ribbons of Ragweed.
Flowers 1/2” diam., white to pink or purplish. Capsule
resembling a bird’s beak, springing open to launch 5 seeds. In a fun little book, My Weeds, garden writer Sara Stein described a classroom activity called Magic Dirt, where the children go outside and
fill a flowerpot with nice “clean” soil, and place their pot on the classroom windowsill to witness awakening weeds. I LIKE it! The Cypress
Contributed by William Mullarkey Creek road banks are Magic Dirt on a macro-scale. How long have some of those seeds slept in the soil? Perhaps their parents caused
sneezing at the Battle(s) of the Loxahatchee on more or less that ground in 1838.
That’s the thing we all know about Ragweed, Gesundheit! The plant releases pollen like a fiend. Such wanton wind pollination is unusual in
the mostly insect-pollinated Aster Family.
Ragweed shuns insect pollinators, nectar, and perfumed scents. It scorned Brooks Brothers and put on torn blue jeans, and chose a different
path: wind pollination. It thinks it is a grass.
The small Ragweed flower heads look like single flowers, and are arranged in catkins (linear clusters), as in many wind-pollinated plants. The
pollen-producing (“male”) flowers are separate from the seed-making (“female”) flowers on the same plant. (Yes, self-pollination can occur
on one plant; that way, a single individual can pioneer a whole new population.)
The female flowers are little more than an ovary with two big stigmas jutting out like antennae to catch wind-borne pollen. The male flowers
are nothing more than pollen bags.
Cheesy Toes
And that is why Ragweed is so sneezy…it lives to pollute the air with pollen. I’ve read that one plant can generate a billion grains.
Stylosanthes hamata And why is air-borne pollen so allergenic? Did you ever wonder how a flower knows which pollen to let fertilize its seeds, and which to
style-oh-SAN-thees ham-AY-tah thwart? I mean, a female cat knows a male cat, and a female turtle probably knows a male turtle. But flowers are different. The stigma
Fabaceae (pollen-receptive surface) has built-in pollen recognition ability. A pollen grain landing on a stigma can release proteins that ask the stigma,
“am I on the right stigma”? The stigma can then allow the pollen to perform its function, or kill it. When pollen catches in our moist sinuses,
Native to: Caribbean Islands it releases its recognition proteins and asks, “am I on a stigma?” Our immune system recognizes that foreign protein as an antigen.
Florida abundance and distribution: Occasional weed in

South Florida
Recognition: Creeping or sub-shrubby, often in turf, with

trilobite (or pinnately compound) leaves and small yellow
pealike flowers.
Potentially confused species: Rabbitbells (Crotalaria

rotundifolia) have a similar habit and similar flowers but the
leaves are simple.
28 81
Canadian Horseweed
Conyza canadensis
con-EYE-zah can-ah-DEN-sis
Asteraceae
Recognition: Potentially to several feet tall, with hispid-hirsute

stems and leaves. Leaves alternate, narrowly elliptic to linear,
sessile on mature stems, often twisted, long-pubescent. Flowers
in small white heads in uncrowded racemes/panicles, these in
pyramid-shaped clusters at the top of the plant. When young, the
rosette with oblanceolate coarsely serrate-lobed pubescent leaves
reminiscent of many other Asteraceae. The long hairs help with
identification.
Other: May cause dermatitis when handled.
Contributed by George Rogers.
Photos by John Bradford
Photos: Previous page, bottom left, ragweed by John Bradford, bottom right, female flowers of A. hispida
by Jim Conrad (permitted use). Above, male flower heads by John Bradford.
82 27
Caesar Weed Ricefield Flatsedge
Urena lobata Cyperus iria
you-REEN-ah lobe-AY-tah sigh-PEAR-us (sometimes pronounced SIPE-ah-rus) EAR-ee-ah
Malvaceae Cyperaceae
Native to: Originally from Asia, and now throughout tropical and Native to: Eurasia. Widely naturalized
subtropical regions around the globe
Florida abundance and distribution: Occasional throughout Florida in
Florida abundance and distribution: Most abundant in South Florida moist or wet disturbed sites.
Recognition: Bushy growth pattern with low branching. Leaves grayish- Recognition: The tiny scales that cover the seeds are cupped and
green and alternately arranged with serrate margins, with a cluster of give the spikelet a beaded look. The inflorescences look more irregu-
glands on the underside where the petiole joins the blade. Light pink lar and messy and less flattened than most Cyperus species.
flowers about 1 cm wide, usually with 5 petals. Fruit shaped like a dime-
sized pie with bristly segments that cling to fabric. Other: An important weed of rice in Asia. Recent systems for increas-
ing rice production and decreasing costs involve reduced water levels
Contributed by Ginelle Monico that have the side effect of more problems with weeds.
Rosary Pea
Precatory Bean
Abrus precatorius
AY-bus prek-uh-TOR-ee-us
Fabaceae
Native to: India and Tropical Asia
Florida abundance and distribution: Introduced to Florida and

abundant.
Recognition: Climbing vine. Pinnately compound leaves with narrow

oblong leaflets. Flowers rose-violet and pealike; seeds glossy red, black
at the base; pods 1.5” long and oblong.
Camphorweed Other: Seeds are potentially fatal if ingested. The seeds are used to
Heterotheca subaxillaris make Rosary Beads and necklaces.
het-er-oh-THEE-cah sub-axe-ah-LAIR-us
Asteraceae Contributed by Andrea Schechter and Mike Derer
Florida abundance and distribution: Common in dry sandy places

throughout the state
Recognition: Aromatic fuzzy herb of dry areas. Flower heads bright

yellow. Fruits tiny “parachutes” in a head, resembling dandelion
26 83
Rust Weed Bushy Bluestem
Polypremum procumbens Andropogon glomeratus
polly-PREEM-um pro-COME-benz an-dro-POE-gone glow-mer-AY-tus
Loganiaceae Poaceae
Native to: Florida native Native to: Central America, West Indies, North America
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout on sunny sand Florida abundance and distribution: Most of Florida, especially
on moist soils
Recognition: Small clumping weed with opposite bristly needle-shaped leaves, often becoming rust-colored. Flowers tiny and
inconspicuous, white. Recognition: Forms a narrow clump of flattened blue-green leaf
blades. Flower stalks topped with dense, fluffy, silvery pink to
Contributed by George Rogers white panicles. Rises to 6’ tall above foliage in late summer to
early fall. Panicles soften into billowy plumes.
Potentially confused species: Andropogon glomeratus and

A. virginicus are the most common Andropogons in Florida.
Andropogon virginicus differs by having its flowering mostly along
the stems as opposed to concentrated toward the tops.
See www.floridagrasses.org.
Buttonweed
Spermacoce verticillata
sperm-ah-COSE-ee ver-tiss-ah-LAY-tah
Rubiaceae
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout most of the

Peninsula, a dominant and pervasive weed of many habitats.
Recognition: Tough erect or sprawling weed having narrow

opposite (or apparently whorled) leaves with a fringed stipule
between the bases, leaves often numerous in axillary tufts;
flowers tiny, 4-petalled, aggregated into semi-globose white
buttons.
Potentially confused species: The native Spermacoce remota

(S. assurgens) likewise occurs in weedy situations. It is less
robust and often smaller; the leaves are not clustered in axillary
tufts; its flowers are in tight clusters but may be light pink (vs.
white) or white, and the clusters are not globose.
84 25
Burnweed Sand Mats
Erechtites hieraciifolius Chamaesyce species
err-RECH-ah-tees high-er-ace-ah-FOAL-ee-us kam-eh-SIGH-see
Asteraceae Euphorbiaceae
Native to: Florida native Native to: Commonly encountered species are native to Florida. (Chamaesyce lasiocarpa and C. mendezii are introduced.)
Florida abundance and distribution: Common weed, Florida abundance and distribution: Species of this genus are abundant throughout. Florida is home to about 24 species.
especially in moist burned areas.
Recognition: Members of Chamaesyce are sprawling mat-formers or erect subshrubs. Sap milky. Leaves opposite; flowers small and
Recognition: To about 3’ tall, the leaves deeply incised, the inconspicuous, with the 3-lobate ovary characteristic of the Euphorbiaceae. This key (with data from R. Wunderlin and B. Hansen, “Guide to
teeth with sharp points. Flower heads swollen the Vascular Plants of Florida” 2nd ed.) will help with species abundant in South Florida:
basally, green-with a little yellow. Achenes with parachutes.
1. Fruits hairless …2
Contributed by George Rogers. Photos by John Bradford 1. Fruits pubescent…6
FRUITS HAIRLESS
2. “Flowers” (cyathia) clustered or in branched inflorescences….3
3. Stipule much longer than wide…C. hypericifolia
3. Stipule mostly shorter than wide…C. hyssopifolia (Plants stand up)
4. Leaves with a red rim…C. cumulicola (Sand dunes, coastal scrub)
4. Leaves not rimed in red…5
5. Stipules easy to see (1 mm long, white); upright subshrub…C. mesembrianthemifolia (Dunes)
5. Stipules inconspicuous…C. blodgettii
FRUITS HAIRY
6. Fruits hairy only at the corners…7
6. Fruits hairy all over…8
7. Leaves light green…C. mendezii (Introduced from Mexico)
7. Leaves dark green…C. prostrata
8. “Flowers” clustered or in branched inflorescence…9
9. Gland appendages absent; inflorescences all at branch tips…C. ophthalmica
9. Gland appendages present; some inflorescences at nodes…C. hirta (Strongly hairy, having short white hairs and longer yellowish hairs
with dark and light markings; leaves often reddish)
10. Styles nail-shaped; foliage sometimes with a red spot…C. maculata (Sidewalk crack mat weed)
10. Styles not swollen toward the tip; leaf not spotted…C. thymifolia
24 85
Black Nightshade
Solanum americanum
so-LAY-num ah-mer-ah-CANE-um
Solanaceae
Recognition: Perennial or subshrub to about 4’ tall, having

irregularly shaped leaves, which may have entire or coarsely
serrate margins Flowers white, star-shaped, with 5 sepals, 5
petals, 5 yellow stamens, and a solitary pistil. Fruit a black
berry.
Potentially confused species: There are other species of

Solanum in Florida (see also Tropical Soda Apple in the present
guide). The present species stands apart by not being a vine,
by not being conspicuously fuzzy, by being thornless, and by
having black berries. The name Solanum nigrum is sometimes
misapplied to this species.
Other: Black Nightshade contains alkaloids (including tropane,

pyridine, solanine) and sterols. Symptoms include digestive
disturbance, weakness, trembling, impaired breathing, and
paralysis.
Chamaesyce hirta (top) and C. hyssopifolia (bottom)
86 23
Black Medic Sandspur
Medicago lupulina Cenchrus spinifex
med-ah-CAW-go loop-you-LINE-ah SEN-krus SPINE-ah-fex
Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Poaceae
Native to: Eurasia Native to: United States
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout Florida abundance and distribution: Tufts or dense mats and best adapted to dry sandy and sandy loam soils, also on heavier soils. The
grass is very adapted to old fields, waste places and sandy sites. There are several additional Cenchrus species in Florida. Consult www.
Recognition: Summer annual or short-lived perennial in floridagrasses.org.
disturbed areas. Prostrate to 1’ tall, with nitrogen-fixing root
nodules. Stems 1’-2’ long, with small hairs. Leaves trifoliate, Recognition: This Sandspur is a warm season annual, and sometimes a short-lived perennial to 2’ tall, sometimes with runners. The leaf
the central leaflet on a separate petiolule, the leaflet margins blade is 2”-6” long and flat. The sheath is flat and hairy along the margins. The raceme seedhead has 6-20 spiny burrs covered with fine
serrulate. Flowers tiny, yellow, numerous in thimble-like hairs.
bunches. Fruit a tiny pod that remains closed at maturity.
Contributed by Janel Schafer
Potentially confused species: Other local weeds with trifoliate
leaflets include Beggarweeds (Desmodium species), which differ
by having entire leaflets and purplish flowers and non-serrate
leaflets; Oxalis, which has deeply notched leaflets; and Dutch
White Clover (Trifolium album) with white flowers and a white
chevron on each leaflet.
Brazilian-Clover,
Brazilian Pusley
Richardia brasiliensis
reh-CHARD-ee-ah brah-zil-ee-EN-sis
Rubiaceae
Native to: Tropical America, probably not including Florida
Recognition: Sprawling weed with opposite fuzzy leaves and a

fringed stipule between the bases. Flowers tiny, star-shaped with
(4)5(6) petals. See “Mexican-Clover” (Richardia grandiflora) for
comparison with similar species. Brazilian-Clover has the smallest
flowers of the trio, and has fruit segments with flat inner faces.
22 87
Showy Rattlebox Beggar Ticks,
Crotalaria spectabilis
kroh-tuh-LARE-ee-ah speck-TAB-ah-liss Spanish Needles
Fabaceae Bidens alba
BYE-dens AL-bah
Native to: Asia Asteraceae
Florida abundance and distribution: Naturalized and distributed throughout Florida and the Southern United States, Hawaii and Puerto Native to: Native to Florida
Rico.
Florida abundance and distribution: Very abundant, throughout
Recognition: Annual 0.6-1.5 m tall with a single ribbed green to purple stem. Leaves alternate and simple, oblanceolate to elliptical and
pubescent, green to yellow-green in color. Petiole approx. 2.8 cm long, the stipules ovate-triangular. Having about 20-30 large showy flowers Recognition: Herbaceous, with opposite compound, serrate
in terminal racemes. Petals yellow with purplish-red veins, the sepals green and smooth. Fruit oblong, inflated, black to brown, approx. 3-5 leaves. Flower heads with white ray flowers and yellow disk
cm long and smooth, containing > 20 seeds. As the fruit matures, the seeds break loose inside and “rattle,” hence the name Rattlebox. flowers. Seedlike fruits cling by two short sharp needles to
clothing.
Potentially confused species: Several species of Crotalaria live in Florida. This is the only large species with simple (vs. trifoliate) leaves.
Easily confused species: Tridax has simple leaves,
Other: Good nitrogen fixation. It is toxic to certain animals, especially the seeds. Used as a green manure crop. conspicuously 3-notched ray flowers, extensive pubescence,
and parachute-type fruits (vs. sticktights). There are additional
Contributed by Andrea Schechter species of Bidens in Florida. Bidens mitis and B. laevis have
yellow flower heads. Bidens bipinnata has double compound (vs.
once-compound) leaves and fruits with 3 (vs. 2) horns.
Contributed by June Wilkinson and Carolyn Hendry
Bermuda Grass
Cynodon dactylon
SIN-oh-dawn DACT-ah-lawn
Poaceae
Native to: Africa, Asia, and beyond
Florida abundance and distribution: This escaped turf grass is

naturalized throughout the warmer regions of the United States,
where it was introduced in the colonial period from the Old World
Tropics.
Recognition: Leaf blades gray-green, short with rough edges.

Erect stems to 12” tall. (Occasionally much taller.) Stems slightly
flattened, often tinged purple. Seed heads in distinctive fingerlike
umbels of 2-6 spikes. Roots deep, once established difficult to
remove.
Other: Aggressive, crowding out other grasses and invasive. It is

fast-growing and tough, making this species popular for turf.
Internet sources: 2011 American-Lawn.com.

www.floridagrasses.org
88 21
Balsam Pear, Cerasee Smooth Rattlebox
Momordica charantia Crotalaria pallida
muh-MORD-ah-cah kar-ANT-ee-ah kroh-tuh-LARE-ee-ah PAL-lid-duh
Cucurbitaceae Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Native to: Southern Asia Native to: Africa

Florida abundance and distribution: In disturbed sites from
Florida abundance and distribution: Naturalized and distributed
Putnam Co. to the central and southern peninsula.
throughout Florida, mostly in the Peninsula.
Recognition: A fast growing climber that reaches a height of 6’
and bears deeply lobed and alternate leaves, yellow flowers, and Recognition: Alternate, compound, trifoliate leaves, the leaflets
orange-yellow fruit red on the inside. Flowering mostly in summer oblong to elliptic, the center leaflet larger than lateral leaflets; leaflet
and fruiting mostly during the autumn. margins entire and often ending in sharp point. Stalks ribbed and
pubescent; petioles 2-4 cm and very pubescent. About 10-40 yellow
Other: Balsam Pear may be helpful in the treatment of Type- flowers with reddish-brown streaks (veins) atop terminal racemes, the
2 diabetes. In the Caribbean the plant is called Cerasee (with bracts linear. Wings oblong, the banner rounded, the keel curved, all
different spelling variations) and is a traditional medicine for pilose. Pod approx 3.5-3.8 cm long, oblong, inflated, with a groove
numerous ailments. on one side and pubescent, containing 20-30 seeds. As the fruit
matures, the seeds break loose in the pod and “rattle.”
Potentially confused species: There are multiple species of
Crotalaria in Florida both native and non-native. This species has
characteristically trifoliate leaves with the leaflets more or less elliptic.
Showy Rattlebox has simple leaves. Crotalaria lanceolata has more
or less linear leaflets.
Other: Good nitrogen fixation. It is toxic to livestock, especially

ingesting the seeds.
Smut Grass
Sporobolus indicus
spore-OB-ah-lus IND-ah-cus
Poaceae
Native to: Widespread in tropical areas with exact origins unclear, not
a Florida native
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout, common in

Beeblossom disturbed sandy places
Gaura angustifolia Recognition: Tall (3’) slender grass with very narrow tough leaves
GOW-rah ann-gust-ah-FOAL-ee-ah and the flowering spike usually narrow and wand-like. See www.
Onagraceae floridagrasses.org
Native to: Florida native Other: Part of a taxonomically confused species complex.
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout Contributed by George Rogers
Recognition: Narrow-leaved weed having pink flowers in spring

and summer, these with long inferior ovaries. Common on
disturbed roadsides and similar mowed weedy places.
Contributed by George Rogers, photo by John Bradford
20 89
Asiatic
Sow Thistles
Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sow Thistle) Pennywort
Sonchus asper (Spiny Sow Thistle) Centella asiatica (Hydrocotyle asiatica)
SON-kus ASS-per ohl-er-ACE-ee-us sen-TELL-ah ays-ee-AT-ah-cah
Asteraceae (Compositae) Apiaceae (or Araliaceae)
Native to: Worldwide weeds. Both species introduced into Florida Native to: Warm Asia
Florida abundance and distribution: Common weeds throughout most Florida abundance and distribution: Ditches and other low moist
of the state. places throughout Florida.
Recognition: Large, fast-growing with spiny irregular leaves often having Recognition: Small, low-growing, herbaceous perennial having
purple veins, and with yellow flower heads. Milky sap. Note distinctive shovel-shaped leaves sometimes with red edges. Flowers small,
large auricles (ears) where the leaf joins the stem. The two species are white to pink.
similar. Sonchus asper has the auricle curled and has no transverse
ridges on the “seed” (achene). Sonchus oleraceus has the auricle Means of dispersal: Rhizomes and seeds
straight or nearly so and has cross-bars on the achene between the ribs.
Other: In India and in Asia this species has served as a medicinal
Contributed by George Rogers herb for thousands of years. Today Centella asiatica is used in a
wide variety of pharmaceutical products for skin care, kidney and
Photo: Sonchus asper by John Bradford liver problems, wounds, and the immune system. Centella leaves
are used fresh in salads and dried in teas.

Spiny Amaranth
Amaranthus spinosus
am-ah-RAN-thus spie-NO-sus
Amaranthaceae
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout, common
Recognition: Leaves alternate, with curving veins, the stem sharply

spiny. Flowers tiny, green, congested in spikes.
Baldwin’s Flatsedge,
The similar Slim Amaranth (Amaranthus hybridus) has no thorns. See
also Purple Amaranth (having notched leaf tips) in this manual. Globe Sedge
Cyperus croceus
Contributed by George Rogers sigh-PEAR-us CROW-see-us
Cyperaceae
Photo to left: Spiny Amaranth. Photo below Slim Amaranth (by Forest and
Kim Starr, permitted use) Native to: Florida native
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout, one of the most

common weedy sedges
Recognition: Perennial 1’-3’ tall, with nearly globose spikelet

clusters usually on long bare wands.
Easily confused species: This species resembles C. retrorsus

and has in some classifications been treated as a synonym. The
latter has more-cylindric spikelet clusters, and 40-120 (vs. 10-50)
rounded (vs. flat) spikelets.
Internet reference: www.floridagrasses.org
90 19
Artillery-Plant Spreading Dayflower
Pilea microphylla
PILE-ee-ah mike-crow-FILL-ah Climbing Dayflower
Urticaceae Commelina diffusa
kom-uh-LINE-uh deh-FEW-sa
Native to: Florida native Commelinaceae
Florida abundance and distribution: Scattered throughout Native to: Asia
Recognition: Low to the ground. Leaves crowded, more or Florida abundance and distribution: Introduced to Florida, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands and Hawaii. Found in moist and irrigated locations,
less elliptic, small, < 1” long, in a single plane on light green sometimes aggressive and problematic.
stems. Flowers green and small.
Recognition: A creeping perennial or annual, depending on where it’s located with simple, alternate spathelike leaves that are lanceolate
Contributed by Nathan Hendry to ovate. Flowers blue, ½” wide with 3 sepals, the lower petal usually smaller, three yellow stamens.
Potentially confused species: There are several species of Commelina in Florida. Commelina benghalensis is larger and broader in leaf
size, more pubescent and with red hairs on the leaf sheath. The flowers are bluish to violet with the bottom leaf colorless. It produces
subterranean flowers. Commelina virginica resembles C. benghalensis but the leaves are a little larger and longer, and it has blue flowers;
also C. virginica is scabrous. Commelina erecta (Erect Dayflower) has the third (lower, smaller) petal white.
Other: In China this species is used as a febrifugal and has diuretic effects. Also, the juice of the petals is used in painting.

Asiatic Hawksbeard
Youngia japonica
YOUNG-ee-ah jaw-PON-ah-cah
Asteraceae
Native to: Asia, naturalized worldwide in warm climates,

including the SEUS
Recognition: Rosette-forming and taprooted. Leaves

pinnately sharply lobed with a large terminal lobe, the lateral
lobes becoming smaller toward the base. Flowering stalks
rising above the leaves, having up to 30 flower heads, these
yellow and resembling dandelion flowers.
Potentially confused species: Dandelion has only one flower

head/stalk.
Means of dispersal: Seedlike fruits on feathery “parachutes.”
18 91
Suriname Sedge Alligator Weed
Cyperus surinamensis Alternanthera philoxeroides
sigh-PAIR-us sir-ah-nam-EN-sis al-ter-NAN-thur-ah fill-ox-er-OID-ees
Cyperaceae Amaranthaceae
Native to: South America Native to: South America
Florida abundance and distribution: Common throughout most of Recognition: Sprawling herb usually in water, or in
the state row crops and gardens; stem often pinkish; leaves
opposite, elliptic to oblanceolate; fruits tiny, one-seeded.
Recognition: Weedy sedge easily recognized by short, stubby Gomphrena has two bracts beneath the flower head. Joy-
clustered spikelets and especially by uniquely scratchy “sandpaper” Weed (Alternanthera flavescens) grows in dry habitats,
stem below the inflorescence. Often but not necessarily in moist has the tepals pubescent (vs. glabrous), and leaves
places. usually lanceolate (vs. elliptic or widest above the middle).
Contributed by George Rogers Other: Alligator Flea Beetles have been released as
biological control for this weed.
Thin Paspalum
Paspalum setaceum
pass-PAL-lum see-TAY-see-um
Poaceae
Alyce Clover
Native to: Florida native One-Leaf Clover
Alysicarpus vaginalis
Florida abundance and distribution: Common throughout most of al-liss-ee-KAR-pus vaj-in-AIL-iss
Florida Fabaceae
Recognition: Perennial in clumps up to 3’ tall. Leaf blades broad Native to: Old World Tropics
and slightly wavy, narrowing to a sharp point with stiff hairs along
margins. Ligule short and fringed. Inflorescence slender and Florida abundance and distribution: Naturalized in
branching with seeds tightly spaced along undersides of stalks. Florida, Southern United States and the West Indies
Other: Extremely common weed in lawns and along roadsides. Recognition: Stems erect or spreading, up to 1 cm
long, with leaves singular, simple and alternate, ovate
Contributed by Geovany Esteban to lanceolate, up to 2.5 cm long. Plants with large
conspicuous stipules. Flowers in racemes with 6-12
flowers; corolla reddish purple, purplish blue or yellow;
pods compressed with 4-7 segments
Other: Grown as a forage plant.
92 17
K. Weeds With Milky Sap Three Flower Beggarweed
Leaves opposite…Sand Mats (See Chamaesyce under “opposite leaves” above) Creeping Tick Trefoil
Desmodium triflorum
des-MOH-dee-um try-FLOR-um
Leaves just under the flowers splashed with red…Wild Poinsettia (Poinsettia cyathophora) Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Plants to 3’ tall; leaves to multiple inches long, irregularly lobed; flowers with 3-lobed ovaries…Fiddler’s Native to: Old World Tropics
Spurge (Poinsettia heterophylla) (Similar to Wild Poinsettia but without the red markings) Florida abundance and distribution: Introduced to Florida and distributed from Central to South Florida, also introduced to Louisiana.
Plant to 2’ tall; flowers white with 3-lobed ovary…Grassleaf Euphorbia (Euphorbia graminea) (Resembles Recognition: Perennial forming a much-branched dense creeping mat with trifoliate leaves having obovate to obcordate emarginate
leaflets. Terminal leaflet larger than the lateral leaflets. Stipules triangular and pubescent. Flowers 1-3 in leaf axils, pink to bluish to
Fiddler’s Spurge but thinner and with flowers white as opposed to green and pink) purplish in color. The pod flat, jointed and small. The mature pod or its segments attach to anything that passes by tiny hooked hairs. The
entire plant is pubescent.
Flower head single, yellow…Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
Potentially confused species: Desmodium incanum (Creeping Beggarweed, Spanish Clover, Tick Trefoil) is erect and much larger; its
leaflets are elliptic to oblong, dark green and often with a silver stripe along the center vein. Desmodium tortuosum (Dixie Ticktrefoil,
Plant to 4’ tall; leaves with main vein purple, leaf base curled where it contacts the stem; flower heads Florida Beggarweed) leaflets are ovate to oblong with flowers bluish-green or pink on a plant rising potentially multiple feet tall (vs.
yellow…Sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus, or S. asper) prostrate). Dixie Trefoil has conspicuous stipels (resembling stipules) at the base of the middle leaflet.
Other: The whole plant is used medicinally for inducing sweat and promoting digestion.
Contributed by Andrea Schechter.
16 93
Threeseed Mercuries J. Aquatic Weeds
Copperleafs Floating freely unrooted:
Acalypha species
ay-call-EYE-pha (ay-CAL-ee-pha)
Euphorbiaceae
Leaves extremely fuzzy, in a cabbage-like rosette with roots dangling…Water Lettuce (Pistia statiotes)
Native to: Multiple (approx. 8) species in Florida, some native, some introduced weeds, and some cultivated ornamentally and called Leaf bases swollen into floats…Water-Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
Copperleaves.
Florida abundance and distribution: Occasional Plant < ½” in diameter, made of one or more roundish green disks…Duckweed (Lemna sp.) (Consider
also Mosquitofern, Azolla ficuloides, or possibly A. pinnata. Azollas are tiny floating ferns with overlapping
Recognition: Diverse, the flowers in catkins which may be bushy like a foxtail or thin and open. Flowers separate male and female, the
individual flowers small and inconspicuous. Female flowers (and fruits) three-parted and associated with lobed bracts. Leaves stipulate.
scales resembling shingles.)
Potentially confused species: The related genus Caperonia has similarities but the female flowers have no bracts. Weed floating freely; leaves coin-sized, fuzzy, paired, with dangling roots…Water-Spangles (Salvinia
Other: Selected non-native weedy species, all scattered in Florida:
minima, also possible, S. molesta)
Acalypha alopecuroidea, Foxtail Copperleaf, has the female flowers in a dense bushy foxtail.
Acalypha arvensis, Field Copperleaf, shown below, is similar to the preceding species but has long cilia on the tips of the bracts. Rooted, either submerged or rising to the surface:
Acalypha setosa, Cuban Copperleaf, is unusual. Its female inflorescences are comparatively sparse and do not form a bushy foxtail like
the other two species.
Leaves dissected into linear segments…Coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum)
Leaves pinnate, resembling fine fish skeletons…Parrotfeather (Myriophyllum pinnatum, or other

Myriophyllum species)
Leaves pinnate, similar to Myriophyllum but with fewer leaflets (< 8 vs. > 10)…Mermaid (Proserpinaca
pectinata)
Leaves opposite; stem hollow and floating; flowers in a white congested head…Alligator Weed
(Alternanthera philoxeroides)
Leaves opposite; stem square; flowers 2-lipped…Indian Swampweed (Hygrophila polysperma)
Leaves whorled, not serrate, the midrib without prickles…Brazilian Waterweed (Egeria densa)
Leaves whorled; serrate; midvein with prickles beneath…Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata)
Sedge sometimes floating mats; flowers in globose heads; achenes white…Cuban Bulrush (Oxycaryum
cubense)
94 15
I. Weeds Having Alternate Simple Leaves With Smooth (Entire) Leaf Tridax, Coat Buttons
Margins Tridax procumbens
TRY-dax pro-COME-bens
Asteraceae
Plants to 5’ or more tall, with leaves 8” or more long, bearing small white flowers in erect or dangling
Native to: Tropical America, now a pantropical weed.
racemes and dark purple berries…Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana)
Florida abundance and distribution: Mid to lower Florida in dry
Plant to 5’ tall with bright showy yellow flowers; leaves simple…Showy Rattlebox (Crotalaria spectabilis) areas, roadsides, waste areas, pastures, and crops.
(Other rattleboxes have trifoliate leaves) Recognition: Opposite simple pubescent leaves with toothed
margins. Flower heads with creamy ray flowers having 3 teeth,
Plant seasonally a rosette, then rising to 5’ tall, the rosette leaves toothed, the stem leaves linear and with yellow disk flowers. Achene is hairy. Galinsoga is similar.
See Galinsoga for comparison.
and untoothed; plant with conspicuous stiff white hairs on all parts…Canadian Horseweed (Conyza
canadensis) Contributed by June Wilkinson and Carolyn Hendry
Plants to 3’ tall, thorny…Spiny Amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus; see also Purple Amaranth and Slim
Amaranth)
Plants to 3’ tall. Leaves often notched at the tip…Purple Amaranth (Amaranthus blitum)
Plants to 3’ tall, not thorny, the leaves ovate with pointy tips and smoothly curved veins; flowers in
elongate green cigarette-shaped clusters...Slim Amaranth (see this species under Spiny Amaranth)
Tropical Signalgrass
Urochloa distachya
Plants to 2’ tall; leaves spatulate, stems and young leaves with white wool…Cudweeed (Gamochaeta your-OCK-low-ah di-STAKE-ee-ah
purpurea) Poaceae
Native to: Tropica Asia and Australasia. Widely naturalized.

Delicate weed to 18” tall with tiny green flowers in leaf axils; leaves alternate or opposite…Florida
Pellitory (Parietaria floridana) Synonym: Urochloa subquadripara
Florida abundance and distribution: Occurs in southern half of

Turf weed to 6” tall; leaves with disproportionately large white stipules…Alyce Clover (Alysicarpus the Florida Peninsula.
vaginalis)
Recognition: Typically spreading close to the ground with
branched stolons. Distinctive look with a few appressed spikelets
Creeping turf weed with deeply notched leaf bases, the blades otherwise nearly round…Pony’s Foot, on short horizontal branches in two ranks. A magnifier shows a
Dichondra (Dichondra caroliniensis) ligule of fine hairs and a large, broad, wrap-around first glume with
numerous veins. See www.floridagrasses.org.
Creeping weed with rounded succulent leaves; flowers yellow; open fruits resembling a tiny nest with Potentially confused species: Blanket Crabgrass grows in a
eggs…Purslane (Portulaca oleracea). Portulaca amilis, an introduced species, has flat leaves and purple similar way, although leaves and their sheathing bases are usually
flowers. Portulaca pilosa is native and likewise has purple flowers, but the leaves are round (vs. flat). much hairier than those of Topical Signal Grass.
Trianthema portulacastrum is unusual---it has broad leaves not very succulent and pale pinkish flowers. Contributed by David Black, Ph.D.
Plants creeping with small blue 3-petalled flowers having hairy stamens…Spreading Dayflower
(Commelina diffusa)
14 95
Plants to 2’ tall. Flowers yellow, resembling dandelion flower but numerous; basal leaves irregularly
Torpedo Grass lobed and narrowed toward the base…Asiatic Hawksbeard (Youngia japonica)
Panicum repens
PAN-ah-cum REE-pens
Poaceae Very common weed having leaves with large irregular lobes and teeth, the stems rising to 4’ tall from a
rosette; flower heads mostly white with a long cylindric vaselike involucre of phyllaries (green base to the
Native to: Probably native to Old World, now worldwide flower heads)…Burnweed (Erechtites hieraciifolius)
Florida abundance and distribution: Extremely abundant, especially in wet habitats, such as shores, ditches, and shallow water.
Sometimes on “dry” habitats. One of the worst local wetalnd weeds. Plants < 18” tall; petals yellowish, the sepals forming a husk around the flower base and around the
fruit…Husk Tomato. There are several species of Physalis in Florida. Physalis walteri and P. angustifolia
Recognition: Grass to 2.5 feet tall, usually shorter. Strongly rhizomatous, forming dense stands. Leaves strongly 2-ranked.
Inflorescence thin and irregular, to about 8 cm tall. Spikelet ca. 2.5 mm. have stellate trichomes, P. walteri throughout, and P. angustifolia glabrous except on the sepals. The
other species have simple trichomes. Physalis angulata has sharp teeth on the leaves. Physalis
Potentially confused species: Other local Panicum species. See www.floridagrasses.org pubescens and P. arenicola have similar pubescent leaves with irregular lobes and blunt teeth; the
Contributed by George Rogers former has dark spots on the flower, and the latter has flowers with no dark spots. There are additional
species but not likely encountered as weeds in South Florida.
96 13
H. Weeds Having Simple, Alternate (or Rosette), Toothed Leaves Tropical Soda Apple
Solanum viarum
Flowers pink with long inferior ovaries…Beeblossom (Gaura angustifolia) so-LANE-um vie-AIR-um
Solanaceae
Plant with milky sap… see “weeds with milky sap” below Native to: South America
Inflorescence a thick “foxtail”...Acalypha species Florida abundance and distribution: Common in the peninsula where it can be a serious pest in pastures. Not present in the western
panhandle.
Leaves painfully spiny…Purple Thistle (Cirsium horridulum) Recognition: A large, sprawling, spiny plant with round 1” fruit patterned like watermelon (green and whitish) when young, turning yellow
when ripe.
Serrate (teeth angled toward leaf tip---compare with dentate below): Potentially confused species: The similar native Soda Apple has fruits that turn from green to yellow to bright red without developing the
watermelon pattern. It is also weedy, but not as aggressive as tropical soda apple.
Some or all of the leaves compound, see…Beggarticks (Bidens alba)
Other: Tropical Soda Apple is on the federal noxious weed list. Because it’s unpalatable to cattle and produces large quantities of viable
seed, it can quickly cover pastures with impenetrable mounds and thickets.
Crushed leaves emit a strong “chemical” odor…Mexican Tea (Chenopodium ambrosioides; consider
also Peppergrass, Lepidium virginicum---see below) Contributed by David Black, Ph.D.
Foliage and fruit photos by John Bradford

Plant with tiny white 4-petalled flowers and round flat fruits 1/8” in diameter; leaves smelly when
crushed…Peppergrass (Lepidium virginicum)
Leaves all in a basal cluster, with widely spaced teeth; flowers green in a vertical green wand…Plantain
(Plantago virginica)
Basal rosette with irregularly toothed leaves, the plant rising to 4’ tall with the stem leaves narrow and
not toothed; plant parts with conspicuous long stiff hairs…Canadian Horseweed (Conyza canadensis)
Flowers lilac; leaves with long-tapered bases…Little Ironweed (Cyanthillium cinereum)
Flowers yellow:
• Flowers sessile or nearly so; leaves hairless or nearly so…Wireweed (Sida ulmifolia)
• Flowers sessile or nearly so; leaves very fuzzy…Heartleaf Sida (Sida cordifolia)
• Flowers on wire-like stems 1”-2” long…Indian Hemp (Sida rhombifolia)
Dentate (teeth point straight out) or leaf margins spiny or irregularly lobed:
Plants sprawling in moist places; leaves with notched base, the teeth shallow…Asiatic Pennywort
(Centella asiatica)
Plants < 1’ tall; leaves deeply and irregularly lobed, pungent when crushed; flowers tiny with 4 white
petals; pods long like miniature green beans…Pennsylvania Bittercress (Cardamine pensylvanica)
Plants to 2’ tall; leaf bases wrapped around stem; flower heads red or lilac…Tassel Flowers (Emilia
fosbergii (red) and E. sonchifolia (lilac))
Plants to 3’ tall, with mealy white powder on young growth; flowers green in congested clusters…Lambs
Quarters (Chenopodium album)
12 97
Whisk Fern G. Weeds With Pinnately Compound (or Deeply Pinnately Lobed)
Psilotum nudum
sy-LOH-tum NEW-doom
Leaves
Psilotaceae
Plant a vine; flowers violet; seeds red and black…Rosary Pea (Abrus precatorius)
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout, common in Cabbage Palm boots, and occurs sometimes as weed in flower pots. Plant creeping; compound leaves opposite; flowers bright yellow; fruit a spiny burr…Puncture Vine
(Tribulus cistoides)
Recognition: Terrestrial or epiphytic branching weed up to 2’ tall lacking roots and leaves. Stems triangular with small bract-like
appendages bearing yellow sporangia.
Plant to 3’ tall, hairless; the compound leaves opposite, very irregular, the edges serrate, the tips of the
Other: Whisk Ferns are the least complex of the terrestrial vascular plants and are thought to be one of the most primitive. They are not lobes sharply pointed; flower heads (Asteraceae) white with yellow centers; fruits are sticktights…Spanish
true ferns.
Needles, Beggarticks (Bidens alba)
Plants erect to 3’ tall, hairy; the compound leaves having entire-margined rounded leaflets; flowers
pinkish-rosy, pealike; fruits resemble tiny bristly hotdogs…Hairy Indigo (Indigofera hirsuta)
Plants creeping; pinnately compound leaves with 5-7 obovate leaflets; flowers pealike, salmon-colored…
Creeping Indigo (Indigofera spicata)
Plants erect, to 3’ tall, the leaves opposite, fernlike, deeply pinnately lobed (to essentially compound),
the leaflets lobed; leaf parts with rounded tips; flowers greenish and small in dense clusters…Ragweed
(Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
Plants to 3’ tall with mustard odor when crushed; leaves irregularly pinnately lobed (but not compound);
flowers yellow with 4 petals…Leaf Mustard (Brassica juncea)
Sprawling; strong odor when crushed; leaves pinnately compound (or very deeply lobed), the leaflets
irregularly lobed and toothed; fruits with pair of “Mickey Mouse ears”…Lesser Swinecress (Lepidium
didymum)
98 11
F. Weeds With Palmately Lobed or Trifoliate Leaves Water-Lettuce
(Having 3 Lobes or 3 Leaflets) Pistia stratiotes
PISS-tea-ah strat-ee-OH-teas
Araceae
Leaves palmately lobed or fringed, but not divided into 3 leaflets…Wild Geranium (Geranium
carolinianum) Native to: Worldwide in warm climates, with nativity unclear.
Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout in lakes, rivers,

Leaves with 3 distinct leaflets: and canals.
Climbing vine with roots along the stem; flowers white…Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) (Similar Recognition: Resembles fuzzy lettuce plant. Aquatic herb usually
found floating with stolons bearing multiple plants or young
Virginia Creeper, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, has 5 or more leaflets per leaf.) plantlets. Roots dangling into the water, bluish or purplish, feathery.
Flowers inconspicuous. Leaf blades round, glossy, green, thick,
Aggressive, large climbing vine with leaflets > 3” long, not root-bearing along the stem; flowers purple… pubescent.
Kudzu (Puereria montana) Other: Heavy infestations can cause oxygen depletion and damage
to aquatic ecosystems.
Plants creeping or sprawling; leaflets serrate but with no white chevron (vs. Trifolium); flowers tiny and
congested into yellow hoplike heads…Black Medic (Medicago lupulina or M. polymorpha; M. sativa,
Alfalfa, has purplish flowers.) Photo by John Bradford
Plants small weeds under 1’ tall; leaflets with a deeply notched tip; flowers round and yellow…Sourgrass
(Oxalis corniculata)
Plants small weeds < 1’ tall; leaflets with a white “chevron” mark, serrate…Dutch White Clover (Trifolium Water-Hyacinth
album) Eichhornia crassipes
eye-CORN-ee-ah CRASS-ah-peas
Pontederiaceae
Creeping weeds < 1’ tall; leaflets with no white mark, and entire-margined, sometimes with reddish
margins; middle leaflet stalked; flowers pink, pealike...Threeflower Beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum)
Florida abundance and distribution: Chokes bodies of water
Plants prostrate or erect; leaflets with a silvery-white smudge in the center, entire-margined; central throughout.
leaflet stalked; flowers purple; fruit a sticktight…Creeping Beggarweed (Desmodium incanum) Recognition: Floating, the leaf petioles with a swollen float. Flowers
lavender.
Plants may be sprawling but usually erect and up to 3’ or more tall; leaflets entire-margined, with no
Contributed by Sarah Lopinot.
white mark, the central leaflet on a long stalk; flowers purple and pealike; sticktight pods twisted…Dixie
Beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum) (and see the following species)
Plants to 3’ tall but usually smaller; trifoliate leaves may be mistaken for the preceding species but the
central leaflet sessile or nearly so, the stipules inconspicuous and < 0.5 mm long; fruit a long cylindric
pod (vs. segmented sticktights); flowers purplish, strongly bilaterally symmetrical…Fringed Spiderflower
(Cleome rutidosperma)
Plants erect to 4’ tall, the fruits elongate, sausage-shaped inflated pods that rattle when ripe. Flowers
pealike: yellow or yellow marked with red. Central leaflet not stalked…Rattleboxes (Crotalaria). Lance-
leaf Rattlebox has 3 narrow lanceolate leaflets. Smooth Rattlebox has 3 broad elliptic leaflets. Showy
Rattlebox has simple leaves.
Plants sprawling to 3’ tall; flowers pealike, yellow; leaflets narrowly elliptic with acuminate apex…Cheesy
Toes (Stylosanthes hamata)
10 99
Wedelia The opposite leaves hairless or nearly so:
Sphagneticola trilobata (Wedelia trilobata)
sfag-net-IK-oh-luh try-lo-BAY-tuh • Plant sprawling; leaves serrate, flower heads white and purplish, congested on a long stalk
Asteraceae resembling a match…Match Plant (Lippia nodosa)
Native to: Central and South America
• Leaves serrate; flowers tube-shaped yellow…Baby Jump-Up (Mecardonia procumbens)
Florida abundance and distribution: Very abundant and can be aggressive invader.
Recognition: Low growing mat, hairy stems. Opposite leaves, rough and hairy, dark green. Yellow flowers, daisylike.
• Leaves serrate; flower heads (Asteraceae) yellow…Horseherb (Calyptocarpus vialis) (See
Calyptocarpus for similar Synedrella.)
• Leaves entire-margined, sessile or nearly so, as broad as long; fruit sticks like velcro…Drymary
(Drymaria cordata)
• Leaves entire-margined, ovate, with deeply indented veins; flower stalks long and spidery, with
small purplish flowers and elongate fruits broadened toward the tips…Red Spiderling (Boerhavia
diffusa)
• Leaves entire-margined; plants sprawling; stipules absent (vs. Button Weed); flowers congested in
more or less globe-shaped heads on long stalks…Joyweed (Alternanthera flavescens)
• Leaves entire-margined, the blades often about as broad as long; flowers tiny, green, at the
nodes…Florida Pellitory (leaves opposite or alternate) (Parietaria floridana)
100 9
E. Weeds With Opposite Leaves Wild Bushbean
(If the plant is a vine, see Vines)
Phasey Bean
Plant to 10’ or taller, intertwined with other plants, leaves conspicuously hairy, fragrant when crushed… Macroptilium lathyroides
mak-rop-TIL-ee-um lay-thy-ROY-deez
Jack in the Bush (Chromolaena odorata) Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Flower heads fuzzy-blue…Ageratum (Ageratum houstonianum). Consider also Clinopodium. Native to: Central America, South American, West Indies, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
Florida abundance and distribution: Introduced to Florida and found from Central to South Florida, Louisiana, Georgia and South Carolina.
Leaves narrowly elliptic with long-ciliate margins, gland-dotted; flower heads yellow; entire plant 2” tall...
Cinchweeds (Pectis prostrata and other Pectis species) Recognition: Prostrate or twining depending on sun or shade, can be up to 1.5 m tall, annual or biennial, lower portion can become woody;
stalks and petioles pubescent; stipules lanceolate; leaflets trifoliate, elliptic to ovate-lanceolate. Flowers in pairs in racemes, maroon, or
blood-red to red-purple. Wings and keel tinged green, red or white; keel spirally twisted; pods pubescent, linear and twisted.
Flower heads fuzzy-white, resembling tiny shaving brushes…Hammock Snakeroot (Ageratina jucunda;
consider also species of Eupatorium) Potentially confused species: Macroptilium atropurpureum is similar but has black flowers and broader leaves.
Other: Good nitrogen fixation, suspected of causing poisoning with horses, and alternative host for Silverleaf Whitefly.
Plants with milky sap…Chamaesyce (See Sand Mat for distinctions among locally abundant Chamaesyce
species) Contributed by Andrea Schechter
Plant erect with green leafy “pyramid” on top, resembling a green “shrimp plant”…Blechum (Blechum
pyramidatum)
Leaves linear; plants green to rust-colored, standing 1”-3” tall; flowers white, tiny…Rustweed
(Polypremum procumbens)
Plant sprawling; leaves narrowly elliptic with stipule between them; flowers white, on long wirelike stalks,
with 4 petals; fruits with 2 conspicuous lobes…Old World Diamond Flower (Oldenlandia corymbosa)
Leaves < ½” long, very crowded, flowers inconspicuous…Artillery Plant (Pilea microphylla)
Erect herb or subshrub; leaves narrowly elliptic to near-linear, clustered at nodes, with stipules; flowers
tiny, white, clustered in more or less globe-shaped heads…Buttonweed (Spermacoce verticillata). The
native Spermacoce assurgens is smaller, has the flower heads less globe-shaped, and the leaves are not
clustered at the nodes.
The opposite leaves fuzzy:
• Leaves entire-margined with fringed stipule between them…Richardia (see Mexican-Clover for
distinctions among the three locally common Richardia species)
• Leaves entire-margined, with no stipule; flowers white, with the 5 petals split to resemble 10
petals at a glance…Chickweed (Stellaria media)
• Leaves coarsely serrate; flower heads with creamy ray flowers having 3 teeth; fruits are
“parachutes”…Tridax (Tridax procumbens)
• Flower heads with 5 “petals” (ray flowers) having 3 terminal teeth…Shaggy Soldiers, Gallant
Soldiers (Galinsoga quadriradiata)
• Leaves deeply wrinkled, coarsely serrate-lobed; flowers yellow heads (Asteraceae)…Wedelia

(Sphagneticola trilobata)
8 101
Wild Poinsettia D. Fuzzy Weeds
Fire-on-the-Moun- Yellow “dandelion” flower; foliage fragrant when crushed…Camphorweed (Heterotheca subaxillaris)
tain Very tall weed, potentially 6’-12’ or more tangled with other plants; leaves opposite, dentate; flower
Poinsettia cyathophora
poin-SET-ee-ah sigh-ayth-OFF-or-ah heads fuzzy, white to pinkish…Jack-in-the-Bush (Chromolaena odorata)
Euphorbiaceae
Weed 2’-6’ tall; leaves heart-shaped and velvety; flowers round and yellow…Heartleaf Sida (Sida
cordifolia)
(Indian Hemp), which differs by having the
WeedSida)
(Heartleaf 2’-6’has
tall; leaves
velvety linear or
nearly so; plants hirsute to hispid; flowers in small white heads
leaves.
Recognition: Can grow into a low subshrub to 4’ tall with milky
sap. Leaves 4”-7” long with wavy edges. Top leaves just below (Asteraceae)…Canada Horseweed (Conyza canadensis)
flowers with a splash of red.
Leaves pinnately compound on plant to 3’ tall; flowers coral; pods resemble fuzzy hotdogs…Hairy Indigo
Potentially confused species: Fiddler’s Spurge (P.
heterophylla) has the topmost leaves green and white, with no (Indigofera hirsuta)
Sprawling weeds with opposite entire-margined leaves and fringed stipule. Flowers usually pinkish.
Common in patches in low-maintenance turf…Mexican-Clover (Richardia grandiflora, consider also other
species of Richardia…see “opposite leaves” at “E” below)
Erect or floppy weed with opposite toothed leaves; flower heads with creamy “petals” (ray flowers), these
with 3 teeth…Tridax (Tridax procumbens)
Flower heads with 5 “petals” (ray flowers” having three terminal teeth)…Shaggy Soldiers, Gallant Soldiers
(Galinsoga quadriradiata)
Sprawling weed with opposite, toothy, wrinkled leaves; flower heads yellow…Wedelia (Sphagneticola
trilobata)
Erect weed to 2’ tall having soft woolly hairs, often so much that the young stem looks “snowy”; leaf
blades widest toward the tip and tapering gradually toward the base (obspatulate); flower heads tightly
congested, greenish or chaffy…Cudweed (Gamochaeta purpurea, or possibly other Gamochaeta or
Pseudognaphalium species)
102 7
Wire Weed Wire Weed
C. Weeds With Odors Sida ulmifolia
Sida ulmifolia
When
Low weedCrushed
4”-8”
(Cardamine tall, with four tiny white
pensylvanica)
SIGH-da ulm-ah-FOAL-ee-ah
Malvaceae SIGH-da ulm-ah-FOAL-ee-ah
petals; fruit long like a mini-green bean… Malvaceae
Pennsylvania Bittercress
Weed to 2’ tall;
Peppergrass leaves coarsely
(Lepidium serrate
virginicum) Florida abundance and distribution: Often on sandy soil.
or lobed; flowers white with 4 petals; Florida abundance and distribution: Often on sandy soil
Extremely
fruit resemblingfuzzy weed
a tiny with yellow
coin…
Recognition
resembling a small Hibiscus flower. Recognition: To 2’ tall. Lower portions woody, with strong roots difficult to pull. Leaves dark green, serrate. Flower yellow to creamy,
“dandelion” flower…Camphorweed resembling a small Hibiscus flower.
(Heterotheca subaxillaris) Potentially confused species: Similar to the likewise common and weedy
flowers or fruits on long wirelike stalks instead of nestled among the leaves. Potentially confused species: Similar to the likewise common and weedy Sida rhombifolia (Indian Hemp), which differs by
Tall weed to 6’; leaf segments threadlike having the flowers or fruits on long wirelike stalks instead of nestled among the leaves. Sida cordifolia (Heartleaf Sida) has
velvety leaves.
(resembles Dill)…Dog Fennel Contributed by Grace Walton
(Eupatorium capillifolium)
(Chenopodium ambrosioides) Contributed by Grace Walton
Weed to 2’-3’ tall with strong “chemical” odor; flowers green, tightly congested…Mexican Tea
Weed mat-forming with deeply pinnately lobed leaves; fruit resembles “Mickey Mouse” ears…Lesser
Swinecress (Lepidium didymium)
Very tall weed, potentially 6’-12’ or more tangled with other plants; leaves opposite, dentate; flower heads
fuzzy, white to pinkish…Jack-in-the-Bush (Chromolaena odorata)
6 103
Index
Chinese-Violet 30
Field Copperleaf 94
B1. Leaves Compound
Aquatic Weeds 15
Leaves Alternate:
104 5
Melothria pendula 33 Poinsettia heterophylla 42 Spreading Dayflower 91
A2. Sedge Weeds Mexican-Clover 63 Pokeweed 76 Stinging Nettles 68
Mexican-Tea 66 Polypremum procumbens 84 Stylosanthes hamata 28
Mikania cordifolia 50 Pony’s Foot 38 Suriname Sedge 92
Stems often triangular and solid; leaves usually attached all around the stem; leaves often restricted to Mikania micrantha 50 Portulaca oleracea 79 Swinecress 57
the top and bottom of the plant. Note: There are hundreds of sedges in South Florida. Selected Mikania scandens 50 Pouzolzia Bush 77 Synedrella 51
important weeds are listed here. For more depth visit www.floridagrasses.org. Mile-a-Minute Vine 50 Pouzolzia zeylanica 77 Taraxacum officinale 38
Milky Sap 16 Precatory Bean 83 Thin Paspalum 92
1. Large showy sedge (2’-5’) on wet bank of pond or canal; inflorescence branches resemble Momordica 20 Pseudognaphalium 36 Thistle 78
Momordica charantia 20 Psilotum nudum 98 Three Flower Beggarweed 93
bottlebrush…Fragrant Flatsedge (Cyperus odoratus) Natal Grass 67, 68 Purple Everlastings 36 Threeseed Mercuries 94, 96
Nettles 68 Purple Nutsedge 70 Tick Trefoil 93
2. Main inflorescence branches flat: Nodeweed 51 Purple Pigweed 77 Toothed Leaves 12
Nutgrasses 70 Purple Thistle 78 Torpedo Grass 96
• Spikes reddish, plant may have tubers…Purple Sedge (Cyperus rotundus) Nutsedges 70 Purslane 79 Tread Softly 68
Oakleaf Rabbit Tobacco 36 Trefoil 93
Fleabane 71 Ragleaf 79 Tridax 95
• Spikes yellowish; mature plants usually with tubers; styles 3…Yellow Flatsedge (Cyperus Oakleaf Fleabane 71 Ragweed 80 Tridax procumbens 95
esculentus) Odors 6 Rattlebox 56, 88, 89 Trifoliate Leaves 10
Oenothera laciniata 37 Rhynchelytrum repens 67 Trifolium repens 40
• Spikes greenish to yellowish; tubers absent; styles 2…Manyspike Flatsedge (Cyperus Oldenlandia corymbosa 71 Ricefield Flatsedge 83 Tropical Signalgrass 95
Old World Richardia brasiliensis 22 Tropical Soda Apple 97
polystachyos) Diamond Richardia grandiflora 63 Urena lobata 26
Flower 71 Richardia scabra 44 Urochloa distachya 95
• Spikes greenish, with dark spotted scales (dark seed showing through); tubers absent; styles 3; Old World Rosary Pea 83 Urochloa mutica 73
often in moist spots…Annual Sedge (Cyperus compressus) Diamond Flower 71 Rosary Pea Urochloa subquadripara 95
One-Leaf Clover 17 Precatory Bean 83 Urtica 68
Opposite Leaves 8 Rust Weed 84 Vine Weeds 5
• Stem rough like sandpaper…Suriname Sedge (Cyperus surinamensis) Oxalis 72 Sand Mats 85 Virginia Plantain 75
Oxalis corniculata 72 Sandspur 87 Water-Hyacinth 99
3. Main inflorescence branches (spikelet clusters) globe-shaped or cylinder shaped, not flat: Palmately Lobed 10 Sedge Weeds 4 Water-Lettuce 99
Panicum repens 96 Shaggy Soldiers 45 Wedelia 100
• More than one spike per plant; spikes more or less globe-shaped with <50 rounded spikelets… Para Grass 73 Showy Rattlebox 88 Weed
Parietaria floridana 43 Sida rhombifolia 52 Identification Guide 1
Baldwin’s Flatsedge (Cyperus croceus aka C. globosus) Paspalum 92 Sida ulmifolia 102 Weed Identification Guide 1
Paspalum setaceum 92 Signalgrass 95 Weeds Having Alternate Simple Leaves
• More than one spike per plant; spikes more or less cylindric with 40-120 flat spikelets… Pectis 8 Simple, Alternate (or Rosette), Toothed With Smooth (Entire) Leaf Margins
Pinebarren Flatsedge (Cyperus retrorsus) Pectis glaucescens 30 Leaves 12 14
Pectis humifusa 30 Slim Amaranth 90 Weeds Having Simple, Alternate (or Ro-
Pectis prostrata 30 Smilax auriculata 47 sette), Toothed Leaves 12
• One white flower cluster/plant…Fragrant Kyllinga (Kyllinga odorata) Pellitory 43 Smooth Rattlebox 89 Weeds With Milky Sap 16
Pennsylvania Bittercress 74 Smut Grass 89 Weeds With Odors 6
• One green flower cluster per plant, the cluster not taller than broad; creeping turf weed…Shortleaf Peppergrass 75 Soda Apple 97 Weeds With Opposite Leaves 8
Kyllinga (Kyllinga brevifolia). Low Kyllinga (Kyllinga pumila) is similar but has no rhizome. Phasey Bean 101 Solanum americanum 23 Weeds With Palmately Lobed or Trifoliate
Phyla nodiflora 62 Solanum nigrum 23 Leaves 10
Phyllanthus 59 Solanum viarum 97 Weeds With Pinnately Compound (or
Phyllanthus tenellus 59 Soldier’s Orchid 56 Deeply Pinnately Lobed) Leaves 11
Physalis angulata 37 Sonchus asper 90 Whisk Fern 98
Phytolacca americana 76 Sonchus oleraceus 90 Wild Bushbean 101
Pigweed 77 Sourgrass 72 Wild Poinsettia 102
Pilea 18 Southern Crabgrass 32 Wire Weed 102
Pilea microphylla 18 South Florida Weed Identification Guide 1 Yellow Nutsedge 70
Pinnately Compound 11 Sow Thistles 90 Youngia 18
Pinnately Lobed 11 Spanish Needles 21 Youngia japonica 18
Pistia stratiotes 99 Spermacoce verticillata 25 Zeuxine strateumatica 56
Plantago major 75 Sphagneticola trilobata (Wedelia trilobata)
Plantago virginica 75 100
Plantain 75 Spiny Amaranth 90
Poinsettia 102 Spiny Sow Thistle 90
Poinsettia cyathophora 102 Sporobolus indicus 89
4 105

Weeds of South Florida: An Identification Guide

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Weeds of South Florida: An Identification Guide

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Weeds of

George Rogers, Ph.D.

5. Some weeds appear under multiple categories.

• Is the weed a grass, sedge, or grasslike? Go to “A” below

• Is the weed a climbing vine? Go to “B” below

• Does the weed have leaves with 3 leaflets? Go to “F” below

toothed edges? Go to “H” below

A1. Grass Weeds

1. Grass > 6’ tall

Inflorescence a panicle with branches in whorls…Guinea Grass (Urochloa maxima)

Inflorescence resembles fuzzy fingers or a broom, usually in a wet ditch…Phragmites (Phragmites

1. Grass 1’-6’ tall

Inflorescence a panicle (the branches branched) and the spikelets sparse:

• Panicle branches in whorls…Guinea Grass (Urochloa maxima)

Inflorescence resembling thick (1/4” diameter) fingers radiating like spokes…Crowsfoot

Inflorescence resembling a fuzzy pencil…Gophertail Lovegrass (Eragrostis ciliaris)

Grass with painful burr fruit...Sandspurs (Cenchrus species, usually C. spinifex)

3. Grasses Sprawling or creeping, usually < 6” tall

Grass with painful burr fruit…Sandspur (Cenchrus species, usually C. spinifex)

Contributed by Grace Walton

The opposite leaves fuzzy:

• Leaves deeply wrinkled, coarsely serrate-lobed; flowers yellow heads (Asteraceae)…Wedelia

Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout in lakes, rivers,

Foliage and fruit photos by John Bradford

Flowers lilac; leaves with long-tapered bases…Little Ironweed (Cyanthillium cinereum)

• Flowers on wire-like stems 1”-2” long…Indian Hemp (Sida rhombifolia)

Native to: Tropica Asia and Australasia. Widely naturalized.

Florida abundance and distribution: Occurs in southern half of

Leaves pinnate, resembling fine fish skeletons…Parrotfeather (Myriophyllum pinnatum, or other

Leaves opposite; stem square; flowers 2-lipped…Indian Swampweed (Hygrophila polysperma)

Leaves whorled; serrate; midvein with prickles beneath…Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata)

Contributed by Andrea Schechter.

Native to: South America Native to: South America

Contributed by Sarah Lopinot

Other: Grown as a forage plant.

Contributed by Andrea Schechter

Florida abundance and distribution: Scattered throughout Native to: Asia

Contributed by Andrea Schechter

Native to: Asia, naturalized worldwide in warm climates,

Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout

Recognition: Rosette-forming and taprooted. Leaves

Potentially confused species: Dandelion has only one flower

Means of dispersal: Seedlike fruits on feathery “parachutes.”

Contributed by Janel Schaffer

Contributed by William Mullarkey

Native to: Tropical America

Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout, common

Recognition: Leaves alternate, with curving veins, the stem sharply

Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout, one of the most

Recognition: Perennial 1’-3’ tall, with nearly globose spikelet

Easily confused species: This species resembles C. retrorsus

Internet reference: www.floridagrasses.org

Contributed by Ginelle Monico

Native to: Southern Asia Native to: Africa

Other: Good nitrogen fixation. It is toxic to livestock, especially

Contributed by Andrea Schechter

Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout, common in

Florida abundance and distribution: Throughout Contributed by George Rogers