Notes: Chapter 1 Where Is Jihad Being Fought?

Notes
Chapter 1 Where Is Jihad Being Fought?

1. Dan Balz and Bob Woodward, “America’s Chaotic Road to War,” The Washington
Post, January 27, 2002.
2. The 9/11 Commission Report (New York: W.W. Norton Co, 2004), 45.
3. The fatwa was originally published in Al-Quds Al-Arabi (London), February 23,
1998, a translation of the fatwa can be found http://www.military.com/Resources/
ResourceFileView?filefatwa1998.htm.
4. The 9/11 Commission Report, 45.
5. “Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People,” Speech by
President George W. Bush, September 20, 2001, available online at http://
www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html.
6. A translation of bin Laden’s fatwa is available online at http://www.pbs.org/
newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1998.html.
7. John J. G. Jansen, The Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat’s Assassins and Islamic
Resurgence in the Middle East (New York: Macmillan, 1986), 8.
8. Bin Laden’s interview with Al-Jazeera television correspondent Tayseer Alouni in
October 2001, available online at http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/ asiapcf/
south/02/05/binladen.transcript/index.html.
9. See Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: The Free
Press, 1992).
11. Sura 9:5 of the Koran.
12. “Interview with bin Laden,” Time Magazine, January 11, 1999, http://www.time.com/
time/asia/news/printout/0,9788,174550,00.html.
13. “The 9/11 Commission Report: About” http://www.gpoaccess.gov/911/about.html.
15. Ibid., 198.
16. Ibid., 343.
17. Ronald Sullivan, “Code of Silence Threatens Trade Center Investigation,” The New
York Times, March 17, 1993.
18. Ned Zemen, “The Path to 9/11; Lost Warnings and Fatal Errors,” Vanity Fair,
November 2004.
19. United Stated District Court, Southern District of New York, United States of
America v. Usama bin Laden, Indictment, 98 CR, available online at
http://www.fas.org/irp/news/1998/11/indict1.pdf, accessed September 6, 2005.
196 ● Notes

21. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, (Source: “National Voice of Iran,” in Persian)
January 21, 1979), January 23, 1979.
22. As quoted by Angus Deming, “The Khomeini Enigma,” Newsweek, December 31,
1979.
23. As quoted by Zawahiri in “Al-Sharq Al-Awsat Publishes Extracts from
Al-Jihad Leader Al-Zawahiri’s New Book,” FBIS-NES-2002-0108, December 2,
2001, 24.
24. Lawrence Wright, “The Man Behind Bin Laden,” The New Yorker, September 16,
2002.
25. As quoted by Khaled M. Abou Fadi, The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the
Extremists (NY: HarperCollins, 2005), 54.
26. Mark Fineman, “Next Step; Have Guns, Will Travel; Thousands of Muslims Learned
Guerrilla War in Afghanistan. Where Will They Go Next?” Los Angeles Times, April 7,
1992.
27. “Al-Sharq Al-Awsat Publishes Extracts from Al-Jihad Leader Al-Zawahiri’s New
Book,” FBIS-NES-2002-0108, December 2, 2001, 13.
28. As quoted in Peter L. Bergen, Holy War Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin
Laden (New York: Free Press, 2002), 53.
29. Jason Burke, Al-Qaeda: Casting a Shadow of Terror (London: I.B. Tauris, 2003), 6.
contends that prior to 9/11, there is little evidence to support the notion that bin
Laden himself regularly used the term al Qaeda to refer to his organization prior to
September 11, 2001.
30. Milton Bearden, “Afghanistan, Graveyard of Empires,” Foreign Affairs,
November/December 2001.
32. Beardebm “Afghanistan, Graveyard of Empires.”
33. Available online at http://news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/binladen/binladenintvw-
cnn.pdf.
35. Wright, “The Man Behind Bin Laden.”
36. Harry Anderson, “The End of the Khomeini Era,” Newsweek, June 12, 1989.
37. Loren Jenkins, “Iraqi Leader Claims to Be Fighting Holy War,” The Washington Post,
November 10, 1980.
38. Ibid.
39. Terence Smith, “Iran: Five Years of Fanaticism,” The New York Times, February 12,
1984.
40. “Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq’s WMD,”
September 30, 2004, available online at http://www.cia.gov/cia/reports/ iraq_wmd_
2004/Comp_Report_Key_Findings.pdf.
41. Dilip Hiro, The longest war: the Iran-Iraq military conflict (NY: Routledge, 1991)
250.
42. Peter Steinfels, “Calls for Holy War Reveals Fissures in Islamic World,” The New
York Times, October 7, 1990.
43. Judith Miller, “Muslims; Saudis Decree Holy War on Hussein,” The New York Times,
January 20, 1991.
44. Milton Viorst, “Sudan’s Islamic Experiment,” Foreign Affairs, May, 1995; June,
1995.
45. “Sudanese Fundamentalists Demonstrate for Islamic Law,” The Xinhua General
Overseas News Service, April 15, 1989.
Notes ● 197
46. “ ‘The Tears of Orphans’: No Future without Human Rights,” Amnesty International,
January 1995.
47. Jemera Rone, Human Rights Watch, testimony, July 29, 1998, http://hrw.org/
campaign/sudan98/testim/house-05.htm.
48. Julie Flint, “Hidden Holy War in the Hills,” The Guardian (London), July 22, 1995.
50. USA v. Omar Ahmad Ali Abdel Rahman et al., S5 93 Cr.181, United States District
Court, Southern District of New York, pages 18649 and 18920.
52. Ibid.
53. Clyde R. Mark, “Egypt-United States Relations,” Congressional Research Service
issue brief, Oct. 10, 2003.
55. “Lessons of First WTC Bombing,” BBC News, February 26, 2003,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2800297.stm.
56. Terry McDermott, “The Plot; How Terrorists Hatched a Simple Plan to Use Planes
as Bombs,” Los Angeles Times, September 1, 2002.
57. Richard Bernstein, “U.S. Portrays Sheik as Head of a Wide Terrorist Network,” The
New York Times, May 6, 1994.
58. Ibid.
59. U.S. v. Sattar et al., S1 02 Cr. 395 (JGK), 7126, also referenced as Government
Exhibit, 2638, 11122; Videotape, CNN, August 20, 2002, http://archives.cnn.com/
2002/US/08/19/terror.tape.main/ and The New York Post, October 8, 2004.
61. Ibid., 64.
62. Kim Murphy, “Algeria Cracks Down, Targets Islamic Front,” Los Angeles Times,
February 10, 1992.
63. “Algerian Fundamentalist Promises More Massacres,” Agence France-Presse, January 21,
1997.
64. Christopher Burns, “Militants’ New Target: Students,” Associated Press Worldstream,
August 6, 1994.
65. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, (Source: Al-Hayat, “London,” in Arabic,
November 4, 1996), November 5, 1996.
66. As quoted by Quintan Wiktorowicz and John Kaltner, “Killing in the Name of
Islam: Al-Qaeda’s Justification for September 11,” Middle East Policy, vol. X
(Summer 2003). Language taken from a GIA communiqué dated April 18, 1996,
according to the authors.
67. Statistics from Onwar.com, http://www.onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1900s/yr90/
falgeria1992.htm.
68. Pierre Verger, William Dab, Donna L. Lamping, Jean-Yves Loze, Céline
Deschaseaux-Voinet, Lucien Abenhaim, and Frédéric Rouillon, “The
Psychological Impact of Terrorism: An Epidemiologic Study of Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder and Associated Factors in Victims of the 1995–1996 Bombings in
France,” American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 161, no.8 (August 2004):
1384–1389.
69. Kim Murphy, “Tunisia Raises Stakes against Islamic Fundamentalists,” Los Angeles
Times, August 30, 1992.
70. Ibid.
71. Quintan Wiktorowicz, “The New Global Threat: Transnational Salafis and Jihad,”
Middle East Policy, vol. 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 18.
198 ● Notes
72. First published August 31, 1996, Al Quds Al Arabi (London), available online:
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html.
73. Emil A. Payin and Arkady A. Popov, “Chechnya,” U.S. and Russian Policymaking
with Respect to the Use of Force (Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1996), http://www.
rand.org/pubs/conf_proceedings/CF129/CF-129.chapter2.html.
74. “Agence France-Presse, August 11, 1994.
75. Wiktorowicz, “The New Global Threat,” 18.
76. Ibid.
77. “Al-Sharq Al-Awsat Publishes Extracts from Al-Jihad Leader Al-Zawahiri’s New
Book,” FBIS-NES-2002-0108, December 2, 2001, 44.
78. Michael Mainville, “Trained by Arabs, ‘Black Widows’ a Terrifying New Weapon,”
The New York Sun, December 10, 2003.
79. BBC News, September 2, 2005, available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/
world/europe/4207112.stm.
80. CNN Live Today, September 7, 2004.
81. Kim Murphy, “Chechnya Conflict Seeps Over Border,” Los Angeles Times, February 26,
2005.
82. Matthew Brzezinski, “Surrealpolitik; How a Chechen Terror Suspect Wound Up
Living on Taxpayers’ Dollars near the National Zoo,” The Washington Post, March
20, 2005.
83. Terry McDermott, Josh Meyer, and Patrick J. McDonnell, “The Plots and Designs
of Al Qaeda’s Engineer,” Los Angeles Times, December 22, 2002.
84. Terry McDermott, “How Terrorists Hatched a Simple Plan to Use Planes as Bombs,”
Los Angeles Times, September 1, 2002.
85. “Profile: Abu Sayyaf,” Online News Hour, January 2002, http://www.pbs.org/
newshour/terrorism/international/abu_sayyaf.html, accessed September 7, 2005.
86. “Asia’s Terrorist Haven,”The Wall Street Journal, April 14, 2005.
87. “US Warns Philippines South Could Become New Afghanistan,” Agence France-
Presse, April 11, 2005.
88. Robert Fisk, “Why We Reject the West—By the Saudis’ fiercest Arab Critic; At
Home in his Afghanistan Fastness, Osama Bin Laden Tells Robert Fisk Why He
Wants to Drive the Americans and British Out of the Gulf,” The Independent
(London), July 10, 1996.
89. Fisk, “Muslim Leader Warns of New Assault on US Forces,” The Independent
(London), March 22, 1997.
90. Fisk, “Saudi Calls for Jihad against US ‘Crusader’; Iraq is not the Only Source of
Concern for America in the Gulf,” The Independent (London), September 2, 1996.
91. Peter Bergen, Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama Bin Laden (New York:
Free Press, 2001).
92. The 9/11 Commission Report (New York: W.W. Norton Co, 2004), pages 65–66.
93. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, Source: ‘Al-Hayat’, (London) (August 6, 1998),
August 8, 1998.
95. Ibid.
96. Council on Foreign Relations, http:www//cfr.org/publication/9135/kashmir_
militant_extremists.html, accessed July 6, 2006.
97. Jessica Stern, “Pakistan’s Jihad Culture,” Foreign Affairs, November 2000–December
2000.
98. United States Department of Justice, Press Release, April 9, 2004, available online at
h t t p : / / w w w. u s d o j . g ov / c r i m i n a l / p re s s _ ro o m / p re s s _ re l e a s e s / 2 0 0 4 _ 3 6 5 5 _
Notes ● 199
RANDALL_TODD_ROYER_AND_IBRAHIM_AHMED_ALHAMDI_SEN-
TENCED_FOR_PARTICIPATION_IN_VIRGINIA_JIHAD_NETWORK.htm.
99. Vernon Loeb, “Attack Carefully Planned, Experts Say,” The Washington Post,
October 13, 2000.
100. U.S. v. Sattar et. al., S1 02 Cr. 395 (JGK), 2148 and 10967–10968.
101. According to B. Raman, “Attack on USS Cole: Background,” Institute for Topical
Studies, Chennai, October 16, 2000, http://www.saag.org/papers2/paper152.html.
102. Ibid.
103. The next most lethal attack on the United States was the Japanese bombing of Pearl
Harbor on December 7, 1941, which resulted in approximately 2,400 deaths.
104. Judith Achieng, “Muslims Protest U.S. Air Strikes in Afghanistan,” IPS-Inter Press
Service, October 12, 2001.
105. “Malaysia’s Islamic Party Declares Jihad Over Afghanistan,” Agence France-Presse,
October 10, 2001.
106. Stewart Bell, “Some Canadians Tried to Join Taliban: CSIS: Agency Uncertain
whether Militants Reached the Front,” National Post (Canada), March 27, 2002.
107. “Coalition Targets Ex-Afghan Premier Hekmatyar after Jihad Threat,” Agence
France-Presse, May 30, 2002.
108. BBC Worldwide Monitoring, (Source: Al-Hayat (London), in Arabic, November 2,
2002), November 3, 2002.
109. John Gershman, “Is Southeast Asia the Second Front?” Foreign Affairs, July
2002–August 2002. Gershman is senior analyst at the Interhemispheric Resource
Center and the Asia/Pacific Editor for Foreign Policy in Focus (www.fpif.org).
110. Simon Elegant/Pattani, “Southern Front; Muslims have been Fighting for Decades
for a Separate State in Thailand’s South,” Time International, October 18, 2004.
111. “Bin Laden Tape: Text,” BBC, February 12, 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/
middle_east/2751019.stm.
112. Craig Whitlock, “Al Qaeda Leaders Seen in Control,” The Washington Post, July 24,
2005.
113. Philip Mattar, The Mufti of Jerusalem: Al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni and the Palestinian
National Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), 103.
114. Abraham J. Edelheit and Hershel Edelheit, History of the Holocaust A Handbook
and Dictionary (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), 120.
115. Shlomo Aronson, Hitler, the Allies, and the Jews (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2004), 60.
116. Francine Friedman, The Bosnian Muslims: Denial of a Nation (Boulder, CO:
Westview Press, 1996), 124.
117. Aronson, Hitler, the Allies, and the Jews, 53.
118. As quoted by Rudolph Peters, Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam; A Reader
(Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1996), 105.
119. Don Oberdorfer, “U.S. Offers Plan to End Impasse in Mideast Talks,” The
Washington Post, November 13, 1978.
120. U.S. State Department, Patterns of Global Terrorism 2003, http://www.globalsecurity.
org/security/library/report/2004/pgt_2003/index.html.
121. MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base, http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID82,
accessed July 6, 2006.
122. John L. Esposito, Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam (New York: Oxford
University Press, 2002), 7 and Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA,
Afghanistan and bin Laden from the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan to September 11,
2001 (New York: Penguin Press, 2004), 204.
200 ● Notes
123. See a translation of the Hamas Charter at http://www.fas.org/irp/world/

para/docs/880818.htm.
124. From the Hamas website: http://www.hamasonline.com/ indexx. php?page
Hamas/hamas_covenant.
125. MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base, http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID49,
accessed April 14, 2005.
126. Talima Essam, “Resisting Invaders Individual Duty: Qaradhawi.” Islam Online,
March 8, 2003, http:// www.islamonline.net/ english/News/2003-03/08/ article09.
shtml. From MEMRI, Inquiry and Analysis Series, No. 145, http://www.memri.org/
bin/ articles.cgi?Pages ubjects&Areajihad&ID IA14503.
127. Mohammed Almezel, “Lawmakers Slam Attack on Iraq,” Gulf News, March 22, 2003.
128. Ibid.
129. “Al-Azhar Calls for Jihad over Iraq War.” Ummah News Online, March 26, 2003,
from MEMRI, Inquiry and Analysis Series, No. 145, http://www.memri.org/bin/
articles.cgi?Pagesubjects&Areajihad&IDIA14503.
130. April 6, 2003, http://www.albawaba.com/countries/index.ie.php3?country egypt &
lang as reported by MEMRI, Inquiry and Analysis Series, No. 130, April 8, 2003.
131. Neil MacFarquhar, “For Arabs, New Jihad Is in Iraq,” The New York Times, April 2,
2003.
132. BBC Monitoring International Reports, March 28, 2003.
133. Michael Wines, “2 Leaders of Russia’s Muslims Split Over Jihad Against U.S.,” The
New York Times, April 4, 2003.
134. Sabrina Tavernise, “25 Are Killed As Insurgents Press Attacks on Shiites,” The
New York Times, September 17, 2005.
135. Coalition Provisional Authority English translation of terrorist Musab al Zarqawi
letter obtained by United States Government in Iraq, February 2004, http://www.
state.gov/p/nea/rls/31694.htm.
136. Nasra Hassan, “Al-Qaeda’s Understudy,” The Atlantic Monthly, June 1, 2004.
137. Jessica Stern, “Pakistan’s Jihad Culture,” Foreign Affairs, November 2000–
December 2000.
138. “FFI Explains Al Qaeda Document,” March 19, 2004, http://www.mil.no/felles/
ffi/ start/article.jhtml?articleID71589.
139. Lawrence Wright, “The Terror Web,” The New Yorker, August 2, 2004.
140. Ibid.
141. Petter Nesser, “Jihad in Europe—A Survey of the Motivations for Sunni Islamist
Terrorism in Post-Millennium Europe,” FFI Rapport, Norwegian Defence
Research Establishment, 2004, 9–10.
142. Ibid., 12.
143. “Open Letter Warns of Blood and Revenge,” Expatica, May 3, 2005.
144. “London Bomber: Text in Full,” BBC News, September 1, 2005 available at
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4206800.stm.
145. Associated Press, November 11, 2005.
146. “Interview with bin Laden,” Time Magazine, January 11, 1999,
http://www.time.com/time/asia/news/printout/0,9788,174550,00.html.
Chapter 2 What Is The Ideology of Jihad?

1. “Fact Sheet: President Bush Remarks on the War on Terror,” The White House,
http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/10/print/20051006-2.html,
accessed July 6, 2006.
Notes ● 201
2. President George W. Bush, “Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American
People,” September 20, 2001, available online at http://www.whitehouse.gov/
news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html.
3. Ibid.
4. David Cook, Understanding Jihad (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of
California Press, 2005), 6.
5. Ibid., 2–3.
6. Michael Isikoff and John Barry, “Gitmo: SouthCom Showdown,” Newsweek, May 9,
2004.
7. Peter Edidin, “Taking Care of the Koran,” The New York Times, May 22,
2005.
8. Michael B. Schub, “That Which Gets Lost in Translation,” The Middle East
Quarterly, Fall 2003, vol. x, no. 4.
9. For a discussion of the various English translations of the Koran, see Khaleel
Mohammad, “Assessing English Translations of the Qur’an,” The Middle East
Quarterly, vol. XII, no. 2 (Spring 2005), http://www.meforum.org/article/717.
10. “Jihad and its Solution Today,” Kavkaz.center, November 26, 2003, posted at
http://kavkazcenter.com/eng/content/2003/11/26/2028.shtml, accessed May 10,
2005.
11. Cook, Understanding Jihad, 35.
12. Douglas E. Streusand, “What Does Jihad Mean,” The Middle East Quarterly, vol. IV,
no. 3 (September 1997).
13. Sayyid Qutb, Milestones (Karachi: International Islamic Federation of Student
Organizations, 1978), 114–115.
14. Sura 2:194.
15. Excerpted in Jansen, The Neglected Duty, 195–196.
16. Sura 9:29–31.
17. Sura 49:15.
18. Suras 18:31, 47:15, 44:53–54, 52:20.
19. R. Hrair Dekmejian, Islam in Revolution (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1985)
40, 92–95 for a discussion on takfir in general.
20. Wiktorowicz, Quintan, “The Salafi Movement: Violence and the Fragmentation of
Community,” in Miriam Cooke and Bruce B. Lawrence, eds., Muslim networks from
Hajj to hip hop (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2005),
221–222.
21. Bruce Lawrence, ed., Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama Bin Laden
(London: Verso, 2005), 5.
22. As quoted by Quintan Wiktorowicz, “The New Global Threat: Transnational Salafis
and Jihad,” Middle East Policy, vol. 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 18.
23. Shaikh Abdul Aziz ibn Abdullah Ibn Baz, “Imaam Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahhab—
His Life and Mission,” AHYA.ORG, http://www.ahya.org/amm/modules.php?name
Sections&opviewarticle&artid180, accessed September 13, 2005.
24. Excerpted in Peters, Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam, 47–49.
25. Bin Laden’s 1996 fatwa, available online at http://www.pbs.org/newshour/
terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html.
26. “Bin Laden message mystery,” BBC News, April 11, 2001, http://news.bbc.co.uk/
2/hi/world/south_asia/1269655.stm.
27. For a scholarly analysis and translation of the pamphlet, see John J. G. Jansen, The
Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat’s Assassins and Islamic Resurgence in the Middle
East (New York: Macmillan, 1986).
202 ● Notes
28. Ibid., 8 and 172–173.

29. Ibid., 2.
30. Ibid., 5.
31. Ibid., 15.
letter obtained by United States Government in Iraq, February 2004,
http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/31694.htm.
33. Sura 9:36, Yusuf Ali translation.
34. Sura 8:39, Yusuf Ali translation.
35. Fatwa available online at http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm.
36. Sura 8:24, Yusuf Ali translation of the Quran, available online at http://www.
harunyahya.com/Quran_translation/Quran_translation8.php.
37. Sura 9:38–39, Yusuf Ali translation of the Quran, available online at
http://www.harunyahya.com/Quran_translation/Quran_translation9.php.
38. Sura 3:139, Yusuf Ali translation of the Quran, available online at
http://www.harunyahya.com/Quran_translation/Quran_translation3.php.
39. Jansen, The Neglected Duty, 199.
40. Ibid., 193.
41. John Kelsay, “Bin Laden’s Reasons: Interpreting Islamic Tradition,” The Christian
Century, February 27–March 6, 2002.
43. Sheikh Abdullah Azzam, Defense of Muslim Lands, chapter 4, available online at
http://www.islamistwatch.org/texts/azzam/defense/defense.html.
44. Ibid., chapter 2.
45. Ibid.
46. Office of the Director of National Intelligence, ODNI News Release No. 2-05,
October 11, 2005, available at http://www.fas.org/irp/news/2005/10/letter_in_
english.pdf.
47. Ibid.
48. Thomas Hegghammer, “Global Jihadism After the Iraq War,” Middle East Journal,
vol. 60, no. 1 (Winter 2006).
49. Thomas Hegghammer, Al-Qaida Statements 2003–2004, Kjeller: FFI/Rapport
01428, 2005, p. 64, available at http://rapporter. ffi.no/rapporter/2005/01428.pdf.
50. Hegghammer, “Global Jihadism After the Iraq War.”
51. Hegghammer, Al-Qaida Statements 2003–2004.
52. Bin Laden interview with Al-Jazeera, Tayseer Alouni, October 2001.
53. Palestinian Friday Sermon by Sheik Ibrahim Mudeiris: Muslims Will Rule America
and Britain, Jews Are a Virus Resembling AIDS, MEMRI TV Monitor Project, May 13,
2005, Clip No. 669, http://memritv.org/Transcript.asp?P1669.
54. Sayyid Qutb, Milestones (Karachi: International Islamic Federation of Student
Organizations, 1978), 207.
55. David Zeidan, “The Islamic Fundamentalist View of Life as a Perennial Battle,”
Middle East Review of International Affairs Journal, vol. 5, no. 4 (December 2001).
56. As quoted by Cook, Understanding Jihad, 101.
57. From Abu l-A la—Mawdudi, Al-jihad fi sabil Allah, 12–13, as quoted by Peters,
Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam, 128.
58. Qutb, Milestones, 135.
59. Ibid., 136.
60. Ibid., 246.
61. Ibid., 260–261.
Notes ● 203
62. Ibid., 7–9.

63. Ibid., 109.
64. Ibid., 111.
65. Ibid., 16–17.
66. Ibid., 17–18.
67. Abdullah Azzam, “Al-Qaeda al-Sulbah (The Solid Base)”, al-Jihad (Afghanistan),
No. 41 (April 1988), 46–49, as quoted by Reuven Paz, see http://meria.idc.ac.il/
journal/2003/issue 4/jv7n4a5.html.
68. Interview with John Miller, ABC News.
69. Interview with Time Magazine, December 23, 1998.
71. Ayman al-Zawahiri, Knights Under the Prophet’s Banner, published by Al-Sharq
Al-Awsat, December 2, 2001, translated and reprinted, FBIS-NES-2002–0108,
December 2, 2001, 75.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid., 70.
74. Ibid., 77.
75. Ibid., 39.
Chapter 3 How Is Jihad Being Fought?

1. Aparisim Ghosh, “Inside the Mind of an Iraqi Suicide Bomber,” Time Magazine, July 4,
2005.
2. For a general discussion see Helen Duffy, The ‘War on Terror’ and the framework of
international law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
3. For a succinct discussion of this topic, see Boaz Ganor, “Defining Terrorism: Is One
Man’s Terrorist Another Man’s Freedom Fighter?” ICT, September 24, 1998.
4. This is the definition that has been employed by the U.S. government for statistical
and analytical purposes since 1983. http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2000/
2419.htm.
5. Bin Laden interview with John Miller, ABC News, May 1998.
6. USA v. Omar Ahmad Abdel Rahman et al., S5 93 Cr. 181, United States District
Court Southern District of New York, page 20088 of the trial transcripts.
7. Ghosh, “Inside the Mind of an Iraqi Suicide Bomber.”
8. thereligionofpeace.com records all reported incidents of terror attacks committed in
the name of Islam. On September 18, 2005, the recorded tally of such incidents was
2,947. The author of the website informed one of these authors that not all incidents
particularly those occurring in the Islamic world are necessarily tallied. These num-
bers should be viewed as approximate.
9. http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Pages/TheList.htm, accessed November 25,
2005.
10. Statement of September 13, 2001. http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2001-
09/13/article25.shtml. Arabic original at http://www.qaradawi.net/site/topics/arti-
cle.asp?cu_no2&item_no1665&version1&template_id130&parent_id17.
11. Statement of September 15, 2001, http://saudiembassy.net/Publications/
Magsummer02/CONDEMS.htm.
12. “Saudi cleric condemns ‘attacks on innocent people,’ ” Agence France-Presse,
December 4, 2001.
204 ● Notes
13. “Islamic Statements Against Terrorism,” compiled by Charles Kurzman, available

at: http://www.unc.edu/~kurzman/terror.htm.
14. Martyn Leek Angry, “The Sick Poster that Celebrates Sept 11 Outrage,” Sunday
Mercury, August 24, 2003.
15. Joyce M. Davis, “Muslims Condemn Attacks, Insist Islam not Violent Against
Innocents,” Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service, September 13, 2001.
16. The Dawn, Karachi, Pakistan, October 8, 2001, http://www.dawn.com/2001/
10/08/op.htm#2.
17. See “Islamic Statements Against Terrorism,” http://www.unc.edu/~kurzman/terror.
htm; Kurzman also refers to several other such compilations including, Omid Safi,
Colgate University, “Scholars of Islam & the Tragedy of Sept. 11th,” http://groups.
colgate.edu/aarislam/response.htm; Tim Lubin, Washington and Lee University,
“Islamic Responses to the Sept. 11 Attack,” http://home.wlu.edu/~lubint/
islamonWTC.htm; The Becket Fund, “Osama Bin Laden Hijacked Four Airplanes
and a Religion,” October 17, 2001, http://www.becketfund.org/other/
MuslimAd.html; Islam for Today, “Muslims Against Terrorism,” http://www.islam-
fortoday.com/terrorism.htm; ReligiousTolerance.org, “Aftermath of the 9-11
Terrorist Attack: Voices of Moderate Muslims,” http://www.religioustolerance.org/
reac_ter16.htm; Islamic Stand on Terrorism: An International Conference, Al-Imam
Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 20–22 April 2004,
http://www.islamstand.org/english/abaakail.htm.
18. http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/, accessed November 28, 2005.
19. From Sahih Muslim, translated by Abdul Hamid Siddiqui, available at
http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/muslim/019.smt.html.
20. Translation of April 24, 2002 al-Qaeda document, Middle East Policy Council
Journal, http://www.mepc.org/public_asp/journal_vol10/0306_alqaeda.asp.
21. “Qaradawi Criticizes Al-Azhar for Condemning Jerusalem Attacks,” December 5,
2001, http://www.islam-online.net/English/News/2001-12/05/article6.shtml.
22. Ibid.
23. Nasra Hassan, “An Arsenal of Believers,” The New Yorker, November 19, 2001.
24. James Bennet, “U.N. Report Rejects Claims Of a Massacre Of Refugees,” The New
York Times, August 2, 2002.
25. Bin Laden, Interview with John Miller, ABC News, May 1998.
26. Quintan Wiktorowicz and John Kaltner, “Killing in the Name of Islam: Al Qaeda’s
Justification for September 11,” Middle East Policy Council Journal, vol. X, no. 2
(Summer 2003) http://www.mepc.org/public_asp/journal_vol10/0306_
wiktorowiczkaltner.asp.
27. Bin Laden’s interview with Tayseer Alouni, Al-Jazeera, October 2001.
28. Bukhari vol. 5, no. 362, Book 59, http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/
hadithsunnah/bukhari/059.sbt.html.
29. Dan Eggen and Scott Wilson, “Suicide Bombs Potent Tool of Terrorists,” The
Washington Post, July 17, 2005.
30. See “Refuting Suicide Bombing as Martyrdom Operations in Contemporary Jihad
Strategy,” “The Hijacked Caravan,” available at: http://www.ihsanic-intelligence.
com/dox/The_Hijacked_Caravan.pdf, accessed July 6, 2006.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. See http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1998.html, accessed
December 12, 2005.
34. Ibid.
Notes ● 205
35. Ibid.
36. MEMRI Special Dispatch Series—No. 457, January 9, 2003, http://memri.org/
bin/articles.cgi?Pagesubjects&Areajihad&IDSP45703.
37. David B. Cook, “Suicide Attacks or ‘Martyrdom Operations’ in Contemporary
Jihadist Literature,” Nova Religio, October 2002, vol. 6, no. 1: 7–44. A copy of the
fatwa is available online at http://www.cdfe.org/martyrdom_operations.htm.
38. Hoffman, “The Logic of Suicide Terrorism.”
39. Hassan, “An Arsenal of Believers.”
40. Eggen and Wilson, “Suicide Bombs Potent Tools of Terrorists.”
41. Audrey Kurth Cronin, CRS Report for Congress: Terrorists and Suicide Attacks, August 28,
2003, http://www.uspolicy.be/issues/terrorism/CRS_24049.pdf.
43. Because these were attacks against armed forces (though most were asleep in their
bunks and stationed in Beirut as part of a U.S.-French peacekeeping force) there is
debate about whether it was a terrorist or a guerilla attack.
44. As cited in Hoffman, “The Logic of Suicide Terrorism.”
45. Ibid.
47. Cited in Bruce Hoffman, “The Logic of Suicide Terrorism.”
48. Robert Pape, Dying to Win: The strategic Loss of Suicide Terrorism (New York:
Random House, 2005).
49. Yuba Bessaoud, “Biggest Suicide Wave in a Bloody 2,000-Year History,” The Sunday
Times (London), July 31, 2005.
50. Assaf Moghadam, “Palestinian Suicide Terrorism in the Second Intifada:
Motivations and Organizational Aspects,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, vol. 26,
no. 2 (March–April 2003), 65.
51. MEMRI, ‘72 Black Eyed Virgins’: A Muslim Debate on the Rewards of Martyrs,
Inquiry and Analysis Series-No. 74, October 30, 2001, available at http://memri.
org/bin/articles.cgi?Pagesubjects&Areajihad&IDIA7401.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Hassan, “An Arsenal of Believers.”
55. David Brooks, “The Culture of Martrydom; How Suicide Bombing Became Not
Just a Means but an End,” The Atlantic Monthly, June 2002.
56. Ibid.
letter obtained by United States Government in Iraq, February 2004,
http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/31694.htm.
59. “Sunni Muslim authority condemns Iraq beheadings,” Agence France-Presse,
September 22, 2004.
60. “Bomb Rips through Algiers, Hours after Warning of Bloodbath,” Agence France-
Presse, January 21, 1997
61. GIA communiqué, issued April 18, 1996 cited in Quintan Wiktorowicz and
John Kaltner, “Killing in the Name of Islam: Al Qaeda’s Justification for
September 11,” Middle East Policy Council Journal, vol. X, no. 2 (Summer 2003),
http:// www.mepc.org/ public_ asp/ journal_ vol10/ 0306_ wiktorowiczkaltner.asp.
62. Steven Mufson, “A Brutal Act’s Long History,” The Washington Post, July 4, 2004.
63. Carey Scott and Mark Franchetti, “Horror in Chechnya,” The Sunday Times
(London), December 13, 1998.
206 ● Notes
64. Yochi J. Dreazen, “Beheadings Become Tactic of Choice,” The Wall Street Journal,
September 3, 2004.
65. John Daniszewski, “Beheading for the Sake of Fear, Not Islam,” Los Angeles Times,
June 22, 2004.
66. Gregory Crouch, “Man on Trial Accepts Blame in Dutch Killing,” The New York
Times, July 13, 2005.
67. Abdullah Yusuf Àli, trans., The Meaning of the Holy Qur’an (Beltsville, MD: Amana
publications, 2001), 1315.
68. See Timothy Furnish, “Beheading in the Name of Islam,” The Middle East Quarterly,
vol. XII, no. 2 (Spring 2005).
69. Àli, The Meaning of the Holy Qur’an, 417.
70. Jami’ al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an (Beirut: Dar al-Ma`rifah, 1972), 26 as cited by
Timothy Furnish, “Beheading in the Name of Islam,” The Middle East Quarterly,
vol. XII, no. 2 (Spring 2005), http://www.meforum.org/article/713.
71. ‘Abd al-Malik Ibn Hisham, The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ishaq’s Sirat
Rasul, introduction and notes by A. Guillaume (Karachi: Oxford University Press,
2004 [reprint of the 1955 ed.]), 461–469; ‘Abd al-Malik Ibn Hisham, As-Sirah an-
Nabawiyah, vol. 3, ed. Mustafa as-Saqqa and Ibrahim al-Hafiz Shalabi (Misr:
Mustafa al-Babi al-Halabi, 1936), 251–254, as cited by Furnish, “Beheading in the
Name of Islam,” http://www.meforum.org/article/713.
72. Paul Fregosi, Jihad in the West: Muslim Conquests from the Seventh to the Twenty-first
Centuries (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1998), 160.
73. Ibid., 228, 246, 261, 374.
74. Furnish, “Beheading in the Name of Islam.”
75. Ibid.
76. Dreazen, “Beheadings Become Tactic of Choice.”
77. See “Dirty Bombs,” Council of Foreign Relations, at http://cfrterrorism.org/
weapons/dirtybomb.html.
78. Ibid.
79. Philip Shenon, “Qaeda Leader Said to Report A-Bomb Plans,” The New York Times,
April 23, 2002.
80. November 17, 2005 “Superceding Indictment” available at http://wid.ap.org/
documents/051122padilla_indictment.pdf, accessed July 6, 2006.
81. Adam Liptak, “In Terror Cases, Administration Sets Own Rules,” The New York
Times, November 27, 2005.
82. United States of America v. Usama bin Laden et. al., 1998, http://cns.miis.edu/
pubs/reports/pdfs/binladen/indict.pdf.
83. “Exclusive Interview: Conversation with Terror,” Time Magazine, January 11, 1999,
http://www.time.com/time/asia/news/interview/0,9754,174550–1,00.html.
84. “Egypt Rethinks its Nuclear Program,” MEMRI—Inquiry and Analysis, January 22,
2003.
85. “I Have Nuclear Weapons, Bin Laden,” The Times (London), November 10, 2001.
86. United States of American v. Usama bin Laden et. al, trial transcripts, February 7,
2001 and February 13, 2001 available at http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/pdfs/
binladen/070201.pdf and http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/pdfs/ binladen/ 130201.
pdf, respectively.
87. Anthony Loyd, “Bin Laden’s nuclear secrets found in al-Qaeda’s Kabul safe house,”
The Times (London), November 15, 2001.
88. “National Security Strategy of the United States of America,” September 2002,
http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss5.html.
Notes ● 207
89. “Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq,”
October 2, 2002, available online at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/
2002/10/20021002–2.html.
90. “Egypt Rethinks its Nuclear Program,” MEMRI—Inquiry and Analysis Series No.
120, January 22, 2003.
91. Nasir bin Hamid al-Fahd, “A Treatise on the Legal Status of Using Weapons of Mass
Destruction Against Infidels,” May 2003 available on-line at http:// www.
carnegieendowment.org/static/npp/fatwa.pdf, accessed May 30, 2006.
92. CNN.com, April 26, 2004, http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/04/26/
jordan.terror.
93. Ibid.
94. Michael Slackman, “Iraqi Qaeda Leader Is Said to Vow More Attacks on Jordan,”
The New York Times, November 19, 2005.
95. CNN.com, November 18, 2005, http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/11/
18/zarqawi.jordan/.
96. “Al-Zarqawi disowned by his tribe in Jordan,” BBC Monitoring Middle East,
November 20, 2005
97. Text of the letter available at http://www.fas.org/irp/news/2005/10/letter_in_english.
pdf, accessed July 6, 2006.
Chapter 4 Who Is Fighting Jihad?

1. David Rennie, “Face of Europe’s First Woman Suicide Bomber,” The Daily Telegraph
(London), December 2, 2005.
2. Ahmed Rashid, Taliban (London: Pan Books, 2001), 129.
3. Many of the details of bin Laden’s life that have been supplied here were found in
Jason Burke, “The Making of the World’s Most Wanted Man,” The Observer
(London), October 28, 2001. The reader should note, however, that accounts of bin
Laden’s biographical details vary quite a bit.
4. Peter Bergen, The Osama bin Laden I know: An Oral History of al Qaeda’s Leader
(New York: Free Press, 2006), 1.
5. Burks, “The Making of the World’s Most Wanted Man.”
6. Ibid.
7. As excerpted in “From the Shadows: An Oral History of Osama bin Laden, Vanity
Fair, January 2006.
8. Steve Coll, “Young Osama,” The New Yorker, December 12, 2005.
9. Ibid.
10. See for example, Geneive Abdo, “Islam in Egypt,” Inside Islam: The Faith, the People
and the Conflicts of the World’s Fastest Growing Religion (New York: Marlowe &
Company, 2002), 122.
11. Burke, “The Making of the World’s Most Wanted Man.”
12. Lawrence Wright, “The Man Behind bin Laden,” The New Yorker, September 16,
2002.
13. Lawrence Wright, “The Man behind Bin Laden,” The New Yorker, September 16,
2002.
14. Susan B. Glasser, “ ‘Martyrs’ in Iraq Mostly Saudis; Web Sites Track Suicide
Bombings,” The Washington Post, May 15, 2005.
15. CNN, June 8, 2005, http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/06/08/florida.doctor.terrorism/.
16. Michael Whine, “The Mode of Operation of Hizb ut Tahrir in an Open Society,”
ICT, February 20, 2004, http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid 515.
208 ● Notes
17. “Top Zarqawi Aide ‘Killed’ in US Attack,” Khaleej Times Online, June 26, 2005,
http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfiledata/middleeast/2005/June/
middleeast_June743.xml&sectionmiddleeast&col.
18. Marc Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks (Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press, 2004), 75–76.
19. Ibid., 92.
20. Josie Glausiusz, “Discover Dialogue: Anthropologist Scott Atran; The Surprises of
Suicide Terrorism. It’s Not a New Phenomenon, and Natural Selection May Play a
Role in Producing It,” Discover, vol. 24, no. 10 (October 2003). http://www.
discover.com/issues/oct-03/departments/featdialogue/.
22. Lawrence Wright, “Update: Zawahiri’s Whereabouts,” The New Yorker, September 16,
2002.
24. Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks, 71–72.
25. Ibid., 71–72.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
32. Available online at http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_
1996.html.
34. Ibid., 67.
35. Karen DeYoung and Michael Dobbs, “Bin Laden: Architect of New Global
Terrorism,” The Washington Post, September 16, 2001.
36. “Substitution for the Testimony of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed,” in USA v. Zacarias
Moussaoui, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia Alexandria
Division, 1:01cr455 (LMB), available at http://www.rcfp.org/moussaoui/pdf/DX-
0941.pdf.
38. Ibid., 145.
39. Bruce Livesy, “The Salafist Movement,” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/
shows/front/special/sala.html.
40. “The Muslim Brotherhood Movement Homepage” at http://www.ummah.net/
ikhwan/, accessed July 9, 2006.
41. Terry McDermott, Perfect Soldiers (New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc., 2005),
103.
42. Ibid., 128.
44. Ibid.
45. See Laurie Mylroie, “The Baluch Connection,” The Wall Street Journal, March 18,
2003.
46. John J. Goldman, “Bomb Plot Architect Gets Life Term,” Los Angeles Times, January 9,
1998.
47. “60 Minutes,” CBS News, June 2, 2002.
49. Ibid., 146.
Notes ● 209
50. Ibid., 148.

51. Ibid., 491.
52. Philip Shenon and David Johnston, “Suspect’s Will Suggests a Longtime Plan to
Die,” The New York Times, October 4, 2001.
54. Ibid., 162.
55. McDermott, Perfect Soldiers, 230–231.
56. The 9/11 Commission Report, 165–167.
58. Ibid., 93.
59. Nicholas Watt, “From Belgian Cul-De-Sac to Suicide Bomber in Iraq: Troubled Life
of Woman Who Converted to Islam Mother Grieves for ‘Brainwashed’ Daughter,”
The Guardian (London), December 2, 2005.
61. The only exception was Fayez Banihammad, who was from the UAE and who was
recruited by one of the plot’s facilitators, Mustafa al Hawsawi, who along with
KSM’s nephew, Ali Abdul Aziz Ali (and first cousin of Yousef ), provided the hijack-
ers with things like plane tickets, hotel reservations, funding, and other logistical
requirements.
62. Richard A. Serrano, “Al Qaeda Agent’s 9/11 Role Comes Into Focus,” Los Angeles
Times, May 21, 2006.
63. The 9/11 Commission Report, 151–159, 190.
65. Ibid.
66. Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks, 75.
68. Helen Gibson, “Looking for Trouble,” Time Magazine (Europe), January 21, 2002.
69. Matthew Purdy and Lowell Bergman, “WHERE THE TRAIL LED: Between
Evidence and Suspicion; Unclear Danger: Inside the Lackawanna Terror Case,” The
New York Times, October 12, 2003.
70. Nasra Hassan, “An Arsenal of Believers,” The New Yorker, November 19, 2001.
71. “Saudi Publications on Hate Ideology Fill American Mosques,” Center for Religious
Freedom, Freedom House, 2005, http://www.freedomhouse.org/religion/
publications/Saudi%20Report/FINAL%20FINAL.pdf, 13.
72. Ibid., 43–44.
73. Testimony of J. Michael Waller before the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on
Terrorism, Technology, and Homeland Security, October 14, 2003.
75. Ibid.
76. BBC News, March 3, 2005.
77. MEMRI, Special Report No. 12, December 20, 2002, available at
http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Pagearchives&Areasr&IDSR01202.
78. David Stout, “Student from Virginia is Convicted of Plotting with Al Qaeda to
Assassinate Bush,” The New York Times, November 23, 2005.
79. Nina Shea, “This is a Saudi Textbook (After the Intolerance Was Removed),” The
Washington Post, May 21, 2006
80. Claude Berrebi, Evidence about the Link Between Education, Poverty and Terrorism
among Palestinians (Department of Economics, Princeton University), 42.
81. Ibid., 43.
82. Ibid, Tables 1–2.
210 ● Notes

84. Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society (The Free Press, 1958).
85. As quoted by Berrebi, Evidence about the Link between Education, Poverty and
Terrorism among the Palestinians, 5.
86. Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks, 81, 85.
88. Jessica Stern, “Pakistan’s Jihad Culture,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 79, no. 6
(November–December 2000).
89. Thomas Hegghammer, Global Jihadism After the Iraq War,” Middle East Journal,
vol. 60, no. 1 (Winter 2006).
92. Rohan Gunaratna, “The Post-Madrid Face of Al Qaeda,” The Center for Strategic
and International Studies and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The
Washington Quarterly, vol. 27, no. 3 (Summer, 2004), 91.
93. Anthony H. Cordesman, “Iraq’s Evolving Insurgency and the Risk of Civil War,”
Center for the Strategic and International Studies, Working Draft, Revised June
22, 2006, http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/060622_insurgency.pdf, 191.
[CSIS is a think tank].
94. The Brookings Institution, “The Iraq Index,” June 1, 2006, www.brookings.edu/
iraqindex, 18.
95. Nawaf Obaid and Anthony Cordesman, “Saudi Militants in Iraq: Assessment and
Kingdom’s Response,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, September
19, 2005, http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/050910_saudimilitantsiraq.pdf, 6.
96. Brookings, “The Iraq Index,” 19.
97. Cordesman, “Iraq’s Evolving Insurgency and the Risk of Civil War,” 191.
98. Obaid and Cordesman, “Saudi Militants in Iraq.”
99. Ibid., 10.
100. Stern, “Pakistan’s Jihad Culture.”
101. Cordesman and Obaid, “Saudi Militants in Iraq,” 18–19.
102. Bradley Graham, “Zarqawi ‘Hijacked’ Insurgency,” The Washington Post,
September 28, 2005.
103. Official White House Transcript of Colin Powell’s speech to the United Nations,
February 5, 2003, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/print/
20030205-1.html, accessed June 15, 2005.
104. Rod Nordland and Christopher Dickey, “Hunting Zarqawi,” Newsweek, November 1,
2004.
105. Ibid.
106. Michael Isikoff and Mark Hosenball, “The World’s Most Dangerous Terrorist,”
Newsweek, June 23, 2004, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/ id/ 5280219/ site/
newsweek/.
107. Jeffrey Gettleman, “Zarqawi’s Journey: From Dropout to Prisoner to an Insurgent
Leader in Iraq,” The New York Times, July 13, 2004.
108. Isikoff and Hosenball, “The World’s Most Dangerous Terrorist.”
109. Nordland and Dickey, “Hunting Zarqawi.”
110. Mohammed Al Shafey, “Seif Al-Adl: Al-Qaeda’s Ghost,” Asharq al-Awsat, June 1,
2005.
111. “Jordan Will Ask Britain to Extradite Militant Cleric,” Jordan Times, August 14,
2005; and Vanora McWalters and Sebastian Rotella, “10 Extremists Arrested in
British Crackdown,” Los Angeles Times, August 12, 2005.
Notes ● 211
112. Michael Isikoff and Mark Hosenball, “Terror Threat?” Newsweek, March 9, 2005.
113. Terrorism Research Center, http://www.homelandsecurity.com/modules.php? op
modload&nameIntel&fileindex&view649, accessed September 23, 2005.
114. David Sharrock in Madrid and Daniel McGrory, “Caged by Glass: The Men Facing
Europe’s Biggest al-Qaeda Trial,” The Times (London), April 23, 2005.
115. Robert S. Leiken, “Bearers of Global Jihad? Immigration and National Security
after 9/11,” Nixon Center, 2004, http://www.nixoncenter.org/publications/
monographs/Leiken_Bearers_of_Global_Jihad.pdf, 6.
116. Ibid., 14.
117. “Islamic Extremism in Europe,” Testimony by Peter Bergen before House
International Relations Committee, Subcommittee on Europe, Federal Document
Clearing House Congressional Testimony, April 27, 2005.
118. Leiken, “Bearers of Global Jihad? Immigration and National Security after 9/11,”
Nixon Center, 2004, http://www.nixoncenter.org/ publications/ monographs/
Leiken_Bearers_of_Global_Jihad.pdf, 72–73.
119. “Islamic Extremism in Europe,” Testimony by Peter Bergen.
120. “An Underclass Rebellion—France’s Riots,” The Economist, November 12, 2005.
121. Ibid.
122. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices—2005: The Netherlands, Bureau of
Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. State Department, March 8, 2006,
available at http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61666.htm.
123. “A Cable Home for Muslims,” Buffalo News (New York), December 13, 2004.
125. Ian Buruma, “Final Cut; After a Filmmaker’s Murder, the Dutch Creed of
Tolerance Has Come Under Siege,” The New Yorker, January 3, 2005.
126. “German Report Analyzes Al-Qa’idah Activities in Europe,” BBC Monitoring
International Reports, July 12, 2005.
127. David Rennie, “I’d Do It All Again, Says Filmmaker’s Killer,” The Daily Telegraph
(London), July 13, 2005.
128. Ibid.
129. “German Report Analyzes Al-Qa’idah Activities in Europe.”
130. Brynjar Lia, “The al-Qaida Strategist Abu Musàb al-Suri: A Profile,” The
Transnational Radical Islamism Project, Norwegian Defence Research
Establishment (FFI), Presentation, OMS-Seminar March 15, 2006, Oslo, Norway.
131. Alan Travis and Rosie Cowan, “July 7 Reports: Bombs in the Bath: How Gang
Plotted Attacks,” The Guardian (London), May 12, 2006.
132. BBC News, September 1, 2005; tape transcript available online at
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4206800.stm.
133. Peter Foster and Nasir Malick, “Bomber Idolised bin Laden, Says Pakistan Family,”
The Daily Telegraph (London), July 21, 2005.
134. Craig S. Smith, “Muslim Group in France is Fertile Soil for Militancy,” The New
York Times, April 28, 2005.
135. Abul Taher, “Giant Mosque for 40,000 May be Built at London Olympics,”
Sunday Times (London), November 27, 2005.
136. Susan Sachs, “A Muslim Missionary Group Draws New Scrutiny in U.S.,” The
New York Times, July 14, 2003.
137. Ibid.
138. B. Raman, “Dagestan: Focus on Pakistan’s Tablighi Jamaat,” South Asia Analysis
Group, September 15, 1999.
139. Sachs, “A Muslim Missionary Group Draws New Scrutiny in U.S.”
212 ● Notes
140. Theodore Dalrymple, “Our prisons are fertile ground for cultivating suicide
bombers,” The Times (London), July 30, 2005.
141. Eric Lichtblau, “4 Men in California Accused Of Plotting Terrorist Attacks,” The
New York Times, September 1, 2005 and Solomon Moore, “Radical Islam an Issue
in Prisons,” Los Angeles Times, August 20, 2005.
142. Testimony of J. Michael Waller, Annenberg Professor of International
Communication at the Institute of World Politics, before the Senate Judiciary
Committee Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology, and Homeland Security,
Federal Document Clearing House Congressional Testimony, October 14, 2003.
143. See Daniel Pipes, “Converts to Terrorism,” and “More Converts to Terrorism,”
FrontPageMagazine.com, December 6 and 7, 2005.
144. Craig S. Smith, “Raised Catholic in Belgium, She Died a Muslim Bomber,” The
New York Times, December 6, 2005.
145. Rennie, “Face of Europe’s First Woman Suicide Bomber.”
146. Craig S. Smith, “Europe Fears Islamic Converts May Give Cover for Extremism,”
The New York Times, July 19, 2004.
147. Ibid.
148. Kim Willsher, “My Love for Carlos the Jackal,” Sunday Telegraph (London), March 21,
2004.
149. As cited in Mustafa Akyol, “Bolshevism in a Headdress: Islamic Fundamentalism
has more to do with Hatred of the West than with Religion,” The American
Enterprise Online, April 1, 2005, http://www.taemag.com/issues/articleID.18464/
article_detail.asp.
Chapter 5 Who Is Really Fighting Jihad?

2. David E. Kaplan, Monica Ekman, and Aamir Latif, “The Saudi Connection,” U.S.
News & World Report, December 15, 2003.
3. “Wahhabism: State-Sponsored Extremism Worldwide,” Testimony of Alex Alexiev
before the United States Senate Judiciary Committee, June 26, 2003.
4. Ibid.
5. Claitor’s Publishing Division, Afghanistan: A Country Study (Baton Rouge, LA:
Claitor’s Publishing Division, 2001), xxxii and Neamatollah Nojumi, The Rise of
the Taliban in Afghanistan: Mass Mobilization, Civil War and the Future of the
Region (New York: Palgrave, 2002), 188.
6. Jason Burke, Al Qaeda: Casting a Shadow of Terror (New York: Palgrave Macmillan,
2003).
7. Burke, Al-Qaeda: The True Story of Radical Islam (London: I.B. Tauris, 2004), 60.
9. Ibid., 57.
10. Ibid., 57.
11. Ibid., 58.
12. Ibid.
13. The 9/11 Commission Report, 61, 470.
14. John Roth, Douglas Greenburg, and Serena Wille, Monograph on Terrorist
Financing, National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Against the United States,
Special Report to the Commission, 2004, 20.
16. Ibid., 170.
Notes ● 213
17. Ibid, 66.

18. Roth, Greenburg, Wille, Monograph on Terrorist Financing, 18.
19. Ibid., 4.
20. Ibid., 27–28 and Jean Charles Brisard, “Terrorism Funding,” NY: JCB Consulting.
A copy of his article can be found here http://www.nationalreview.com/document/
document-un122002.pdf.
21. Roth, Greenburg, and Wille, Monograph on Terrorist Financing, 28.
22. Ibid., 4.
23. “Prepared Testimony of Steven Emerson and Jonathan Levin,” United States Senate
Committee on Governmental Affairs, July 31, 2003.
24. Ibid.
25. Terry McDermott, Perfect Soldiers (New York: Harper Collins Publishers Inc.,
2005), 163–164.
26. Ibid.
27. Matthew Epstein, “Trails Lead to Saudis,” National Review, May 21, 2003.
28. Roth, Greenburg, and Wille, Monograph on Terrorist Financing, 20–21.
29. Kaplan, Ekman, and Latif, “The Saudi Connection.”
30. Roth, Greenburg, Wille, Monograph on Terrorist Financing, 21.
31. Testimony of Matthew Epstein with Evan Kohlmann on “Arabian Gulf Financial
Sponsorship of Al-Qaida via U.S.-Based Banks, Corporations and Charities,” before
the House Committee on Financial Services Subcommittee on Oversight and
Investigations, March 11, 2003, http://financialservices.house.gov/media/pdf/
031103me.pdf, 6.
32. David Kane, “Declaration in Support of Pre-Trial Detention,” USA v. Soliman S.
Bihieri, Case No. 03-365-A, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia,
Alexandria Division, available online at http://fl1.findlaw.com/ news.findlaw.com/
hdocs/docs/terrorism/usbiheiri81403knaff.pdf.
33. Burke, Al-Qaeda, 110–111.
34. BURNETT et. als. v AL BARAKA INVESTMENT et. als., Civil Action, Case
Number 1:02CV01616(JR), Third Amended Complaint, November 22, 2002,
http://www.motleyrice.com/911_victims/FinalThirdAmendedComplaint.pdf, 285.
35. Epstein and Kohlmann, on “Arabian Gulf Financial Sponsorship of Al-Qaida via
U.S.-Based Banks, Corporations and Charities,” 2–3.
36. Steven Emerson, “Saudi Arabia and the War on Terror,” testimony before the U.S.
Senate Judiciary Committee, November 8, 2005, http://judiciary.senate.gov/
testimony.cfm?id=1669&wit_id4791.
37. Steven Emerson and Jonathan Levin, “Terrorism Financing: Origination,
Organization, and Prevention: Saudi Arabia, Terrorist Financing, and the War on
Terror,” testimony before the U.S. Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs, July
31, 2003, http://hsgac.senate. gov/_files/073103emerson.pdf.
38. Lorenzo Vidino, “The Muslim Brotherhood Conquest of Europe,” The Middle East
Quarterly, volume XII, no. 1 (Winter 2005).
39. PBS: Frontline, “Al Qaeda’s New Front; Interview: Mamoun Fandy,” October 18,
2004, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front/interviews/fandy.html.
40. BURNETT et. als. v AL BARAKA INVESTMENT et. als., Civil Action, Case
Number 1:02CV01616(JR), Third Amended Complaint, November 22, 2002,
http://www.motleyrice.com/terrorism/downloads/FinalThirdAmendedComplaint.
pdf, 288.
41. Ibid., 287.
42. Ibid., 288.
214 ● Notes
43. Treasury Department Statement on the Designation of Wa’el Hamza Julidan,

http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/po3397.htm.
44. See “List of Individuals Belonging to or Associated with al Qaida,” available at
http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/1267/pdflist.pdf, accessed December 13,
2005.
45. BURNETT et al. v AL BARAKA INVESTMENT et al., 287.
46. “Senators Request Tax Information on Muslim Charities for Probe,” U.S. State
Department news release, Jan. 14, 2004, available online at http://usinfo.state.gov/
ei/Archive/2004/Jan/15-147062.html.
48. Ibid., 12.
49. BURNETT et. als. v AL BARAKA INVESTMENT et. als., 267–268.
50. “U.S. Treasury Designates Two Individuals with Ties to al Qaeda, UBL; Former BIF
Leader and al-Qaida Associate Names Under E.O. 13224,” The United States
Treasury Department, THE OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS, December 21, 2004,
JS-2164, http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/js2164.htm.
51. United States of America v. Enaam M. Arnaout, United States District Court
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division, No. 02 CR 892, “Government’s
Proffer Supporting the Admissibility of Co-Conspirator Statements,” available
online at http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/bif/usarnaout10603prof.pdf.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. J. Millard Burr and Robert O. Collins, Alms for Jihad: Charity and Terrorism in the
Islamic World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 51.
56. Defendant’s Motion in Limine to Exclude Evidence of Historical Events (January
13, 2003), as cited by Roth, Greenburg, Wille, Monograph on Terrorist Financing,
108.
57. “U.S. Treasury Designates Two Individuals with Ties to al Qaeda, UBL; Former BIF
Leader and al-Qaida Associate Names Under E.O. 13224.”
58. Ibid.
59. Information about this case is available online at http://www.motleyrice.com/
911_victims/911_victims_saudi_case.html.
60. Case 03 MDL 1570 (RCC) IN RE: TERRORIST ATTACKS ON SEPTEMBER
11, 2001 ECF Case, Opinion and Order, http://www.nysd.uscourts.gov/rulings/
03MDL1570_RCC_011905.PDF.
61. United States v. Arnaout, 282 F. Supp. 2d at 843 as cited by Roth, Greenburg, and
Wille, Monograph on Terrorist Financing, 108–109.
63. Ibid.
64. “U.S. Treasury Department Statement Regarding the Designation of the Global
Relief Foundation,” PO-3553, October 18, 2002, http://www.treasury.gov/
press/releases/po3553.htm.
66. Ibid., 91.
67. Ibid.
68. United States Treasury Department, “Additional Background Information on
Charities Designated Under Executive Order 13224,” http://www.treasury.gov/
offices/enforcement/key-issues/protecting/charities_execorder_13224-e.shtml#g.
Notes ● 215

70. “The Rise and Decline of Al Qaeda,” third public hearing of the National
Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Statement of Rohan
Gunaratna to the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United
States, July 9, 2003.
72. “The Rise and Decline of Al Qaeda,” July 9, 2003.
73. Robert Marquand, “The Reclusive Ruler who Rules the Taliban,” The Christian
Science Monitor, October 10, 2001.
74. National Commission on the Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Overview
of the Enemy, Staff Statement No. 17, page 7, available at http://www.9-11
commission.gov/staff_statements/staff_statement_15.pdf.
75. Ibid., 10.
76. Overview of the Enemy, Staff Statement No. 15, 9/11 Commission, 10.
77. Audrey Kurth Cronin, “Al Qaeda after the Iraq Conflict,” CRS Report for Congress,
May 23, 2003.
79. Ibid., 111.
81. Ibid.
82. Ibid.
84. Robert G. Kaiser and David Ottaway, “Oil for Security Fueled Close Ties,” The
Washington Post, February 11, 2002.
87. Overview of the Enemy, 10.
89. Ibid., 8.
90. Alfred B. Prados, “Saudi Arabia: Terrorist Financing Issues,” CRS Report for
Congress, March 1, 2005, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/45189.pdf.
91. Gerald Posner, Why America Slept: The Failure to Prevent 9/11 (New York: Randon
House, 2003).
92. Gerald Posner, “Scrutinizing the Saudi Connection.” The New York Times, July 27,
2004.
94. Mark Follman, “Did the Saudis know about 9/ 11?” October 18, 2003,
salon. com.
96. Josh Meyer, “U.S. Faults Saudi Efforts on Terrorism,” Los Angeles Times, January
15, 2006.
97. Ibid., 24.
98. Patterns of Global Terrorism—2003, Released by the Office of the Coordinator for
Counterterrorism, United States State Department, April 29, 2004,
http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2003/31644.htm.
99. Ibid.
100. Ibid.
101. Scott Shiloh, “Abbas Approves Monthly Grants to Family of Suicide Bombers,”
Arutz Sheva, December 11, 2005.
216 ● Notes
102. “U.S. Designates Five Charities and Six Senior Hamas Leaders as Terrorists
Entities,” JS-672, From the Office of Public Affairs, United States Treasury
Department, August 22, 2003, http://www.ots.treas.gov/docs/4/48937.html.
103. Ibid.
104. “Terrorist Financing: Report of an Independent Task Force,” Council on Foreign
Relations, 2002, 5.
106. Christopher Dickey, “Shadowland: The Saddam Files,” Newsweek, June 22, 2004.
107. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10652305/site/newsweek/.
109. Ibid., 4.
110. Michael K. Freedman, “The Invisible Bankers,” Forbes.com, October 17, 2005.
112. Ibid.
113. Ibid., 28.
114. Eric Schmitt and Thom Shanker, “Estimates by U.S. See More Rebels with More
Funds,” The New York Times, October 22, 2004.
115. Douglas Jehl, “U.S. Aides Say Kin of Hussein Aid Insurgency,” The New York
116. Schmitt and Shanker, “Estimates by U.S. See More Rebels with More Funds.”
117. Testimony of Daniel L. Glaser before the House Armed Services Committee
Terrorism, Unconventional Threats and Capabilities Subcommittee, July 28, 2005.
118. Anthony Cordesman and Nawaf Obaid, “Saudi Militants in Iraq: Assessment and
Kingdom’s Response,” The Center for Strategic and International Studies,
September 19, 2005.
119. Ibid.
120. Testimony Jim Saxton, U.S. Representative, Committee on House Armed Services
Subcommittee on Terrorism, Unconventional Threats and Capabilities, July 28,
2005.
121. David E. Kaplan, “National Security Watch: Eurolefties fund Iraq insurgency,”
U.S. News & World Report, June 23, 2005.
122. Ibid.
123. Schmitt and Shanker, “Estimates by U.S. See More Rebels with More Funds.”
124. “Terrorist Financing: Report of an Independent Task Force,” 5.
125. Ibid.
Chapter 6 How Is Global Jihad Being Countered?

1. “The Global War on Terrorism: The First 100 Days,” The White House, December
2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/12/100dayreport.html.
2. John Roth, Douglas Greenburg, and Serena Wille, Monograph on Terrorist
Financing, National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Against the United States,
Special Report to the Commission, 2004, 45.
3. The Senate passed the USA Patriot Act by a vote of 98-1; in the House it passed by
a vote of 357–66.
4. See the government’s case at the USA Patriot Act: Preserving Life and Liberty,
http://www.lifeandliberty.gov/highlights.htm, accessed August 29, 2005.
5. Section 213 of the Patriot Act.
6. Elisabeth Bumiller and David Johnston, “Bust Sets Option of Military Trials in
Terrorist Cases,” The New York Times, November 14, 2001.
Notes ● 217
7. Christopher Drew and William K. Rashbaum, “Opponents’ and

Supporters’ Portrayals of Detentions Prove Inaccurate,” The New York Times,
November 3, 2001.
8. “Witness to Abuse: Human Rights Abuses under the Material Witness Law since
September 11,” Human Rights Watch and the American Civil Liberties Union, June 27,
2005.
9. Rachel L. Swarns, “Program’s Value in Dispute as a Tool to Fight Terrorism,” The
New York Times, December 21, 2004.
11. James Risen and Eric Lichtblau, “Bush Lets U.S. Spy on Callers Without Courts,”
The New York Times, December 15, 2005.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. “Thomas Kean holds a public hearing on reforming law enforcement, counterter-
rorism and intelligence collection in the United States,” FDCH Political Transcripts,
April 14, 2004.
16. Memorandum by Congressional Research Service, “Presidential Authority to
Conduct Warrantless Electronic Surveillance to Gather Foreign Intelligence
Information,” January 5, 2005, available online at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/
m010506.pdf.
17. John Schmidt, “President has Legal Authority to OK Taps,” Chicago Tribune,
December 21, 2005.
18. “Presidential Authority to Conduct Warrantless Electronic Surveillance.”
19. Eric Lichtblau and James Risen, “Bank Data Sifted in Secret by U.S. to Block
Terror,” The New York Times, Glenn R. Simpson, “Treasury Tracks Financial Data in
Secret Program,” The Wall Street Journal, and Josh Meyer and Greg Miller, “U.S.
Secretly Tracks Global Data,” Los Angeles Times, all on June 23, 2006.
20. Editorial, “Following the Money, and the Rules,” The New York Times, June 24, 2006.
21. “Statement by the President in his Address to the Nation,” September 11, 2001,
http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010911-16.html.
22. John Miller and Michael Stone with Chris Mitchell, The Cell: Inside the 9/11 Plot,
and Why the FBI and CIA Failed to Stop It (New York: Hyperion, 2002).
23. Ralph Blumenthal, “Bombing Defendant Had Been in Egypt, FBI Was Told,” The
New York Times, November 2, 1993.
24. Perez-Rena, “Government Revises Case on Terrorism,” The New York Times, October 20,
1994.
25. Ronald Sullivan, “Judge Gives Maximum Term in Kahane Case,” The New York
Times, January 30, 1992.
27. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html.
28. The North Atlantic Treaty, April 4, 1949, http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/
treaty.htm.
29. Security Council Resolutions 2001, http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2001/
sc2001.htm.
30. Congress Authorizes Use of Force Against Those Responsible for Terrorist Attacks,
September 14, 2001, http://www.house.gov/ryan/press_releases/2001pressreleases/
useofforce91401.html.
31. “UN Security Council to Taliban: Deliver bin Laden,” September 18, 2001,
http://www.usembassy.it/file2001_09/alia/a1091801.htm.
218 ● Notes
32. President George W. Bush, “Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American
People,” September 20, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/
2001/09/20010920-8.html.
33. Daniel Pipes, Militant Islam Reaches America (New York: W. W. Norton &
Company, 2002).
34. Daniel Pipes, “Bush Declares War on Radical Islam,” New York Sun, October 11,
2005.
35. Bush, “Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People.”
36. John F. Burns, “Taliban Say They Hold Bin Laden, for His Safety, But Who Knows
Where,” The New York Times, October 1, 2001.
37. Douglas Frantz, “Taliban Say They Want to Negotiate With the U.S. Over bin
Laden,” The New York Times, October 3, 2001.
38. Marc W. Herold, “A Dossier on Civilian Victims of United States’ Aerial Bombing
of Afghanistan,” http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mwherold/.
39. David Zucchino, “ ‘The Americans . . . They Just Drop Their Bombs and Leave,’ ”
Los Angeles Times, July 2, 2002.
40. See “Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan, accessed October 17, 2005.
41. Interview: John Yoo, PBS Frontline, available online at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/
pages/frontline/torture/interviews/yoo.html, July 19, 2005.
42. Ibid.
43. Charles Krauthammer, “The Truth about Torture,” The Weekly Standard, December 5,
2005.
44. Richard A. Serrano, “Guantanamo Military Tribunals Are Upheld,” Los Angeles
45. Committee Against Torture, 36th Session, May 1–19, 2006, Advance Unedited
Edition, “Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 19 of
he Convention, Conclusion and Recommendations of the Committee Against
Torture: USA, May 18, 2006, report available at http://www.ohchr.org/english/
bodies/cat/docs/AdvanceVersions/CAT.C.USA.CO.2.pdf.
46. Ibid.
47. Maggie Farley, “Report: U.S. is Abusing Captives,” Los Angeles Times, February 13,
2006.
48. Colum Lynch, “Military Prison’s Closure is Urged,” The Washington Post, May 20,
2006.
49. National Security Strategy of the United States, September 17, 2002, http://www.
whitehouse.gov/nsc/nssall.html.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
54. Ibid., 335.
55. CNN, April 16, 2003.
56. CBC News, May 31, 2002.
57. John Diamond, “US: Iraq sheltered suspect in ’93 WTC attack,” USA Today,
September 17, 2003.
58. Dana Priest and Toby Warrick, “Observers: Evidence for War Lacking,”The
Washington Post, September 15, 2002 and Fox News, March 26, 2002.
59. “Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq,”
October 2, 2002.
Notes ● 219
60. “Remarks of Hans Blix,” CNN, January 27, 2003, available online at
http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/01/27/sprj.irq.transcript.blix/.
61. IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei Delivers Remarks to the U.N.,” FDCH
Political Transcripts, January 27, 2003.
62. “Reports to the Security Council by the Chief U.N. Weapons Inspectors,” The New
York Times, February 15, 2003 and Mohamed ElBaradei, “Excerpts from the U.N.
Reports,” Los Angeles Times, February 15, 2003.
63. “In a Chief Inspector’s Words: ‘A Substantial Measure of Disarmament,” The New
York Times, March 8, 2003.
64. Douglas Jehl, “High Al Qaeda Aide Retracted Claim of Link with Iraq,” The New
York Times, July 31, 2004.
66. Dana Milbank, “Bush Defends Assertions of Iraq-Al Qaeda Relationship,” The
Washington Post, June 18, 2004.
67. Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq’s WMD,
September 30, 2004, 6.
68. Ibid., 7.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid.
71. Speech available online at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/ 2003/01/
20030128-19.html.
72. Fareed Zakaria, “Why the War was Right,” Newsweek, October 20, 2003.
73. John Miller, “Greetings America. My name is Osama bin Laden . . .,” PBS Website,
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/who/miller.html,
accessed August 26, 2005.
74. “Full Text: bin Laden’s ‘Letter to America,’ ” Observer Worldview(London),
November 24, 2002, http://observer.guardian.co.uk/worldview/story/ 0,11581,
845725,00.html.
75. State of the Union Speech, January 29, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/
76. Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq’s WMD,
September 30, 2004, 12.
77. For a list of the coalition as of March 27, 2003, see http://www.whitehouse.gov/
78. “Rumsfeld’s Words on Iraq: ‘There is Untidiness,’ ” The New York Times, April 12,
2003.
79. Thomas Hegghammer, Global Jihadism After the Iraq War,” Middle East Journal,
vol. 60, no. 1 (Winter 2006).
80. Ibid.
81. Ibid.
82. Seymour Hersh, “Torture at Abu Ghraib,” The New Yorker, May 4, 2004, available
at http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/?040510fa_fact.
83. Article 15-6 Investigation of 800th Military Police Brigade, http://news.findlaw.com/
nytimes/docs/iraq/tagubarpt.html, 17.
84. Office of the Assistant Attorney General, Memorandum for Alberto R. Gonzalez:
Counsel to the President, August 1, 2002 http://news.findlaw.com/
wp/docs/doj/bybee80102mem.pdf.
85. Heather MacDonald, “How to Interrogate Terrorists,” City Journal (Winter 2005).
86. Eric Schmitt, “Senate Moves to Protect Military Prisoners Despite Veto Threat,”
October 6, 2005.
220 ● Notes
87. Schmitt, “Exception Sought in Detainee Abuse Ban,” The New York Times, October 25,
2005.
88. Charles Krauthammer, “The Truth about Torture,” The Weekly Standard, December 5,
2005.
89. Ibid.
90. Ibid.
91. Ibid.
92. Ibid.
93. Andrew Sullivan, “The Abolition of Torture,” The New Republic, December 7,
2005.
94. Ibid.
95. Glenn Frankel, “Prison Tactics A Longtime Dilemma For Israel,” The Washington
Post, June 16, 2004.
96. Sullivan, “The Abolition of Torture.”
97. Mark Bowden, “The Dark Art of Interrogation,” The Atlantic Monthly, October
2003.
98. Sullivan, “The Abolition of Torture.”
99. Ibid.
101. Ibid.
102. “Full Text: Madrid Claim,” BBC News, March 14, 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/
2/hi/europe/3509556.stm.
104. Peter Bergen and Paul Cruickshank, “Militant London Clerics,” PeterBergen.com,
July 29, 2005, http://www.peterbergen.com/bergen/articles/ details.aspx?id225.
105. Glenn Frankel, “Europe, U.S. Diverge on How to Fight Terrorism,” The
Washington Post, March 28, 2004.
106. Eric Pape and Christopher Dickey, “Does Terror Take a Holiday?” Newsweek,
August 9, 2004.
107. Craig Whitlock, “French Push Limits in Fight on terrorism,” The Washington Post,
November 2, 2004.
108. Ibid.
109. Dana Priest, “Help From France Key In Covert Operations,” Washington Post, July 3,
2005.
110. Ibid.
111. Ibid.
112. Peter Bergen and Paul Cruickshank, “Militant London Clerics.”
113. Ibid.
114. Alan Cowell, “Britain and Jordan Agree on Expulsion of Terror Suspects,” The New
York Times, July 21, 2005.
115. Ibid.
116. David Leppard, “More than 230 Terror Suspects Free to Stay in Britain,” Sunday
Times (London), May 21, 2006.
117. Scott Atran, “The Moral Logica and Growth of Suicide Terrorism,” The Washington
Quarterly, vol. 29, no. 2 (Spring 2006).
118. “Home Office Dumps Plans to Close Mosques,” Times Online (London),
December 15, 2005.
119. “Saudi Publications on Hate Ideology Fill American Mosques,” available at
http://www.freedomhouse.org/religion/publications/Saudi%20Report/FINAL%2
0FINAL.pdf.
Notes ● 221
120. Ibid., 9.
121. Cite Scott Atran, “The Moral Logica and Growth of Suicide Terrorism,” The
Washington Quarterly , vol. 29, no. 2 (Spring 2006).
122. President Bush Discusses Iraq Policy at Whitehall Palace in London, Office of the
Press Secretary, The White House, text available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/
news/releases/2003/11/20031119-1.html, November 19, 2003.
123. Ibid.
124. Ibid.
125. See text of letter http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/31694.htm.
126. MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 856, February 1, 2005.
127. See text of letter http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/31694.htm.
128. Robert F. Worth, “Jihadists Take Stand on Web And Some Say It’s Defensive,” The
New York Times, March 13, 2005.
129. Ibid.
130. Maggie Farley, “U.N. Links Syria to Lebanon Slayings,” Los Angeles Times, October 21,
2005.
131. Jim VandeHei, “Bush Calls Democracy Terror’s Antidote,” The Washington Post,
March 9, 2005.
132. Christopher Dickey, “An Arabian Spring,” Newsweek, March 14, 2005.
133. Sarah Baxter, “Bush Basks in that Reagan Glow,” Sunday Times (London), February 27,
2005.
134. Arch Puddington, “Freedom in the World 2006; Middle East Progress Amid
Global Gains,” http://www.freedomhouse.org/research/freeworld/2006/essay2006.
pdf.
135. Claus Christian Malzahn, “Could George W. Bush Be Right?” Der Spiegel,
February 23, 2005, http://service.spiegel.de/cache/international/0,1518, 343378,
00. html.
136. As quoted in Jefferson Morley, “Is Bush Right?” Washingtonpost.com, March 8,
2005.
137. As quoted in Jefferson Morley, “Is Bush Right?” Washingtonpost.com, March 8, 2005.
138. Daniel Pipes, “A Democracy Killing Itself,” USA Today, August 15, 2005.
139. Ethan Bronner, “Why ‘Greater Israel’ Never Came to Be,” The New York Times,
August 14, 2005.
140. Ibid.
141. President Discusses War on Terror at National Endowment for Democracy,
October 6, 2005, available online at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/
2005/10/ 20051006-3.html.
142. Ghaith Abdul-Ahad, “We don’t need al-Qaida,” The Guardian (London), October 27,
2005.
143. Dexter Filkins, “Iraqis, including Sunnis, Vote in Large Numbers on Calm Day,”
The New York Times, December 16, 2005.
144. F. Gregory Gause III, “Can Democracy Stop Terrorism?” Foreign Affairs,
September–October 2005.
145. Ibid.
146. Saad Eddin Ibrahim, “Islam Can Vote, If We Let it,” The New York Times, May 21,
2005.
147. Ibid.
148. President Discusses War on Terror.
149. Dexter Filkins, “Tactics: Iraq Qaeda Chief Seems to Pursue a Lower Profile,” The
New York Times, March 25, 2006.
222 ● Notes
150. Dexter Filkins, “U.S. Portrayal Helps Flesh Out Zarqawi’s Heir,” The New York
Times, June 16, 2006.
151. Ramita Navai, “Leader Invokes New Islamic Wave,” The Times (London), June 30,
2005.
152. The hostages’ allegations have not been confirmed by the U.S. government.
153. Robert G. Joseph, “Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security
Statement Before the House International Relations Committee,” Washington,
DC, March 8, 2006, available at http://www.state.gov/t/us/rm/63121.htm.
154. Golnaz Esfandiari, “Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty,” November 29, 2005,
http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/11/184cb9fb-887c-4696-8f54-
0799df 747a4a.html.
155. “Iranian TV broadcasts what Ahmadinezhad actually said on Israel,” BBC
Worldwide Monitoring, October 29, 2005.
156. Nazila Fathi, “Iranian Leader Renews Attack on Israel at Palestinian Rally,” The
New York Times, April 15, 2006.
157. “Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran,” in Persian 1130 gmt, BBC
Worldwide Monitoring, December 15, 2001.
158. Michael Slackman, “Iran the Great Unifier? The Arab World is Wary,” The New
York Times, February 5, 2006.
161. Hassan M. Fattah, “Gulf States Join Call for Tougher Action Toward Tehran,” The
New York Times, February 1, 2006.
162. Roee Nahmias, “Defense minister rejects Gaza killings criticism, says protesters
should visit bereaved families first,” ynetnews.com, April 24, 2006,
http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3243262,00.html.
163. Laurie Goodstein, “Dalai Lama Says Terror May Need a Violent Reply,” The New
York Times, September 18, 2003.
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Index
9/11, 29, 123, 126–27, 170, 177, war in, 166–69

180–82 Zawahiri and, 12, 103–5
condemnation of, 73–5 See also Taliban
death toll, 72, 85 Afsaruddin, Asma, 89
European response to, 180–82 Ahmed, Prince, 149
hijackers, 109–14, 116, 121 Ahmedinejad, Mahmoud, 192–93
investigation of, 108–9 Al-Jazeera, 3, 5, 32, 60, 73, 77, 79, 125
jihadists’ justification of, 75–81 Al Qaeda
KSM and, 20, 24, 30 9/11 and, 111–13, 117, 120–21
LET and, 28 Afghanistan and, 131–32, 135–39,
suicide terrorism and, 80–81 141–57, 166–70
terrorism following, 34, 72–73, 81, 86–89 attacks around the world, 27–31, 33–37
U.S. response to, 184, 187 bin Laden and, 57, 99–102
9/11 Commission, 7, 87, 106, 109, 132–36, formation of, 6–9, 15, 65–66
138–40, 162–67, 170, 173 funding for, 129, 131–36, 153–54,
investigation of terror funding, 144–50, 155–56
152–55 hawala system and, 154–55
“9/11 Families United to Bankrupt Iraq and, 118, 172–73, 185, 189
Terrorism,” 143 Islamic charities and, 136–44
justification for 9/11 attacks, 76–80
Abbas, Abu, 170–71 leadership, 17, 54, 99–107
ABC News, 1998 interview with bin Laden, Madrid train bombings and, 121–22
66–67, 71–72, 78, 174 post-9/11 response to, 161–64, 180,
Abu Ali, Ahmed Omar, 28, 116 182–84
Abu Ghraib, 176–77, 179–80 state sponsorship of, 145–53
Aden-Abyan Islamic Army, 28 suicide terrorism and, 84, 86
Afghanistan, 4, 8–10, 20, 23–29, 32, 35, Tablighi Jamaat (JT), 125–27
37, 41, 52, 81, 86, 88–89 U.S. embassy bombing and, 27
al Qaeda and, 107–12, 114–15, 117–19, WMDs and, 92–94
121, 124–26, 131–37, 140–54 Al-Qaradhawi, Sheikh Yousef, 32, 81
bin Laden and, 3–5, 20–21, 26–27, 100–1 Alexiev, Alex, 126, 131
jihad in, 58–59, 72–73 Algeria, 50, 66, 73, 75, 81, 86–87, 122,
Koran defilement and reaction to, 41 126, 129, 133, 139, 144, 152, 181
Soviet Union and, 14–17, 67 jihad in, 9–10, 21–22, 58, 88–89
U.S. and, 159–60, 165–70, 180, 183 jihadists in Iraq, 118
228 ● Index
Ali, Ayan Hirshi, 35 ABC News interview, 66–67, 71–72,

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 78, 174
161–62 Afghanistan and, 15, 57, 99–102
Arab nationalism, 11, 14, 31, 107, 132 al Qaeda and, 65–66, 154–55, 157,
Arafat, Yasser, 31 182, 189
Armed Islamic Group (GIA), 21, 50, 87–89 family background, 100–1
kidnapping and beheading of Trappist global jihad movement and, 3–9, 17–21,
monks, 21–22, 88–89 23, 25–28, 30, 37, 40
Arnaout, Enaam, 142–44 interpretation of Koran and, 50–51, 63
Ashura, 90 Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) and, 114
assassination, as weapon of jihad, jihad against Judaism, 60
87–88 justification for 9/11 attacks, 79
Aston, Donald, 84 Khalid Sheikh Mohammed (KSM) and,
at-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir, 90 108–9
Atran, Scott, 103, 183–84 Tablighi Jamaat (TJ) and, 125–26
Atta, Mohamed, 109–11 Taliban and, 105–6, 145–46, 148
Al-Azhar, 15, 32, 77, 81, 93–94, 102 terrorist roots, 101–2
Azizi, Amer, 31 U.S. investigation of, 129, 132–36,
Aznar, Jose Maria, 34 141–43
Azzam, Abdullah, 15, 17, 32, 58–59, 65, U.S. pursuit of, 165–68, 172
99–101, 104, 108, 111, 132–33, WMDs and, 92–93, 97
136–37, 141–42, 144 Zarqawi and, 120–21
Azzam, Abdel-Rahman, 102 Zawahiri and, 105–6
Binalshibh, Ramzi, 110, 112
Baer, Robert, 8, 147 Blair, Tony, 172
Bagauddin, Mullah, 23 Blind Sheik. See Rahman, Sheik Omar
Baker, Abu, 75–76, 93 Abdel
Bakri, Omar, 74, 182 Blix, Hans, 172
Banihammad, Fayez, 140 Bojinka plot, 24–25, 108, 140
Basayev, Shamil, 23–24 Bosnia, 4, 8, 10, 22–23, 31, 91, 109,
Bashir, Abu Bakar, 115 118–19, 129, 138–39, 141–44, 150
Batterjee, Adel, 142–44 Bouyeri, Mohammed, 35, 89, 123–24
Bearden, Milton, 16 Bowden, Mark, 179
beheading, as weapon of jihad, 21, Brooks, David, 85
25–26, 28, 73, 75, 87–89, 91, 105, Bruguiere, Jean-Louis, 181
121, 126 Burke, Jason, 132
Koran’s mention of, 90 Bush Doctrine, 56, 94, 169–70, 189
Beghal, Djamel, 113, 126 Bush, George H.W., 27
ben Ali, Zine Abidine, 22 Bush, George W.
Benevolence International Foundation democratization of Middle East and,
(BIF), 142–44 184–85, 187–90, 194
Benjamin, Daniel, 84 Iraq War and, 172–75
Berg, Nicholas, 121, 191 military response to 9/11, 166–70
Bergen, Peter, 26, 101, 122 nonmilitary response to 9/11, 159–64
Berrebi, Claude, 116 on radical Islamic terrorists, 1, 3, 39, 159
bin Laden, Mohamed, 100 terrorist plots against, 28, 116
bin Laden, Osama on war on terror, 159
1996 fatwa, 42, 52–53, 63, 84
1998 fatwa, 46, 54–59 Carter, Jimmy, 12, 14
9/11 attacks and, 111–12 Casey, Richard, 143
Index ● 229
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 7–8, 14, global jihad movement and, 57–60, 118
16–17, 89, 103, 153, 160, 162, jihad in, 4, 9–11, 17, 19–21, 36, 73,
164–65, 167, 173, 176–77, 181, 184 102–5, 129, 141
investigation of al Qaeda funding, Muslim Brotherhood and, 74, 107–8
145–47 Sadat’s assassination and, 11–13, 53, 87
investigation of bin Laden, 129, 134–35, Egyptian Islamic Group (EIG), 19, 28, 144
140–41 ElBaradei, Mohamed, 172
charities, as funding for jihad, 21, 107, 117, Europe, response to terrorism, 180–84
129, 132–33, 136–37, 139–44, Executive Order (E.O.) 13224, 143, 159–60
147–51, 155, 157, 159
CIA investigation of, 145–47 Fadl, Khaled Abou El, 13, 47, 126
See also Golden Chain; Muslim World Al-Fadl, Jamal Ahmed, 93
League; zakat Fahd, King, 149
Chechnya al-Fahd, Nasir bin Hamid, 94–96
9/11 hijackers and, 110–11 Fakhet, Sarhane Ben Abdelmajid, 123
Chechen fatwa, 82, 87 Fandy, Mamoun, 107, 141
jihad and, 8, 10, 23–24, 43, 73, 87–89, Faraj, Abd al-Salam, 53, 87
118–19, 124 Faris, Iyman, 126, 163
suicide terrorism and, 81–83 fatwa, 81, 134, 146
terror funding and, 129, 131, 133, 139, Al-Fahd’s 2003 declaration of, 94–95
141, 143, 152 Al Qaeda’s 2002 declaration of, 76
Chirac, Jacques, 181 bin Laden’s 1996 declaration of, 20, 23,
civilian targets, 70, 73, 179 26, 59, 63
Clarke, Charles, 182–83 bin Laden’s 1998 declaration of, 3–4,
Clarke, Michael, 181 6–7, 28, 54–57: authority behind,
Clarke, Richard, 6–7 57–58; KSM’s influence on, 20
Clinton, Bill, 6–7, 22, 24, 27, 104, 108, Chechen, 43, 82, 87
129, 139–40, 163, 184 explanation of, 3
Coll, Steve, 101 structure of, 42–43
Cook, David, 40, 43 Sword Verse and, 6, 46
Cordesman, Anthony, 118–20, 157 FIS. See Islamic Salvation Front
Council on Foreign Relations, 92, 151, 157 Fisk, Robert, 25
counterterrorism, 6, 30, 81, 124, 142, 150, Flessner, Mark, 147
180–83 Foley, Lawrence, 96, 121
Coutant-Peyre, Isabelle, 128 Foreign Intelligence Security Act (FISA),
161, 163, 178
Dali Lama, 194 Freedom House, 113–16, 183, 187
Dalrymple, Theodore, 127 Fregosi, Paul, 91
Dawud, Abu, 78 Furnish, Timothy, 90
Defense of Muslim Lands (pamphlet), 58
Degauque, Muriel, 99, 127–28 Ganczarski, Christian, 22
democratization, 184–92 Gause, F. Gregory III, 189–90
seven flaws of (Zarqawi), 185–86 Geneva Conventions, 69–70, 95, 168–69
Dickey, Christopher, 152 GIA. See Armed Islamic Group
dirty bombs, 91–92, 126 Glaser, Daniel, 156
explanation of, 92 Global Relief Foundation (GRF), 144
“Golden Chain,” 129, 132, 135, 142–43
Egypt, 91, 93, 109 Gore, Al, 7
al Qaeda and, 6–7, 133–34 Goris, Issam, 128
democratization and, 187, 189–90, 194 Grand Mosque, 1979 seizure of, 12, 91, 130
230 ● Index
Guantanamo detention facility, 41, 103, jihad and, 8, 10, 24, 31, 33, 66, 86
168–69, 179–80, 182 nuclear technology and, 192–94
guerilla warfare, 69–72 sponsorship of terrorism, 134,
Gul, Hamid, 99 150–51, 189
Gunaratna, Rohan, 30, 118, 145 See also Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah
Musavi
Haddad, Rabih, 144 Iran-Iraq War, 8, 10, 17–18, 69
hadith, 42–43, 49, 57, 75, 83, 185 Iraq
el-Hage, Wadith, 141 9/11 Commission’s investigation of terror
Hamas, 32, 34, 61–62, 69, 74, 77, 102, ties, 152–53
116, 173, 190, 194 assassination in, 87–90
funding of, 139–40, 144, 147, 151 democratization and, 184–89,
suicide terrorism and, 82, 85 191–92, 194
Hambali, 30, 108, 114–15 Gulf War and, 17, 18, 133
Hamza, Shaykh Mir, 57 invasion of, 56, 59, 60, 170–76, 159
Hanbali school, 42–43, 96 Iran and, 17–18, 69
Harakat ul-Jihad-i Islami, 126, 144 jihad and, 8–10, 127–28, 180–1
Harakat ul-Mujahideen, 126 jihadist movement in, 32–33, 54, 72–73,
Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation, 139, 118–21, 156–57, 192
141, 150 oil-for-food sanctions against, 156,
Hariri, Rafiq, 186 174–75
Haski, Hussein Mohammed, 30 suicide terrorism and, 81–82, 84, 86–87
Hassan, Abu, 28, 85 UN sanctions against, 4, 25, 27
Hassan, Margaret, 121, 191 UN weapons inspection, 152–53, 171–75
Hassan, Nasra, 112, 116, 185 WMDs and, 94–97, 175
hawala system, 154–55 Zarqawi and, 36, 120–1, 172–73,
Haykel, Bernard, 74–75 185–86, 189, 191–92
Hegghammer, Thomas, 59, 117, 175, 180 See also Hussein, Saddam
Heimbach, Michael J., 127 Iraq Survey Group (ISG), 173–75
Hekmatyar, Golboddin, 29 Duelfer, Charles, and head of, 174–75
Herold, Marc W., 168 Islam
Hersh, Seymour, 176 jihad and, 54–67
Hezbollah, 8, 70, 84, 134, 189, 194 Koran and, 44–49
Hoffman, Bruce, 81, 83–85 origins of Sunni/Shiite rift, 50
Hofstad group, 35, 123, 126 roots of jihad and, 39–44
Holy War, Inc. (Bergen), 26 Tamiyya and, 49–51
human rights, terrorists and, 168–69, 176–80 Wahhab and, 51–54
Hussein, Saddam Islamic charities, funding for jihad and, 107,
Iran and, 17–18 117, 129, 132, 136–44, 148–51, 155,
Islam and, 56 157, 159
Saudi Arabia and, 4, 102 Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), 21,
U.S. case against, 152–53, 173–74 88, 126
Islamic Waqf, 32, 34
Ibrahim, Izzat, 152 Israel
Ibrahim, Saad Eddin, 190 9/11 and, 109, 112–13
International Islamic Relief Organization counterterrorism efforts, 102
(IIRO), 139–41 Iran and, 192–94
Iran, 109, 189 Iraq and, 157, 171
Iraq and, 17–18, 69 jihad against, 4–5, 8, 31–32, 55, 58–59,
Islamic revolution in, 11, 13–14, 130 60–62, 73, 88, 127
Index ● 231
jihadists’ justification of war against, Join the Caravan (pamphlet), 58

76–77, 80 Jumblatt, Walid, 187
Palestine and, 147, 150–51, 188–90, 192
rise of jihad movement and, 11–13 Al-Kabir, Prince Fahd bin Turki bin
suicide terrorism and, 80–81, 84–85, Saud, 149
112–13, 116, 139 Kaftaro, Sheik Ahmad, 32
torture and, 178–79 Kahane, Meir, 7–8, 165
U.S. ties to, 20, 55, 72 Kallel, Abdallah, 22
WMDs and, 93–94, 97 Kaltner, John, 78
See also Zionism Karzai, Hamed, 167
Kashmir, 8, 10, 24, 27–28, 73, 81, 117,
Janjalani, Abdurajak, 25 119, 129, 139–40, 144, 148
Jansen, Johannes, 53 Kelsay, John, 57
Jarrah, Ziad, 110 Khalid Sheikh Mohammed (KSM), 24–25,
Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), 25, 30, 114–15 30, 88, 106–9, 111–12, 114, 117, 126,
jihad 138–40, 177
9/11 and, 29 Khalifa, Mohammad Jamal, 25, 140
Afghanistan, 26–27 Khan, Mohammed Siddique, 124–25
against “renegade” Muslim rulers, 30–31 Khan, Muhammad Muhsin, 41
in Algeria, 21–22 Khatami, Mohammad, 151, 192
in Bosnia, 22–23 Khattab, Amir, 23
in Chechnya, 23–24 Khobar Towers, attack on, 8, 25
in Egypt, 19–21, 36 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah Musavi, 10,
in Europe, 33–35 17–18, 130, 193
in Indonesia, 30 Khouri, Rami G., 188
in Iraq, 32–33, 118–21 Koran
in Israel, 31–32 abuse of, 179
in Jordan, 36 as basis of law, 129–30
in Kashmir, 27–28 on beheading, 90–91
list of, 8–9 on charity, 137–38, 142
origin of word, 40 democracy and, 185–86
in Philippines, 24–25 jihadist interpretation of, 6, 32–33,
in Saudi Arabia, 25–26 44–49, 56, 61–63, 69, 72–73,
in Sudan, 19 76–77, 80–83, 85, 87
in Tunisia, 22 religious importance of, 41–42
in Yemen, 28–29 Salafis and, 50–54
jihad, global movement See also Sharia; Sword Verse
1979 and significance to, 10–17 Kosovo, 4, 9–10, 91, 144
Afghanistan, 117 Krauthammer, Charles, 168, 177–79
duration of, 66–67 KSM. See Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
educated individuals and, 102–3, 115 Kurzman, Charles, 75
funding for, 131–44 Kuwait, 4, 17–18, 56, 81, 94, 102, 107,
goal of, 63–64 109, 133, 139, 187
importance of vanguard to, 64–66
Islamic origins of, 39–44 Lackawanna Six, 126
Judaism and, 60–62 Lashkar-i-Taiba (LET), 28
leadership of, 99–106 Lebanon, 4, 18, 30–31, 60, 80–81, 86,
locations for, 58–60 109–10, 133–34, 144, 182,
state sponsorship of, 145–53 187–88, 194
in West, 121–28 Leiken, Robert S., 122
232 ● Index
Lerner, Daniel, 117 National Liberation Front, 21

Levitte, Jean-David, 166 National Security Agency (NSA), 162
Lia, Brynjar, 34, 124 National Security Council (NSC), 129,
Lindh, John Walker, 126, 146 134, 145
Loiseau, Herve, 126 Neglected Duty, The (pamphlet), 47, 53, 56,
Los Angeles Times, 15, 150, 164, 168 58, 67, 87
New York Times, 92, 127, 149, 162, 164,
Madrid train bombings, 9, 31, 33–34, 73, 186, 188–89, 193–94
113, 121–24, 180–82 Newsweek, 41, 120, 152, 174, 181, 187
al-Majid, Ali Hassan (Chemical Ali), 156 Nidal, Abu, 170–71
Makhluf, Hasanayn Muhammad, 31 Nosair, El Sayyid, 7–8, 165
Maktab Al-Khidamat, 100, 141–42 Nowak, Manfred, 183
Makuta, Ron, 157
Malzahn, Claus, 187 Obaid, Nawaf, 118–20, 157
martyrdom, 15, 18, 23, 32–34, 36, 54, Omar, Mullah Mohammad, 26, 105,
76–77, 81–83, 85, 105, 110–11, 117, 145–46, 167
119–20, 125, 148, 170 Oren, Michael, 188
See also suicide terrorism Ottoman, 13, 51–52, 54, 58, 64, 91
al-Masri, Abu Hamza, 28, 113
al-Masri, Abu Ayyub, 192 Padilla, Jose, 92, 126–27
Mawdudi, Abu al-A’la, 63 Pakistan
McCain, John, 177 Afghanistan and, 15, 16–17, 26,
McCormack, Sean, 163 167–69
McDermott, Terry, 138 al Qaeda and, 57, 148–49
El-Mejjati, Karim, 30 beheading in, 89
MEMRI (Middle East Media Research bin Laden and, 52–53, 105, 133
Institute), 93, 115 Islamic charities and, 139–42, 144
Middle East war (1973), 12 Jamaat-e-Islami, 63
Milestones (Qutb), 44, 60, 63–65, 101 jihad and, 9, 20, 24, 30, 33, 73–74, 81,
military response to terrorism, 164–66 86, 119, 129
See also preventative war Kashmir and, 27–28
Miller, John, 174 Muslim Brotherhood (MB) and, 107
Mir, Hamid, 93–94 throat-slitting in, 88
Mofaz, Shaul, 194 U.S. and, 132
Moussaoui, Zacarias, 29, 111, 113, 121–22, WMDs and, 92–94
126, 141, 180 Palestine, 5, 8, 11, 17, 20, 31–32, 66, 74,
Mubarak, Hosni, 20, 72, 134, 141, 187 76–77, 85, 110, 113, 119, 171,
mujahidin, 14–18, 22–24, 27, 37, 59, 87, 173, 194
97, 101, 104, 108, 111, 118, 126, Israel and, 151
132–33, 135–37, 139, 141–44, 146, jihad and liberation of, 58–60
186, 192 suicide terrorism and, 116
Muslim Brotherhood (MB), 11–13, 15, 32, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), 31–32, 85,
44, 54, 61, 74, 77, 81, 101, 107–8, 116, 151
140–41, 194 Parti Islam SeMalaysia (PAS), 29, 74
Muslim World League (MWL), 132, 136, Patriot Act. See USA PATRIOT Act
139–41 Paz, Reuvan, 119
Pearl, Daniel, 28, 88–89, 191
Nasar, Mustafa Setmarian, 124 Pipes, Daniel, 127, 167, 188
Nasser, Gamal Abdul, 11, 13, 44, 107 Pope John Paul II, 24, 108, 140
Index ● 233
Posner, Gerald, 149–50 al Qaeda funding and, 129, 132–33,

Post, Jerrold, 89 137–38, 140, 143, 146, 155, 157
Powell, Colin, 120–21, 172–73 American military presence in, 4, 55
Prados, Alfred B., 148 beheading and, 89, 91
preventative war, 169–70 bin Laden and, 15, 17, 55, 100–2, 105
Putin, Vladimir, 33 Blind Sheik and, 21
condemnation of 9/11 attacks, 74
al-Qaradawi, Shaykh Yusuf, 73–74, founding of, 13–14
77, 81 Islamist scholars and, 50–52, 54
Qatada, Abu, 121, 180–83 jihad and, 9–10, 25–26, 30–31, 73, 175
Qutb, Mohammed, 101 Pakistan and, 33
Qutb, Sayyid, 44, 59–61, 63–65, 101, study of Iraqi insurgents, 119–20
103, 107 Wahhabism and, 130–31
Saxton, Jim, 157
Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar, 193 Sayyaf, Abdul, 107
Rahman, Sheik Omar Abdel (The Blind Sayyaf, Abu, 25, 89, 108, 140
Sheik), 7, 19–20, 25, 28, 36, 72, 89, Schleifer, Abdallah, 103
104, 107, 111, 165 Schmidt, John, 164
signing of bin Laden’s 1998 fatwa, Sfeir, Antoine, 128
57–58 Sharia, 12–13, 19–20, 43, 49, 57, 74, 81,
Ramadan-Yom Kippur War (1973), 13 87, 97, 105–6, 114, 167,
Rand Corporation, 81, 83, al Shehhi, Marwan, 110
85, 116 al-Sheik, Sheik Abdulaziz bin Abdullah, 74
Ranstorp, Magnus, 112 Six Day War (1967), 11
Reid, Richard, 29, 113, 121, 122, 126, sleeper cells, 121–22
127, 180 Somalia, 4, 8–9, 26, 35, 104, 133–34,
Reno, Janet, 6 150, 154
Ressam, Ahmed, 113, 122 Soviet Union, 4, 8–10, 23, 25–28, 37,
Rice, Condoleeza, 7 58–59, 99, 101, 105, 108, 111,
Richardson, Bill, 146 117–18, 121, 131–37, 142, 168, 170
Rumsfeld, Donald, 175 Afghanistan and, 67
Starr, S. Frederick, 24
al-Sabil, Shaykh Muhammad bin Stern, Jessica, 33, 117, 119
‘Abdallah, 74 Sudan, 8–9, 19–21, 26–27, 55, 69, 86, 91,
Sadat, Anwar, 11–12, 19–20, 47, 53, 101–2, 104–5, 118, 124, 131, 133–34,
56–58, 67, 87, 103 143, 145, 151–52, 165
Sagemen, Marc, 102–4, 111–12, suicide terrorism, 3, 9, 28, 30–31,
115–17, 119 35–36, 69, 72, 96, 102, 105,
Salafis, 43, 50–52, 65, 76, 107, 111, 123, 111–12, 116, 119, 139, 151,
125, 184, 194 171, 179, 183–84, 191
See also Wahhabism Islamic clerics’ endorsement of, 81–83
al-Saud, Prince Sultan bin Faisal bin recruitment for, 85–86
Turki, 149 Sullivan, Andrew, 178–79
bin Saud, Muhammad, 13, 51, 130, Sungkar, Abdullah, 114–15
Saudi Arabia Sunnah, 41–42, 49–52, 93, 96, 101
9/11 Commission’s investigation of, Sword Verse, 6, 46–47, 62
148–50 Syria, 32, 60, 66, 75, 86, 88, 100–2,
9/11 hijackers and, 111–12 118, 120, 123, 151, 156, 185,
Afghanistan and, 169 187, 194
234 ● Index
Tablighi Jamaat (TJ), 125–27 United States

Tadzhuddin, Talgat, 33 bin Laden’s case against, 4
Taha, Rifai Ahmad, 28 investigation of bin Laden, 129, 132–36,
signing of bin Laden’s 1998 141–43
fatwa, 57 military response to 9/11, 166–70
Taliban, 9, 26, 29, 52, 57, 97, 113, nonmilitary response to 9/11,
115, 126, 131, 134–35, 150, 155, 159–64
166–70 post-conflict worldview, 5–6
bin Laden and, 105–6, 145–46, 148 pursuit of bin Laden, 165–68, 172
Tantawi, Sheikh Mohammad Sayyed, 77, triumphalism, 16
81, 93 See also 9/11; 9/11 Commission; Bush,
Tanweer, Shehzad, 125 George W.
Taymiyya, Ibn, 42, 49–54, 86 U.S. embassies bombings in
Tenet, George, 7, 165 Africa (1998), 3, 7, 9, 27, 93,
terrorism 113, 129, 165
European response to, 180–84 financing for, 135, 140–41, 145
justification of, 73–80 USA PATRIOT Act, 160–62
suicide, 80–87
vs. warfare, 69–73 van Gogh, Theo, 35, 89, 122–24,
TheReligionofPeace.com (TROP), 72 126, 191
throat-slitting, as weapon of jihad, 21, 73, vanguard, concept of, 64, 117, 145, 190
87–90, 119 as basis for establishing al Qaeda,
Time magazine, 7, 72 65–66
To Be a Muslim, 114 Vidino, Lorenzo, 140, 157
torture, 19, 28, 35, 83, 85, 125, 149,
168–69, 183 Wahhab, Muhammad ibn Abd al, 13–14,
debate surrounding use of, 176–79, 183 49, 184
al-Tourabi, Hassan, 19 alliance with bin Saud, 51–52, 130
Tunisia, 9, 22, 73–74, 81, 113, Wahhabism, 13–14, 131
133, 148 Al-Walid, Khaled ibn, 93
Waller, J. Michael, 114, 127
United Nations (UN) war on terror, 159–64
Afghanistan and, 146 weapons of mass destruction (WMDs),
Colin Powell’s speech to, 120–21 91–97, 171–75
Committee Against Torture, 169 Wechsler, William, 129
conventions on warfare/terrorism, West Bank, 77, 140, 188
69, 71, 169 Wiktorowicz, Quintan, 78
Hamas view of, 61 wiretapping, 162–64
human rights and, 183 Woosley, James, 184
investigation of terror funding, 141, World Trade Center
143, 155 1993 attack on, 8, 20, 24, 89, 104, 122,
Iran and, 150, 192–93 165, 171
Iraqi weapons inspection, 152–53, September 11, 2001 attacks on, 3, 20, 76,
171–75 78, 109–10, 177, 181
sanctions against Iraq, 4, 25, 27 Wright, Lawrence, 34, 103–4
sanctions against Sudan, 134
Security Council Resolution Yasin, Abdul Rahman, 109, 170–1
1373, 160 Yeltsin, Boris, 23
terrorist plots against, 8, 104, 165 Yoo, John, 168
Index ● 235
Yousef, Ramzi, 20, 24–25, 106–7, 108–9, al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 12, 16–17,
111, 122, 140 19, 24, 27–28, 57,
Yusuf ‘Ali, Abdullah, 90 59, 66, 97, 117, 140,
155, 192
Zaeef, Mullah, 167 early life, 102–5
zakat, 44, 47, 136–39, 148 Zeidan, David, 60
al-Zarqawi, Abu Musab, 33, 36, 50, 96–97, Zionism, 5, 12, 31–32, 55, 61, 78, 103,
120–21, 136, 172–73, 180, 185–86, 113, 193
189–92 Ziyad, Tariq ibn, 34
citing of Taymiyya, 54 Zouabri, Antar, 21
justification of killing Shiites, Zubaydah, Abu, 28, 92, 109, 112, 136,
86–87 149, 162

Notes: Chapter 1 Where Is Jihad Being Fought?

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Notes

Chapter 1 Where Is Jihad Being Fought?

20. The 9/11 Commission Report, 60.

123. See a translation of the Hamas Charter at http://www.fas.org/irp/world/

Chapter 2 What Is The Ideology of Jihad?

28. Ibid., 8 and 172–173.

62. Ibid., 7–9.

Chapter 3 How Is Jihad Being Fought?

13. “Islamic Statements Against Terrorism,” compiled by Charles Kurzman, available

Chapter 4 Who Is Fighting Jihad?

50. Ibid., 148.

83. Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks, 94–95.

Chapter 5 Who Is Really Fighting Jihad?

17. Ibid, 66.

43. Treasury Department Statement on the Designation of Wa’el Hamza Julidan,

69. Roth, Greenburg, and Wille, Monograph on Terrorist Financing, 27–28.

Chapter 6 How Is Global Jihad Being Countered?

7. Christopher Drew and William K. Rashbaum, “Opponents’ and

9/11, 29, 123, 126–27, 170, 177, war in, 166–69

Ali, Ayan Hirshi, 35 ABC News interview, 66–67, 71–72,

jihadists’ justification of war against, Join the Caravan (pamphlet), 58

Lerner, Daniel, 117 National Liberation Front, 21

Posner, Gerald, 149–50 al Qaeda funding and, 129, 132–33,

Tablighi Jamaat (TJ), 125–27 United States

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