Link Budgets

RF Design Principles
] Link Budgets
] Antennas and System Performance
] Propagation
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TWS Proprietary - www.twsinternational.com - (770) 752-7033
Link Budgets
A link budget, much like a household budget, determines
how much we can spend. Consequences of exceeding your
link budget include poor coverage and dropped calls.
Determining your link budget is usually the first step in any

design. From the link budget, we determine Cell Radii,
Design Thresholds, Power Limits, etc.
Many of the link budget factors are set by either GSM

Recommendations or by the limitations of the
manufacturer’s equipment. Others are determined by the
environment (buildings, trees, etc) of the area we wish to
cover.
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LNA Insertion Loss = 0.5 dB
Duplexer Loss = 0.6 dB
Link Budgets
RX Sensitivity = -107.5 dB
Antenna Gain = 20 dBi
Diversity Gain = 3.5 dB
Path Loss
Top Jumper = 0.4 dB
Power = 30 dBm (1 Watt)
Sensitivity = -102 dBm
Antenna = 0 dBi
LNA Jumper = 0.2 dB
Main Feeder = 2.8 dB
Bottom Jumper = 0.3 dB
Ericsso
n BTS Power = 43.2 dBm
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Link Budgets
ERICSON LNA BTS DownLink Budget

LINK BUDGET 1-2 TRX’s BS Tx Power *(2) dBm 43.20
Uplink Budget Units Value BS Tx Power Watts 20.89
MS TX Power dBm 30.00 Duplexor Losses dB 0.60
MS Antenna Gain dBi 0.00 LNA Insertion Loss dB 0.50
Fade Margin dB 0.00 Cable Length (ft) ft 270.00
BS Antenna Gain dBi 20.00 Cable Type dB 2.80
Duplexor Loss dB 0.60 Top Jumper Length ft 12.00
Top Jumper Length ft 12.00 Top Jumper dB 0.40
Top Jumper dB 0.40 Bottom Jumper Length ft 9.00
Antenna System / Power Subtotal dBm 49.00 Bottom Jumper dB 0.30
DLNA Jumper Length ft 6.00
BS Rx Sensitivity dBm -107.50 DLNA Jumper dB 0.20
Diversity Gain dB 3.50 Total Line loss 3.70
Guaranteed Cellsite Sensitivity dBm -111.00 BS Antenna Gain dBi 20.00
BS EIRP dBm 58.40
Max Allowable Uplink Loss dB 160.00 Fade Margin dB 0.00
MS Antenna Gain dBi 0.00
MS Rx Sensitivity dBm -102.00
Max Allowable Downlink Loss dB 160.40
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Link Budgets
Fade Margin is the margin required to ensure that the signal
remains above the minimum required level for an acceptable
part of the time (acceptable is defined as 90%, 95%,
98%,etc).
The signal received by the mobile is constantly changing.

From this variability, a standard deviation can be derived.
The fade margin is simply the multiplication of the standard
deviation by the number of standard deviations required to
ensure the desired level of coverage.
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Link Budgets
Standard Deviation of Fading = 6 to 8 dB
Confidence Level SD's

50% 0
55% 0.13
60% 0.26
65% 0.39
70% 0.53
75% 0.68
80% 0.85
85% 1.04
90% 1.29
95% 1.65
99% 2.33
Fade Margin for 90% Coverage

8 dB x 1.29 = 10.32 dB
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Link Budgets
Penetration Losses are the additional losses required to
cover inside a building. In-Building (or in-car) losses should
be given as a mean value and a standard deviation. Both
must be taken into account if we wish to cover more than the
“average” building.
For in-building coverage, the total standard deviation is

calculated as the square root of the sum of the squares of the
standard deviation (building and fade margin).
From these factors, we can simply derive the required design

thresholds for the system quality we wish.
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Link Budgets
Large Building Car

Penetration Loss 16 8
S tandard Deviation 9 7
For Large Buildings

Total Standard Deviation = 8 + 9 = 12.04
2 2
For Coverage in Cars

Total Standard Deviation = 8 + 7 = 10.63
2 2
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Service Thresholds
Required Signal Level
= Sensitivity + Penetration Loss + Fade Margin
For Large Buildings (90% coverage)

Level = -102 + 16 + (1.29 x 12.04) = -70.5 dBm
For Coverage in Cars (90% Coverage)

Level = -102 + 8 + (1.29 x 10.63) = -80.3 dBm
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Link Balance
RxLev UL vs DL RxLev_UP_dBm
-30 RxLev_DL_dBm
1 22 43 64 85 106 127 148 169 190 211 232 253 274 295 316 337 358 379 400 421 442 463 484
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
-110
RxQualUP
RxQual UL vs DL
7 RxQualDL
0
1 21 41 61 81 101 121 141 161 181 201 221 241 261 281 301 321 341 361 381 401 421 441 461 481
RxLev Delta (DL - UL)

30
20
10
0
1 21 41 61 81 101 121 141 161 181 201 221 241 261 281 301 321 341 361 381 401 421 441 461 481
-10
-20
-30 RxLev_Delta
Average RxLev UL = -84 Average RxQual UL = 0.04

Average RxLev DL = -76 Average RxQual DL = 0.55
Average RxLev Delta = 9
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Link Budgets - Comparison
Antenna Gain = 20 dBi
Diversity Gain = 5 dB
Path Loss
Top Jumper = 0.4 dB
Power = 30 dBm (1 Watt)
Sensitivity = -102 dBm
Antenna = 0 dBi
Main Feeder = 2.8 dB
Bottom Jumper = 0.3 dB
Nortel
BTS Power = 43.2 dBm
Duplexer Loss = 1.5 dB (TX only)
RX Sensitivity = -110 dB
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Link Budgets - Comparison
NORTEL S8000 STD BTS

LINK BUDGET 1-2 TRX’s
Uplink Budget Units Value
DownLink Budget
MS TX Power dBm 30.00
MS Antenna Gain dBi 0.00 BS Tx Power dBm 44.80
Fade Margin dB 0.00 BS Tx Power Watts 30.20
BS Antenna Gain dBi 20.00 Duplexor Losses dB 1.50
Cable Length ft 270.00 Cable Length (ft) ft 270.00
Cable Type dB 2.80 Cable Type dB 2.80
Top Jumper Length ft 12.00 Top Jumper Length ft 12.00
Top Jumper dB 0.40 Top Jumper dB 0.40
Bottom Jumper Length ft 9.00 Bottom Jumper Length ft 9.00
Bottom Jumper dB 0.30 Bottom Jumper dB 0.30
Total Cable Loss dB 3.50 Total Cable Loss dB 3.50
Antenna System / Power Subtotal dBm 46.50 BS Antenna Gain dBi 20.00
BS EIRP dBm 59.80
BS Rx Sensitivity dBm -110.00 Fade Margin dB 0.00
Diversity Gain dB 5.00 MS Antenna Gain dBi 0.00
Guaranteed Cellsite Sensitivity dBm -115.00 MS Rx Sensitivity dBm -102.00
Max Allowable Uplink Loss dB 161.50 Max Allowable Downlink Loss dB 161.80
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RF Design Principles

Determining your link budget is usually the first step in any

Many of the link budget factors are set by either GSM

Main Feeder = 2.8 dB

Bottom Jumper = 0.3 dB

ERICSON LNA BTS DownLink Budget

Max Allowable Downlink Loss dB 160.40

The signal received by the mobile is constantly changing.

Confidence Level SD's

Fade Margin for 90% Coverage

For in-building coverage, the total standard deviation is

From these factors, we can simply derive the required design

Large Building Car

For Large Buildings

For Coverage in Cars

For Large Buildings (90% coverage)

For Coverage in Cars (90% Coverage)

RxLev Delta (DL - UL)

Average RxLev UL = -84 Average RxQual UL = 0.04

Main Feeder = 2.8 dB

Bottom Jumper = 0.3 dB

NORTEL S8000 STD BTS

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