Pbis4208 M1

Module 1
General and Specific Terms

Iswahyuni, S.Pd.
IN TR ODU C TION
W hen you read a paragraph, you will deal with sentences. A sentence is
a group of words or phrases that forms a statement, command,
exclamation or question. In other words, phrases and words are the main part
of both sentences and paragraphs.
These modules, then, will help you to read paragraphs in details. Thus, in
the beginning, you will study words, phrases and their organization in the
form of paragraph, which is discussed into general and specific terms and
presented into two units. It is important for you to master the two terms
because it is the basic knowledge to read paragraphs or texts.
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE
After finishing this module, you are expected to be able to differentiate

the terms general and specific and apply the knowledge in reading activities.
1.2 Reading 2 
Unit 1
General Terms
By the end of this unit, you are expected to be able to identify the
general terms in paragraphs.
When we discuss the terms general, we will also discuss the specific
terms. They, actually, cannot be separated at all. However, in this module,
they will be presented in the different unit in order to help you to learn the
paragraph better. Thus, the most activities in module one are doing exercises
related with general terms only.
Text deals with sentences and vocabulary. The sentences are arranged in
such away that the text or paragraphs can be read easily. Thus, an author/ a
writer tries to make the readers be able to find the ideas discussed. The most
important way is that they use two terms in composing paragraphs, those are
general and specific terms. Those terms are needed not only in choosing
words for the sentences, but also presenting the ideas in the paragraphs.
A. GENERAL WORDS
Commonly, general terms refer to a broad class, type, and grouping of

words. The specific terms, then, denote a distinctive member or element - a
species, individual, component, particular for. To make it clear, compare the
following pairs of words:
animal - tigers
acids - sulfuric acids
flower - lily
cloth - pants
In those pairs, you find that the words in the left have less detail than the
words in the right. Animal, for example, is more general than tigers.
Moreover, there are many other terminology that can be classified as the
word `animal'
 PBIS4208/MODULE1 1.3
Such as elephant, monkey, cat, etc. Acid, then, is also more general than
sulfuric acid. Another example is flower. There are many kinds of flower in
the world and `lily' is one of them.
Again, general words tend to have less detail or fineness, to have a
summarizing rather than particularizing quality. When we read in the form of
sentences, it will be clearer to identify. Note the following pair of sentences:
1. a. The students do the exercise.
b. The physics students do the mathematics exercise.
2. a. The child is cleaning the car.
b. Danny is washing his jeep.
3. a. The animal is greedy.
b. A dog is greedy.
You should recognize that the first sentences are more general than the
second sentences. And you should be able to think of other words that are
specific in relation to each of the general words, and of other words that are
even more general.
Statements are also classified as general or specific. When you read a
statement "Fruit is healthful," you can know that it is a general statement and
"Orange provides vitamin C" is a specific statement.
B. GENERAL IDEAS
In the texts, the terms general and specific not only refer to the word
used, but also to how the ideas are presented. In other words, they refer to the
organization of the paragraphs. The terms general refers to the general
sentence of the paragraph. It is usually called topic or general idea. It is the
key sentence in a paragraph because it names the subject and the controlling
idea: the author's main idea, opinion, or feeling about the topic. The general
idea is than supported by supporting details or specific ideas.
In a paragraph, there is only one general idea. It can be presented at the
beginning or at the end of a paragraph. Sometimes, an author presents the
general idea both in the first and the last sentence of the paragraph. The
general idea has function to tell you (as the reader) what the authors going to
say. Note the following example.
1.4 Reading 2 
Although all animal fibers are complex proteins,

Topic/ which are resistant to most organic acids, they
General idea are not resistant toward some substances. Protein
fibers are damaged by mild alkalies
Supporting Details/ (Basic substances) and may be dissolved by strong
specific idea alkalies such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH). They
can also be damaged by chlorine-based bleaches
and undiluted liquid hypochloride bleach dissolve
wool or silk.
(taken from Encarta Reference Library)
The paragraph above has a general idea presented in the beginning of the
paragraph. Here, the author wants to show that animal fibers are not resistant
toward some substances. It is the key sentence of the paragraph and the
sentence is then supported by the next sentences (supporting or specific
ideas). The general word is used to show the general idea, that is the word
substances. Substances, then, is supported by the use of specific words, such
as mild alkalies, sodium hydroxide, chlorine, and hypochloride.
General ideas often have specific facts or examples that support them or
make them clear. Note the sample paragraph below.
The color of a metal changes when its

temperature changes. When metals become very
Topic/ hot, it begins to glow. First, a metal will glow a
General idea dull red color. When the metals become hotter, it
changes to a bright red hot. At higher temperatures,
it becomes yellow and finally white. The wire
inside a light bulb is a common example of a yellow
hot metal.
When the wire inside becomes yellow-hot, the
Specific fact/ light bulb glows, or gives light.
example
(taken from Skillful Reading)
The paragraph has two general words, which are used to show the
general idea, those are color and temperature. All of the sentences in the text
relate with those two words. In the first sentence, the general idea is
presented. The color of a metal changes when its temperature changes.

The sentence shows that in the next sentences, there will be the supporting
details that support the general sentence or make it clearer. When the metals
become hotter, it changes to a bright red-hot. It supports the first sentence.
The specific word of general words in the first sentence can be found here.
The word bright red-hot is the specific word of color and the word hotter is
the specific word of temperature. It also happens in the next sentence. At
higher temperatures, it becomes yellow and finally white. Yellow and white
refer to color and higher temperatures refer to temperature. Besides using
supporting details, an example or fact is also used in this paragraph. When
the wire inside becomes yellow-hot, the light bulb glows, or gives light. It is
clear that the light bulb is a specific fact or an example that support the
general sentence.
When you read a text, which has more than 2 paragraphs, the topic of the
text is presented in the first paragraph. It called as the introductory
paragraph. Here you will find what the text is going to tell the readers. The
other paragraphs, then, has its own topic sentence. One paragraph has one
topic sentence. However, all topic sentences relate with the introductory
paragraph. Read the following example.
Some people have malnutrition. Their diets have too

much or too little of some nutrients, or too many or too
Introductory few calories. Nutritionists have three major ways of
paragraph deciding if a person has malnutrition: physical exams,
laboratory tests, and diet studies.
Topic In the physical exam, the nutritionist looks for external

signs of malnutrition. For one thing, the nutritionist looks at the
patient's skin. Rough, dry skin, for example, may mean that the
patient does not have enough vitamin A. In addition, the
nutritionist looks at the patient's mouth. Cracks at the corner of
the mouth, a purplish or bright red tongue, and bleeding gums can
all be signs of vitamin deficiencies. The nutritionist also notices
the patient's hair. If a patient does not have enough protein, the
hair may be thinner and duller than normal.
1.6 Reading 2 
Topic In laboratory tests, nutritionists look for the amounts

of nutrients patients have in their bodies. There are two main
types of laboratory tests: blood tests and urine tests. A blood test
can show, for example, if a patient has anemia from too little iron
in his or her diet. A urine test shows how much vitamin is
absorbed by the body and how much passes through the body
because it is not needed. If the patient's body absorbs a great deal
of the vitamins, the patient may have a vitamin deficiency.
Topic There are three main ways nutritionists do diet studies.

First, the nutritionist may interview the patient and ask general
questions about the patient's diet. The nutritionist might ask
questions such as the following: What do you usually eat for
breakfast? How much coffee do you drink in a day? How often do
you eat a raw vegetable salad? Second, the nutritionist may ask
the patient to recall everything she or he ate in the past 24 hours.
This information represents the person's usual diet. Finally,
patients can keep their own list of what they eat. Later the
nutritionist looks at the list to see if the patient ate too much or too
little of any nutrient.
(Taken from Skillful Reading: 111)
The text above has four paragraphs. The first paragraph is the
introductory paragraph. It tells the readers what they are going to read. The
topic of the text is presented in the last sentences of paragraph one (note the
underline sentence). Thus, you can find that the text is about three major
ways of deciding if a person has malnutrition: physical exams, laboratory
tests, and diet studies. Each way is presented in different paragraphs (note the
bold sentence in each paragraph). The bold sentence in paragraph 2 is the
topic sentence for the second paragraph only. It also happens with others.
Again, the topic sentences relate with the introductory paragraph. They refer
to the main topic of the paragraph that is the three ways of deciding
malnutrition
E XE RC ISE
Exercise 1
Direction: In the following group of words, find out the general word.
Example : cat, elephant, tiger, animal, wolf
General word
1. triangle, oval, shape, square

2. Soap, body lotion, personal care product, shampoo
3. Micro wave, home technology, electrical stove, refrigerator
4. Information media, magazine, newspaper, internet
5. Table, book case, furniture, cupboard, bed
6. Bank, school, building, office, department store
7. Fishing, diving, hobby, singing, rock climbing
8. Ballad, rock, music, country, jazz
9. Tea, coffee, milk, juice, drink
10. Citrus fruit, Sunkist, lime, orange
11. Bird, penguin, pelican, gull, roller
12. Voice, tenor, bass, alto, soprano
13. Honda, Toyota, Mitsubishi, brand, BMW
14. Beethoven, Mozart, great musician, Sebastian Bach
15. Egg, milk, honey, healthy food
Exercise 2
Direction: What is the general term of the following words?
Example : pants, T-shirt, skirt, gloves, socks, Answer : clothes
1. Face powder, eye shadow, lipstick, perfume

2. Calculator, eraser, white board, paper
3. Piano, guitar, drums, violin
4. Pincers, screw driver, hammer, drill
5. Fork, plate, bowl, spoon
6. Boxing, basket ball, football, skate boat
1.8 Reading 2 
7. White wine, brandy, black Russian, beer

8. Rice, corn, sago, bread
9. Tiger, bear, snake, lion
10. Oil, water, ink, gasoline
11. Jacket, raincoat, tent, carrier, flashlight
12. Monitor, memory, disk drive, CD ROM
Exercise 3
Direction: Circle the letter of the more general phrase I sentence.
1. a. Being sick, the man walks slowly.

b. Being sick, the man wobbles.
2. a. The English teacher of SMUN 1.
b. The teacher of SMUN 1
3. a. Sitting on the chair.
b. Sitting on the sofa
4. a. Getting a message from a male.
a. Getting a massage from a little boy.
5. a. Writing a short story.
a. Composing a short story.
6. a. Sending a letter to the company.
b. Sending an inquiry to the company.
7. a. Driving a limousine.
b. Driving a car.
8. a. A man is cleaning his motorcycle.
b. Paul is cleaning his motorcycle.
9. a. Reading science books is her hobby
b. Reading books is her hobby.
10. a. The girl wants a toy.
b. The girl wants a small purple ball.
Exercise 4
Direction: In the following pairs of sentences, which the sentence is more
specific?
1. a. Joan likes reading books very much.

b. Joan likes reading true stories and books about real life very much.
2. a. The communication department students have a final test this week.

b. They have an examination this week.
3. a. Consuming drugs is very dangerous.
b. Smoking marijuana is hazardous to our health.
4. a. Exercise is good for your health.
b. Jogging is good for your health.
5. a. No one who saw her once never forgot her beauty.
b. No one who saw her once will remember her dark hair, hair, and
especially her smiles.
6. a. Reading a lot helps us to have more general knowledge and to be
open minded.
b. Reading a lot has some advantages.
7. a. Cooking fruit salad, she bought much fruit in the supermarket.
b. Cooking fruit salad, she bought pineapples, apples, watermelon, and
grapes in Hero Supermarket.
8. a. There are many modern electrical tools of communication.
b. Television, Internet, radio, phone are tools of communication.
9. a. Studying abroad is expensive.
b. Studying in the United States needs much money not only for
paying the school fee, but also for living there.
10. a. Smoking cigarettes is hazardous.
b. Smoking cigarettes promotes cough, cancer and heart attack.
Exercise 5
Direction : Identify the general ideas in the following paragraphs. Read each
paragraph. Then circle the letter next to the general idea.
Example : Look at the sample paragraph on page 4 again (the 2nd one).
What is the general idea?
a. At higher temperatures, it becomes yellow and finally white.
b. The color of a metal changes when its temperature changes.
c. When the wire inside becomes yellow-hot, the light bulb glows, or gives
light.
d. When metals become very hot, it begins to glow.
Answer: b
1.10 Reading 2 
1. Amelia Earhart was a famous woman in her time. In 1928, she became
the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean as a passenger in an airplane.
In 1932, she became the first woman pilot to fly solo across the Atlantic.
Later that year, she was the first woman to fly the United States from
New Jersey to California. Earhart set records in flying times and won
many awards.
(taken from All About the USA)

a. Amelia Earhart set records in flying times and won many awards.
b. Amelia Earhart was a famous woman.
c. Amelia Earhart was the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean
d. Amelia Earhart was the first woman pilot to fly solo across the
Atlantic.
Answer : ……………..
2. Man has always wanted to improve his appearance. Early man put on
animal skins and hung strings of beads and stones around his neck. He
decorated himself with paint, tattoos, and scars. Bark, leaves, straw,
feathers, or whatever material was closest at hand was turned into
clothing.

a. He decorated himself with paint, tattoos, and scars.
b. Early man put on animal skins and hung strings of beads and stones
around his neck.
c. Man wants to improve his appearance.
d. Bark, leaves, straw, feathers, or whatever material was closest at
hand was turned into clothing.
Answer : …………………
3. For early man, clothing may have had magical qualities as well as
decorative and useful ones. He may have believed that an animal skin
worn during a hunt would give the hunter the animal's cunning. By
wrapping himself in a certain skin, he may have been trying to keep
away evil spirits. Perhaps he put on the skin of a powerful beast to show
that he was the leader of a group or a good hunter.

a. Man believed that an animal skin worn during a hunt would give the
hunter the animal's cunning.
b. When a man wrapped himself in a certain skin, he may have been
trying to keep away evil spirits.
c. Perhaps he put on the skin of a powerful beast to show that he was
the leader of a group or a good hunter.
d. Clothing may have had magical qualities as well as decorative and
useful ones.
Answer : ………………….
4. Organization cannot exist without communication. If there is no

communication, employees cannot know what their associates are doing,
management cannot receive information inputs, and management cannot
give instruction. Coordination of work is impossible, and the
organization will collapse for lack of it. Cooperation also becomes
impossible, because people cannot communicate their needs and feelings
to others. We can say with some confidence that every act of
communication influences the organization in some way.

a. Organization cannot exist without communication.
b. When there is no communication, employees cannot know what
their associates are doing.
c. Coordination of work is impossible, and the organization will
collapse for lack of communication.
d. Every act of communication influences the organization in some
ways.
Answer : ………………………..
5. Glass, which is made from silica sand, is the only inorganic (mineral)
fiber widely used in commercial applications. There are two main forms
1.12 Reading 2 
of glass fibers: continuous and staple. Continuous glass fiber, which is

made by drawing molten glass into threads, is used in textile materials.
The use of air, steam, or gas to disrupt the flow of the molten glass
stream produces staple fibers. These fibers can be fabricated into mats or
into bulk-molding and sheet-molding compounds with the use of resins,
or organic binders. Quartz mineral is high-silica, high purity glass that is
good for long-term use at temperatures as- high as 1400 0C (2552° F)

a. There are two main forms of glass fibers: continuous and staple.
b. Continuous glass fiber is used in textile materials.
c. The use of air, steam, or gas to disrupt the flow of the molten glass
stream produces staple fibers.
d. Glass is the only inorganic (mineral) fiber widely used in
commercial applications.
Answer : ......................................
Exercise 6
Direction : Read the texts on exercise 5 again. Write down the general
idea and find out the specific facts I examples used.
Example : Look at the sample paragraph on page 4 again (the 2nd one).
General idea : The color of a metal changes when its temperature changes.
Specific facts : - At higher temperatures, it becomes yellow and finally
white.
- When the wire inside becomes yellow-hot, the light bulb
glows, or gives light.
- When metals become very hot, it begins to glow.
No. General idea Specific facts/examples

1. - ……………………………………
- ……………………………………
- ……………………………………
2. - ……………………………………
- ……………………………………
- ……………………………………
3. - ……………………………………
- ……………………………………
- ……………………………………
No. General idea Specific facts/examples

4. - ……………………………………
- ……………………………………
- ……………………………………
5. - ……………………………………
- ……………………………………
- ……………………………………
Exercise 7
Direction : Identify the general ideas in the following paragraphs. Read each
paragraph. Then underline the general sentence.
Example :
General Although all animal fibers are complex proteins, which
sentence are resistant to most organic acids, they are not resistant
toward some substances.
Protein fibers are damaged by mild alkalis (basic
substances) and may be dissolved by strong alkalis such
as sodium hydroxide (NaOH). They can also be
damaged by chlorine-based bleaches and undiluted
liquid hypo chloride bleach dissolve wool or silk.
1. Farm production in the United States increases each year as a result of

new technology (e.g., new farm machinery, irrigation, and fertilizers). A
century ago, one farmer produced enough food for five people. Today
one farmer produces enough for nearly fifty people. Therefore, farmers
must lower their prices in order to sell more of their products. Farmers'
incomes are low. Their incomes improve when more people want to buy
their products. A law passed in 1954 allows foreign countries to buy
wheat and other grains from American farmers. When the USSR bought
wheat from the United States in the 1970's, wheat prices rose, and
farmers' incomes improved.
(taken from Skillful Reading: 202)
2. There are two reasons why demand changes with price. For one thing, if
your income stays the same, you can afford to buy more records when
the price is low. Second, records are more attractive when their price is
lower than the price of similar products. If records are less expensive
1.14 Reading 2 
than cassettes, for example, you may choose to spend your money on
records.
3. English and Spanish use the same alphabet, but there are differences
between their writing systems. Each letter in Spanish generally
represents one sound while a letter in English may represent many
sounds. The letter in Spanish is always pronounced "ee" (as in the
Spanish word isla). The same letter in English represents many sounds,
as in the words island, indian, and machine. In addition, Spanish has
some symbols which English does not use. For example, Spanish
includes accent marks on some vowels (television). English words do not
have accent marks (television). Spanish has an upside-down question
mark before questions (Vienes?), but English does not (Are you
coming?).
4. A formal letter is very different from an informal letter. Formal letters

are written to businesses, schools, or government offices. Informal letters
are for relatives, friends, or former teachers. You may write an informal
letter by hand, but you should type a formal letter. An informal letter can
be as long as you want it to be whereas a formal letter should be short,
two or three paragraphs. You should use formal language in letters to
businesses but informal language in letters to your friends. For example,
in a formal letter you may say, "I would appreciate your sending me the
materials which I have requested." In an informal letter you may say,
"Please send me the papers I asked you for."
5. There are three main ways that vitamins are lost from foods. First, some
vitamins dissolve in water. When vegetables are cooked in water, the
vitamins go into the water. If the water is thrown away, the vitamins are
lost. In addition, heat, light, and oxygen change some vitamins. If
vegetables are cooked, the heat changes some of the vitamins. Then
these vitamins are no longer healthful. For instance, broiling grapefruit
destroys some of its vitamin C. Finally, people sometimes throw away
the part of a plant which has the most vitamins. For example, when flour
is processed, the wheat germ, which is very rich in vitamins, is lost.
SU MMAR Y
The terms general and specific are used by a writer to compose

paragraphs. These terms do not deal with the words used but also to the
organization of the ideas.
General Words
 General terms and specific terms of words actually cannot be
separated at all.
 The general words refer to a broad class, type, grouping and
specific words denote a distinctive member or element - a
species, individual, component, particular for.
 General words tend to have less detail or fineness,
 General words have a summarizing rather than particularizing
quality.
 The relationship of the specific to the general is different from
the relationship of the part to the whole.
 In the relationship of the specific to the general, each specific
must have all characteristics by which the class is defined.
General Ideas
 The general terms which are used to the organization of the ideas
refer to the general sentence in the paragraph. It is called topic
sentence.
FOR MATIV E TE ST 1
A. GENERAL WORDS
Direction: You will find 6 words in each number. Some of them are more
specific than others. Find the general terms and underline them.
Example: skin brown dark black hair eyes
1.16 Reading 2 
1. Pepsodent A Mild Soap Toothpaste Lifebuoy Cigarette

2. Perfume Fragrance Lily Aroma Flower Jasmine
3. Output Hardware Keyboard Input Printer Monitor
device device
4. Magazine Daily Newspaper Journal Monthly Paper
5. Entertainment Music Comedy News World News Film
6. Short stories Writing Reading Composing Articles Novels
7. Thanks Giving Feast Birthday Festival Celebrations Party
8. Social Folk Song Dance Popular Music
9. Advertising Posters Pictures Pamphlet Brochure Promotion
10. Recreation Gardening Camping Volleyball Swimming Sport
B. GENERAL SENTENCES
Direction : Write a more general version of the following sentences.

Example : I read a lot, both Indonesia and English novels.
Answer : I read many novels.
1. The annual expense for smoker is 3.6 million rupiahs.

2. Being bored, Sam closed his book and listen to his favorite musician,
Pavarotti.
3. There is a big sale for cupboards, tables, chairs, computer desks in ABC
shop.
4. Drug abuse can damage the heart, liver, and brain. It also causes an
individual to lose consciousness and to breathe inadequately.
5. Individuals who abuse inject able drugs risk contracting infections such
as hepatitis and HIV from dirty needles or needles shared with other
infected abusers.
C. GENERAL IDEAS
Direction: Read the following texts and answer the questions.
Text I
More than 50 different kinds of kangaroos are grouped together in two
kangaroo families. The large kangaroos include red kangaroos and gray
kangaroos, wallabies, pademelons, and quokka; they belong in the family
Macropodidae. The other family, Potoroidae, is made up of assorted smaller
species, such as various rat-kangaroos, bettongs, and potoroos. The largest
kangaroos are the gray kangaroo and red kangaroo, which can stand up to 2
m (6.5 ft) tall and weigh up to 85 kg (187 lb). The smallest are the musky rat
kangaroos, rat like animals measuring about 30 cm (12 in), not including the
tail.
(taken from Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2003)
1. What is / are the general word(s) used in the paragraph?

.....................................................................................................................
2. What is the general idea of the paragraph?
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
3. Where can you find the general idea?
.....................................................................................................................
Text 2
Nicotine has various effects on the body. In small doses nicotine serves
as a nerve stimulant, entering the bloodstream and promoting the flow of
adrenaline, a stimulating hormone. It speeds up the heartbeat and may cause
it to become irregular. It also raises the blood pressure and reduces the
appetite, and it may cause nausea and vomiting. The known health risks
associated with cigarette smoking, such as damage to the lungs and lung
cancer, are thought to be caused by other components of cigarettes such as
tars and other by products of smoking, and by the irritating effects of smoke
on the lung tissue. Addiction to smoking is caused by nicotine itself.
Stopping smoking produces withdrawal symptoms within 24 to 48 hours,
which commonly include irritability, headaches, and anxiety, in addition to
the strong desire to smoke.
(taken from Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2003)
4. What is / are the general word(s) used in the paragraph?

..............................................................................................................
5. What is the general idea of the paragraph?
.....................................................................................................................
6. Where can you find the general idea?
.....................................................................................................................
7. Does the author present the details to support the general idea by using
specific facts or examples? Prove your answer.
.....................................................................................................................
1.18 Reading 2 
Text 3
Drugs can be divided into three main groups: those that a person can buy
without a prescription, those that a person needs a doctor's prescription for,
and those that are illegal.
Two popular nonprescription drugs are caffeine and alcohol. Caffeine is
found in coffee, tea, chocolate, and cola drinks. It is a mental stimulant; it
stimulates the central nervous system and makes people feel alert. Students,
for example, often find they can study better if they have a cup of coffee. On
the other hand, caffeine can also make people nervous and irritable. If people
drink too much caffeine, they may have trouble sleeping.
Alcohol is a depressant; it depresses the central nervous system. When
people drink, they have less control over their actions. They cannot walk in a
straight line and they cannot drive as well as when they do not have alcohol
in their blood. People who drink a great deal sometimes fall into a deep sleep.
Later, they may wake up with a strong headache which is called a hangover.
In addition to these nonprescription drugs, there are two major categories
of prescription drugs: stimulants and depressants. The depressants include
barbiturates and morphine. Barbiturates are used as sleeping pills. Morphine
is used as a pain killer. The most common stimulants are amphetamines.
Doctors used to prescribe amphetamines as diet pills; however, they found
that amphetamines can have serious side effects. They can make a patient
very nervous, and when the drug wears off, the patient may feel very
depressed. Doctors still give amphetamines to people with narcolepsy, an
illness that causes sudden, uncontrollable attacks of sleep.
The largest class of illegal drugs is hallucinogens, drugs that change the
way a person thinks and cause hallucinations, or visions. LSD and mescaline
are both strong hallucinogens. For some people, marijuana is a mild
hallucinogen. Marijuana brings a pleasant feeling. However, when people
smoke marijuana, they sometimes cannot concentrate very well on their
activities, such as their work or driving.
8. What is the appropriate title for the text above?

.....................................................................................................................
9. What is / are the general word(s) used in the text?
.....................................................................................................................
10. How many paragraphs are there in the text?

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11. Is there any introductory paragraph in the text? Prove your answer.
.....................................................................................................................
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12. What is the general idea of the text?
.....................................................................................................................
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13. What is the topic sentence of paragraph 2?
.....................................................................................................................
14. What is being discussed in paragraph 3?
.....................................................................................................................
..................
15. Write down the topic sentence of paragraph 4?
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
17. Do you think that all paragraphs have clarified the general idea presented
in the first paragraph?
.....................................................................................................................
Text 4
There are three basic types of firms operate in clothing industry. Some
are manufacturers. They purchase raw material and decide what kind of
garments will be produced. The styles are designed and the fabric cut and
sewn in their own factories. The fished garments are then shipped to retailers.
Some firms are known as jobbers. Jobbers decide what styles they are going
to produce. Then they send the specification and the cut or uncut fabrics to
contractors. Contractors produce the clothes and send them back to the
jobbers for sale and shipment to retailers.
New York is the garment center of the United States. Nearly two thirds
of all the clothing made in the country is either produced in that city or else is
manufactured to order for manufacturers or jobbers located there. Other key
centers of clothing production are Los Angeles, Chicago, Boston,
Philadelphia, and Saint Louis. The industry total volume of sales at wholesale
exceeds $10,000,000,000. It employees over 1,100,000 persons.
1.20 Reading 2 

.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
22. What specific information can you find of paragraph 1? Mention all of
them.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
them.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
Complete the following outline based on your answer. It will give you a
picture of the organization of the text.
Paragraph 1
General idea......................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
Specific information
A. ..............................................................................................................
B. ..............................................................................................................
C. ..............................................................................................................
D. ..............................................................................................................
Paragraph 2
General idea
.....................................................................................................
....................................................................................................
....................................................................................................
A. ..............................................................................................................
B. ..............................................................................................................
C. ..............................................................................................................
D. ..............................................................................................................
If you have finished an exercise, look at the key answers at the end of the
module. Evaluate your answers. When you get at least 80% right, you can go
to another exercise, but if you don't, review the discussion and examples
again. Then, do exercise once more. The following is how to evaluate your
exercise and your test.
Formula:
The number of the right answers

Level of mastery = ×100%
The number of the items
Level of mastery: 90 - 100% = very good

80 - 89% = good
70 - 79% = sufficient
< 70% = insufficient
1.22 Reading 2 
Unit 2
Spesific Terms
By then end of this unit, you are expected to be able to identify

specific words.
A. Specific Words
As stated in unit 1, specific words refer to a distinctive member or
element - a species, individual, component, particular form. You should
remember that a word could be general or specific in relation to the other
words. In other words, it does not have a fixed status either general or
specific. Pay attention to the following words.
Food Vegetable Peas, spinach

Woman Stewardess Marry Ann
Automobile Limousine Ford Cadillac
The word 'vegetable' can be general when we compare it with peas and
spinach. However 'vegetable' is specific in relation to 'food'. In the second
example, the word 'stewardess' is more general than 'Marry Ann', but it is
more specific than the word 'woman'. The fact also happens in the last
example. 'Limousine' is also classified as general when we compare it with
Ford Cadillac and it is more specific when we compare with the word
'automobile.'
As explained in the previous unit, in the relationship of the specific to
the general, each specific must have in it all of the characteristics by which
the class is defined. Peas and spinach have in it all of the characteristics by
which vegetable are distinguished from other forms of food but they are not
parts of vegetable. In the second example, Marry Ann is also not parts of
'stewardess' but she has the characteristics of a stewardess.
B. Specific Sentences
Sentences are also classified as general and specific. The terms used can
describe whole passages or words. The sentence "carrot provides vitamin A",
for example, is more specific than "vegetable is healthful."
One word in a sentence can make the sentence more specific. Thus, the
following two examples are more specific than the others. The sentence
"Amy gives the beggar some rice every morning" is more specific than "a
woman gives the beggar some rice every morning." The sentence "Amy
gives money to the orphanage in her town" is also more specific than "A
woman gives money to the orphanage in her town."
These examples show the importance of specific sentences. We can
know which woman who gives rice and gives her money. We cannot judge
that every woman does the activities.
C. Specific Details
In the previous unit, it is explained that a writer also uses general and
specific in presenting their idea. He presents his idea by using general idea
and specific details. The general idea is the topic of a paragraph and it is
presented in a topic sentence. The topic sentence is then supported by
supporting sentences. Supporting sentences are the specific details of the
topic sentence. They support and clarify the general/topic sentence clearer
by giving details or examples. Read the following sample paragraph.
Libraries can be divided into two major groups: public
libraries and
General academic libraries. Public libraries include state,
country, and city
libraries. A public library provides library services for all
of the people in the community. An academic library, on
the other hand, is generally a
Specific university library. It provides services for students,
professors and other members of the academic
community. Because they are for all of the people, public
libraries are a good source of books and magazines for
entertainment. Most of the books and magazines in an
academic library, however, are for research.
(taken from Academic Reading)
1.24 Reading 2 
In the text above, it is clear that the general idea or topic is in the first
sentence. The other sentences are the specific detail. They clarify the first
sentence. As you read that the paragraph is going to tell you the two kinds of
libraries so that the other sentences describe the two kinds of libraries in
detail. All sentences talk about the libraries. There are no sentences, which
discuss beyond the topic. Thus, the sentences are called supporting details.
Remember that the supporting sentences (supporting details) give the specific
information related with the topic sentence.
In general, there are two kinds of supporting details, those are major and
minor. To understand the difference between those two kinds of details, look
at the following paragraph. The major supporting details appear in boldface.
The minor ones appear in italics.
Psychologists have identified three basic styles of parenting.
Authoritarian parents think children have few rights but many
adult responsibilities. They tend to demand strict obedience to rigid
standards of behavior and expect their children to obey unquestioningly.
Permissive parents, In contrast, require little responsible behavior
from their children. Rules are not enforced, and the child usually gets
his or her own way. Effective parents find a balance between their
rights and their children'* rights. They control their children's
behavior without being harsh or rigid.
In the above paragraph, the topic sentence tells us that psychologists have
identified: three different parenting styles. The natural response of most
readers would be to ask, "What are the three styles of parenting?" Notice now
how all the major details, printed in boldface, help answer exactly that
question.
We can say then that major details relate directly to the topic sentence.
They define key words and clarify general terms in the topic sentence that
might otherwise be confusing to the reader. In short, major details are the
ones that must be included in the notes you take on your reading.
Look now at the minor details in the sample paragraph. They help flesh
out or further explain the major details. However, they are not essential to
explaining the topic sentence. We can say then that minor details help make
major ones more specific. They also repeat a key point for emphasis or add a
colorful fact that might be of interest to readers. What they don't do is
directly contribute to clarifying the topic sentence. As you see the text that
the topic sentence is psychologists have identified three basic styles of

parenting. Yet, the third sentence "they tend to demand strict obedience to
rigid standards of behavior and expect their children to obey
unquestioningly" does not relate with the topic sentence. It only clarifies the
major detail of the previous sentence. Thus, it is called as the minor details.
E XE RC ISE
Exercise 1
Direction : In this exercise you are to put appropriate words in the blank
rungs. The words you add should be more specific than the words
on the lower rungs and more general than the words on the higher
rungs. Be sure that the sequence of words is logical.
Example :
Book
English Book
Betty Azar Book
Answer: Grammar Book

1.26 Reading 2 
1.
Reading
Reading Novels
2.
Food
Italian Food
Burger
3.
Woman
Singer
Krisdayanti
4.
Human being
Students
Social Program Students
5. Activity
Water Skiing
6.
Hobby
Table tennis
1.28 Reading 2 
7.
Cloth
Kimono
8.
Shoemaker tool
Skiving knife
Exercise 2
Direction: Write a more specific version of each general sentence.
Example: Ann drives her car to her office.
Answer : Ann drives her Mazda to her office.
1. General sentence: The people go downtown every weekend.

More specific sentence: .............................................................................
2. General sentence: She categorizes the paper based on the topic
discussed.
More specific sentence: …………………………………………………..
3. General sentence: They bought good furniture for their house.

More specific sentence: …………………………………………..
4. General sentence: Studying abroad is expensive for ordinary people.
More specific sentence: ………..………………………………………..
5. General sentence: She worked hard for buying the computer.
More specific sentence: ...........................................................................
6. General sentence: Smokers aren't always made to feel welcome
More specific sentence: ............................................................................
7. General sentence: Being the oldest child in a large family can be
demanding.
More specific sentence: .............................................................................
8. General sentence: Divorce can be hard on the children involved.
More specific sentence: …………………………………………………..
Exercise 3
Direction: Find the specific information in the following paragraph.
Example: Although all animal fibers are complex proteins, which are
resistant to most organic acids, they are not resistant toward some
substances. Protein fibers are damaged by mild alkalis (basic
substances) and may be dissolved by strong alkalis such as
sodium hydroxide (NaOH). They can also be damaged by
chlorine-based bleaches and undiluted liquid hypo chloride bleach
dissolve wool or silk.
What is the specific information?

a. Protein fibers are damaged by mild alkalis.
b. All animal fibers are not resistant toward some substances.
c. Protein fibers may be dissolved by strong alkalis such as sodium
hydroxide (NaOH).
d. They can be damaged by chlorine-based bleaches and undiluted liquid
hypo chloride bleach dissolve wool or silk.
Answer: a, c, d
1. Amelia Earhart was a famous woman in her time. In 1928, she became
the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean as a passenger in an airplane.
In 1932, she became the first woman pilot to fly solo across the Atlantic.
1.30 Reading 2 
Later that year, she was the first woman to fly the United States from
New Jersey to California. Earhart set records in flying times and won
many awards.
(taken from All About the USA)
What is the specific idea?

a. Amelia Earhart set records in flying times and won many awards.
b. Amelia Earhart was a famous woman.
c. Amelia Earhart was the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean
d. Amelia Earhart was the first woman pilot to fly solo across the
Atlantic.
Answer: ……………
2. Man has always wanted to improve his appearance. Early man put on
animal skins and hung strings of beads and stones around his neck. He
decorated himself with paint, tattoos, and scars. Bark, leaves, straw,
feathers, or whatever material was closest at hand was turned into
clothing.

a. He decorated himself with paint, tattoos, and scars.
b. Early man put on animal skins and hung strings of beads and stones
around his neck.
c. Man wants to improve his appearance.
d. Bark, leaves, straw, feathers, or whatever material was closest at
hand was turned into clothing.
Answer: …………
3. For early man, clothing may have had magical qualities as well as
decorative and useful ones. He may have believed that an animal skin
worn during a hunt would give the hunter the animal's cunning. By
wrapping himself in a certain skin, he may have been trying to keep
away evil spirits. Perhaps he put on the skin of a powerful beast to show
that he was the leader of a group or a good hunter.

a. Man believed that an animal skin worn during a hunt would give the
hunter the animal's cunning.
b. When a man wrapped himself in a certain skin, he may have been
trying to keep away evil spirits.
c. Perhaps he put on the skin of a powerful beast to show that he was
the leader of a group or a good hunter.
d. Clothing may have had magical qualities as well as decorative and
useful ones. Man wants to improve his appearance.
Answer : ...............
4. Organization cannot exist without communication. If there is no

communication, employees cannot know what their associates are doing,
management cannot receive information inputs, and management cannot
give instruction. Coordination of work is impossible, and the
organization will collapse for lack of it. Cooperation also becomes
impossible, because people cannot communicate their needs and feelings
to others. We can say with some confidence that every act of
communication influences the organization in some way.

a. Organization cannot exist without communication.
b. When there is no communication, employees cannot know what
their associates are doing.
c. Coordination of work is impossible, and the organization will
collapse for lack of communication.
d. Every act of communication influences the organization in some
ways.
Answer: …………
5. Glass, which is made from silica sand, is the only inorganic (mineral)
fiber widely used in commercial applications. There are two main forms
of glass fibers: continuous and staple. Continuous glass fiber, which is
made by drawing molten glass into threads, is used in textile materials.
The use of air, steam, or gas to disrupt the flow of the molten glass
1.32 Reading 2 
stream produces staple fibers. These fibers can be fabricated into mats or
into bulk-molding and sheet-molding compounds with the use of resins,
or organic binders. Quartz mineral is high-silica, high purity glass that is
good for long-term use at temperatures as high as 1400° C (2552° F)

a. There are two main forms of glass fibers: continuous and staple.
b. Continuous glass fiber is used in textile materials.
c. The use of air, steam, or gas to disrupt the flow of the molten glass
stream produces staple fibers.
d. Glass is the only inorganic (mineral) fiber widely used in
commercial applications.
Answer: .....................

new technology (e.g., new farm machinery, irrigation, and fertilizers). A
century ago, one farmer produced enough food for five people. Today
one farmer produces enough for nearly fifty people. Therefore, farmers
must lower their prices in order to sell more of their products. Farmers'
incomes are low. Their incomes improve when more people want to buy
their products. A law passed in 1954 allows foreign countries to buy
wheat and other grains from American farmers. When the USSR bought
wheat from the United States in the 1970's, wheat prices rose, and
farmers' incomes improved.
a. A century ago, one farmer produced enough food for five people.
b. Farm production in the United States increases each year as a result
of new technology.
c. Today one farmer produces enough for nearly fifty people.
d. Farmers' incomes are low nowadays.
Answer: …………..
7. There are two reasons why demand changes with price. For one thing, if
your income stays the same, you can afford to buy more records when
the price is low. Second, records are more attractive when their price is
lower than the price of similar products. If records are less expensive
than cassettes, for example, you may choose to spend your money on
records.
a. Records are more attractive when their price is lower than the price
of similar products.
b. If records are less expensive than cassettes, for example, you may
choose to spend your money on records.
c. if your income stays the same, you can afford to buy more records
when the price is low.
d. There are two reasons why demand changes with price.
Answer: ………………
between their writing systems. Each letter in Spanish generally
represents one sound while a letter in English may represent many
sounds. The letter i in Spanish is always pronounced "ee" (as in the
Spanish word isla). The same letter in English represents many sounds,
as in the words island, indian, and machine. In addition, Spanish has
some symbols which English does not use. For example, Spanish
includes accent marks on some vowels (television). English words do not
have accent marks (television). Spanish has an upside-down question
mark before questions (Vienes?), but English does not (Are you
coming?).

a. The letter i in Spanish is always pronounced "ee" (as in the Spanish
word isla) and the same letter in English represents many sounds, as
in the words island, indian, and machine.
b. Each letter in Spanish generally represents one sound while a letter
in English may represent many sounds.
c. Spanish has some symbols which English does not use.
1.34 Reading 2 
d. Spanish includes accent marks on some vowels (television). English

words do not have accent marks (television).
Answer: .......................
9. A formal letter is very different from an informal letter. Formal letters

are written to businesses, schools, or government offices. Informal letters
are for relatives, friends, or former teachers. You may write an informal
letter by hand, but you should type a formal letter. An informal letter can
be as long as you want it to be whereas a formal letter should be short,
two or three paragraphs. You should use formal Language in letters to
businesses but informal language in letters to your friends. For example,
in a formal letter you may say, "I would appreciate your sending me the
materials which I have requested. " In an informal letter you may say,
"Please send me the papers I asked you for."

a. Formal letter is very different from an informal letter.
b. Formal letters are written to businesses, schools, or government
offices. Informal letters are for relatives, friends, or former teachers.
c. An informal letter is written by hand, but a formal letter should be
typed.
d. An informal letter can be as long as you want it to be whereas a
formal letter should be short, two or three paragraphs.
Answer: ……………..
10. There are three main ways that vitamins are lost from foods. First, some
vitamins dissolve in water. When vegetables are cooked in water, the
vitamins go into the water. If the water is thrown away, the vitamins are
lost. In addition, heat, light, and oxygen change some vitamins. If
vegetables are cooked, the heat changes some of the vitamins. Then
these vitamins are no longer healthful. For instance, broiling grapefruit
destroys some of its vitamin C. Finally, people sometimes throw away
the part of a plant which has the most vitamins. For example, when flour
is processed, the wheat germ, which is very rich in vitamins, is lost.

a. Some vitamins dissolve in water.
b. When vegetables are cooked in water, the vitamins go into the
water.
c. If the water is thrown away, the vitamins are lost.
d. Heat, light, and oxygen change some vitamins.
e. When flour is processed, the wheat germ, which is very rich in
vitamins, is lost.
Answer: ………………..
Exercise 4
Direction: Analyze the following paragraph and fill in the chart.
Around a decade ago, the Indian federal government started a program

designed to clean up the Ganges River. The program failed because the
Indian states did not have the money to keep it a float. However, there is new
hope on the horizon: Impressed with the scavenging behavior of carnivorous
turtles, Indian officials in some states are using them to clean up river waste.
According to officials, the turtles happily eat both animal and human
carcasses. This is significant because among some religious groups,
disposing of bodies in rivers Is a common practice. In addition to their
willingness to consume flesh, turtles also loosen the earth along the river
banks, making it easier for plants to survive at the water’s edge. The plants,
in turn, help fight erosion at the banks, and some plants actually contribute to
the water’s purification. If the turtle experiment success in a few states, it will
be implemented throughout India, and the Ganges may once again flow
without pollutants.
(taken from Flemming)
1.36 Reading 2 
Main idea
Mayor datails Mayor datails Mayor datails
Minor Details Minor Details Minor Details
SU MMAR Y
A. Specific Words
 Specific words refer to a distinctive member or element - a
species, individual, component, particular form.
 A word could be general or specific in relation to the other
words.
 Each specific must have in it all of the characteristics by which
the specific words refers to component, vermicular form, etc.
Format iv e Te st 2
A. Analyze the following paragraphs and fill in the outline. Text 1
Text 1
Games may be classified in several ways. One of them is based on the
number of players required as in solitaire games. The other classification is
based on the purpose of playing. It can be found in gambling games. When
we watch race games, the games are classified based on the object of the
game. Next, games can be classified by the people who play the games (as in
children's games). Finally, games can be categorized by referring to the place
they are played (as in lawn games). Many games fall into more than one of
these categories, so the most common way of classifying games is by the
equipment that is required to play them.
General idea: ..................................................................................................
Specific detail
A. ..............................................................................................................
B. ..............................................................................................................
C. ..............................................................................................................
D. ...............................................................................................................
E. ..............................................................................................................
Text 2
Activities can be divided into categories according to the number of
calories they use up. One kind of activity is a sedentary activity. A person
who is reading, writing, watching TV, or playing cards uses 80 to 100
calories an hour. Another kind of activity is a light activity. A person who is
doing a light activity, like cooking, dusting, or walking slowly, uses 110 to
160 calories an hour. A third kind of activity, moderate activity, uses 170 to
240 calories an hour. These are activities such as sweeping, gardening, or
carpentry work. A fourth group, vigorous activities, uses 250 to 350 calories
an hour. These are activities like walking fast, bowling, or golfing. Finally a
person who is doing a strenuous activity uses 350or more calories an hour.
These are activities such as swimming, playing tennis, or dancing.
General idea ......................................................................................................

……………………………………………………………………………
Specific detail
A. ..............................................................................................................
B. ..............................................................................................................
C. ..............................................................................................................
D. ..............................................................................................................
E. ..............................................................................................................
1.38 Reading 2 
B. Analyze the following paragraphs and answer the questions.
The most popular hot beverages in the world are coffee and tea. There
are many kinds of coffee beans and tea leaves which are processed and
served in a variety of ways.
Coffee in different countries may have different amounts of caffeine and
different flavors. For example, coffee from Puerto Rico has less caffeine than
Brazilian or Colombian coffee. Sometimes coffee has little caffeine because
the beans are processed to remove most of the caffeine. In Germany, France,
and New Orleans, Louisiana, chicory is added to the coffee to give it a
special flavor.
There are three major ways to prepare coffee. American coffee makers
use a filter. The two most common types are the drip machine and the
peculator. A peculator has a metal filter. A drip pot uses a paper filter and
produces a purer pot of coffee. Italian coffee, expresso, is made in an
expresso machine which uses steam pressure to produce a thick, powerful
drink. Turkish coffee is made in a special metal pot with a long handle. The
coffee is placed in water in the pot. It is heated until it rises. Then the pot is
removed from the heat until the coffee goes down. This procedure is repeated
three times.
Tea is the world's most common drink. There is only one tea plant, but
there are many different varieties of tea. These varieties can be divided into
two main types: green and black. Green tea is picked and then processed
immediately. Black tea is processed about 24 hours after it is picked. The
varieties of tea are different mainly because they come from different places.
Furthermore, each variety is grown in different soil, and its leaves are picked
at different times. Most of the world's tea is grown in China, India, Ceylon,
Japan, and Southeast Asia.
Some countries have particular tea-drinking customs and habits. In
Japan, tea is served during a formal tea ceremony. Englishmen frequently add
tea to their milk. Iced tea is a popular summer drink in the United States. It
was invented in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1904 during the World's Fair. Richard
Blechynden, an Englishman, was trying to sell hot tea at the fair. Because the
weather was very warm, the public did not want hot tea. Blechynden added
ice to the tea and found that he had invented a popular drink.


..............................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
them.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
Complete the following outline based on your answer. It will give you a
picture of the organization of the text.
Paragraph 1
General idea …………..………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
Paragraph 2
General idea …………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
Paragraph 3
General idea ………..………………………………………………………
…………………………………..……………………………………………
1.40 Reading 2 
A. ………………………………………………………………………
B. ………………………………………………………………………..
C. ………………………………………………………………………
Paragraph 4
General idea ……….…………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
A. ………………………………………………………………………
B. ………………………………………………………………………
C. ………………………………………………………………………
Paragraph 5
General idea ………………………….………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
A. ………………………………………………………………………
B. ………………………………………………………………………
C. ……………………………………………………………………….
D. ………………………………………………………………………
E. ………………………………………………………………………..
C. Fill in the outline below with specific information from "Speaking

from Manuscript"
Speaker sometimes read aloud to the audience from a manuscript. You

may have witnessed this type of delivery most often in campaign speeches,
official governmental reports, and radio or television reports. However, there
are some advantages and disadvantages to speak using a manuscript.
The main advantage of the manuscript delivery methods is that in
communicating technical material or "politically sensitive" material, the
speaker has little fear of forgetting important points. In addition, speakers
know in advance how long the presentation will take to deliver, which allows
them to reserve time at the end to answer questions from the audience. The
possibility of being misquoted is also minimized because copies of the

manuscript are available to people in the audience.
An additional advantage of the manuscript method is greater ease in
coordinating visual aids during the presentation. Appropriate notes or marks
placed on special copies of the manuscript will provide important
coordinating information for those assisting with the visual part of your
presentation.
Transmission skill is important for all communication procedures. A
major disadvantage of manuscript reading is that many people do not read
aloud very well. Therefore, reading from a prepared manuscript becomes
boring, stilted, and basically unnatural. Although manuscript reading is the
safest way to give speech, most people consider it to be one of the most
difficult to use.
Specific problems related to the manuscript delivery method include the
tendency to lose your place and the development of a monotone presentation
voice. Moreover there is difficulty in maintaining eye contact with the
audience or in changing tone and language to better meet the needs of the
audience, and becoming so involved in reading that maintaining interest in
the audience becomes secondary.
Speaking from Manuscript.
I. General idea
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
II. The advantage of the manuscript delivery methods.

a. ...............................................................................................
b. ...............................................................................................
c. ...............................................................................................
d. ...............................................................................................
III. The disadvantage of the manuscript delivery methods.

a. ...............................................................................................
b. ...............................................................................................
c. ...............................................................................................
d ...............................................................................................
1.42 Reading 2 
D. Fill in the outline below with specific information from "The

Psychology of Color."
The most important aspect of color in daily life is probably the one that
is least defined and most variable. It involves aesthetic and psychological
responses to color and influences art, fashion, commerce, and even physical
and emotional sensations. One example of the link between color and
emotion is the common perception that red, orange, yellow, and brown hues
are "warm," while the blues, greens, and grays are "cold." The red, orange,
and yellow hues are said to induce excitement, cheerfulness, stimulation, and
aggression; the blues and greens security, calm, and peace; and the browns,
grays, and blacks sadness, depression, and melancholy. It must be
remembered, however, that the psychological perception of color is
subjective, and only general comments about its features and uses can be
made.
Colors are not universal. Some languages do not contain separate words
for green and blue or for yellow and orange, while Eskimos use 17 words for
white as applied to different snow conditions. When color terminology in
different cultures is compared, certain patterns are observed consistently. All
languages have designations for black and white. If a third hue is
distinguished, it is red; next comes yellow or green, and then both yellow and
green. Blue is the sixth color named, and brown is the seventh. Finally, in no
particular sequence, the colors gray, orange, pink, and purple are designated.
Like color terminology, color harmony, color preferences, color
symbolism, and other psychological aspects of color are culturally
conditioned, and they vary considerably with both place and historical period.
One cross-cultural study showed that American and Japanese concepts of
warm and cold colors are essentially the same, but that in Japan blue and
green hues are perceived to be "good" and the red-purple range as "bad,"
while in the United States the red-yellow-green range is considered "good"
and oranges and red purples "bad." The color of mourning is black in the
West, yet other cultures use white, 'purple, or gold for this purpose. Many
languages contain expressions that use color metaphorically (common
examples in English include "green with envy," "feeling blue,”, “seeing red,"
"purple passion," "white lie," and "black rage") and therefore cannot always
be translated literally into other languages because the color may lose its
associated symbolic meaning.
"The Psychology of Color."

Paragraph 1
General Idea
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
Specific Details
A. ..............................................................................................................
B. ..............................................................................................................
C. ..............................................................................................................
D. ..............................................................................................................
E. ..............................................................................................................
Paragraph 2
General Idea
.....................................................................................................................
Specific Details
A. ..............................................................................................................
B. ..............................................................................................................
C. ..............................................................................................................
D. ..............................................................................................................
Paragraph 2
General Idea
.....................................................................................................................
Specific Details
A. ..............................................................................................................
B. ..............................................................................................................
C. ..............................................................................................................
D. ..............................................................................................................
E. ................................................................................................................
1.44 Reading 2 
If you have finished an exercise, look at the key answers at the end of the
module. Evaluate your answers. When you get at least 80% right, you can go
to another exercise, but if you don't, review the discussion and examples
again. Then, do exercise once more. The following is how to evaluate your
exercise and your test.
Formula:
The number of the right answers

Level of mastery = ×100%
The number of the items
Level of mastery: 90 - 100% = very good

80 - 89% = good
70 - 79% = sufficient
< 70% = insufficient
Key Anwers
UNIT I
Exercise 1
1. Shape
2. Personal care product
3. Home technology
4. Information media
5. Furniture
6. Building
7. Hobby
8. Music
9. Drink
10. Citrus fruit
11. Bird
12. Voice
13. Brand
14. Great musician
15. Healthy food
Exercise 2
1. cosmetics
2. stationary
3. music instrument
4. tools
5. dish
6. sport
7. alcoholic drink
8. staple food
9. wild animals
10. liquid
11. camping equipment
12. computer's hardware
1.46 Reading 2 
Exercise 3
1. a
2. b
3. a
4. a
5. a
6. a
7. b
8 a
9. b
10. a
Exercise 4
1. b
2. a
3. b
4. b
5. b
6. a
7. b
8. b
9. b
10. b
Exercise 5
1. b
2. c
3. d
4. a
5. a
Exercise 6
No General idea Specific facts / examples

1. Amelia Earhart was a famous • In 1928, she became the first woman to
woman in her time. cross the Atlantic Ocean.
• In 1932, she became the first woman pilot to
fly solo across the Atlantic.
No General idea Specific facts / examples

• She was the first woman to fly the United
States from New Jersey to California.
2. Man has always wanted to • put on animal skins and hung strings of
improve his appearance beads and stones around his neck.
• decorated himself with paint, tattoos, and
scars.
• Turn bark, leaves, straw, feathers, or hat
ever material into clothing.
3. Clothing have magical • an animal skin worn during a hunt would give
qualities as well as the hunter the animal's cunning.
decorative and useful ones. • One try to keep away evil spirits by wrapping
himself in a certain skin
• Put on the skin of a powerful beast will show
that one was the leader of a group or a good
hunter.
4. Organization cannot exist • Employees cannot know what their
without communication associates are doing.
• Management cannot receive information
inputs
• Management cannot give instruction.
• Coordination of work is impossible.
• Organization will collapse for lack of it.
• Cooperation also becomes impossible.
5. There are two main forms of • Continuous glass fiber is used in textile
glass fibers: continuous and materials.
staple • The use of air, steam, or gas to disrupt the
flow of the molten glass stream produces
staple fibers.
• The staple fibers can be fabricated into mats
or into bulk-molding and sheet-molding
compounds with the use of resins, or organic
binders.
• Glass is the only inorganic (mineral) fiber
widely used in commercial applications.
Exercise 7
new technology (e.g.,: new farm machinery, irrigation, and fertilizers).
2. There are two reasons why demand changes with price.
between their writing systems.
4. A formal letter is very different from an informal letter.
5. There are three main ways that vitamins are lost from foods.
1.48 Reading 2 
Formative Test 1
A. General Words
1. soap, toothpaste, cigarette
2. perfume, fragrance, aroma
3. output device, hardware, input device
4. daily, journal, monthly
5. entertainment, news
6. writing, reading, composing
7. feast, festivals, celebration
8. song, dance music
9. advertising, promotion
10. recreation, sport
B. General Sentences
1. Smokers spend much money every year.
2. Being bored, Sam closed his book and listened music.
3. Furniture are on sale.
4. Drug abuse is dangerous for your health.
5. Individuals who abuse inject able drugs can suffer from dangerous
diseases easily.
C. General Ideas
1. Kangaroo family
2. More than 50 different kinds of kangaroos are grouped together in two
kangaroo families.
3. in the first sentence
4. Effect
5. Nicotine has various effects on the body.
6. in the firs sentence
7. Yes, he does. The facts are: It speeds up the heartbeat, raises the blood
pressure, reduces the appetite, and causes nausea and vomiting. Damage
to the lungs and lung cancer.
8. Drugs
9. Drugs and groups
10. There are 5 paragraphs.
11. Yes, there is. It can be found in the firs paragraph.
12. Drugs can be divided into three main groups: those that a person can buy
without a prescription, those that a person needs a doctor's prescription
for, and those that are illegal.
13. Two popular nonprescription drugs are caffeine and alcohol.
14. Alcohol is a depressant; it depresses the central nervous system.
15. There are two major categories of prescription drugs: stimulants and
depressants.
16. The largest class of illegal drugs is hallucinogens, drugs that change the
way a person thinks and cause hallucinations, or visions.
17. No, they are. In the introductory paragraph we found that the text
consists of three main groups of drugs. However, in the paragraphs
presented we only find the first group only, that is nonprescription drug.
18 types of firms
19. There are 2 paragraphs.
20. No, there isn't. The two paragraphs have different topic sentence.
Moreover, every topic sentence has been clarified by the supporting
details presented in each paragraph.
21. There are three basic types of firms operate in clothing industry.
22. The specific information are: manufactures, jobbers, and contractors
23. New York is the garment center of the United States.
24. The specific information are:
 Nearly two thirds of all the clothing made in the country is either
produced in that city or else is manufactured to order for
manufacturers or jobbers located there.
Paragraph 1
General idea
There are three basic types of firms operate in clothing industry.
A. Some are manufacturers.
B. Some firms are known as jobbers.
C. Contractors produce the clothes
1.50 Reading 2 
Paragraph 2
General idea
New York is the garment center of the United States.
Specific Information
Nearly two thirds of all the clothing made in the country is either
produced in that city or else is manufactured to order for manufacturers
or jobbers located there.
UNIT 2
Exercise 1
1. hobby/activity
2. fast food
3. pop singer
4. university
5. sport; water sport
6. sports; tennis
7. traditional cloth; Japanese cloth
8. tool; knife
Exercise 2
1. Students go downtown every weekend.
2. She arranges the paper systematically based on the topic discussed.
3. They bought good chairs and tables for their new house.
4. Studying in America is very expensive for the middle-class people.
5. She worked day and night for buying the computer.
Exercise 3
1. a, c, d
2. a, b, d
3. a, b, c
4. b, c
5. b, c
6. a, c
7. a, b, c
8. all
9. b, c, d
10 b, d, e
Exercise 4
Main Idea
Indian officials think
carnivorous turtles can
clean up the Ganges and
other rivers.
Major Details Major Details Major Details
Turtles eat animal Turtles loosen earth If turtle experiment

and human carcasses. on river banks, succeeds in a few
making it easier for states, it will be used
plants to survive. throughout India.
Minor Detail Minor Detail Minor Detail
Some religious groups Plants fight erosion

throw bodies in the river. and some purify water
Formative Test 2
Part A
TEXT 1
General Idea
Games may be classified in several ways.
Specific Details
A. it is based on the number of players required as in solitaire games.
B. It is based on the purpose of playing. It can be found in gambling games.
C. It is based on the object of the game.
D. It is based on the people who play the games (as in children's games).
1.52 Reading 2 
F. It is based on the place they are played (as in lawn games).
TEXT 2
General Idea
Activities can be divided into categories according to the number of calories

they use up.
Specific Details
A. One kind of activity is a sedentary activity.
B. Another kind of activity is a light activity.
C. A moderate activity uses 170 to 240 calories an hour.
D. A fourth group is vigorous activities.
E. Finally a person who is doing a strenuous activity uses 350or more
calories an hour.
Part B
1. The general words used in the text are coffee and tea.
2. There are five paragraphs in the text.
3. Yes there is. It is presented in the first paragraph of the text. Moreover,
the general idea presented in this text can cover all of the story.
4. Coffee in different countries may have different amounts of caffeine and
different flavors.
5. a. Coffee from Puerto Rico has less caffeine than Brazilian or
Colombian coffee.
b. Sometimes coffee has little caffeine because the beans are processed
to remove most of the caffeine.
c. In Germany, France, and New Orleans, Louisiana, chicory is added
to the coffee to give it a special flavor.
6. There are three major ways to prepare coffee.
7. There are many different varieties of tea.
8. Some countries have particular tea-drinking customs and habits.
OUTLINE
Paragraph 1
General idea
There are many kinds of coffee beans and tea leaves which are processed and
served in a variety of ways.
Paragraph 2
General idea
Coffee in different countries may have different amounts of caffeine and
different flavors.
Specific Details
a. Coffee from Puerto Rico has less caffeine than Brazilian or Colombian
coffee.
b. Sometimes coffee has little caffeine because the beans are processed to
remove most of the caffeine.
c. In Germany, France, and New Orleans, Louisiana, chicory is added to
the coffee to give it a special flavor.
Paragraph 3
General Idea
There are three major ways to prepare coffee.
Specific Details
a. American coffee makers use a filter.
b. Italian coffee, expresso, is made in an expresso machine which uses
steam pressure to produce a thick, powerful drink.
c. Turkish coffee is made in a special metal pot with a long handle.
Paragraph 4
General Idea
There is only one tea plant but there are many different varieties of tea.
Specific Details
a. Green tea is picked and then processed immediately.
b. Black tea is processed about 24 hours after it is picked.
1.54 Reading 2 
c. The varieties of tea are different mainly because they come from
different places.
d. Each variety is grown in different soil, and its leaves are picked at
different times.
Paragraph 5
General Idea
Some countries have particular tea-drinking customs and habits.
Specific Details
a. In Japan, tea is served during a formal tea ceremony.
b. Englishmen frequently add tea to their milk.
c. Iced tea is a popular summer drink in the United States.
d. Blechynden added ice to the tea and found that he had invented a popular
drink.
Part C
SPEAKING FROM A MANUSCRIPT

I. General Idea:
There are some advantages and disadvantages to speak using a
manuscript.
II. The advantage of manuscript delivery methods

a. The speaker has little fear of forgetting important points.
b. Speakers know how long the presentation will take to deliver.
c. The possibility of being misquoted is also minimized.
d. There is greater ease in coordinating visual aids during the
presentation.
III. The disadvantage of the manuscript delivery methods

a. Many people do not read aloud very well.
b. Most people consider it to be one of the most difficult to use.
c. There is a tendency to lose your place
d. There is development of a monotone presentation voice.
e. There is difficulty in maintaining eye contact with the audience or in
changing tone and language.
f. The speakers become so involved in reading that maintaining

interest in the audience become secondary.
Part D
The Psychology Of Color

Paragraph 1
General Idea
Color involves aesthetic and psychological responses and influences art,
fashion, commerce, and even physical and emotional sensations.
Specific Details
A. Red, orange, yellow, and brown hues are "warm."
B. The blues, greens, and grays are "cold."
C. The red, orange, and yellow hues induce excitement, cheerfulness,
stimulation, and aggression
D. The blues and greens security, calm, and peace.
E. The browns, grays, and black’s sadness, depression, and melancholy.
Paragraph 2
General Idea
Colors are not universal.
Specific Details
A. Some languages do not contain separate words for green and blue or for
yellow and orange.
B. Eskimos use 17 words for white as applied to different snow conditions.
C. If a third hue is distinguished, it is red; next comes yellow or green, and
then both yellow and green.
D. Blue is the sixth color named, and brown is the seventh.
E. In no particular sequence, the colors gray, orange, pink, and purple are
designated.
Paragraph 3
General Idea
Colors vary considerably with both place and historical period.
1.56 Reading 2 
Specific Details
A. In Japan blue and green hues are perceived to be "good" and the red-
purple range as "bad."
B. In the United States the red-yellow-green range is considered "good" and
oranges and red-purples "bad."
C. The color of mourning is black in the West, yet other cultures use white,
purple, or gold for this purpose.
D. Many languages contain expressions that use color metaphorically
(common examples in English include "green with envy," "feeling blue,"
"seeing red," "purple passion," "white lie," and "black rage").
Reference
Durham, James C. (1981). To Write, Write: Writing. California: Independent

School Press.
Inman, Billie Andrew., Ruth Gardner. (1979). Aspects of Composition -

Second Edition. United States of America: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Smalley, Regina L., Ruetten, Mary K. (1986). Refining Composition Skills

Rhetoric and Grammar for ESL Students-2nd edt. New York: Macmillan
Publishing Comp.
Sonka, Amy L. (1981). Skillful Reading. London: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
-------------------, Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2003. © 1993-

2002 Microsoft Corporation.
-------------------, 1994-2002 Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.

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Module 1

General and Specific Terms

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE

After finishing this module, you are expected to be able to differentiate

Commonly, general terms refer to a broad class, type, and grouping of

Although all animal fibers are complex proteins,

The color of a metal changes when its

presented. The color of a metal changes when its temperature changes.

Some people have malnutrition. Their diets have too

Topic In the physical exam, the nutritionist looks for external

Topic In laboratory tests, nutritionists look for the amounts

Topic There are three main ways nutritionists do diet studies.

1. triangle, oval, shape, square

1. Face powder, eye shadow, lipstick, perfume

7. White wine, brandy, black Russian, beer

1. a. Being sick, the man walks slowly.

1. a. Joan likes reading books very much.

2. a. The communication department students have a final test this week.

What is the general idea?

What is the general idea?

What is the general idea?

4. Organization cannot exist without communication. If there is no

What is the general idea?

of glass fibers: continuous and staple. Continuous glass fiber, which is

What is the general idea?

No. General idea Specific facts/examples

No. General idea Specific facts/examples

1. Farm production in the United States increases each year as a result of

4. A formal letter is very different from an informal letter. Formal letters

The terms general and specific are used by a writer to compose

1. Pepsodent A Mild Soap Toothpaste Lifebuoy Cigarette

Direction : Write a more general version of the following sentences.

1. The annual expense for smoker is 3.6 million rupiahs.

Direction: Read the following texts and answer the questions.

1. What is / are the general word(s) used in the paragraph?

4. What is / are the general word(s) used in the paragraph?

8. What is the appropriate title for the text above?

10. How many paragraphs are there in the text?

18. What is / are the general word(s) used in the text?

The number of the right answers

Level of mastery: 90 - 100% = very good

By then end of this unit, you are expected to be able to identify

Food Vegetable Peas, spinach

the topic sentence is psychologists have identified three basic styles of

Betty Azar Book

Answer: Grammar Book

Social Program Students

1. General sentence: The people go downtown every weekend.

3. General sentence: They bought good furniture for their house.

What is the specific information?

What is the specific idea?

What is the specific idea?

What is the specific idea?

4. Organization cannot exist without communication. If there is no

What is the specific idea?

What is the specific idea?

6. Farm production in the United States increases each year as a result of

What is the specific idea?

d. Spanish includes accent marks on some vowels (television). English