ALGEBRA 0

Principles and Sample

Problems
0.1 COMMON SERIES AND FIGURATE NUMBERS
0.2 THE BASICS OF ALGEBRA
0.3 ABSOLUTE VALUE AND INEQUALITIES
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 2
ALGEBRA 0.1 Series and Figurate Numbers
1. Fibonacci’s Sequence
- a sequence of numbers in which any
number in the sequence corresponds to
the sum of the preceding two numbers. Triangular Gnomons Oblong
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, … 4. Gnomons
- a sequence of numbers representing
2. Lucas’ Sequence the number of objects when equally
- a sequence of numbers similar in arranged along the perpendicular legs
concept as to that of Fibonacci’s sequence. of an isosceles right triangle. These
1, 3, 4, 7, 11, 18, 29, 47, 76, … are also odd numbers.
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, …(2n-1)
3. Triangular Numbers
- a sequence of numbers in which 5. Perfect Squares
any number represents the number 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, …n2
of identical objects needed to form
the shape of an equilateral triangle. 6. Cubical Numbers
This sequence is also the sum of the 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, … n3
digits of counting numbers. 7. Oblong Numbers
1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55, 66, …n(n+1)/2 -Numbers in a series representing the
NOTE: These numbers are the sum of the number of objects formed in rectangular
digits used in SOYD method of depreciation. arrangement.
2, 6, 12, 20, 30, 42, 56, …n(n+1) StilHOT
8. Tetrahedral Numbers ALGEBRA 0.2 The Basics of Algebra
- a sequence of numbers in which any The degree of a polynomial is the highest degree
number in the sequence corresponds of its term.
to the number of identical objects Factoring is the process of expressing a number
or an algebraic expression as products of prime
arranged in a pyramidal form. numbers or prime expressions.
Composite or integral numbers are those that
are not prime numbers.
The multiples of a given natural number are
Tetrahedral Square Pyramidal those natural numbers greater than 1 that are
1, 4, 10, 20, 35, 56,…=nC3 , n3 exactly divisible by the given natural number.
9. Square Pyramidal Numbers The Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) is the
- a sequence of numbers in which any largest natural number that is a common factor
number in the sequence corresponds to of all given numbers.
the number of identical objects arranged The Greatest Common Factor (GCF) is the GCD
in a pyramidal form with a square base. of the given expressions.
1, 5, 14, 30, 55, 91, 140, 204, 285,… The Least Common Multiple (LCM) of two or
Problem 1: Ans. 211 more natural numbers is the smallest natural
What follows logically in the series of number for which all given numbers are factors.
numbers below? The Least Common Denominator (LCD) is the
15, 16, 21, 35, 65, 120, ___. LCM of the denominators. (3/8 +5/4+7/10)
Problem 2: Ans. 156 A prime number is a number which has no other
Find the missing number in the series factors other than itself and one: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11,
72, 73, 76, 82, 92, 107, 128, __, 192, 237 13, 17, 19, 23,… StilHOT
Problem 3: Ans. 0 Problem 9: What is the LCM of 45
Simplify (x-a)(x-b)(x-c)…(x-z). and 120? Ans.
Problem 4: Ans. 23 * 32*5 Problem 10: What is the LCM of 30,
Completely factor 360. 54, and 72? Ans.
Problem 5: One factor of 4a3-12a2-a+3 Problem 11: What is the GCF of 20,
is: 54, and 72? Ans.
A. 2a-1 C. a+1 Problem 12: What is the 18th
B. 2a-3 D. 2a+3 triangular number? Ans.
Problem 6: What follows logically Problem 13: What is the missing
from the series of numbers: number? 24, 49, 85, 134, ____.
121, 130, 146, 171, 207, ____. Ans. 198
Ans. 256 Problem 15: What is the missing
Problem 7: Find the missing number number? 54, 62, 89, 153, ____.
from the series of numbers: Ans. 278
17,18, 23, 37, 67, ____, 213. Problem 15: What is the missing
Ans. 122 number? 59, 69, 84, 105, ____.
Ans. 133
Problem 8: What is the 12th
tetrahedral number? Ans.
0.3 ABSOLUTE VALUE AND INEQUALITIES INEQUALITIES
The absolute value of a number x is always Since real numbers are associated with distinct
positive. points on the real number line, inequality
𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 symbols are used to described whether one
𝑥 ={ real number is less than or greater than the
−𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑥 = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 other.
PROPERTIES/THEOREMS INVOLVING
The absolute value of a number may also be
INEQUALITIES: (All letters used are  R)
interpreted as the unsigned distance between
1. 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 > 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑏 > 0
two points on the real number line.
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑏 > 0.
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒:
(a) 5 = 5 (𝑏) −3 = 3 2. 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 < 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 < 𝑐, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 < c and
𝑎 < 𝑏 < 𝑐.
(c) 4 + 2 = 4 − (−2) = 6
The above properties are also applicable for
Because the distance between 4 and -2 is 6.
the symbols, ≤ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≥.
(d) −1 − 2 = −1 − (+2) = 3
3. 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 < 𝑏, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑐 < 𝑏 + 𝑐.
Problem 16: Find the solution of the equation: 4. 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 < 𝑏, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 − 𝑐 < 𝑏 − 𝑐.
5𝑥 + 4 = 9. 5. 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 < 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 > 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑐.
Problem 17: Find the solution of the equation: 6. 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 < 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 < 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑐 > 𝑏𝑐.
3𝑥 − 1 = 2𝑥 + 7
7. 𝐼𝑓 𝑥 < 𝑎 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 > 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙
ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
 8. 𝐼𝑓 𝑥 < 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 > 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 − 𝑎 < 𝑥 < Problem 23: Solve the inequality 4𝑥 − 2 ≤
𝑎. 𝟓 𝟗
7. A𝒏𝒔. − ≤ 𝒙 ≤
𝟒 𝟒
9. 𝐼𝑓 𝑥 > 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 > 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 >
𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < −𝑎. Problem 24: Solve the inequality ȁ−5𝑥 −
𝟑 𝟏
10. 𝑎 + 𝑏 ≤ 𝑎 + 𝑏 1ȁ > 2. A𝒏𝒔. 𝒙 < − 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 > .
𝟓 𝟓
Problem 18: Write the inequality representing Problem 25: Solve the inequality
the statement “x is within 3 units of 5” and then 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3 ≥ 0.
𝟏
solve the inequality. Ans 𝟐 < 𝒙 < 𝟖. A𝒏𝒔. −∞, − ∪ 𝟑, +∞ .
𝟐
Problem 19: Write the inequality representing Problem 26: Solve the inequality
the statement “the unsigned distance from -3x to 𝑥 2 +4𝑥 − 12 < 0.
5 is less than or equal to 2” and then solve the A𝒏𝒔. (−𝟔, 𝟐)
𝟕
inequality. Ans. − ≤ 𝒙 ≤ −𝟏. Problem 27: Solve the inequalities:
𝟑 2 1
Problem 20: Solve the inequality 𝑥 + ≤ 1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 > 0 𝑨𝒏𝒔. 𝒔𝒆𝒕 𝑹
5 3
𝑥
− − 1. A𝒏𝒔. 𝒙 ≤ −
𝟐𝟎 2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 < 0 𝑨𝒏𝒔. ∅
3 𝟏𝟏
Problem 21: Solve the inequality 3𝑥 − 2 < Problem 28: Solve the inequalities:
4𝑥 1+𝑥 𝟗 28.1. 𝑥 − 1 2 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 + 5 <
− . A𝒏𝒔. 𝒙 < .
3 2 𝟏𝟑 0 𝑨𝒏𝒔. −𝟓 < 𝒙 < 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟏 < 𝒙 < 𝟒
Problem 22: Solve the inequality 3𝑥 − 5 ≤ 28.2. 3𝑥+8 > 4 𝑨𝒏𝒔. 𝟑 < 𝒙 < 𝟒
2𝑥−3
− 2. A𝒏𝒔. 𝒏𝒐 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟐
6−5𝑥 1 𝟗 𝟓
28.3. ≤ 𝑨𝒏𝒔. ≤ 𝒙 ≤
3+𝑥 2 𝟏𝟏 𝟑