V3.0 Global SOPs Chap 6 Search and Clearance PDF

HMA Global SOPs 2018
CHAPTER 6: SEARCH & CLEARANCE
Release date: July 2018
Although mechanical and MDD assets can assist, Search & Clearance is always ‘manual
demining’ and so its quality is dependant on the professionalism of the demining staff involved. To
have full confidence that land is safe to be released to its end-users, reliable staff must conduct
and/or oversee every stage of the Search & Clearance procedures that are used.
Whatever the search procedure, staff must determine where to search, then ensure that the
search is properly conducted, then expose and remove or destroy the explosive hazards that are
found. Area marking and overlaps between search lanes ensure full ground coverage. Pre-search
tests and frequent QA checks ensure that the required search depth is reliably achieved.
HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 1

CHAPTER 6: SEARCH & CLEARANCE
These generic and global SOPs have been available since 2007. This Chapter has been updated
and significantly changed for this 2018 release. Definitions that are necessary to understand this
SOP are included at the start of the Chapter.
Contents
1. GLOSSARY............................................................................................................................................. 4
1.1 Should, Must & Shall....................................................................................................................... 7
2. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Manual demining team.................................................................................................................... 8
3. DEMINING TEAM DEPLOYMENT.......................................................................................................... 9
3.1 Daily briefing ................................................................................................................................... 9
4. APPROVED MANUAL SEARCH PATTERNS....................................................................................... 10
4.1 Search lanes ................................................................................................................................. 10
4.1.1 Cutting vegetation from beside a search lane ........................................................................ 11
4.2 Lateral lanes ................................................................................................................................. 12
4.3 Spot Tasks .................................................................................................................................... 13
4.3.1 UXO/AXO Spot Tasks ............................................................................................................ 13
4.3.2 MDD Spot Tasks .................................................................................................................... 14
5. TASK SITE PREPARATION ................................................................................................................. 15
6. WORKING DISTANCES BETWEEN STAFF ........................................................................................ 15
6.1 Supervisor working distances ....................................................................................................... 15
6.2 MEDEVAC procedures during manual demining .......................................................................... 16
6.2.1 Preliminary accident investigation .......................................................................................... 17
7. MANUAL DEMINING PROCEDURES .................................................................................................. 18
7.1 Prohibited detection method ......................................................................................................... 18
7.2 Detection by eye ........................................................................................................................... 18
8. LANE SEARCH USING METAL-DETECTORS..................................................................................... 19
8.1 Safety and metal-detectors ........................................................................................................... 19
8.2 General principles ......................................................................................................................... 20
8.2.1 Metal-detector care ................................................................................................................ 20
8.2.2 Metal-detector calibration area............................................................................................... 21
8.2.3 Metal-detector test area ......................................................................................................... 21
8.2.4 Using the metal-detector calibration and test areas ............................................................... 22
8.2.5 Search-head movement ......................................................................................................... 22
8.2.6 Search-head advance ............................................................................................................ 22
8.3 Using the MineLab F3 metal-detector ........................................................................................... 24
8.3.1 Switching ‘mode’ with the MineLab F3 ................................................................................... 25
8.3.2 Turning on and checking the MineLab F3 .............................................................................. 25
8.3.3 MineLab F3 search patterns................................................................................................... 27
8.3.4 Pinpointing with the MineLab F3 ............................................................................................ 27
8.3.5 Edge pinpointing .................................................................................................................... 28
8.4 Metal-detector search procedure .................................................................................................. 28
8.4.1 Pinpointing a metal-detector reading...................................................................................... 31
8.4.2 Metal-detector signal markers ................................................................................................ 31
8.5 Investigating a metal-detector signal using hand tools.................................................................. 31
8.5.1 Magnets ................................................................................................................................. 32
8.5.2 Special tools for hard ground ................................................................................................. 33
8.5.3 Slicing tools ............................................................................................................................ 33
8.5.4 Signal investigation procedure ............................................................................................... 34
8.6 Investigating a metal-detector signal using rakes ......................................................................... 36
8.6.1 Procedure............................................................................................................................... 37
9. AREA-EXCAVATION USING HAND TOOLS........................................................................................ 38
9.1 Procedure ..................................................................................................................................... 39
10. AREA-EXCAVATION USING REDS ..................................................................................................... 41
10.1 Conducting Rake Excavation and Detection ................................................................................. 42
11. USING WATER TO SOFTEN GROUND............................................................................................... 44
11.1 Waterlogged ground ..................................................................................................................... 44
12. ACTION ON LOCATING AN EXPLOSIVE HAZARD ............................................................................ 45
12.1 Pulling procedure .......................................................................................................................... 46
13. REMOVAL OF VEGETATION............................................................................................................... 47
13.1 Approved vegetation cutting tools ................................................................................................. 47

13.1.1 General rules for the use vegetation cutting tools .................................................................. 47
13.2 Manual cutting of vegetation ......................................................................................................... 48
13.3 Using a powered strimmer ............................................................................................................ 49
13.4 Burning-off vegetation................................................................................................................... 50
14. OBSTACLES IN THE SEARCH AREA ................................................................................................. 51
14.1 Rocks............................................................................................................................................ 51
14.2 Fences and wire............................................................................................................................ 52
14.3 Vehicle wrecks .............................................................................................................................. 52
14.4 Ditches/trenches ........................................................................................................................... 53
14.5 Abandoned or battle damaged buildings....................................................................................... 54
14.6 Fallen trees ................................................................................................................................... 55
15. FINDING HUMAN REMAINS ................................................................................................................ 56
15.1 Reporting finding human remains ................................................................................................. 56
15.2 Ancient human remains ................................................................................................................ 57
15.3 Human remains from conflict ........................................................................................................ 57
15.4 Recent human remains ................................................................................................................. 58
15.5 Human remains found outside the task area ................................................................................ 58
15.6 Health hazards.............................................................................................................................. 58
15.6.1 Psychological considerations ................................................................................................. 59
16. TRIPWIRE LOCATION ......................................................................................................................... 59
16.1 Action on locating a tripwire .......................................................................................................... 59
17. COLLECTION OF EXPLOSIVE HAZARDS .......................................................................................... 60
18. CONDUCTING BATTLE AREA CLEARANCE (BAC) ........................................................................... 60
19. CONDUCTING BATTLE AREA CLEARANCE SUBSURFACE (BACS) ............................................... 62
19.1 Why a single BACS search may not be enough ........................................................................... 62
19.2 Metal-detectors used in BACS ...................................................................................................... 62
19.3 BACS search test targets.............................................................................................................. 63
19.4 Probability of detection and false alarm rate ................................................................................. 64
19.5 Requirements during all BACS searches ...................................................................................... 64
19.5.1 Excavating BACS metal-detector signals ............................................................................... 65
19.6 Using a large-loop detector ........................................................................................................... 66
19.6.1 Large-loop search patterns .................................................................................................... 66

1. Glossary
The terms defined below are listed in alphabetical order. Terms not used in this SOP may be
included for clarity. A full Glossary of terms used throughout the Global SOPs is included in the
introductory Chapter.
Accident (Demining accident): following ordinary use of the term, an HMA ‘accident’ is any
damaging or injurious event that occurs during working hours. This includes road traffic accidents
and other events that give rise to injury which do not involve explosive hazards. Whenever an
accident involving explosive hazards occurs (whether injurious or not), a detailed and objective
accident report must be compiled and shared. Demining accident reports must be appended to
the Field Risk Register and the appropriate risk mitigation strategies recorded. See also the entry
for ‘Incident (demining incident)’.
Area Cleared: the area ‘Cleared’ is a defined area (or areas) that has been subjected to one or
more demining Search & Clearance procedure(s) which guarantee(s) that a thorough search to
the required depth has been conducted over the entire area(s). In all areas released as ‘Cleared’,
the task supervisors must have full confidence that no explosive hazards remain to the specified
search depth and must be prepared to demonstrate their confidence by walking or driving over the
area. When no explosive hazards are located during Search & Clearance of an area, the area
may still be released as ‘Cleared’ even though there were no explosive hazards to ‘Clear’.
Area preparation: ‘area preparation’ involves the passage of a tool over a wide area to remove
vegetation and/or prepare the ground surface before other demining procedures are conducted.
The processing tool is generally attached to a machine that is suitably protected so that it can be
safely driven over the area (often by remote control). Depending on need, the reliable depth of
any ground processing may be important but is not critical because a ground engaging machine
must always be followed by thorough Search & Clearance procedures if the land is to be released
as ‘Cleared’.
BAC - Battle-Area-Clearance: ‘BAC’ is a visual search process that raises confidence that an
area is free from explosive hazards on the ground surface without applying any subsurface search
procedures. BAC cannot be used where the Task Assessment determines that there may be any
buried explosive hazards that are pressure or movement sensitive. When there may be any other
buried explosive hazards (such as common UXO), BAC must be followed with a reliable sub-
surface Search & Clearance procedure. Areas subjected to BAC may be recorded as ‘Surface
Cleared’.
BACS – Battle-Area-Clearance Subsurface: ‘BACS’ is a search process involving the use of
metal-detectors that raises confidence that an area is free from explosive hazards without
applying procedures that would locate hazards with a small metal content. BACS cannot be used
where the Task Assessment determines that there may be any anti-personnel mines, pressure or
movement sensitive devices, or buried minimum-metal explosive hazards. The metal-detectors
used must be able to reliably locate all of the anticipated hazards in the area. When used as
described, areas subjected to formal BACS procedures may be recorded as having been ‘Cleared
of hazards with a large metal content to a specified depth’.
Booby-traps: in common with the definition of anti-personnel mines in the Ottawa Convention,
‘booby-traps’ are victim-initiated devices that are not triggered remotely by command detonation.
Designed to target anyone who disturbs them, they are manufactured in volume production and
sold to armed forces as part of their arsenal. An example is the MS3 which looks similar to a PMN
anti-personnel mine but functions when a weight is removed from on top of the device. The ML-7
has a similar function and is frequently placed beneath anti-personnel mines to target anyone
lifting the mine.
Clear (Presumed Clear): when applied to land, the word ‘Clear’ is used to describe land where
there is no evidence of there being any explosive hazards (No Threat Evidence, NTE). When this
is a result of the explosive hazards having been removed/destroyed during Search & Clearance,
the area must be described as having been ‘Cleared’. When land has been released by area
Reduction, Verification or Cancellation, it has not been ‘Cleared’ but can be ‘Presumed Clear’
because there is no evidence of it being likely to be contaminated with explosive hazards (No
Threat Evidence, NTE). The distinction between the use of ‘Presumed Clear’ and ‘Cleared’ is
important because it can be critical in cases of litigation.

Clearance: ‘clearance’ is the removal or destruction of explosive hazards. Most in the industry
describe what they do as ‘clearance’. In fact what most field people are doing most of the time is
preparing ground and searching. If there are no explosive hazards there, there is nothing to be
‘cleared’ so clearance cannot be happening. In these SOPs, the activity of searching for and
removing or destroying explosive hazards is referred to as Search & Clearance despite the fact
that, at some times, no hazards will be found and no ‘clearance’ will be required.
Cleared (land): ‘cleared land’ is a defined and mapped area that has been formally searched to a
required depth and on which all explosive hazards have been removed or destroyed. An area can
only be declared ‘Cleared’ after it has been subjected to disciplined Search & Clearance
procedures that ensure the discovery and removal of all explosive hazards to a specified depth
over the entire area. That depth must be determined during the Task Assessment and should be
varied if devices are discovered at greater depths as work at the task progresses. If the depth that
can be reliably searched using any one demining procedure is less than the requirement,
additional search procedures must be used to gain confidence that thorough Search & Clearance
to the required depth has been achieved before the area can be declared ‘Cleared’. Following
Quality Management principles in pursuit of efficient Land Release, if no explosive hazards are
found, an investigation should be made into why the task documentation indicated that the area
was contaminated with explosive hazards when it was not.
Deminer (Searcher): a ‘deminer’ is a person engaged in Search & Clearance tasks in areas that
may be contaminated with explosive hazards. A deminer must always be trained and qualified to
carry our procedures related to searching. A deminer may also have EOD training, but does not
have to be trained to appraise and manage the explosive hazards that are found. Persons with
EOD training are called ‘EOD specialists’ and must also be trained as deminers/searchers.
Demining procedure(s): see the entry for ‘procedure’.
Explosive hazard: the term ‘explosive hazard’ is used to describe mines and ordnance whether
fuzed, fired or otherwise, and all explosive devices whether mass-produced or improvised. It also
covers hazardous parts of these devices, including detonators, propellants and pyrotechnics.
Following the usage in international treaties and conventions, the IMAS distinguish between
‘mines’, ‘submunitions’ and ‘Explosive Remnants of War’ (ERW) and treats them separately. This
is confusing because, in normal language, ‘mines’ and ‘submunitions’ are also ‘ERW’. Rather than
trying to reclaim the commonsense meaning of ERW, the term ‘explosive hazard’ is used in these
SOPs.
HIEDC: The acronym ‘HIEDC’ (Humanitarian Improvised Explosive Device Clearance) is used to
describe those IED search & Clearance activities that are conducted in HMA. HIEDC differs from
the counter IED work that is conducted by active combatants or security services because it
prioritises the safe destruction of the hazard without adopting a forensic approach that is intended
to assist in the identification of those who made or placed it.
High Probability Area (HPA): a ‘High Probability Area’ is a part of a task where there is a high
probability that explosive hazards are present. This may be called a Confirmed Hazardous Area or
CHA by other agencies. The threat in a High Probability Area is the same as that in a Low
Probability Area when the same explosive hazards may be present. Typical HPA include mapped
and marked minefields, areas where mines are visible, defensive positions, areas where there
have been multiple explosive accidents, and areas where the presence of hazards has been
reliably reported.
IED (simple IED): in these SOPs, a simple ‘IED’ is an ‘improvised explosive device’ which is an
improvised munition, such as a mortar bomb, rocket, grenade, or a mine. The defining feature of a
simple ‘IED’ is that it is designed to function in a way that parallels the conventional munition it is
intended to emulate. See also the entries for ‘IED bombs’, ‘MF-IEDs’ and ‘booby-traps’.
IED bombs: ‘IED bombs’ are improvised explosive hazards that are placed for timed or command
detonation. Although placed during the conflict which should have ended before HMA activity
began, improvised bombs may be encountered as legacy hazards. They may be unstable and
may have MF-IED features. See also the entries for ‘IEDs’, ‘MF-IEDs’ and ‘booby-traps’.
Incident (Demining incident): avoiding the confusion between ‘accident’ and ‘incident’ apparent
in the IMAS, in these SOPs a ‘demining incident’ is the discovery of one or more explosive
hazard(s) on land that has been declared ‘Cleared’ or ‘Presumed Clear’ and released to the end-
users as part of Land Release. The rigorous and honest investigation of demining incidents is
necessary to ensure that errors are identified and corrected in pursuit of the primary goal of HMA.

Demining incident reports must be appended to the Field Risk Register and the appropriate risk
mitigation strategies recorded. See also the entry for ‘Accident (demining accident)’.
Indication: an ‘indication’ is the action of a Mine Detection Dog (MDD) when it detects the
presence of a target which it has been trained to locate. An MDD indication may be at some
distance from the target. See also the entry for ‘signal’.
Low Probability Area (LPA): a ‘Low Probability Area’ is a part or parts of the task where it is
possible that there are explosive hazards but there is not enough evidence of their presence to
make it probable. Typically, land bordering a High Probability Area is a Low Probability Area. The
threat in a Low Probability Area is the same as that in a High Probability Area when the same
explosive hazards may be present.
Malign fuzed IEDs (MF-IEDs): an ‘MF-IED’ is an IED that has one or more initiation systems that
is deliberately designed to be triggered by any attempt to approach, disarm, separate, disrupt or
move all of part of the device. Any explosive hazard can be turned into an MF-IED by the addition
of an initiation system designed to target those sent to find and destroy it. MF-IEDs may have
several initiation systems, any one of which may be followed by a delay to give the impression
that the hazard is safe, so maximising injury. See also the entries for ‘IEDs’, ‘IED bombs’ and
‘booby-traps’.
Procedure(s), demining procedure(s): ‘demining procedures’ are activities conducted on land
that may be contaminated with explosive hazards as part of preparing it for Land Release.
Searching with metal-detectors or MDDs are demining procedures. Cutting undergrowth or ground
processing with a demining machine are also demining procedures. One or more procedure can
be applied to process the same ground to give confidence that the area can be released. Not all
procedures, or combinations of procedures, constitute full Search & Clearance and so guarantee
that no explosive hazards remain to the required depth in the area. This is not important when
there is found to be No Threat Evidence in an area and it can be reliably ‘Presumed Clear’.
REDS – Rake Excavation and Detection System: REDS uses two specialist long-handled rakes
to either excavate the ground where a metal-detector or MDD has signalled, or to conduct area-
excavation in search lanes. Used correctly in the search for anti-personnel pressure mines and
anti-tank mines, the system has been as fast as other area-excavation or signal investigation
method. The rakes effectively sift the ground and any explosive hazards are exposed without risk
of initiation. The length of the rakes reduces the risk of severe injury in the event of an anti-
personnel blast mine accident by keeping the deminer at a greater distance from the hazard.
Safety distance: the ‘safety distance’ is the distance at which all staff must be from a deliberate
detonation in order to avoid injury. This is also the distance at which staff must be from a demining
procedure that may predictably detonate some devices (such as processing the ground surface
using a machine). See also the entry for ‘working distances’.
Search & Clearance (Searched & Cleared): ‘Search & Clearance’ refers to the disciplined use of
demining procedures that are reliably able to locate all anticipated explosive hazards to a
specified depth beneath the ground surface and the removal/destruction of those hazards over an
entire recorded area. Only areas that have been Searched & Cleared can be released as
‘Cleared’.
Search depth: the ‘search depth’ is the depth beneath the ground surface to which reliable
search for explosive hazards must be conducted. Unless otherwise directed by the NMAA or
client, the search depth should be agreed during task planning and must be increased as soon as
any evidence suggests that the hazards may be at a greater depth than was originally believed.
Signal: a ‘signal’ is the sound and/or visual alert made by a metal-detector when the presence of
metal is detected beneath or around the search-head. The position of the signal may be
pinpointed with varied precision depending on the metal-detector and its settings. See also the
entry for ‘indication’.
Suspected Hazardous Area (SHA): at the start of a demining task, the entire task area is often
referred to as a ‘Suspected Hazardous Area (SHA)’. After a Technical Survey has been
conducted and more becomes known as the task progresses, parts of the SHA should be
designated Low Probability Areas (LPA) and High Probability Areas (HPA) where the ‘probability’
refers to the probable presence of explosive hazards. HPA and LPA designations and the Task
Release Plan should be reviewed and revised as soon as more evidence about the contamination
in the SHA is gathered. As areas with No Threat Evidence are identified, they may be Reduced,
Verified or Cancelled, as appropriate.

Task (demining task): a ‘task’ is a specified area of land on which a demining organisation must
conduct activities detailed in a Task Release Plan in order to declare the area ‘Cleared’ or
‘Presumed Clear’ in preparation for land release.
Task Release Plan: the ‘Task Release Plan’ is the schedule of all demining activities that will
take place in a demining task area. It includes maps of HPA and LPA showing all areas that will
be released as ‘Cleared’, Reduced, Verified or Cancelled. All Task Release Plans should be
revised regularly as work progresses and more becomes known about the task area. This is
essential to allow the work to be conducted efficiently, so protecting the donor/client from
unnecessary costs. When the Task Release Plan must be approved by the NMAA, a provisional
Task Release Plan sent to them before work starts should cover as many of the variations that
may be required as can be reasonably predicted. When further revisions are required, the NMAA
should appraise revised Task Release Plans without delay. When the revision is necessary to
keep risk within tolerable limits, the NMAA should approve its immediate implementation pending
the results of their formal appraisal.
Technical Survey: a ‘Technical Survey’ involves using demining Search & Clearance procedures
over parts of a task area in order to try to determine parts that are High Probability Areas (HPA),
parts that are Low Probability Areas (LPA), and parts where there is No Threat Evidence (NTE). A
Technical Survey should precede wide-area Search & Clearance at all tasks where a Technical
Survey has not already been conducted. When staff walk over the ground during the survey, the
ground on which they walk must have been declared ‘Cleared’ or ‘Presumed Clear’.
Wide-area: In these SOPs, the term ‘wide-area’ is used to describe large land areas over which
Search & Clearance will be conducted. The breach lanes that are ‘Cleared’ during a Technical
Survey are not conducted over wide-areas, but parallel breaches can be combined to provide
wide-area Search & Clearance.
Working distance: the ‘working distance’ should make it unlikely that more than one person will
be injured in a demining accident. Working distances can generally be shorter than safety
distances because there are no deliberate detonations occurring and the risk of an accidental
detonation occurring should be very low. Working distances that are shorter than ‘safety
distances’ can increase safety during Search & Clearance by improving the ease of supervision
which ensures that procedures are conducted correctly and risks are appropriately managed. See
also the entry for ‘safety distances’.
1.1 Should, Must & Shall

Throughout this document the distinction between the terms ‘should’ and ‘shall’ that is used by the
International Standards Organisation (ISO) and in the International Mine Action Standards (IMAS)
is adopted.
When ‘shall’ or ‘must’ is used, everyone working to this SOP must comply with the requirements
as they are written. No variation is permitted.
When ‘should’ is used, everyone working to this SOP must follow the requirements unless they
have a reason to vary them that has been approved by the senior staff with operational
responsibility. Variations must be recorded in writing in the Task Release Plan and the person(s)
making the variation must be identified.

2. Introduction
Before any demining task is undertaken, the operations manager must ensure that the task area
has been visited and a Task Assessment has been conducted. The Task Assessment will include
a detailed Task Risk Assessment and lead to the writing of a provisional Task Release Plan that
will be presented for approval by the operations manager and, when appropriate, the NMAA.
Making a Task Risk Assessment in described Chapter 14 of these SOPs. The provisional Task
Release Plan is a schedule of all demining activities that will take place to prepare the task area
for release to end-users. When possible, it should include maps of probable HPA, LPA, and areas
with NTE that will be used to inform the way that Technical Survey is conducted. The plan is
‘provisional’ because all Task Release Plans should be revised regularly as work progresses and
more becomes known about the task area. The maps in the provisional Task Release Plan must
include a map of the task site layout and the positions of safe areas.
The person who will supervise the task should be involved in the Task Assessment and in writing
the provisional Task release Plan. The Task Release Plan should be included in a Task Folder
that contains all available information about the task. A copy of the Task Folder must remain with
the task supervisor until the task is completed.
This Chapter gives details of manual Search & Clearance operations. Demining work often
involves the co-ordinated application of mixed manual, mechanical and MDD assets. The Task
Release Plan must take integrated asset management into account. As long as safety is not
compromised, some details of the demining procedures may be varied when integrated processes
are used at a task. For example, elements of site layout, marking and control can be varied
according to the assets deployed at any one time. MEDEVAC requirements will be common
across assets and must be managed to avoid duplication.
The provisional Task Release Plan must include an estimate of the manual demining that is
required and the other demining assets that are needed. The plan should include details of the
staff, equipment and all logistical and transport requirements.
2.1 Manual demining team

The diagram below shows the various staff in a typical manual demining team and the hierarchy
of command and responsibility above them.
The demining team structure may be varied as numbers of staff change or to meet the needs at a
task. Generally, a team comprises three sections of up to ten deminers who work under a ‘task
supervisor’. The team is supported by an EOD specialist deminer (when others are not suitably
qualified/experienced), by an MRE and community liaison specialist, a paramedic and drivers. A
cook and security guards should be added when required.
When appropriate, a demining team may be divided to work on two tasks. When this occurs, the
operations manager should appoint a suitably experienced temporary ‘task supervisor’ to control
work at the second task. Appropriate medical provision should be made to ensure that a
paramedic is never more than five minutes away from any working deminer. The driver of a well

equipped ambulance must have reliable communications with the task supervisor(s) and be no
more than ten minutes away from the site(s) it serves.
Each task supervisor may control three or more section leaders. Each section leader normally
controls eight to ten deminers. When accidents have occurred in demining, field supervision has
very often been unsatisfactory, so there is evidence that good field supervision is essential to
ensure the correct application of SOPs and procedures. Field supervisors must be able to
establish and maintain discipline. Deminers who do not obey instructions must be removed from
the field and, when appropriate, dismissed.
Deminers are expected to take responsibility for remembering their training and applying it
sensibly without always having a supervisor looking at them. When deminers are known to be
experienced and reliable, the number of deminers in a section may be increased to twelve at the
discretion of the operations manager.
To promote efficiency, if absences or vacancies reduce the ratio of deminers to supervisors below
5:1, the task supervisor should ensure that section leaders work as deminers until more deminers
become available. A well designed Task Release Plan should ensure that deminers never stand
idle and that supervisors are always busy.
3. Demining team deployment

The demining team will be deployed under the direction of the task supervisor appointed by the
operations manager. The task supervisor is responsible for ensuring that all the equipment and
consumables necessary for the deployment are available on time and in the right place.
Demining teams may deploy for one of the main purposes listed below.
1. Combined Technical Survey and wide-area demining tasks.
2. Separate Technical Survey tasks.
3. Separate wide-area demining tasks.
4. In support of MDD or mechanical assets.
Demining teams should not be deployed to any wide-area task until a Task Assessment has been
conducted. Technical Survey may be conducted as part of the Task Assessment.
On deployment to any wide-area or Technical Survey task, the task supervisor should ensure that
the safe areas as described in Chapter 4 of these SOPs are established.
3.1 Daily briefing

A team briefing must be given every day before starting any work at a task. The task supervisor
should brief all the sections under his/her management on the following:
• the layout of the task (using a map drawn on a whiteboard or on paper);
• The Task Release Plan and any changes that have been made as work has progressed;
• the Task Risk Assessment and any changes that have been made as work progresses;
• explosive hazards anticipated in the area and the risks they present;
• procedures and tools to be used;
• field communication methods to be used;
• working shift timings and any meal breaks;
• the MEDEVAC procedure;
• each section’s area of responsibility; and
• each deminer’s responsibility for his/her own safety and the safety of those around him.
Time should be taken to encourage questions from the section leaders and the deminers.
The paramedic should attend the briefing and be satisfied that all staff members are fit to work.

After the briefing, the task supervisor should oversee each section leader briefing his/her section
about each deminer’s start position. The task supervisor should use this opportunity to check that
the deployment matches the reports of progress at the task and update the Task Release Plan
and Task Risk Assessment when necessary.
At the end of the daily briefing, the section leaders must check that their deminers have their PPE
and necessary equipment/tools before their section is deployed.
4. Approved manual search patterns

Deminers generally search using one of the following patterns.
1. Search lanes that are one metre wide and start from a safe baseline and breach into the
SHA (search lanes are extended with adjacent search lanes to cover a wide-area).
2. Spot Task search over a small area, such as when investigating an MDD indication.
3. Lateral search lanes up to 10 metres wide that can be efficient when searching the verges
of roads or waterways, etc.
The use of varied search patterns should be integrated at any task in order to keep all staff busy.
Frequently, the full wide-area Search & Clearance of an entire task is not necessary because
some of the area is not hazardous (see Chapter 3). Most Task Release Plans start by using
search lanes to make breaches in a Technical Survey that is designed to locate or confirm those
parts of the task that are High Probability Areas (HPA), Low Probability Areas (LPA) and No
Threat Evidence (NTE) areas. The HPA are then scheduled for wide-area Search & Clearance.
Technical Survey is described in Chapter 3 of these SOPs.
Work at the task should be designed to test whether the HPA, LPA and NTE designations in the
Task assessment were correct and if not, to re-designate parts or all of the areas (see Chapter 3
of these SOPs).
Although wide area Search & Clearance should not be conducted where there is no reason to
believe that there are explosive hazards present, when a contract requiring wide-area Search &
Clearance of an entire task area has been agreed, the terms of the contract must be honoured.
4.1 Search lanes

Most manual demining is conducted in search lanes. Demining search lanes start from a baseline
in a safe area and cut into the SHA in what are known as ‘breaches’. Search lanes are combined
with adjacent lanes to join up and provide Search & Clearance over a wide-area.
Each search lane is marked as being one metre wide. An overlap of 10 cm on each side means
that the area searched is actually 1.2 metres wide. This ensures that adjacent lanes overlap
without any possibility of missing narrow areas between them.
No one metre wide search lane into a HPA should
be more than five metres long. When the lane
reaches five metres long, it should be closed and an
adjacent lane searched so that the lane becomes
two metres wide. The second lane can then be
extended a further five metres before it is also
closed and the first lane extended. Ensuring that
search lanes that are more than five metres long are
always at least two metres wide allows efficient
supervision and safe emergency access.
When appropriate, one metre search lanes made into Low Probability Area (LPA) or areas with
No Threat Evidence (NTE) may be extended to 20 metres in length before being widened with an

adjacent lane. Although it saves time to search a narrow lane across LPA and NTE areas, a
narrow search lane may pass through a patterned area of hazards without locating it which would
introduce an intolerable risk of leaving hazards behind. Breaches across these areas must
eventually be broader than two metres (as described in Chapter 3) so widening a breach into LPA
and NTE areas when it reaches five metres in length is preferred.
Search lane marking is described in Chapter 5 of these SOPs.
4.1.1 Cutting vegetation from beside a search lane

When a search lane into a HPA has reached five metres long, a lane must be made alongside it
and that part of the adjacent lane which is accessible can be prepared from the side.
Undergrowth, rocks and other obstructions can be removed and, when approved, the vegetation
strimmer described in Part 13.3 of this Chapter can be used. It has been found that this allows
deminers to work more quickly because they are not constantly changing tools. The procedure is
shown in the diagram below.
This procedure may be used whether searching with metal-detectors or using area-excavation
procedures.
Using hand tools, deminers cannot safely cut vegetation across the entire width of the adjacent
lane, but cutting some of the vegetation will often speed up the Search & Clearance of the
adjacent lane without adding risk.

4.2 Lateral lanes
Lateral lanes are lanes that search slices from the
front of the SHA instead of searching directly into
it. This approach can be especially useful when
searching road-verges, alongside railway lines or
up to buildings.
The photograph alongside shows a deminer
searching a lateral lane. There is a road behind
the deminer. Lateral lanes do not extend to a
metre in front of the deminer. They should be as
wide as the deminer can safely reach to cut
vegetation and prepare the area for search.
This is usually around 50cm unless the Task Risk
Assessment has determined that it would be safe to use a long handled strimmer.
Lateral lanes are prepared from a start line at which a baseline is placed inside the safe area. This
may be a road. The length of a lateral lane may be varied to suit the task but is usually not more
than ten metres.
Because lateral lanes involve the deminer moving sideways along the baseline, it is sometimes
called a ‘Crab’ search approach.
Procedures for using a lateral lane search pattern vary and the method described below is the
simplest.
1) On a start line, the deminer places markers ten metres apart. The markers are linked with
tape that must be pulled tight to ensure a straight line and make a baseline. The deminer
should always start on the right of the area and move left as the search progresses.
2) When necessary, a search for tripwires must be conducted before cutting vegetation.
3) At the right hand end of the baseline, the deminer kneels and cuts the undergrowth in front of
the baseline as far as can be safely reached. If a long handled vegetation strimmer has been
approved for use, the deminer stands and moves along the baseline using the strimmer.
4) Undergrowth should be cut in two or more stages to ground level while looking through it for
visible hazards. Any visible hazard must be marked with a hazard marker at the baseline and
the vegetation in the area around it gently removed by hand.
5) The deminer removes all cut vegetation, and small obstructions such as rocks and rubbish,
then moves to the left to repeat the area preparation. Cut undergrowth may be removed with a
leaf rake (from the REDS rake system) when the Task Risk Assessment permits this.
6) Moving sideways to the left, the deminer removes all of the undergrowth in front of the
baseline to a distance of around half a metre. Generally, a base-stick is not used during the
cutting of undergrowth because the baseline tape is in place.
7) When the vegetation has been removed across the entire ten metres, the deminer returns to
the right hand end of the baseline and places a base-stick on top of the first metre of the
baseline. The base-stick provides a guide when using the metal-detector and ensures a
search overlap.
8) A temporary marker is placed at the other end of the base-stick, on top of the baseline. This is
usually a red painted stone because it will not be in place for long.
9) The deminer searches the area in front of the base-stick using the metal-detector and signal
investigation procedures described in Part 8.4 of this Chapter.

10) When the first area in front of the base-stick has been searched and any metal-detector
signals investigated, the deminer moves the base-stick to the left, then moves the temporary
marker to the left before searching the next area. Depending on the types of explosive hazard
located, hazards may be exposed, marked and left while the search continues. All explosive
hazards must be removed or destroyed before the baseline tape is moved forward and
another swathe of undergrowth is removed.
11) Step nine and ten are repeated until the prepared 10 metre wide area has been Searched &
Cleared .
12) After the removal or destruction of any explosive hazards located, the baseline is moved
forward to 10cm inside the area where the vegetation has been cut. If uncut vegetation
prevents the tape being straight, the deminer should move the markers back until the tape can
be straight.
13) The deminer searches along the baseline tape with the metal-detector and investigates any
signals.
14) The lateral search process begins again at Step 2 and is repeated until the required area has
been Searched & Cleared to the required distance from the start line.
1 NOTE: A long handled vegetation strimmer can increase speed but must not be used if the
Task Risk Assessment indicates the possible presence of tripwire mines, submunitions,
tilt-sensitive fuzes, or any other hazard that may be initiated by the strimmer.
4.3 Spot Tasks

Spot Tasks involve the removal of explosive hazards from small areas. Typically these may be
single items of UXO or AXO. The investigation of an MDD indication is also a Spot Task. When a
reported or discovered hazard at a Spot Task may be an improvised bomb, MF-IED, or booby-trap
the approach and procedures described in Chapter 7 of these SOPs should be used.
4.3.1 UXO/AXO Spot Tasks

UXO/AXO Spot Tasks should be conducted by a Spot Task team.
The team leader must assess each task and approach the area where the hazard is reported with
appropriate caution. Many UXO/AXO Spot Tasks are made in response to a report of an explosive
hazard made by the local community or local authorities. In many cases a device is in an area that
is frequently used. In some cases, several explosive hazards have been collected in one place.
This type of Spot Task can generally be approached presuming that the area is safe.
The picture alongside shows an RPG lying in
rubbish at a roadside.
If there is any uncertainty about approaching a Spot
Task, the area must be approached by searching a
breach lane from a known safe area.
When the reported device is a mine or submunition,
or when an explosive incident has occurred, an
assessment must be made of the extent of the area that must be searched. If the area is greater

than 100 m2, the EOD Spot Task Team must record all details of the area and consult the
operations manager about whether to continue or to make a SHA report so that the area can be
treated as a wide-area Search & Clearance task that will be conducted by a larger team. The
operations manager may need to liaise with the NMAA to reach a decision.
When a search must be made over an area greater than 100 m2, a bench-mark must be
established and the entire area accurately mapped. All the management and reporting procedures
appropriate to searching a wide-area task is required.
4.3.2 MDD Spot Tasks

Typical MDD Spot Tasks involve the search of small areas
surrounding an MDD indication. The MDD marker is
placed and the baseline starts at least 50cm back from the
marker. The area is Searched & Cleared using the
following procedure.
Step 1: the deminer marks the closest side of the two
metre area with three hazardous area markers placed at
metre intervals.
If at any stage during the search an explosive hazard is
found, the deminer stops work, closes the lane and
informs the section leader.
Step 2: When one metre has been searched, the deminer
places hazardous area pickets on both sides and starts on
the second metre. He/she does this whether or not any
explosive hazards have been found. A 4 m2 area must be
searched even when something is found in the first metre.
Step 3: When two metres have been searched, the
deminer places hazardous area markers at the extent of
the search and moves the base-stick to the adjacent lane.
Step 4: The deminer searches the first metre in the
adjacent lane and places a hazardous area marker on
the outside edge.
Step 5: The deminer searches the second metre in the
adjacent lane and places a hazardous area marker in the
last corner of the four metre square box.
Step 6: The deminer removes the centre marker.
If one or more explosive hazards has been found, the Spot
Task has been completed. If no hazards are found, the
deminer should extend the start-line with a marker on both
sides and search another metre on both sides and beyond
the original indication (so searching 12 m2 in all).
Whether or not anything is found, the MDD Spot Task has
been completed and an MDD set should search the area
again. If the MDD signals outside the area searched, that is
another Spot Task that must be Searched & Cleared.

5. Task site preparation
Site preparation must always be designed to optimise safety for those working at the task.
When the deployment of mechanical assets requires the removal of marking, the marking must be
replaced before manual demining is restarted.
The detailed requirements for task site preparation and safe area marking are given in Chapter 4
of these SOPs.
6. Working distances between staff

A ‘working distance’ is not the same as a ‘safety distance’. The ‘working distance’ is the minimum
distance between all staff working inside a demining task area with the exception of supervisors.
The working distance is intended to make it unlikely that more than one person will be injured in a
demining accident.
The ‘safety distance’ is the distance at which all staff (including supervisors) must be from a
deliberate detonation in order to avoid injury. This is also the distance at which staff must be from
a demining procedure that may predictably detonate some devices, such as the pulling procedure
described in Part 12.1 of this Chapter or the use of a ground processing machine.
Working distances can generally be shorter than safety distances because demining accidents
are rare and injuries to a second worker are even rarer. Short working distances can increase
safety by improving the ease of supervision which ensures that procedures are conducted
correctly and risks are appropriately managed.
To reduce the risk of secondary injury at a task to a tolerable level, working distances should be
established based on a written Task Risk Assessment (TRA). The TRA (see Chapter 14) should
take into account the anticipated explosive hazards at the task, the demining procedures being
used, the ground and vegetation at the site, and the PPE provided to staff.
Instructions for determining task working distances, are given in Chapter 2 of these SOPs. The
principles used to determine working distances appropriate for manual demining should also be
used when determining appropriate minimum distances between MDD.
NOTE: Working distances do not guarantee safety. The minimum working distances provide a
practical means of reducing risk of secondary injury without introducing new risks or
compromising the efficiency of the work.
6.1 Supervisor working distances

During manual demining, authorised supervisors and QA staff are allowed to approach as close
as two metres to working deminers as part of their work. EOD specialists dealing with discovered
hazards may approach the deminer showing an explosive hazard as long as the deminer is
standing and not working. Supervisors and EOD specialists should not stand closer than two
metres to a deminer who is showing the position of a discovered device. The deminer should
withdraw to the working distance before the device is approached by a single appropriately trained
person.
Supervisors, QA staff and EOD specialists should be aware the accident records shows that they
are more likely to be involved in an accident than a deminer. Whenever they enter any area where
demining work is being conducted they must always wear PPE that complies with the
requirements in Chapter 2 of these SOPs.

6.2 MEDEVAC procedures during manual demining
If the detonation of an explosive hazard causes a casualty, the following procedure should be
followed.
1. All deminers must stop work, step back from their baseline area and wait for instructions
whenever they hear an unscheduled detonation. They must keep calm and quiet while they
wait for instructions from their section leader. If there has been an accident, they should stand
still until more information is known.
2. The section leader in charge of the casualty must order all work to stop and inform the task
supervisor that there has been an accident. If the section leader is the casualty, a deminer
should inform the closest section leader or the task supervisor who will then take charge of
the MEDEVAC.
3. When the casualty is inside a safe area, the section leader should instruct the nearest two
deminers to carefully approach the casualty, walking on known safe areas, and offer first aid
and psychological support in accordance with their training. All other members of the section
must stand still and await instructions.
NOTE: If there is more than one casualty, no more than two deminers should be allowed into the
area to offer first aid and psychological support.
4. The task supervisor should call the paramedic and instruct the ambulance driver to move the
ambulance closer to the accident site when that is practical. The paramedic and ambulance
may already have responded.
5. The task supervisor must notify the Programme Office and the NMAA that there has been an
accident and that more details will follow.
6. If the casualty is inside a SHA, the section leader should order a deminer to make a search
lane giving access to the casualty. If the casualty is mobile, he/she should be guided back to
the safe area. When the casualty is not mobile, the access lane must be widened to at least
two metres so that a stretcher can be carried along it safely.
7. When the casualty is inside a safe area and on a stretcher, the section leader should ensure
that the casualty is carried to the safe place where the paramedic is waiting. Generally, the
section leader should go to the casualty and ensure that all deminers are acting in a calm and
controlled manner. All accidents are shocking events, and deminers who cannot cope must be
ordered to stand back and replaced by deminers who are less shocked.
8. The paramedic should have arrived by the time that the stretcher is carried to the safe place.
The section leader must support the paramedic, instructing deminers to carry the casualty to
the waiting ambulance when appropriate.
9. The paramedic will stabilize the casualty, then ask for
him/her to be moved to the waiting ambulance.
Generally, the task supervisor should have arrived and
taken charge by this time.
10. The task supervisor should stay in contact with the
operations manager and keep him/her informed of all
developments.
11. The task supervisor will liaise with the ambulance driver and confirm the MEDEVAC route to
the nearest hospital. The task supervisor may also arrange for an escort vehicle to
accompany the ambulance with two staff who have a blood group compatible with that of the
casualty. Compatible blood groups are listed in Chapter 13 of these SOPs.

12. As soon as the casualty is inside the ambulance, the task
supervisor or operations manager must notify the hospital
that a casualty is en-route, giving his/her name,
blood-group and an initial assessment of the injuries.
The task supervisor or operations manager should stay in
contact with the ambulance and its escort vehicle
throughout their journey to hospital. When appropriate,
he/she should telephone ahead to arrange fast transit
through any traffic bottlenecks.
13. When the casualty has been evacuated, the accident site
must be left undisturbed. All staff must close their search-lanes, collect their equipment and
withdraw to the Control Points or the administration area in an orderly manner. When
equipment has been left at the accident site, the task supervisor should order a guard to be
placed when there is a risk that it may be disturbed.
14. No work should be conducted at the task site until an accident investigation has been
completed. Generally, staff should be kept busy with maintenance tasks and kept informed
about the condition of the casualty as it becomes known.
15. When all staff have left the task, the task supervisor should carry out an initial investigation of
the circumstances surrounding the accident, then notify the operations manager and request
a formal accident investigation to be conducted. Generally the task supervisor will be a
member of the accident investigation team.
6.2.1 Preliminary accident investigation

The honest and rational investigation of events surrounding
demining accidents provides the best data the industry has
about what is safe and what is not. It is an essential part of risk
management, so every stage of the investigation must be
conducted with professional integrity and recorded for future
use. Conclusions have to be based on evidence rather than
conjecture, so it is essential to preserve the evidence and share
the responsibility for drawing conclusions from it.
During the preliminary investigation that the task supervisor must conduct immediately after the
accident, the accident site should be photographed but left undisturbed. The names of all staff
present at the time or involved in the MEDEVAC must be noted and a brief description of events
surrounding the accident compiled. The paramedic’s record of the apparent injuries and the
treatment(s) administered should be appended as soon as possible.
Generally, formal interviews of witnesses should not be conducted until the full accident
investigation is conducted. The requirements for a full accident investigation and its report are
given in Chapter 13, Medical Support.
The task supervisor should compile the information into a brief provisional report and submit it to
the operations manager on the same day that the accident occurred. The Programme Manager
should notify the victim’s family, the insurance company and the NMAA.
In case of a fatal accident, the Programme Manager must ensure that the police or local
authorities are informed and that any police investigation is assisted.

7. Manual demining procedures
The following manual demining procedures are designed to be used by a deminer working alone
in a search lane. If deminers work in pairs to share equipment, the tasks allocated to each
deminer should alternate at each rest period.
A demining section is led by a section leader and each section generally comprises up to ten
deminers. The following are general rules that the section leader must ensure are followed.
1. All working deminers must wear approved PPE at the task site except when in designated rest
or administration areas. PPE should be worn before leaving a rest area and removed when
arriving back in a rest area.
2. No deminer should work for more than 40 minutes without a ten minute rest break.
3. Deminers must always have sufficient drinking water available to prevent dehydration.
4. When using metal-detectors, metal-detector test and calibration areas must be prepared close
to the working deminers.
5. When using REDS rakes, the deminer must always work in a standing position when using a
rake.
7.1 Prohibited detection method

In independent studies its has been found that using a prodder to detect buried hazards is
intolerably hazardous for two reasons. First, there is a very high risk of pressing onto the pressure
plate of any mine that might be present. Second, a prodder cannot be reliably pushed to a search
depth greater than a few centimetres, so there is a very high risk of leaving explosive hazards
behind.
Despite the fact that military training often includes prodding
with a bayonet to make a passage through a minefield, the
GICHD study and the accident record in the Database of
Demining Accidents (DDAS) proves that prodding to detect
explosive hazards puts the deminers hands at intolerable risk
and also puts the end-users of the land at intolerable risk.
Prodding tools are used while excavating a metal-detector
signal but must not be used to try to detect where to excavate.
7.2 Detection by eye

During all manual demining procedures, the most
common means of detecting an explosive hazard is
often by seeing it. Tripwire hazards generally have
their fuze mechanisms above ground and mines that
were originally buried are often partly exposed. Many
hazards are partly visible after undergrowth has been
removed. Parts of the pressure plates of two PMN anti-
personnel mines are visible in the foreground of the
picture on the right. Most mines intended to be
stepped on are not buried deeply.
All deminers and supervisors must be constantly
vigilant, especially during vegetation cutting
procedures when it is essential to avoid pulling
tripwires or touching tilt-sensitive fuzes and/or armed
submunitions.

8. Lane search using metal-detectors
A metal-detector may be used in either a one-person-one-lane search procedure or a two-person-
one-lane search procedure in which roles alternate at rest periods. The deminer using the metal-
detector is issued with a detector and a tool-kit
and works independently in a search lane.
To allow the metal-detector to be set aside safely,
a wooden detector stand should be provided. The
frame may be a simple arrangement of support
sticks or a structure that is designed to be moved
from task to task. An example of a purpose-made
metal-detector stand is shown alongside. When a
detector stand is used, there is no chance of the
deminer accidentally stepping on the metal-
detector.
8.1 Safety and metal-detectors

The incorrect use of a metal-detector is recorded as having been
involved in 25% of the demining accidents in the accident record in
the Database of Demining Accidents (DDAS).
The metal-detector was rarely being used when the accident
occurred, but its inappropriate use led to hazards being missed
and accidents happening while the metal-detector signals were
being investigated.
The causes of these accidents include poor pinpointing,
incomplete ground coverage during the search, inappropriate
metal-detector set-up, and the use of the wrong kind of metal-detector.
1 NOTE: A ferrous locator must not be used to search for plastic cased mines.
It is essential that all supervisory staff understand the limitations of the metal-detectors available
and the need to use the metal-detector in the approved way. When possible, the metal-detector
manufacturer should be asked to provide preliminary training for any new model. Supervisors and
trainers should then test the model to discover its limitations.

8.2 General principles
Only deminers internally trained and tested in the use of the specific model of metal-detector can
be used to perform metal-detector search procedures with that metal-detector.
There must always be absolute confidence in the metal-detector’s ability to locate the target
device at the required depth before metal-detector search procedures are used. Because
equipment and deminers can both be at fault, it is essential to confirm that the metal-detector and
its operator can locate all of the anticipated targets at the required depth beneath the ground
surface. To determine whether the metal-detectors can be used, metal-detector Test and
Calibration areas must be established. Metal-detector Test and Calibration areas are also
described in Chapter 4 of these SOPs.
At the start of the working period, or after any period when the metal-detector has been turned off,
the metal-detector must be switched on and set-up. The deminers should follow metal-detector
start up procedures as described in the manufacturer’s instructions.
NOTE: The manufacturer's instructions determine whether the metal-detector is working as
designed, not whether it can locate the explosive hazards at a particular task. Deminers
shall not follow the manufacturer's instructions for using the metal-detector unless those
instructions coincide with the content of the procedures described in this Chapter.
8.2.1 Metal-detector care

Metal-detectors are sensitive electronic devices that must be treated carefully. Moving parts, such
as clips and the search-head hinges will wear over time and may need to be replaced. The
underside of the search-head may also wear away as it brushed lightly over the ground and some
manufacturers offer a disposable cover for the search-head to prevent the coils inside the search-
head becoming exposed.
All metal-detectors should be cleaned and carefully packed inside hard protective casings with
their batteries removed whenever they are not in use.
When sourcing metal-detectors, the availability of spare parts and
service should be considered. Models of metal-detector with
exposed cables should be avoided because cable and socket
damage is common.
The picture alongside shows dozens of old metal-detectors that
could not be economically repaired.
The most common cause of careless physical damage is a
deminer stepping onto a metal-detector that has been put aside.
The provision of a metal-detector stand and the enforcement of
strict rules about metal-detector placement can avoid this.
Another common cause of damage is the deminer adjusting the
angle of the search-head by stepping on it. The search-head angle
should always be adjusted by hand. If the model of metal-detector
has a hinge clamp, it must be slackened during the adjustment.
Physical damage is often caused by careless treatment. Dust and humidity may also cause
damage, as can the presence of insects inside the casings and/or the use of incorrect batteries.
The working life of a metal-detector varies but most can be expected to perform reliably for five
years unless they are physically damaged. If they are damaged, many models cannot be
economically repaired.

8.2.2 Metal-detector calibration area
Metal-detector calibration areas are needed for carrying out ‘ground compensation’. This is the
same thing as the ‘ground learning function’ or the ‘ground balance’ referred to in some metal-
detector manuals. Ground compensation must be used whenever searching in areas where the
properties of the ground causes electro-magnetic disturbance. Ground compensation should not
be used unless it is needed because it generally reduces the effective depth of search.
Ground compensation must be set up as described in the manufacturers' documentation. To do
this, metal-free calibration areas of at least one metre square should be prepared close to where
the deminers will work because the properties of the ground can vary over distance. There may
be a need for many calibration areas at a single task. The areas should be moved forward as
work progresses so that there is always a calibration area within 100 metres of the place where
the deminer will work. Usually a calibration area will be close to a metal-detector test area. Both
areas can be inside access lanes as long as those lanes are at least two metres wide and the
areas are marked by white painted stones. This is permitted because the test and calibration
areas can be walked over in an emergency.
It is the section leader's responsibility to ensure that all calibration areas are metal-free and that
calibration and ground compensation procedures are followed whenever necessary. When a
metal-detector cannot compensate for the electromagnetic properties of the ground and continues
to signal or signal erratically where there is no metal, it must not be used at that task (or that part
of the task).
8.2.3 Metal-detector test area

The metal-detector test area is used to ensure that the metal-detector can reliably signal on a
target at the required depth. The target should accurately represent the explosive hazard that is
most difficult to detect at that task. This is often a minimum-metal mine and the target is often a
real mine that has been rendered safe by removing the high explosive content and ‘gagging’ the
mechanism to prevent pressure initiating the detonator. Examples of
how to make some common mines into target mines are given in
Chapter 12 of these SOPs. After each metal-detector has been set-up
with appropriate ground compensation, each metal-detector's ability to
signal the presence of the target at the required depth must be
confirmed.
The photograph on the right shows the depth of a target mine being
measured. It does not matter that the deminer knows where the target
is, so a cord attached to the target may be left on the surface to allow
its easy recovery.
1 NOTE: The deminer must not use a metal-detector manufacturer's

test piece as a reliable simulation of a real target.
1 NOTE: A mine that has been rendered safe for use as a metal-detector target is usually not
Free From Explosive (FFE) because the detonator is generally present. They must not
be marked as FFE but as ‘Detector Targets’. They should be transported and stored as
‘detonators’ and clearly marked (painted red) to avoid any confusion.
A suitably qualified/experienced EOD operative should be made responsible for providing and
controlling all metal-detector targets, ensuring that they are recovered when they are no longer
required and that they are stored in the explosives storage area.
Metal-detector targets must be buried in metal free detector test areas close to where the
deminers will work (usually within 100 metres). Each target should be buried in a marked area

measuring at least one square metre. The target must be buried so that its top is at the required
search depth at the task. The section leader must ensure that there is no detectable metal in the
metal-detector test areas before the targets are placed at the required depth.
Metal-detector test areas are often positioned alongside detector calibration areas but need not
be. Both areas must be clearly marked.
8.2.4 Using the metal-detector calibration and test areas

The deminer should switch on the metal-detector, set up its ground compensation capacity in the
calibration area when necessary, and then use the detector test area to check that it signals on
the target. If the metal-detector signals erratically or does not give a distinct signal over the target,
it should be switched off and section leader should attempt to set up the metal-detector again. If
there is any ambiguity about the signal, the section leader must repeat the test with other metal-
detectors. If the problem is repeated, the section leader must report that searching the area with
the available model of metal-detector is not appropriate and the task supervisor should ensure
that the Task Release Plan is adjusted appropriately.
If the section leader can reliably detect the target but the deminer cannot, the deminer must not be
allowed to use a metal-detector until he/she has been trained to use the metal-detector effectively.
If the section leader cannot detect the target but can detect it with other metal-detectors of the
same type, the faulty metal-detector must be withdrawn from service immediately.
If the metal-detector has an erratic fault and does not work reliably all of the time, it must be
withdrawn from service immediately .
Every time that a deminer leaves the working area (for rest breaks, etc) the ability of the metal-
detector to signal on the buried target in the test area should be confirmed because metal-
detector performance can change while it is being used. This may happen as a result of
temperature variations, battery condition, or an electrical malfunction. If the metal-detector does
not signal on the target concealed in the test area when the deminer leaves the working area, the
area searched since the last check must be searched again. The second search can be
conducted using a metal-detector that does signal reliably in the test area, or by using other
search procedures.
8.2.5 Search-head movement

The sideways movement of the metal-detector’s search-head depends on its operating principle
(‘static’ or ‘dynamic’). The search-head of a dynamic metal-detector must be constantly moved
over a target in order to signal. The search-head of a static metal-detector will continue to signal
when held over a target without movement. Some models of metal-detector can be switched
between static and dynamic operation.
Whichever model of metal-detector is used, the required rate of advance is one third (or less) of
the search-head width when searching for minimum-metal mines or one half of a search-head
width when looking for hazards with more metal inside. The search procedure is described in Part
8.4 of this Chapter.
8.2.6 Search-head advance

The distance by which the search-head is advanced during each metal-detector sweep is
important because of the way that metal-detectors work. Expressed simply, metal-detectors emit
electro-magnetic waves and receive (then analyse) those waves that reflect. When the waves hit
metal they return and the metal-detector signals. The waves of energy emitted get weaker as they
spread, so a metal-detector that signals on a small target that is just below the surface, may not
receive sufficient reflection from the same target to signal when it is deeper in the ground.

The area beneath the search-head that the waves can both reach and usefully reflect depends on
what they are reflecting from. A large target will reflect more waves so may be detected even
before the search-head passes over them. A small target will reflect most waves when it is directly
beneath the centre of the search-head so the metal-detector may only signal when directly over it.
The difference between ease of detection can be shown using the PMN and the Type 72a anti-
personnel blast mines. The PMN has a large metal signature and the Type 72a has a small one.
The metal inside them is shown on the right.
The large ring of metal around the top of
a PMN makes a metal-detector signal
strongly. If the ring corrodes and breaks,
the signal is much weaker
Many metal-detectors will only signal on
the small detonator inside the Type-72a.
Curved cardboard shapes have been taped to
the search-head of the metal-detector shown below.
The outer white curve shows the area beneath a search-head
where this metal-detector will signal on a PMN in good condition.
The inner white curve shows the area where it will signal on a
Type-72a.
The same metal-detector at the same settings was used.
Every metal-detector may have a slightly different search area for
these targets.
In the drawing alongside, the 13cm depth at which a

Type-72a will be located is shown.
When sweeping the search-head, it must be overlapped by
enough to ensure that the required search depth for the
target is always maintained.
When the search-head is advanced too much, parts of the
search area will not be searched to the required depth. In
this example, the search-head is advanced by half of its
width, which many people might think gave an adequate
search-head overlap but it is not because a Type 72a mine
at 13cm depth in the red area would be missed.
The reliable search depth using that metal-detector to find
that target and advancing the search-head by half its width
on each sweep is actually 11cm.
This is only important when the target is at the detection
limits of the metal-detector but it is essential that the
required search depth be maintained, so deminers must
understand the need to advance the search-head an
appropriate distance between sweeps.

To discover a metal-detector's limits in the ground where the work will be conducted, first set up
the metal-detector with any ground compensation necessary, then bury half of the search-head in
the ground as shown.
Now move a target towards the search-head,

marking the ground as soon as the metal-detector
signals.
Repeat this to get a marked shape on the ground

showing that metal-detector's search area for that
particular target in that ground.
8.3 Using the MineLab F3 metal-detector

A detailed description of the use of one particular model of metal-detector, the MineLab F3, is
provided here. When a different model of metal-detector is used, instructions for its detailed use
must be documented and appended to this Chapter. The MineLab F3 is a good ‘all-rounder’ that is
able to be used anywhere in the world. It is probably the best metal-detector for locating minimum-
metal mines at depth in electromagnetic soils, but it is not the simplest metal-detector available.
When simpler metal-detectors are capable of finding the explosive hazards reliably in the ground
conditions at a task, they may be preferred.
The preferred secondary metal-detector is one of the
Ebinger (EBEX) 420 series. This series of metal-detector
are generally very simple to set up and their lightness
makes them easy to use with one hand when kneeling, as
shown in the photograph alongside.
Whichever model of metal-detector is used, it will be
necessary to pass the search-head over the position of the
original signal frequently during the signal investigation
process. If the position of the signal moves while it is being
exposed, the deminer then knows that the signal was
caused by a small fragment of something metallic in the
soil that has been moved aside.

8.3.1 Switching ‘mode’ with the MineLab F3
The control-box of the F3 has a coloured plastic end-cap that is changed to select different
‘modes’. By changing mode, users can reduce the sensitivity of the metal-detector and allow it to
be used without it signalling on every small fragment of metal that may be present.
While searching for explosive hazards with a small metal content, the black end-cap must always
be used. When searching for large metal devices, the red end-cap may be used.
The end cap is removed by pressing in the centre at the same time
as pulling the lower edge away – as shown in the photograph
alongside.
Electronics inside the end-cap change the configuration of the
metal-detector. If no end-cap is fitted, the machine is designed to
operate with the same sensitivity as it does with the black end-cap.
If other coloured end-caps are sourced, their use should be fully
documented in an amendment to this Chapter before they are
issued.
8.3.2 Turning on and checking the MineLab F3

The MineLab F3 metal-detector is prepared for use in the following stages.
1. Hold the F3 upside down and unlock the battery pack lid by twisting the battery pack locking
lever anti-clockwise a quarter of a turn, then pull the lid away from the battery pack. The lid
should remain attached to the battery pack with a plastic tie.
2. Using the battery maps on the side of the battery pack and on the inside of the lid to orientate
the batteries, insert four D cell batteries.
Replace the battery pack lid and turn the battery pack locking lever clockwise a quarter of a turn. If
the batteries are not inserted correctly, the F3 will not work.
NOTE: Use NiCad or NiMh D cell rechargeable batteries with a capacity of at least 4000 mAH.
3. Unclip the search-head lock and position the search-head
in line with the handle.
4. Extend the telescopic shaft to the length that will be used.
Extend the lowest part of the metal-detector by at
least 10cm because the metal-detector may not
work properly unless it is extended by at least
this amount.

5. Adjust the arm rest and tighten the arm strap as
required.
6. Hold the metal-detector with the search-head high in the
air and slide on the on/off-switch towards the handgrip.
Keep the search- head in the air while the F3 runs
through a series of internal self-tests that take 12
seconds. While this is happening, the metal-detector
makes four start-up tones that rise in pitch.
7. When the start-up checks are completed, the metal-
detector makes a steady low tone called the ‘normal’
tone.
The ‘normal’ tone will get louder if the search-head is
left over electromagnetic ground for a long time, or if
the search-head is twisted around in relation to the
telescopic handle. If the ‘normal’ tone ever gets louder
during use, press the green ‘Audio Reset’ button to
return it to normal.
Interference from electrical motors, lights, power lines and other metal-detectors may make
the ‘normal’ tone vary in pitch and volume. When this happens, press the ‘Noise Cancel’
button to make the metal-detector search for an operating frequency that will minimise the
interference.
8. Wait half a minute after the ‘normal’ tone has started, then move to the metal-detector
calibration area to ‘ground balance’ the
metal-detector when required. ‘Ground balance’ is what MineLab call ‘ground compensation’.
Start by holding the search-head 15cm above the ground over the calibration area.
9. Press and hold down the green ground balance button on the metal-detector handle. Holding
the button down, slowly lower the search-head to the ground, then slowly raise it again.
10. Slowly lower and raise the search-head until the metal-detector makes a short, high-pitched
beep-beep noise. Then stop pressing the green ground balance button.
11. Test the metal-detector using the metal-detector test piece. Hold
the test piece so that the metal part is away from the search-
head. Slowly move the test piece towards the centre of the head
until it lightly touches the surface then move it sideways off the
search-head. A faint but clear change in volume and pitch
should be heard.
12. The metal-detector is ready to use in the detector test area.
In the detector test area, the search-head must be used over the
concealed target to confirm that the metal-detector gives a distinct signal.

This proves that the metal-detector is able to find the required target at the required search
depth. It also gives the deminer confidence in the metal-detector while familiarising the
deminer with the sound that the metal-detector makes when the type of explosive hazard that
was used to make the target is located at that depth. The signal that a metal-detector makes
over a particular target will usually vary in volume or tone depending on the target’s depth.
8.3.3 MineLab F3 search patterns

The standard MineLab F3 metal-detector works in ‘static’ mode so the search-head does not have
to be kept moving in order for it to signal when there is metal under it. Some models are
switchable between static and dynamic modes.
8.3.4 Pinpointing with the MineLab F3

Having detected metal and gained a rough idea about its size and location using the sweeping
search procedure, a more precise location of the metal can be found using the F3’s ‘Edge
Detection’ technique.
To detect the edge of concealed metal, the search-head should be brought towards
the metal from all angles as shown on the right.
As the search-head approaches metal, the normal tone will change,
indicating that there is metal close by. When the normal tone
changes, the deminer should note the position on the ground,
move the search-head away, and approach the metal from another angle.
This should be repeated until the deminer has a mental picture of the position.
NOTE: After an initial detection, if the search-head is repeatedly swept over a small
piece of metal the signal may get quieter. If this happens, move the search-head away
from the target and quickly press and release the green ground balance button. This will
reset the tone and the metal-detector should signal over the metal again.
The signal marker should be placed at the nearest part of the signal to the base-stick.
When pinpointing using the edge-detection technique reveals an irregular shape, it may be that
several pieces of metal are close together as shown in the drawing below.
P0627 A
The variation in pitch of the signal as the search-head is passed over the top of the metal may
allow an experienced operator to discriminate between the separate pieces. This is because the
detection signal for the 3 varies with different metals.
1 NOTE: In all cases where an irregular perimeter is found, the deminer should presume that
more than one potential hazard is present.

8.3.5 Edge pinpointing
In some cases, pinpointing using the search-head on its side
makes it easier to see exactly where a signal begins.
The edge of the search-head cannot be used to pinpoint weak
signals from small or deep targets because it will not signal on
them.
When the signal is strong enough, edge pinpointing is often
preferred because the deminer can see the ground clearly
instead of it being covered by the search-head.
Whatever pinpointing method is used, the deminers must know it
well and place a signal marker on the closest part.
8.4 Metal-detector search procedure

The following procedure achieves a one third overlap of a metal-detector search-head.
The metal-detector search-head should
always be kept as close to the ground
surface as possible.
1 NOTE: The metal-detector search-head may be brushed

lightly over ground that has been visually inspected
but must not be used to ‘pat’ the ground with an
up-and-down movement.
The ground in front of the deminer should be prepared using vegetation cutting techniques and
any surface rocks or obstructions removed and placed behind the deminer. Generally, all
vegetation, rocks and other obstructions should be placed behind the last QA marker to ensure
that they are in a safe area.
The deminer works forward from a base-stick. After cutting the vegetation, a 50cm long flat
wooden ‘guide-stick’ may be laid so that is extends forward of the base-stick. The guide-stick
should have marks along its length that are a measured percentage of the search-head diameter,
so providing a guide to the appropriate search-head overlap. The use of a guide-stick is optional.
guide-stick
The preferred base-stick has tapes five metres long attached to each end (as shown below). The
tapes are rolled out as work progresses. They are marked at every metre, providing a reminder to
the deminer about placing side-marking. See Chapter 5 of these SOPs.

The same search pattern must be used whether the
deminer is standing or kneeling. The telescopic shaft
should be adjusted to an appropriate length before the
metal-detector is used in the detector calibration and test
areas because changing the length of the shaft can
change the metal-detector’s sensitivity.
The picture on the left shows a standing deminer with
the shaft of the MineLab F3 extended. This deminer is
using a guide-stick to ensure the correct search-head
overlap.
The picture below shows a kneeling deminer with a short
Ebinger 420 metal-detector.
1. The search-head is placed in the middle of the base-stick, with at

least one third of the search-head behind the base-stick. When
using a raised base-stick, the search-head is placed under the
base-stick.
2. The search-head is moved to the right and beyond the end of the
base-stick. The overlap outside the lane must be at least 10cm.
The search-head is constantly kept as close to the ground as
possible without applying pressure to the ground.
3. The search-head is moved all the way to the left without

advancing it and beyond the end of the base-stick. The overlap
outside the lane must be at least 10cm.

4. The search-head is moved forward by a third of the search-head
length or less, and swept to the right. If the metal-detector signals, the
sweeps are not interrupted.
5. Advancing by one third of a search-head length or less, the head is

moved forward until it is at least one-third over the end of the guide-
stick (or 40cm in front of the deminer) and over the side of the search
area (overlap). If the metal-detector signals, the deminer must
remember the approximate position and keep searching.
6. The search-head is moved back over the search area in a

reverse action. If the metal-detector signals, the sweeps are not
interrupted, but a mental map of the search area is made.
The deminer now knows how many signals are in the area and
their approximate position. If two signals are close together, or
are in a linear pattern (as is common with lengths of wire), the
deminer knows this and so can pinpoint the closest signal (or the
part of a signal that is closest).
7. If there are no signals in an area, the base-stick is moved forward to 10cm closer than the
extent of the search. The deminer then removes the vegetation and rocks in front of the base-
stick and starts the search process again.
If there are signals in the area, the deminer should first inspect the ground visually for surface
metal and carefully remove any obvious metal by hand. Exposed wire or other items must not
be pulled if parts are under the ground. After a visual inspection, the deminer should use a
magnetic tool to try to remove metal that cannot be easily seen. The magnet should be
brushed lightly over the ground surface to attract magnetic material on the surface.
After using the magnet, the area must be searched with the metal-detector again as described
in Steps 1-6 above.
8. After the area has been searched with the metal-detector, surface
fragments removed and the search repeated, the deminer must
pinpoint the closest signal to the base-stick and place a signal marker
(a simple plastic marker is shown alongside).
Side of lane markers should be positioned every metre. When a base-
stick with marking tape attached is used, the deminer looks at the
tapes to see whether any of the one metre marks on the tape are
showing. When the base-stick has no marking tape attached, the
base-stick can be used as a means of measuring one metre.

8.4.1 Pinpointing a metal-detector reading
The method of pinpointing varies with the metal-detector but will either involve using the search-
head to approach the signal from all sides (‘a’ below) or moving the search-head across the signal
in ‘cross-hairs’" (‘b’ below).
The marker should be placed at the nearest part of the signal to the deminer's base-stick. When a
small target is deeply buried it may not be possible to pinpoint accurately, so the deminer should
be cautious and place the marker slightly closer to the base-stick than the signal.
NOTE: When marking plastic, bakelite or wooden cased mines, the marker often indicates the
fuze and detonator in the centre of the mine. When marking large metal-cased hazards,
the marker indicates the side of the hazard that is closest to the base-stick.
Edge-pinpointing described in Part 8.3.5 above may be used when the signal is strong.
When the nearest signal has been pinpointed, the signal investigation procedure must be started.
8.4.2 Metal-detector signal markers

Metal-detector signal markers must be easily seen. Thin plastic
markers are preferred because the search-head can be passed over
them to confirm the position.
In the picture shown alongside, the top of a mine is clearly visible
and the red pointer on the preferred marker points directly at it. This
is a GYATA-64 anti-personnel blast mine.
Thin plastic pointer triangles that are 20cm long can show the
deminer the minimum distance from the signal at which an
excavation can begin, so reducing the risk of a deminer starting to
excavate too close to the source of a signal that cannot be seen.
8.5 Investigating a metal-detector signal using hand tools

After a metal-detector signal has been pinpointed and a signal marker placed at the nearest part
of the reading, the deminer can begin a signal investigation procedure.
If at any point during the procedure metal is found and it is not an explosive hazard, the deminer
should stop the investigation and use the metal-detector search procedure to check the area
where the metal was found to find out whether there are other signals.
If an explosive hazard is located, the deminer should expose the side of the device closest to the
base-stick and follow the actions detailed in Part 12 of this Chapter.
Hand tools approved for use during signal excavation should be blast resistant and meet the
design requirements given in Chapter 2 of these SOPs.

The picture above shows some of the approved blast resistant hand tools. Any tool that is used in
the ground during signal excavation should be blast resistant.
Tools designed for gardeners may only be used for vegetation cutting. Tool designed for use in
the building industry, such as cement trowels, must not be used.
The picture alongside shows the pressed steel head of a
gardening trowel after it was recovered from inside a
deminer’s thigh. The deminer had used the tool with too
much force when investigating a metal-detector signal.
Short tools that separate in a blast event are known to
have increased injury in many accidents and must not be
used. Tools made using very hard materials can
shatter in a blast event, so must also be avoided.
8.5.1 Magnets
Strong (rare-earth) magnets can be very useful in areas where metal-detector search is used and
there is a lot of metal contamination in the ground. The magnets may be attached to tools such as
the light rake or trowel, or can be held in the hand. They should be brushed over the ground
surface without downward pressure. The picture below shows a thin strip of polycarbonate with
thin neodymium magnets taped to one end. This tool is light and keeps the user’s hand at least
30cm away from the magnets.
The photograph below shows typical minefield scrap metal. Most of the metal has a ferrous
content, so it is magnetic. The only item that is not magnetic is the ring-pull from a drink can.
Locating small pieces of ferrous metal with a powerful magnet can speed up the signal
investigation process very dramatically and so make it efficient to use metal-detectors in areas
that are heavily contaminated with metal fragments. However, when an area is contaminated with
many fragments that are beneath the ground surface, it may still be quicker to search the area
using an area-excavation procedure.
NOTE: Never put a powerful magnet near the controls of a metal-detector because it could alter
the settings or damage sensitive components.

1 NOTE: Although there are no recorded demining accidents where this has occurred, both
magnets and metal-detectors could trigger electromagnetic fuzes or battery powered
fuzes. If explosive hazards with these features are anticipated, magnets and metal-
detectors should not be used without first checking whether they may trigger the
hazards.
8.5.2 Special tools for hard ground

When ground is exceptionally hard, a signal investigation may be started using a two-handed
digging tool to break up the ground surface at least 20cm from the nearest part of the signal (the
distance from the signal must be more than half the diameter of the largest anticipated target at
the task). Digging down to the search depth in a safe
place gives the deminer a point from which to work
forward towards the signal using one-handed tools
with less force.
The deminer in the photograph on the right is using a
two-handled tool to start the excavation well away
from the metal-detector signal marker.
The tool is made using blast-resistant material and its
design includes a guard for the hand that would be
closest to any blast.
8.5.3 Slicing tools

When investigating a metal-detector signal or conducting area-excavation, there are times when
the use of a tool that slices away the face of the excavation can be efficient and safe.
Excavation must be conducted using the procedures described in Part 8.5.4 below unless none of
the anticipated targets are movement sensitive and none have pressure plates extending to the
edge of the mine.
1 NOTE: Movement sensitive hazards include some armed submunitions and that must be
excavated with the greatest caution.
Anti-personnel blast mines have pressure plates of various sizes. Pressure plates that are small
make the mine less likely to be stepped on but they are used because they make the mine less
likely to be detonated by the pressure wave associated with an air-blast nearby.
The GYATA-64 and PMN mines shown above have large pressure plates extending to the edge
of the top of the mine. When these mines are anticipated in a SHA, slicing away the face of an
excavation should not be conducted. The face of the excavation should be crumbled away from
the bottom upward.

The anti-personnel blast mines shown here are the MAI-75, PMN-2 and Type-72a. In each case
the pressure plate is smaller than the top of the mine and excavation using a cautious slicing
procedure may be permitted.
8.5.4 Signal investigation procedure

Metal-detector signals should be investigated using the procedure described below.
1. The deminer must begin by looking closely at the ground surface for sources of the metal-
detector signal. If any metal is found, the deminer should remove the metal and check the
signal position with the metal-detector. Throughout the investigation, the deminer should be
constantly looking for the source of the metal-detector signal.
2. When magnets are available, the deminer should pass a magnet over the ground surface
where the metal-detector signalled. The signal marker may be temporarily removed for this.
When approved, the REDS ‘Light rake’ with a magnet may also be used for this. After a
magnet is used, the deminer should check the area with the metal-detector again.
3. An investigation should be started by prodding into the ground at least 20cm back from the
signal marker. In most ground, the prod will not penetrate more than a few centimetres. The
deminer must not apply excessive pressure to make the prodder go more deeply into the
ground. If the prodder will not penetrate 3cm, the deminer should use an approved two-
handed tool to break the ground surface. Sometimes the ground has a crust with softer spoil
underneath. Frequently the ground becomes harder as the investigation gets deeper, and the
use of other two-handed tools may be required.
4. The ground should be prodded or broken-up over a width of excavation equal to the width of
the anticipated explosive hazards at the site. If anti-personnel mines are expected, a width of
15cm is required. If anti-tank mines are expected, a width of at least 30cm is required.
5. The ground that has been loosened with the prodder should then be removed with a trowel.
Whenever metal is found during the excavation, with the magnet or by eye, the deminer
should check the position of the original signal with the metal-detector.

6. Steps 3 and 4 should be repeated as many times as necessary to create a sloping hole at
least 15cm wide advancing towards the signal-marker. The depth of the hole should reach the
required search depth at the site before the marker is reached.
The side of the excavation closest to the marker is approximately vertical. This should be
prodded from the bottom upward at a spacing of 2cm. The prodded earth can then be
removed with the trowel. When the prodder meets an obstruction, the prodder should be used
to feel for the sides of the obstruction and so estimate its size. The trowel should then be used
with extreme caution to expose the side of the obstruction.
Although lightly tapping an obstruction with the
prodder can sometimes provide feedback to confirm
that the object is likely to be a mine. The deminer
must expose any obstruction with extreme caution,
regardless of the ‘feedback’ from the prodder.
The fuze of the OZM-72 bounding fragmentation
mine shown here had become buried by silt
deposited by floodwater. The excavation approach
shows a gentle slope getting deeper as the signal is
approached. The deminer increased the depth of the
excavation while maintaining a gently sloping
approach as soon as the top of the mine had been
exposed.
There was an ML-7 anti-lift booby trap beneath the mine,
so the excavation had to be deep enough to show the
bottom of the mine before both devices could be safely
destroyed.
7. If no obstruction is found at the signal-marker, the deminer
should check the position of the signal with the metal-
detector. When the metal-detector continues to signal over
the area, it may be appropriate to excavate more deeply.
The section leader should decide this based on the Task Risk Assessment and any pattern of
mines that may be known. The section leader should consult the task supervisor when there
is any uncertainty. Generally, when a mine is missing from an anticipated pattern and there is
a metal-detector signal near where the mine was expected, the depth of excavation should
always be increased up to a depth of twice the required search depth at the task. When
hazards other than mines are being sought, the excavation should continue at least 10cm
beneath the search depth for the task.
When searching more deeply, the deminer should start excavating again, beginning further
away from the signal and extending the slope of the hole so that any hidden device will still be
approached from the side.
When an explosive hazard has been found and the parts facing the deminer have been gently
exposed, the deminer should follow the actions detailed in Part 12 of this Chapter.

8.6 Investigating a metal-detector signal using rakes
The REDS rakes can be used for metal-detector signal investigation. The other hand tools
approved for signal investigation must also be available, along with a plastic bucket in which to
place contaminated ground. The use of the REDS rakes for area-excavation is covered in Part 10
of this Chapter.
The light rake can be fitted with a magnet to help remove metal-clutter.
The photograph on the left shows a light rake with a magnet attached. The photograph on the
right shows a deminer removing magnetic pieces from the magnet after raking the ground. The
scratching action of the rake loosens fragments in the soil surface and often means that the
deminer finds the metal that made the metal-detector signal.
The light rake must be tested against the pressure-sensitive hazards that may be present. This
involves using the rake to expose a hazard that has been rendered safe. The initiation mechanism
of the test hazard must be intact and the high explosive removed. If the use of the light rake
initiates the fuze mechanism, the rake fails the test and cannot be used at tasks where that
hazard is anticipated. Anti-personnel mines that have passed previous tests include the PkMk2/4,
Type 72, PMN, PMA-3 and PRB M35.
The use of REDS rakes to investigate metal-detector signals can be very fast when mines are
relatively close to the surface or when the source of a metal-detector reading was a ferrous
fragment close to the surface. In soft ground, the time saving over using other hand tools to make
the investigation can be significant.
Variations in REDS rake design should be tested. Heavy rake heads should be made using E304
stainless steel. Light rake heads may be made from plastic or sprung steel.
Before starting the REDS metal-detector investigation procedure, an area behind the deminer
must be prepared to place the rakes and the metal-detector so that the deminer can change tool
quickly and will not step on them.

8.6.1 Procedure
When a metal-detector signal has been pinpointed, the deminer can conduct a signal investigation
procedure with REDS rakes in the sequence described below.
1. Remove the signal marker and make a mental note of its position.
2. In a standing position, and holding the handle well away from the rake-head, use the light rake
over the area where the metal-detector signalled. The rake tines scratch the ground surface
and can help to loosen fragments just below the ground surface. Soil collected by the
brushing of the rake should be moved back to the base-stick. The area raked will usually
extend from 20cm beyond the metal-detector reading to the base-stick and be the width of the
light rake head.
3. Look closely for exposed metal. When the magnetic light rake is used, it may have picked up
the metal. Use a hand-held magnet over the loosened ground if necessary. If metal is found,
the deminer should use the metal-detector to check the position of the signal. If the signal has
gone, the investigation has been completed and the deminer should return to the metal-
detector search procedure.
4. The area must be searched with the metal-detector again. This must be done whether or not
metal fragments have been found because the action of the rake may have moved the signals
around. Non-magnetic metal may have been moved by the rake.
5. Use the light rake to move soil from the area of the signal back to the base-stick. Continue
until the light rake becomes ineffective. When roots are uncovered, they should be cut with
secateurs.
6. Check with the metal-detector to find out whether the signal has moved and is now amongst
the loosened earth.
7. If the signal has moved, move the loosened earth into the plastic bucket and check with the
metal-detector again.
8. If the metal-detector signal has not moved, use the heavy rake. Hold the rake handle as far as
possible from the rake head. Place the heavy rake on the ground surface beyond the metal-
detector reading and draw it back towards the base-stick.
NOTE: The metal-detector search procedure usually means that an area beyond a signal position
has been searched with the metal-detector. When it has not, the deminer should ensure
that the area closest has no signals, then advance the base-stick so that he/she can
safely sweep the search-head beyond the area under investigation before using the
heavy rake.
9. Drag the heavy rake towards the base-stick without downward pressure. Repeat this across
the area where the metal-detector signalled until the soil is loose, then place the heavy rake in
the safe area.
10. Use the light rake to move the loosened soil back to the base-stick.
11. Return to Step 3 and check with the metal-detector to find out whether the metal has moved.
Repeat Steps 3 to 10 until the detection depth has been reached or until the reason for the
metal-detector signal has been found.

The heavy rake may lift a device to the
surface, as shown on the left.
When a device is close to the surface or
in loose soil, the light rake will expose
the top of it. When this happens, the
movement of the rake tines over the
device often makes a sound which
alerts the deminer.
When a mine or explosive hazard is found, the deminer should expose the parts facing the base-
stick using approved hand tools when necessary, then follow the instructions in Part 12 of this
Chapter.
NOTE: When using the heavy rake, it should be placed beyond the metal-detector signal and
drawn back towards the base-stick, raking over the position of the signal.
If the ground becomes very hard as the depth increases, the deminer should be permitted to use
the metal-detector to reposition the signal-marker and start an alternative investigation procedure
using approved hand tools.
9. Area-excavation using hand tools

During area-excavation, the whole ground surface is searched while moving it, so the procedure
both detects and excavates any hazards that are present. Correctly executed, area-excavation
gives total confidence that the area searched contains no explosive hazards to the excavation
depth. A base-trench is used and the base-trench moves forward as work progresses in the same
way that a base-stick moves forward during search with a metal-detector. The method is slow and
hard work, but the search is absolutely thorough.
Area-excavation is performed using a one-person one-lane procedure. When an explosive hazard
is found, the deminer withdraws, informs his/her section leader and either waits until an EOD
specialist has dealt with the device or starts a new lane. When an EOD specialist is not
immediately available, the section leader should always instruct the deminer to start a new lane.
The area-excavation procedure is hard work, so, depending on weather and ground conditions,
deminers should work in their lanes for a maximum of 30 minutes between rest breaks.
The deminer must start by making a ‘base-trench’ within the safe-lane at the start of a search
lane. The first base-trench is always inside the safe area, 120cm from side to side, and 10 - 20 cm
from front to back. Its depth must be the required search depth at the task. As the base-trench is
advanced, the sides of the lane are marked using hazardous-area sticks or stones on both sides
at every metre.
Tools issued may include a tripwire feeler; grass cutting tools; secateurs; a handsaw; a hammer
(for placing marking pickets); wire-cutters; blast resistant ground engaging tools (see Part 8.5
above); and a spade or mattock to dig the first base-trench inside the safe area.
NOTE: Mattocks must never be used inside the SHA because their two-handed use is imprecise
and has resulted in many accidents.
As a deminer progresses, all tools that are not being used should be kept behind the deminer and
on one side of the working lane.

9.1 Procedure
Follow the four steps shown below. They illustrate Search and Clearance by excavation in a lane
and the same principle applies when starting the lane at a baseline.
When steps three and four have been completed across the entire face of the base-trench, the
prodding in Step 3 starts again.
Tools may only be used to slice away the ground when the anticipated hazards identified in the
Task Assessment do not include anti-personnel mines with pressure plates extending to the side
of the mine, armed submunitions or other potentially touch sensitive hazards. When these
hazards may be present, the face of the excavation must be crumbled away from the bottom
upward.
Prodding should begin at the bottom of the face of the base-trench which is then prodded at 2cm
intervals from the bottom upwards and laterally.

Face of the base-trench
Base-trench
If an obstruction is encountered, the deminer should prod to both sides of the obstruction. If the
obstruction continues, the soil must be cautiously removed up the obstruction to check whether it
is a mine or other explosive hazard.
In soft ground, it may occasionally be possible to insert the prodder a considerable length into the
ground. The prodded ground can then be cut away in complete confidence that there is nothing
concealed within it. The ground cut away must never be more than the ground searched with the
prod. For safety and to ensure an overlap, the deminer must never cut away more away than 75%
of the soil that has been prodded because the length prodded is not the distance ahead of the
excavation face that can be safely removed.
75%
The picture above shows a prodder inserted 8cms into the face of the excavation. Because of the
angle of the prodder, the prodder has only reached 7cms forward into the unknown ground. In this
example, if a deminer were to cut 8cm of soil away he/she would cut onto a mine while doing so.
After prodding (bottom upwards) the face of the base-trench, the
deminer should insert the prod a final time and grip the blade to
record the depth before withdrawing it. He/she should then estimate
three-quarters of the length and mark the ground ahead lightly with
the prodder tip. The ground up to that mark can then be safely cut
away.
If any explosive hazard is discovered, the deminer must tell the
section leader and withdraw from the lane until an EOD specialist
has assessed the situation and dealt with the device. Work in the
lane must not continue until the hazard has been removed or
destroyed. Generally the deminer should start another lane and
continue working.
The picture on the right shows a base-trench with a base-stick
marking the progress of the area-excavation. A base-tick is used to
maintain the width of the lane but is put behind the deminer while
he/she is excavating.

10. Area-excavation using REDS
The Rake Excavation and Detection System (REDS)
can be used when the Task Risk Assessment has not
identified a threat from especially sensitive devices,
tripwires or vertical fuzes (as are commonly used with
fragmentation or ‘anti-group’ mines). REDS is
commonly used in areas where anti-personnel blast
mines, anti-tank mines, or UXO and AXO that is not
movement sensitive are anticipated. The size of the
pressure plate on an anti-personnel blast mine is not
relevant when using the REDS system.
Because the rakes are used in a standing position,
area-excavation using the REDS system has proven to
be safer for the deminers than other area-excavation
methods.
The REDS can be especially useful after mechanical
ground processing has reduced any threat from
tripwires, vertical fuzes and especially sensitive
hazards at the same time as removing undergrowth
and loosening the ground surface.
REDS is performed using either a one-person-one-lane procedure or a two-person-one-lane
procedure in which one person rests while the other works. The raking procedure is hard work so,
depending on weather and ground conditions, deminers should work in their lanes for a maximum
of 30 minutes between rest breaks or between alternating with a resting partner.
When an explosive hazard is found, the raking deminer must close the lane and inform the section
leader. The deminer should then either wait until an EOD specialist has dealt with the device or
start a new search lane.
All working deminers must wear frontal blast protection. As a further
safety feature to ensure the deminer’s distance from any initiation, all
deminers must work in a standing position when using the rakes, but
they may kneel or squat when using other tools.
The vegetation in the search lane must always be cut before rakes are
used.
The raking deminer must start by making a base-trench within the safe
area at the start of a search lane. The base-trench moves forward into
the suspect area in the same way as a base-stick does in metal-detector
search procedures. As the base-trench is advanced, the sides of the
lane are marked by leaving narrow trenches.
A hazardous area picket or painted stone should be placed in the side
trenches on both sides at every metre.
Heavy and light rakes similar to those shown alongside are used. Other
tools issued may include: a tripwire feeler; grass cutting tools; root
cutting tools (secateurs); a handsaw; a hammer (for placing marking
pickets); wire-cutters; and a trowel.
As the deminer progresses, all tools that are not being used should be
kept behind the deminer and on one side of the search lane.

10.1 Conducting Rake Excavation and Detection
To start a REDS search lane, a base-trench is dug to the required search depth, 120cm wide and
at least 20cm from front to back in a known safe area at the start of the lane. The distance front to
back of the base-trench may be varied according to ground conditions but should never exceed
50cm. When the first base-trench is made, it should always be entirely inside the safe area.
Because it is inside a safe area, it can be dug with a spade, mattock or other suitable tool.
The soil from the initial excavation should be moved out of the base-trench and to the rear.
The area (up to) 50cm forward of the base-trench is visually checked and cleared of vegetation
and loose stones or debris. The light rake is then used over the ground in the 20-50cm by 120cm
area to the front. When the light rake is ineffective, the heavy rake should be used to break up the
surface, then the light rake used to rake the loosened material to the back of the base-trench.
Generally, the light rake should be used as the main excavation tool, exposing any explosive
hazards as the ground is raked to the back of the base-trench. When the rake comes into contact
with a hazard, the sound of it scratching the casing can alert the deminer to the presence of the
hazard before it is visible.
The heavy rake should be used only when the
light rake becomes ineffective. The heavy rake
scratches the ground, loosening it so that the
light rake can be effective again. The head of
the heavy rake is placed to the front of the
search area and pulled back towards the
deminer. The rake tines then plough back
through the soil in the base-trench. The deminer
must not hack at the ground with the heavy
rake.
The heavy rake’s ploughing action must be
repeated across the width of the search lane.
The deminer may change between using the
light and heavy rake several times until he/she
is able to excavate to the required depth and
move all of the soil to the back of the base-
trench with the light rake.
Water may be used to soften the ground or
damp-down dust if required.
When an explosive hazard is discovered, it
should be exposed using an approved hand
tool. When the device can be clearly seen, the deminer must close the lane and alert the section
leader who will inform an EOD specialist. Work in the lane must not continue until the hazard has
been removed or destroyed. Generally the deminer should start another search lane and continue
working.
The photograph shows a deminer using the heavy rake during REDS area-excavation. The first
part of the search lane has been excavated and then filled with the loosened ground at the base-
trench was advanced. The ground that has been raked back is higher than the surrounding land
and narrow side-of-lane trenches are left unfilled so that the excavation depth can be seen during
QA.

The photographs above show a deminer using the REDS system in heavy soil. The deminer is
wearing blast goggles and frontal body armour, which is the minimum permissible PPE
requirement while raking. The deminer’s heads is approximately two metres from the rake head
and any accidental detonation that may occur. The accident record while using REDS confirms
that the risk of the deminer suffering severe injury from an anti-personnel blast mine is very low as
long as the minimum PPE is worn.
The REDS raking sequence is shown in the four steps below.
Visual search of the ground Cut and remove the

and removal of rocks vegetation
Base-trench Base-trench
Safe area Safe area
Rake over the entire area to Rake over the entire area to
5cm depth 10 cm depth
Safe area
Safe area

When steps 1 to 4 have been completed once, steps 3 and 4 are repeated until the base-trench
reaches the required search depth for the task. Then the entire procedure is repeated to extend
the processed lane forward.
As the base-trench at the front of the lane moves forward, side trenches to the full excavation
depth are left at the sides of the lane in the area marked as ‘overlap’. These side-trenches mean
that internal Quality Assurance (QA) can be confident that the required depth has been
consistently maintained.
Each deminer's section leader must use QA markers to show the extent of the lane to which the
depth of the side trenches has been checked, and the side trenches must be maintained until this
has occurred. The task supervisor should periodically QA the work of the section leaders,
checking that they are measuring the depth of all lanes regularly and that the required excavation
depth has genuinely been maintained.
Internal QA is part of the system. External QA must be made while the area-excavation using
REDS is being conducted if it is to be made in the same way. Because the REDS system does
not leave metal free ground, the use of metal-detectors for QC would not be effective. QC checks
can be conducted by an external QC team using REDS when required.
When conducting REDS the same constraints over search lane width and length that apply during
metal-detector search must be used.
11. Using water to soften ground

Water may be used to soften the ground or damp-down dust when necessary. A bucket or hose
delivery system may be used to transport the water to the end of the lane where the water should
be sprayed or splashed over the required area. All safety requirements at the task should be
observed during the watering process with working distances maintained and PPE worn.
The deminer must close the lane and work in another lane while the water is allowed to soak into
the ground. No signal investigation or excavation should be conducted until the surface water has
gone.
When a bowser is available, water should be applied the day before the area is scheduled to be
searched.
A dedicated water bowser that is narrow enough to be driven along two metre wide safe lanes is
ideal. The example shown in the photograph is narrow, low-cost and versatile.
11.1 Waterlogged ground

When the groundwater level is so high that water pools in an excavation, deminers will usually be
unable to see the face of the excavation clearly. If this occurs, excavation will have to be
conducted largely by touch and additional training to cover this must be conducted.

12. Action on locating an explosive hazard
When the EOD specialist determines that it is safe to do so, explosive hazards may be moved for
destruction outside the task area. Damaged or unstable explosive hazards should be destroyed
without moving them whenever possible.
Except during BAC, on locating an explosive hazard, the deminer should expose enough of the
device to be sure that it is an explosive hazard and then close the search lane. Unless the
deminer is EOD trained, he/she must inform his/her section leader will arrange for an EOD
specialist to deal with the device. If there is a delay dealing with the discovered device, the section
leader should instruct the deminer to start work in another area. The deminer should not return to
the search lane until the explosive hazard has been removed or destroyed.
During BAC, when a hazard discovered on the surface has been appraised by an EOD specialist
and declared not to be touch sensitive, it may be marked and the search can continue beyond it.
The same condition applies to hazards located on the surface when BAC and BACS are
combined.
The EOD specialist may render safe some devices before they are
moved. The approved render safe procedures for some mines are
documented in Chapter 12 of these SOPs. In many cases,
conducting a render safe procedure involves greater risk than
simply moving the hazard.
The picture alongside shoes an R2M2 anti-personnel blast mine
that has been exposed to the weather for decades. The plastic has
been bleached white by the sun and split, allowing the top of the
mine to spring up. It is not certain that the mine can be safely
moved and it is also possible that the mine would be initiated by
placing a demolition charge in close contact with it.
Mines in this condition should be pulled using a hook and line
system (see part 12.1 below) to determine whether they are
movement sensitive, then either destroyed where they are or
moved for demolition in a designated demolition area.
When there are still concerns about the safety of moving anti-personnel blast mines after they
have been moved with a hook and line but it is undesirable to destroy them where they are, a
long-reach gripper like that shown below should be used so that the mine is held at a distance
from the person moving it.
Wearing full frontal PPE and being more than a metre from an anti-personnel blast mine can
make the risk of severe injury very remote. The protection offered by distance will not be effective
if the hazard is a fragmentation device, so if they are considered unsafe to move by hand, they
must always be destroyed where they are. When the spread of fragmentation is undesirable, they
should be surrounded by sandbags or earthworks.

12.1 Pulling procedure
The pulling procedure must be conducted by an EOD specialist who must approach the work
presuming that a detonation may occur. The pictures below show a set of pulling tools and the
way that they are used.
Pulling is conducted using the following procedure.

1. All people not involved in the pulling operation should be
withdrawn to a safe area.
2. When necessary, sentries should be posted to prevent
people/livestock entering the area.
3. A pulling line should be rolled out from a safe point to the
hazard. The line must be in place before the hook is put under
the hazard. Ideally, the length of the line should equal the
safety distance for the explosive hazard but this is often
impractical. The EOD specialist should arrange to be protected
behind adequate cover at a closer distance.
4. One of more fulcrum devices may be used to make it easier to turn the hazard over.
5. With the line in place, the EOD specialist should position it, usually by pushing a hook under
the far-side slightly away from it. A clamp, net, noose or other means of gripping the device
can be used to attach the line when it is safe to do so.
6. The EOD specialist must then confirm that the area is clear of people before returning to the
safe point from which he/she will pull. Before pulling he/she should inform the task supervisor
that he/she is about to pull.
7. The line should then be pulled in a slow, continuous movement until the hazard has turned
over or moved a minimum of two metres.
8. When the hazard does not detonate and there is no sign of smoke from it, the EOD specialist
should wait a few minutes before approaching it. The wait time should be extended if there is
any concern about the condition of the device being pulled.
9. The EOD specialist should inspect the hazard and remove any pulling equipment that may still
be attached. Unless turning the device has revealed something new about its condition, the
EOD specialist should then move the device to a designation collection point (using a long-
reach gripper if appropriate) and place an appropriate marker where it was found. The pulling
equipment should be collected after the hazard has been moved.
10. The task supervisor must ensure that the original position of the explosive hazard is searched
for any other hazards that may have been beneath it before it was pulled.

NOTE: The pulling procedure is not routinely necessary for recognised mine types that have no
anti-disturbance feature. Exceptions occur when any mine is in a condition that causes
concern and when there is any reason to believe that mines may have been booby-
trapped. Improvised mines must always be pulled. Other explosive hazards should be
assessed on a case-by-case basis.
13. Removal of vegetation

Whenever there is significant vegetation, the use of mechanical assets to cut the vegetation in
front of manual demining should be considered. Whenever the Task Assessment indicates both
the presence of vegetation and active tripwire activated devices, an armoured machine should be
used to remove the vegetation whenever possible.
When an armoured machine is used to cut vegetation, the ground surface should not be
disturbed. As long as there is no reason to anticipate surface fuzes, intact tripwires, or touch-
sensitive devices in the area, the cut vegetation that is lying on the ground may be removed using
a REDS light rake as the follow-up work progresses.
13.1 Approved vegetation cutting tools

A range of approved hand tools can be used for the manual removal of vegetation. A hand held
petrol driven ‘strimmer’ may also be used. There are restrictions on the way in which each tool
can be used and the places in which their use is appropriate.
The tools generally approved for use during
vegetation removal include a tripwire feeler; shears;
sickle; secateurs; a handsaw; a hammer (for placing
marking pickets); and wire-cutters. A REDS light
rake and a powered strimmer (long-handled) may
also be approved depending on the anticipated
hazards in the area.
All tools can be used in a dangerous way, but some are hard to use in a safe way at any time. The
following vegetation cutting tools may not be used in any area that has not yet been declared
‘Cleared’ or ‘Presumed Clear’: machete; scythe; chainsaw; axe/hatchet. This is because the user
cannot reliably control the tool (or the vegetation it cuts). These tools may be used in safe areas,
but should never be inside the search area during demining.
It is the responsibility of the task supervisor to ensure that deminers are always issued with
appropriate tools for the task and have access to strong ‘gardening’ gloves. Deminers do not have
to wear gardening gloves but they must be available whenever vegetation includes thorns, is
sharp, or has stinging or skin-irritant properties. The gloves protect against the cuts and scratches
that can occur during vegetation cutting.
All tools should be in good condition with appropriately sharp blades. It is the responsibility of the
task supervisor to ensure that sharpening stones and files are available in the rest area and for
use during tool maintenance sessions.
13.1.1 General rules for the use vegetation cutting tools

1. The powered strimmer and REDS light rake may not be used in an area where the Task
Assessment indicates the possible presence of surface fuzes, intact tripwires, or touch-
sensitive devices.
2. When using shears, sickle or a saw, the blade(s) must not be pushed into the vegetation
beyond the area that has been visually checked, or through which fingers have not passed
feeling for obstructions.

3. When using a saw, the vegetation being cut must be controlled to prevent it falling into any
area that may be hazardous.
4. When using a sickle, the stem(s) to be cut should be gripped in one hand and cut carefully
using the tool with the other hand. The tool must not be swung at the vegetation in a scything
action.
5. When using a powered strimmer the operator should wear PPE and frontal leg protection
unless the design of the strimmer removes all chance of a broken blade being thrown back
towards the operator. The operator must always ensure that the cutting blade does not touch
the ground. The operator must always ensure that his/her feet never leave the safe area.
6. When using a REDS light rake to collect vegetation cuttings or leaves, the user must always
work in a standing position and hold the handle so that he/she is as far as possible from the
head of the rake.
13.2 Manual cutting of vegetation

Vegetation must be cut during all kinds of manual search procedures and in front of MDD.
Because the vegetation will vary and may not cover the whole area in front, the process is
described in terms of principles that must always be followed rather than as a step by step
process.
The manual removal of vegetation must be conducted in a controlled and deliberate manner,
avoiding any disturbance of vegetation outside the width of the search lane and its safety overlap.
The following rules should be applied.
1. Before and during the cutting, the deminer must make repeated visual checks for any item
that has become visible.
2. Generally, trees or bushes with a trunk diameter smaller than 10cm should be removed
unless otherwise indicated in the task documentation.
3. To ensure that surface devices would be seen before ground level is reached with the cutting
tool, vegetation should first be cut to 15cm above
ground level (as shown alongside). The height of the
first cut should be increased if the Task Assessment
suggests that large items may be on or above the
ground surface.
4. When the deminer is confident that the tool will not
strike any devices, the deminer should cut the
vegetation close to the ground surface. When stem
thickness increases near the ground, the deminer
should change tools as necessary.
5. When metal-detector search will be conducted, the vegetation should be cut very close to the
ground. This allows the search-head to be moved close to the ground, so maximising the
depth of search.
6. Undergrowth must always be cut. It must not be torn or broken.
7. The deminer’s feet must never leave the safe area while cutting and removing vegetation.
This usually limits the area in front of a deminer that can be cut to between 30 and 50cm in
front of the base-stick.
8. When vegetation is so tall that it might fall outside the lane when cut, it should be cut in
lengths that allow the deminer to hold it and easily remove the cuttings to the safe area.
9. When vegetation is not likely to fall outside the working area, the deminer should kneel or
squat to work.

10. When using a one-handed cutting tool, the deminer should use one hand to hold the
vegetation while the other uses the tool to cut it. When using shears, the deminer should
move the cuttings to the safe area as the work progresses so that it does not obstruct what
they can see.
11. While cutting vegetation, the deminer should continuously look for any evidence of devices.
12. Any cut vegetation in the search area should be removed by hand or by using a REDS light
rake. The use of the REDS light rake will depend on the hazards identified in the Task
Assessment and its use must be approved by the task supervisor.
13. Cuttings should be stacked outside the lane for later disposal. Cuttings must always be
stacked so that they do not obstruct emergency access to the working areas. The section
leader should allocate an area for the deminer to place cuttings and ensure that the cuttings
are later moved and destroyed.
14. The controlled burning of cut vegetation should only be conducted when no work is being
conducted in the SHA. When burning is not appropriate, cut vegetation should be stacked in a
safe area where it causes no obstruction.
Explosive hazards that are located during vegetation removal should be marked and left where
they are until the ground up to them has been searched. The deminer must notify the section
leader when a device is found, and when unexpected obstructions such as barbed wire, ditches or
large rocks, become visible as a result of vegetation removal.
13.3 Using a powered strimmer

Vegetation strimmers (also called ‘Brush Cutters’ or ‘Weed Whackers’) are commercial machines
developed for use in agriculture and municipal maintenance tasks. Proven in HMA in many
countries, the tool provides a rapid and effective means of cutting grasses and thin-stemmed
vegetation in areas where there is no possible presence of tilt-sensitive fuzes, intact tripwires, or
touch-sensitive devices. Variations may be made to the tool to improve efficiency.
A strimmer may only be used by a deminer who has been appropriately trained in its use. Usually
the same person is responsible for its maintenance and for the correct storage of its spare parts
and consumables.
The strimmer may be used to cut inside the SHA while the user is standing in a safe area. The
width of the cut is usually around a metre, depending on obstructions. This can be especially
useful when preparing lateral lanes for manual or MDD search procedures.

The photograph shows a strimmer being used to
prepare the next area to be searched with a
metal-detector.
Before strimmer use, the task supervisor must
ensure that an appropriate means of
communication is in place. The noise of the
machine prevents voice communication being
adequate, so the strimmer operator will usually
have a VHF radio and may have an ear-piece.
When necessary, a simple flag-system can be
used and the section leader controlling the
strimmer operator must carry the relevant flag(s).
Detailed control of the strimmer varies with each design. However, the following constraints apply
with all types of strimmer.
1. The strimmer operator should not put the moving cutting head in or over the uncleared area
until all other staff are at the approved working distance.
2. The strimmer operator must wear frontal PPE, and should also wear frontal leg protection.
3. The strimmer operator must take all care to keep his/her feet inside the safe area at all times.
4. The strimmer operator must not allow the cutting head of the tool to strike the ground at any
time.
5. The strimmer operator must not move around in the safe area with the cutting head spinning.
6. No other person should approach closer than the working distance while the strimmer is
cutting vegetation.
Because a strimmer must not be used in areas where surface fuzes, intact tripwires, or touch-
sensitive devices are anticipated, the vegetation cut with a strimmer can usually be raked into a
safe area using REDS light rakes.
13.4 Burning-off vegetation

Burning-off vegetation is permitted in the following circumstances.
1. The Task Release Plan does not include the use of MDD for at
least seven days after the burning.
2. The Task Assessment has not identified plastic cased
explosive hazards on the ground surface because a burned
casing (like that of the PMN shown alongside) can make the
hazard more sensitive to movement.
3. A broad (usually at least 3 metres wide) fire-break can be made on all sides of the area to be
burned. This is often easiest to achieve by cutting vegetation using a machine (which need
not be armoured when the firebreak is outside the SHA) and, whenever possible, spraying
water onto the ground in the firebreak.
4. The height of the vegetation must be low and it must be dry enough for most of it to burn.
Green vegetation should not be burned off because it will burn slowly and may make a lot of
smoke.
5. Essential area marking must be resistant to fire (painted stones and metal pickets may be
used).
6. There is no expectation of wind strong enough to spread the fire beyond the firebreaks.

Controlled burnings are subject to the following additional constraints.
1. No work should be conducted within the working distance for the area to be burned or in any
area where smoke drifts.
2. Whenever it is possible that people or livestock might enter the area during a controlled
burning, sentries should be posted to prevent entry.
14. Obstacles in the search area

Common obstacles include: large rocks; wire (coiled or in strands); fences; vehicle wrecks;
ditches/trenches; abandoned or destroyed buildings; and fallen trees. Requirements for dealing
with each are given below.
14.1 Rocks
Areas may be littered with rocks of various sizes or there may be piles of rocks and low-walls of
rocks all of which can influence the choice of procedures and tools to be used. If there are many
rocks, the use of any mechanical demining machine that processes the ground should be avoided
because the rocks will cause a high level of wear to the machine and will prevent the machine
processing the ground to a constant depth.
When using manual demining procedures, surface rocks that are small enough to be easily lifted
should be removed. The deminer may reach in front by 30-50cm to lift the rocks. Rocks that are
too large to be removed, or that are partly buried and resist lifting, should be left in place until
searched around and any hazards moved or destroyed. Removed rocks should be transferred to
an area behind the deminer that has been subjected to internal QA. They should be moved out of
the search lane before continuing to search so that they never obstruct emergency access.
When larger rocks have been searched around so that the deminer can stand beside the rock, the
deminer may try to move it again. This is because the rock may impede easy access in the lane
and should be removed when possible. If the rock is moved, the area beneath it must be searched
to ensure that no explosive hazards are present. If the rock cannot be easily moved, it should be
left in place unless there is reason to believe that explosive hazards may have been placed
beneath large rocks in that area. When necessary, large rocks may be roped and pulled from a
distance using a suitable machine.
Factory manufactured fibreglass mines that look like
rocks have been used by some countries. Improvised
mines, bombs or MF-IEDs that look like rocks or
building rubble are also common and each may be
unique in appearance. In the photograph alongside,
the rock in the centre is an MF-IED cast in a barrel
using a soil/cement mixture around the explosive
charge with metal added for fragmentation. When
demining in any area where IED bombs or MF-IEDs
are anticipated, the procedures described in Chapter
7 should be followed.

When piles or walls of loose rock are encountered, the Task Release Plan should allow for the
search lanes to be diverted around the obstruction. When the area around the obstruction(s) has
been Searched & Cleared , the task supervisor must re-evaluate the Task Assessment and
decide whether piled rocks must be moved for the area to be adequately searched to depth. If the
piles or walls of loose rock have been made since the
conflict began, the entire pile or wall may need to be
carefully moved. When the obstruction dates from before
the time when the area was contaminated it may still be
necessary to move some of the rocks because the large
search-head of a standard metal-detector cannot be easily
manoeuvred between rocks.
Stick detectors (such as the common ferrous locator
shown alongside) can be used to search among and
between rocks, but ferrous locators should never be used
when any one of the anticipated hazards does not have a
high ferrous metal content.
When suitably prepared MDD assets are available, they
should be used to search the piles or walls of loose rock.
When the rock obstruction must be moved, appropriate
mechanical assets may be used to assist.
14.2 Fences and wire

Some minefields and defended areas were originally
fenced with strands or coils of barbed or razor wire. In
other areas, security and agricultural fences may be inside
the SHA. All broken fences should be removed and the
area beneath them searched. Intact fences should be left
unless their presence restricts the use of mechanical
assets or prevents necessary access. When the area
around an intact fence must be searched, a metal-detector
search should be used to search until the presence of the
fence interferes with the reliability of the metal-detector.
The remaining area beside the fence should be excavated
using area-excavation techniques. When reliable and
appropriately trained MDD are available, they may be used
to conduct the search.
Wire obstructions must not be pulled by hand. They may
be cut into short lengths using efficient wire-cutters, then
the short lengths removed and placed in a dedicated
metal-collection area.
The task supervisor may order that entanglements or buried wires are pulled from a distance
using a suitable machine. Generally, the area surrounding the wire should have been searched
first because moving the wire may spread any explosive hazards entangled in it.
14.3 Vehicle wrecks

When wrecked or abandoned vehicles are found in the SHA, it must not be presumed that there
are no explosive hazards beneath the vehicle. The remains of wrecked civilian vehicles should be
visually searched for hazards after being approached over land that has been searched. The
vehicle can then be pulled into a known safe area using mechanical assets so that the land where

it was can be searched. When a vehicle has a value to the end-users of the land, care should be
taken not to damage it unnecessarily.
Wrecked or abandoned military vehicles should only be approached over ground that has been
searched. They must be individually assessed by an
EOD specialist who must presume that there may be:
• booby traps in and around the wreck;
• UXO or AXO in and around the wreck;
• mines surrounding the wreck;
• human remains in or around the wreck; and
• mines between the wreck and any nearby route.
Sometimes the combat damage that a military vehicle
has sustained can give evidence of the weapons that
were used against it, so providing evidence of UXO
hazards that may be present. After a military vehicle has been searched, it should be pulled into a
known safe area using mechanical assets so that the land where it was can be searched.
14.4 Ditches/trenches
If a ditch with collapsed sides is suspected of having been mined, it is possible that the mines will
have become deeply buried. In these places, mechanical assets may be used to dig out the ditch
and sift or spread the spoil removed. The need for this will be determined on a case-by-case basis
by the task supervisor. The use of a mechanical excavator is covered in Chapter 8.
In the photograph alongside, the trench
has not collapsed but local people have
moved barbed wire and mines into the
trench so that they can safely move their
livestock.
There were corpses in the trench so the
local villagers thought that it would be
disrespectful to dig the trench out with an
excavator.
Most of the barbed wire was pulled from
the trench using a machine.
The trench was Searched & Cleared
using a combination of excavation and
metal-detector procedures by deminers
working at distances that varied but
always ensured that one deminer could
not see the next because the hazards
included bounding fragmentation mines.
The task supervisor must decide the best method to use on a case-by-case basis and should
always listen to the desires of local people.

14.5 Abandoned or battle damaged buildings
When the presence of IED bombs, MF-IEDS or booby-traps is anticipated in a building, the
procedures given in Chapter 7 should be followed. When the anticipated hazards inside a building
are limited to UXO, AXO or anti-personnel mines, the procedures described here may be
followed.
1 NOTE: Buildings that still have window and door frames, roofing and plumbing fittings, or
furniture inside should be approached with great caution. In many countries, useful
parts of buildings are scavenged so when useful parts are left in place, there may be a
reason for that. The task liaison officer should consult the local population about why
the building has not been emptied.
The following general constraints must be
applied when searching a building.
1. The building must be approached over
land that is either known to be safe or
that has a safe access route at least two
metres wide leading to it.
2. Search lanes inside a building can be
marked using paint, painted stones or
tape and may be restricted to one metre
wide because of the need to search
corridors, through door openings and up stairs. Search lane marking must always ensure that
there is no confusion between area that have been searched and those that have not.
3. Intact walls may provide protection and allow a reduction in working distances between
deminers, depending on the anticipated hazards.
4. When there is rubble inside the building, the deminers must be issued with strong buckets to
move the rubble outside. Material on the floor must be removed until the search has reached
the original floor level.
5. Metal-detectors can be used in some areas but there is often a lot of metal among the debris
so excavation using hand tools is often more appropriate.
6. When an abandoned building is in a dangerous condition, some parts of it may be carefully
dismantled using mechanical assets or by hand. Parts should be lifted into a marked safe
area and searched as work progresses. As with all mechanical processes, safety distances
must be enforced while a demining machine is working and approved area marking must be
used.
The fastest method of searching any building is to use appropriately trained MDD. When MDD are
not available and there is no reason to anticipate the presence of IED bombs, MF-IEDs or booby-
traps, a search complying with the following rules can be conducted.
A two metre wide safe lane should be made all around the building. Standing in the safe lane to
look through windows doors or broken walls, the ground floor should be inspected from the
outside, looking for visible explosive hazards and obstructions. Whenever the building has more
than one room, the section leader should make a detailed sketch map of the rooms inside the
building.
When there is concern that the entrances to the building may have been mined, gaining safe entry
through windows should be considered when making a Task Release Plan.

Generally, all interior corridors should be Searched & Cleared before any rooms are entered. The
search is started from a base-stick placed in a safe area. Then the deminer should follow the
search procedure described below. The section leader must supervise the deminers and always
be aware of their progress. When visual contact is not possible, the deminers must report
progress regularly.
1. The deminer should check the area in front of the base-stick visually and feel for tripwires
when appropriate. When inside the building, a strong flashlight/head-torch should be issued
for use whenever visibility is poor.
2. The deminer should carefully remove any rubble, vegetation, broken furniture or rubbish from
the area in front of the base-stick, using a hook and line to pull heavy items from a safe
distance.
3. Working forward from the base-stick, the deminer should then search the area using area-
excavation procedures unless a metal-detector search is reliable (which can be the case
when the only anticipated hazards are UXO/AXO with a large metal content).
4. All building rubble and debris should be carried outside the building to a designated collection
point ensuring that access lanes are never obstructed (because they are already narrow in the
doorways).
5. When the original floor is visible across the width of the base-stick, the deminer should then
advance the base-stick and start at Step 1 again. When the floor is packed earth, it should be
searched with a metal-detector.
6. A one-metre search lane should be made from the door to the far wall in each room. This lane
allows a visual search of the room to be conducted in safety and, when necessary, it can be
used as a baseline from which search lanes are made.
Only one deminer should work in a room unless the floor area is large enough to allow working
distances to be applied. When the rooms are small, the deminers should work with two walls
between them whenever possible. Generally, one floor of building should be completed before
moving to the next floor.
While working, the deminers must not touch anything outside their search lane. No switches, taps,
cupboards, furniture, or consumer items should be moved. When doors need to be opened, a
specialist HIED deminer should assess the situation and use remote means when appropriate.
When rugs or floor coverings are in the way, they should be remotely pulled.
After access has been made to all rooms on the ground floor, the deminers should be withdrawn
and a specialist HIED deminer should check the rooms without moving outside the safe access
lanes. The specialist HIED deminer will ask for search lanes to be made to allow safe access to
features that are often booby trapped, such as toilets, taps, furniture and consumer goods.
The specialist HIED deminer should notify the task supervisor if he/she finds or suspects the
presence of IED bombs. MF-IEDs or booby-traps. When this occurs, the task must be suspended
and a dedicated HIED Search & Clearance team called in (see Chapter 7).
14.6 Fallen trees

Fallen trees and branches in the SHA must be moved so that the area underneath them can be
searched. The area leading to the obstruction must be ’Cleared’ along the entire length of the
fallen tree or branch.
If the tree is to be moved manually, a rope can be securely attached around it. This may mean
that the area on both sides of the tree must be Searched & Cleared to allow safe access.
Sometimes it is appropriate to cut away smaller branches with a handsaw and move them out of
the way. A chainsaw must not be used to cut a tree unless the entire area around and under it

have been searched and any hazards removed. The area around the tree can then be declared
‘Cleared’ and a chainsaw may be used.
If the tree is to be moved using a mechanical asset to lift or pull it, the area leading up to the tree
must be searched and marked in a lane that is at least two metres wider than the machine.
The tree or branch must be moved into a safe area. When it is moved by machine, mechanical
safety-distances should be applied while the machine is being used. When it is moved by manual
pulling, the distance from the tree to the nearest man should be the working distance at the task
site. Several deminers can stand behind each other pulling the rope. All deminers involved must
wear PPE and be supervised by a section leader. Other staff at the task should be withdrawn to
the safety distance.
When the obstruction has been removed, the place from which it was removed must be Searched
& Cleared .
15. Finding human remains

If human remains, or suspected human remains, are found during operations, the procedures
required by the NMAA must be followed. When the NMAA does not have published procedures
for this eventuality, those given here should be followed.
Work in the area immediately surrounding the remains must stop. Mechanical demining must not
be conducted within a 25 metre radius of any suspected human remains.
Although the anticipated human remains that may be located during mine action activities often
date from the time of known conflict, human remains that are much older may be found. It is also
possible that human remains that are more recent will be located. Whatever the origin of human
remains, they must always be treated with respect and dignity by everyone involved in their
recovery.
15.1 Reporting finding human remains

Every discovery of human remains must be reported to the NMAA and the police immediately by
radio or telephone. After making a verbal report, a written report must be made.
When the remains of more than one person are found together, the task supervisor should make
one report describing the finding of multiple human remains. When the remains are formally
investigated with a police presence, a separate record should be prepared for each set of
remains.
As a minimum, the following details must be recorded.
1. The time, date, and place where the human remains were found. This should include a
detailed description of the location and a GPS grid reference.
2. The name and contact details of the person(s) doing the recording.
3. A unique identification number that is assigned to the human remains. When parts of more
than one person may be present, a single identification number should be assigned pending
investigation by specialists. Any files, bags or boxes used for artefacts associated with a set of
human remains should be clearly marked with the same reference number.
4. A description of the scene, including the position of the remains in relation to any features and
landmarks. The description should include any obvious disturbance to the human remains.
Photographs should be included whenever possible.
NOTE: When photographing human remains, a paper showing the identification number assigned
to the remains should be shown in the photograph.

5. The task identification number/code for the task that was being conducted when the remains
were found.
6. Whether the human remains can be safely approached without further Search & Clearance
being conducted.
7. Record whether the remains appear to be complete. If they are not complete, the report
should give a degree of confidence over whether they are human. For example, if a human
skull is visible, the confidence may be given as ‘certain’. If there are only scattered bones, the
level of confidence may be ‘possible’ or ‘uncertain’.
NOTE: When it is uncertain whether the remains are human, they should be referred to as
“possibly human” in the report.
8. State whether the remains appear to be ancient, dating from known conflict, or recent.
Clothing or associated artefacts may inform this judgment. The way in which the remains are
investigated and removed will depend on their age so include a detailed description and
photographs whenever possible.
9. When possible, state whether the remains appear to be those of an adult or a child, and a
male or a female.
Investigation of the remains and associated artefacts with a view to determining the identity of the
deceased is the responsibility of the police or other authorities.
The report should be signed, dated and delivered to the NMAA and the local police as soon as
possible.
15.2 Ancient human remains

When it is suspected that human remains may be ancient it should be presumed that the place
they were found may be a burial ground or of archaeological interest. The find must be reported to
the NMAA and the written report required in Part 15.1 above submitted. The discovery will often
mean that the remains have been approached on one side. The area extending five metres in all
other directions from the discovered remains should be left undisturbed until authorisation is
granted for the removal of the remains by the appropriate authorities. The area surrounding the
remains must be marked with hazardous area marking and, if necessary, guarded to ensue that
they remain undisturbed.
The police and a representative of an appropriate archaeological or historical institute should be
present when the area immediately around the remains is Searched & Cleared and the remains
are collected. Any artefacts found within a five metre radius of the remains must be bagged and
given an identification number that is the same as that of the human remains. The NMAA should
arrange collection to occur with the minimum possible disruption to demining activity.
If ancient human remains are part of an ancient burial site, all staff must respect the relevant
religious and cultural sensitivities associated with the find. Everything reasonable must be done to
assist in the management or the remains in a timely manner.
15.3 Human remains from conflict

Demining is often conducted in battle areas where combatants may have died in action. In some
cases, bombardment may have buried the remains at the time of death. Because the areas are
known to be dangerous, the remains may have been undisturbed since the fighting ended.
When the remains of combatants are discovered and the artefacts found with them (clothing and
other items) confirm their status as former combatants, the find must be reported to the NMAA
and the written report required in Part 15.1 above submitted. The human remains must not be
disturbed more than is necessary to confirm that they were former combatants. The area around

the remains should be marked with hazardous area marking and, if necessary, guarded to ensure
that they are not disturbed by animals, birds or people.
The police should visit the site to confirm the identification of the human remains as being that of
former combatants. The police should then arrange for the remains to be collected and removed,
and may ask for assistance in doing so.
Unless the NMAA indicates otherwise, Search & Clearance procedures may continue around the
remains of former combatants. Any portable artefacts found within a five metre radius of the
remains must be photographed and placed in a bag with the same Identification number as that
assigned to the remains. All artefacts must be collected in case they have a significance that may
help to identify the deceased later.
15.4 Recent human remains

If there is any suspicion that human remains discovered during mine action activities are too
recent to date from the time of conflict, demining in a radius of at least 10 metres around the area
must stop immediately. The police and the NMAA must be informed immediately.
A written report of the discovery must be made and the human remains must be photographed
and assigned one or more unique identification numbers. The area surrounding the remains must
be marked and, if necessary, guarded to ensue that they remain undisturbed.
The police should attend the site urgently. The task supervisor must assist the police in their
investigation of the remains, arranging for deminers to search up to and around the remains while
the police are present. While this occurs, responsibility for safety at the task site remains with the
task supervisor and any police that are inside the safety distance for the site must wear the
appropriate PPE and obey the safety constraints required in these SOPs.
NOTE: If the police do not wear the appropriate PPE or obey safety constraints, the task
supervisor must refuse to carry out any demining work in the SHA. The NMAA should
liaise with the police to gain their cooperation.
Any artefacts found within a ten metre radius of the human remains must be collected and
recorded as required under police procedures.
Generally, the actual recovery of a recent corpse must be conducted by specialist police and
medical staff. Until the cause of death is known, demining staff must not touch the remains unless
wearing suitable protection against disease. When the remains may have been booby trapped,
they must be moved using a pulling procedure before recovery. This should be achieved without
damaging the remains more than strictly necessary.
15.5 Human remains found outside the task area

The management of human remains found outside the task area falls outside any HMA remit for
which the NMAA may have granted operational accreditation. Nonetheless, human remains found
outside the task area should be reported to the NMAA and the police by telephone or radio.
15.6 Health hazards

The health hazards (biohazards) associated with handling human remains from an armed conflict
that occurred some time ago are very low. When the human remains are recent and have not
desiccated or decomposed, a risk of infection may occur from direct contact. All blood and some
body fluids are considered potential vectors of the hepatitis B and C virus, human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and other blood-borne pathogens. To avoid these risks, staff must
never handle fresh or decomposing bodies unless qualified and equipped to do so.

15.6.1 Psychological considerations
The psychological burden for staff dealing with human remains can be considerable. Persons
unwilling to be involved in the activity must not be ordered to do so. Any staff member who is
traumatised by the discovery of human remains must be treated with respect and offered
professional counselling in order to facilitate a full recovery.
16. Tripwire location

When the Task Risk Assessment indicates a possible threat from tripwire operated mines with
functional fuzes and intact tripwires, the Task Release Plan for the affected area may include the
use of machines for mechanical preparation of the area. Flails and vegetation cutters can be used
in a manner designed to ensure that no intact tripwires remain before manual deminers are
deployed. The machine should remove vegetation but not process the ground unless ground
preparation is also required.
When it is necessary to use a manual demining tripwire detection procedure, the search should be
made using the eyes and hands. A tripwire ‘feeler’ that is a length of stiff-wire may also be used
but hands are preferred because they provide the greatest
tactile feedback. After a thorough visual check of the area,
the deminer searches the area in front by gently parting
any thick vegetation that may conceal tripwires,
unexploded ordnance, surface-laid mines, protruding fuses
or other hazardous items. The vegetation should be parted
by pressing the palms of the hands together and pushing
gently into the vegetation, then spreading the fingers and
slowly parting the hands as shown in the photograph on
the right. This should be repeated across the width of the
deminer’s lane, including the overlap.
When vegetation is high, the tripwire search should be repeated from the top to the bottom,
ensuring that all vegetation is separated and any tripwire would be seen or felt.
After conducting the tripwire location procedure, the deminer must take great care not to cut
vegetation ahead of the area that has been searched for tripwires.
16.1 Action on locating a tripwire

When a tripwire is found, the deminer must stop work and notify the section leader. The section
leader should determine the direction of the wire. Generally, the wire should be marked and the
search lane closed. When it is not clear where the tripwire runs, the
search lane should be widened up to the place where the tripwire
was found so that more of the tripwire is located and a direction can
be determined. When a direction has been determined, another
search lane should be started running alongside and following the
tripwire. The tripwire will run between an anchor (usually a metal or
wooden stake but sometimes a tree or other ‘anchor’) and a mine,
so Search & Clearance in both directions will need to be conducted.
The tripwire must be followed in both directions because there may
be another mine close to the stake or anchor as shown in the picture
alongside.
1 NOTE: In some places, anti-personnel blast mines are placed along tripwires. They may also
be placed around the mine at one end of the wire and the ‘anchor’ at the other.

When a tripwire is taut, the tripwire must not be moved or disturbed until the ends are exposed
and the mine identified. When a tripwire is slack, it may be cut at the discretion of the section
leader in the interests of safety.
When the type of mine is not known and its condition is uncertain, a working distance of 30 metres
should be enforced until the ends of the tripwire have been located and the device identified.
Working distances for mine threats are given in Chapter 2 of these SOPs.
When a tripwire operated mine is located, the section leader should instruct an EOD operative to
either move it or destroy it where it is. If tripwire operated mines were not anticipated in the Task
Assessment, the task supervisor must ensure that the Task Risk Assessment and Task Release
Plan are reviewed and revised immediately.
17. Collection of explosive hazards

Deminers may not handle or move explosive hazards unless they have been trained to do so.
When explosive hazards have been declared safe to move by an appropriately trained EOD
specialist, they should be moved and taken to clearly marked and separated collection areas.
Under the direction of a suitably trained EOD specialist, the explosive hazards should be
destroyed using one of the procedures described in Chapter 10 of these SOPs.
18. Conducting Battle Area Clearance (BAC)

Battle Area Clearance is a visual search of the entire ground surface of a defined area.
The task conditions required before BAC is conducted are described in Chapter 3, Part 3.1.1.
When those conditions are met, visual BAC search can be included in the Task Release Plan.
BAC can be conducted in areas with sparse vegetation or from which vegetation has been
removed. The vegetation may be cut by a suitably armoured machine before the BAC but the
machine must not disrupt the ground surface because disrupting the ground may bury the
explosive hazards that BAC is intended to locate.
BAC should lead to the removal of all explosive hazards and battle debris that is on the ground
surface so that the land can be released as ‘Surface Cleared’.
1 NOTE: BAC may not be used in any area where there is evidence suggesting the presence of
mines or any other movement or pressure sensitive hazards that may be initiated during
BAC. If evidence of any of these hazards is found during BAC, work at the task must be
immediately suspended and the Task Release Plan revised so that appropriate Search
& Clearance is conducted.
When conducting BAC, the area to be searched is considered safe to walk on. The area should
be divided into clearly marked ‘search boxes’ which may vary in size depending on the task and
the number of deminers available to search.
The following procedure can be used to search each box.
1) The width of the area to be searched depends on the number of searchers. Six deminers can
generally search an area approximately ten metres wide.
2) Wearing approved PPE and carrying a bag for scrap metal, the deminers form a rank
approximately one metre apart at the baseline.
3) On command from the section leader they advance slowly across the area looking closely at
the ground. The section leader walks a few metres behind the deminers ensuring that they
maintain a straight line and placing side markers every ten metres.

4) At the end of the marked area, the deminers form a rank in the adjacent area, then walk back
over the adjacent area.
5) As the deminers advance on the return pass, the section leader moves the side of lane
markers so that they always mark the side of the area visually searched.
1st search
2nd search
The Section Leader removes 3rd search
sticks on the searched side as
the line of deminers moves
forward.
6) The deminers move in ranks up and down the area as shown in the diagram above.
7) When a deminer sees something suspicious he must raise a hand and call out. The line of
deminers should stand still while the suspicious item is inspected. An EOD specialist should
inspect the item and if it is found to be a hazard that is safe to touch, the hazard is marked
and the search can continue beyond it.
The position of each device must be recorded using GPS by the section leader. An EOD
specialist should deal with discovered devices after the deminers have moved beyond the
working distance.
1 NOTE: If the discovered device is a mine or any other movement or pressure sensitive hazard
that may be initiated during BAC, all deminers must be withdrawn immediately.
8) All battle debris such as mortar fins or abandoned equipment
should be removed during the search. This will prevent people
who use the land being concerned in future. When small-arms
are found, they must be photographed, collected, and
destroyed.
The photograph shows a pile of scrap collected during BAC.
BAC allows wide areas that are not mined to be released to the community quickly.

19. Conducting Battle Area Clearance Subsurface (BACS)
The task conditions that must apply before BACS is conducted are described in Chapter 3, Part
3.1.2. When those conditions are met, BACS subsurface search can be considered for inclusion in
the Task release Plan.
BACS should lead to the removal of all UXO and large battle debris to a known depth (at least
30cm) beneath the ground surface. BACS may be recorded as ‘Clearance’ as long as the only
hazards anticipated in the area would be reliably found by the metal-detectors used and the
search procedures ensure full search of the entire area to the required depth. Areas processed by
BACS may be released as ‘Cleared of hazards with a large metal content to a specified depth’.
A BACS search can only be conducted on areas with sparse vegetation or from which vegetation
has been removed.
1 NOTE: If any evidence of mines or any other movement or pressure sensitive hazards that may
be initiated during BACS procedures is found, the BACS search must stop
immediately.
19.1 Why a single BACS search may not be enough

Many metal-detectors (digital or analogue) that are optimised to search at a particular depth will
not reliably signal on targets buried at other depths, so a metal-detector that will signal on a target
buried at 30cm may not signal on the same target buried at 20cm or 40cm. This means that
repeated searches over the area using different metal-detectors (or metal-detectors at varied
settings) are necessary when reliable search to depths below 30cm are required.
In some battle area minefields, a two or three stage search is required, depending on the reliable
search depth that is required.
1. First search with a hand-held metal-detector that is able to find any minimum-metal hazards
present to a depth of 13cm or more. After this search it should be safe to walk over the ground
during subsequent searches.
2. Second search with a large search-head on a conventional metal-detector that is able to
locate large metal targets to depths of 30cm or more.
3. Third search with a large-loop detector designed for deep search that has been adjusted to
detect large metal targets at a depth greater than 30cm.
In areas with no anticipated mine hazards, search 1 above may be BAC.
19.2 Metal-detectors used in BACS

Some of the metal-detector models that are conventionally used to search for mines can reliably
signal on large metal objects at 30cm but this must not be presumed without confirming that the
metal-detector will give a clear and unambiguous signal on representative targets buried at 10, 20
and 30cm. Unless the target is round, it should be placed in
different orientations because the real hazards could be an any
angle under the ground.
Generally, fitting a larger search-head to the standard metal-
detectors used to search for mines increases the depth of
search while reducing the metal-detector’s ability to signal on
small pieces of metal. The MineLab F3 can combine a yellow
coloured end-cap to adjust the metal-detector’s settings with a
larger search-head to reliably increase depth (it is shown
alongside).

The Ebinger PIDD UXO locator and the Vallon VMXC1 with large search-head and UXO
optimisation (shown below) are other variants on standard metal-detectors that can be reliably
used to search at depths between 0 and 30cm. Whichever metal-detector is used for BACS
search, an extension describing its use must be added to this SOP.
All metal-detectors optimised for deep search have an increased power requirement, so standard
metal-detectors with large search-heads will need to have their batteries replaced more frequently
than those with smaller search-heads.
1 NOTE: A standard metal-detector that has been optimised for deep search can only be used
when searching for large metal-cased explosive hazards. They must never be used to
search for plastic cased hazards. Metal-detectors which only find ferrous items (such as
magnetometers) must not be used when searching for explosive hazards that do not
have a high ferrous content.
While some standard metal-detectors may find the hazards anticipated at a task at greater depths,
generally the search for large metal targets deeper than 30cm should be conducted using ‘large-
loop’ BACS metal-detectors that have been designed for deep search.
In these SOPs, a standard metal-detector fitted
with a large search-head and adapted for BACS
is called a ‘large search-head detector’. A
dedicated deep search metal-detector with a
search-head so big that it cannot be used by a
single deminer is called a ‘large-loop detector’.
The picture alongside shows the search-head of
a large-loop metal-detector being assembled.
The large-loop is the search-head and it is carried

between two deminers. Some models of large-loop
detector have the loop resting on wheels.
19.3 BACS search test targets

To ensure that the BACS search will reliably locate the anticipated targets at the required search
depth, each metal-detector must be tested in a dedicated test area that is clearly marked and set
up close to the search area.
The ability to reliably signal on the most difficult to detect anticipated hazard at the task must be
confirmed every time that the metal-detector is switched off and on. When no other UXO or AXO
target is indicated in the Task Assessment, the targets used for the test should be inert rifle or
hand grenades placed under the ground at 10, 20, and 30cm depth and the holes filled with earth.
Strings can be attached to the targets to facilitate easy recovery.
NOTE: The ground above the targets must be replaced because the detection depth through
earth is not the same as the detection distance through air.

The test must be repeated over targets placed upright and lying flat at each search depth so that
there is confidence that the targets will be found whatever their orientation under the ground. The
metal-detector must signal clearly and unambiguously when passed over all the buried targets.
When appropriate, the setting of the metal-detector may then be adjusted so that it does not
signal on pieces of metal that are significantly smaller than the targets as long as it still signals
reliably on the targets.
19.4 Probability of detection and false alarm rate

In some comparative studies, various models of metal-detector have been appraised in terms of
the probability of them detecting a particular target in certain conditions and the false alarm rate
associated with their use. There has been a fundamental error in the approach to these studies.
Using the procedures described in these SOPs correctly, the probability of a metal-detector
detecting a specified target at a task will always be 100%. If it is not possible to detect all the
anticipated hazards at the required depth, the metal-detector will not be used.
If the metal-detector were to signal when there is no metal present that would be a ‘false alarm’
and would indicate a problem with the machine or its design. When a metal-detector signals on
the presence of metal but that metal is not an explosive hazard that is not a ‘false alarm’, it is a
limitation of the technology. The number of positive signals that are associated with harmless
metal will depend on the number of pieces of metal in the ground.
When the ground itself contains metallic compounds, the metal-detector’s ground compensating
feature should allow it to recognise that this signal is ‘constant’ and not to signal its presence.
Metal-detector manufacturers are developing discriminating metal-detectors that give a different
signal for different metal types or when the metal is at different depths but these innovations are
not yet proven and must not be used without extensive testing to determine their strengths and
limitations.
The sensitivity of the metal-detector can be adjusted so that it does not signal on pieces of metal
that are significantly smaller than the target hazards because this can significantly increase the
speed with which the search is completed. However, increased speed must never be allowed to
compromise safety. The metal-detectors used during BACS may be appropriately adjusted to
ignore small metal pieces but any attempt to reduce the number of times that a metal-detector
signals on harmless metal must not lead to a reduction in the probability of detection. To reduce
the probability of detection would be unprofessional because it would put the end-users of the
land at unnecessary risk and so contradict the primary goal of Humanitarian Mine Action.
19.5 Requirements during all BACS searches

The following rules must be used when conducting BACS.
1. Each BACS metal-detector must be tested before and after use each day (as described in
Part 19.3 above). If a metal-detector cannot find the targets reliably at the end of any search
period, the area searched using that metal-detector since it last found the targets must be
searched again.
2. All significant vegetation in the search area must be removed before or during the search.
3. Working distances during BACS should be increased if the metal-detectors in use have an
electronic influence on other metal-detectors close by. Generally, large-loop detectors need to
be separated by a greater distance than large search-head detectors.
4. When BACS is conducted using large search-head detectors, all search lane marking and
start and finish lines must be used in the same way as that required when searching for
mines, except that the marking at the sides of the lane can be placed at two metre intervals.

5. When BACS is conducted using large-loop detectors, the centre of the search lane should be
marked with tape and the centre of the large-loop kept in line with the tape as the large-loop is
advanced. Those carrying the large-loop can walk outside the search lane because land must
be safe to walk over before BACS is conducted.
6. Unless otherwise recorded in the Task release Plan, all BACS should be conducted in a
manner that guarantees that no anticipated explosive hazards are left in the search area to a
depth of 30cm. The search depth may be varied by the NMAA or according to the needs at
the task.
7. To allow a rapid advance over areas where there are no signals, a base-stick need not be
used during BACS.
8. Large-loop detectors should be moved forward with the centre of the large-loop following a
line of tape laid out on the ground. The large-loop should be overlapped by 50% for the next
search, so tapes should be placed at distances equal to half of the large-loop diameter as the
search progresses. When the same tape is moved to mark the next centre, it must be
replaced with markers two metres apart along its length. The markers allow supervisors and
QA staff to check that ground coverage has been thorough.
9. Large search-head detectors should be used in conventional one metre wide search lanes.
The large search-head should be swept across the face of the lane with each sweep
overlapped by 33% of the search-head diameter, extending the search outside the sides of
the lane by at least 20cm.
10. Pinpointing of signals should follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the relevant metal-
detector unless otherwise indicated in an appendix to this SOP.
11. Each time that the metal-detector signals during BACS, the position of the signal should be
pinpointed as far as possible and a suitable marker placed (often a painted stone). The search
should continue without pausing for excavation. This allows the search to be conducted
quickly, but all search lane marking must be left in place until after all signals in the area have
been investigated by excavating the metal source.
19.5.1 Excavating BACS metal-detector signals

When the search of the area has been completed, an excavation team should uncover the source
of each signal. They should work in the original search lanes at the required working distance.
Those excavating should be equipped with standard metal-detectors with small search-heads so
that they can check the position of each signal as they get close to it.
The method used to excavate deeply will depend on the targets and their condition. When a target
may be sensitive to movement, a 50cm long sloping trench that is at least 30cm side and
advances towards the signal marker should be made. This will allow the source to be seen as the
approach is made and, when appropriate, will allow a demolition charge to be placed without
moving it. When insensitive UXO is anticipated, the excavation trench can be shorter.
When the metal discovered is not associated with an explosive hazard, it should still be removed
so that a QC check that the search has been successfully conducted to the detection depth can
be made.
The Task Release Plan should detail what must be done when the search depth for the task is
reached and the source of the signal has not been reached. Generally, the excavation should
continue a further 10cm before being abandoned. When a deep signal is left in the ground, the
excavation must be left open and marked with a stick until after the QC has been conducted. After
the QC check, all excavations must be filled in.

19.6 Using a large-loop detector
When a large-loop detector can be adjusted to reliably detect targets at depth, it can be the fastest
way of searching wide areas for deeply buried UXO or AXO.
The large-loop is carried by two men as shown in the
photograph alongside. Large-loop BACS detectors like
this are used for searching areas where hazards may be
deep under the ground and the predicted end-use of the
land will involve digging deeply. In some cases
When there may be UXO, AXO or metal debris on the
ground surface, the area should be BAC searched and
the visible hazards and debris removed before the
BACS is conducted.
The following additional rules should be used when using any large-loop detector.
1. The large-loop detector can only be used by staff who have been appropriately trained and
tested. The large-loop must be assembled in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations. Variations that allow more efficient batteries to be used are permitted.
2. The sensitivity of the large-loop detector must be calibrated for the anticipated targets
following the instructions in the manufacturer’s handbook. After calibration, the large-loop
must be passed over targets as described in Part 19.3 above.
3. Large-loop detectors should be re-calibrated after every hour of use, or every time they are
switched off. They should also be calibrated if the readings become erratic.
19.6.1 Large-loop search patterns

Large-loop search can be conducted by making a search across marked boxes as shown below.
The baseline marking should be replaced by a tape (or rope) that can be stretched tightly along
the ground. More tape must be stretched to make a line crossing the box between every side
marker at intervals matching the width of the large-loop.
When the box has been prepared, the search is conducted in this way:
1. The deminers move the large-loop so that it is centrally over the stretched tape that marks
the baseline. The deminers walk slowly along the tape holding the large-loop centrally

over the tape. The large-loop should always be held at the same height above the ground
surface and held as level as possible.
2. When they reach the other end of the search area, the deminers turn around and position
the large-loop so that its sides are each directly above a tape. They walk back across the
search area keeping the sides of the large-loop over the tapes.
3. At the start side of the search area, the deminers turn and position the large loop so that it
is centrally over the second stretched tape, then walk back across the search area
keeping the centre of the large-loop over the tape.
This is continued over the entire search area. The method means that the large-loop is
always overlapped by 50% to ensure complete ground coverage. Where the ground rises
and falls, the deminers should ensure that the large-loop follows the ground contours.
4. When there are signals, a deminer should place a marker to show the position of the
signal. The stone should be placed on the centre of the signal. The signal can be crudely
pinpointed by moving the large-loop back and forward and side to side.
When the large-loop has been used over the entire search area, the deminers should move to
search another area while other deminers investigate the markers they have placed.
NOTE: If there are several small pieces of metal beneath a large-loop it may signal as if one large
piece of metal were present. After some of the metal has been removed, the large-loop
may not signal at all when held over the same area.
After all signals have been investigated in the area, the large-loop should be used to search over
the excavated areas again to confirm that the signals have gone. When a signal is still there,
further excavation should take place to the maximum depth indicated in the Task Release Plan or
40cm, whichever is greater.
A QC search over parts of the area using a large-loop metal-detector with the same setting must
be conducted before the land can be declared ‘Cleared of hazards with a large metal content to a
specified depth’.

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HMA Global SOPs 2018

CHAPTER 6: SEARCH & CLEARANCE

Release date: July 2018

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 1

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 2

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 3

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 4

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 5

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 6

1.1 Should, Must & Shall

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 7

2.1 Manual demining team

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 8

3. Demining team deployment

3.1 Daily briefing

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 9

4. Approved manual search patterns

4.1 Search lanes

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 10

4.1.1 Cutting vegetation from beside a search lane

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 11

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 12

4.3 Spot Tasks

4.3.1 UXO/AXO Spot Tasks

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 13

4.3.2 MDD Spot Tasks

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 14

6. Working distances between staff

6.1 Supervisor working distances

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 15

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 16

6.2.1 Preliminary accident investigation

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 17

7.1 Prohibited detection method

7.2 Detection by eye

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 18

8.1 Safety and metal-detectors

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 19

8.2.1 Metal-detector care

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 20

8.2.3 Metal-detector test area

1 NOTE: The deminer must not use a metal-detector manufacturer's

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 21

8.2.4 Using the metal-detector calibration and test areas

8.2.5 Search-head movement

8.2.6 Search-head advance

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 22

In the drawing alongside, the 13cm depth at which a

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 23

Now move a target towards the search-head,

Repeat this to get a marked shape on the ground

8.3 Using the MineLab F3 metal-detector

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 24

8.3.2 Turning on and checking the MineLab F3

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 25

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 26

8.3.3 MineLab F3 search patterns

8.3.4 Pinpointing with the MineLab F3

HMA Global SOPs, Chapter 6: Search & Clearance – Page: 27