What Is This Module About?

Have you tried reading or studying while watching television? If you have, were you able to
understand clearly the material you were reading?
When reading, one should concentrate on what one is reading in order to understand it well.
There are certain points or ideas that the writer of the reading material would like to tell the
reader. He/she uses some writing patterns or styles to convey his/her ideas or key points.
In this module, you will learn writing patterns or styles, such as cause-and-effect and
comparison and contrast, as well as following directions and sequences of events. This module is
intended to help you develop the ability to vary your reading speed to suit the type of text
(narrative, expository, descriptive or argumentative) and purpose of reading.
This module is divided into two lessons. These are:
Lesson 1 – Understanding Relationships
Lesson 2 – Follow Me: Step-by-Step

What Will You Learn From This Module?

After studying this module, you should be able to:

♦ read with understanding by noting relationships between key points; and
♦ do close reading to follow directions and sequence steps, activities or events.

1
 Let’s See What You Already Know

Before you start studying this module, take the following test first to find out how well you
know the topics to be discussed.
A. Read the following sentences. For each sentence describe how the idea in the box is related
to the rest of the sentence. If the idea gives the reason why the event described by the rest
of the sentence occurred, write cause on the line below the sentence. If the idea in the box
describes the result of the action denoted by the rest of the sentence, write effect on the line
below the sentence.
1. Because it rained, we canceled our picnic.
_______________

2. Since I lost my keys, I was late for class.

_______________

3. Smoking is dangerous to your health, therefore you must not smoke.

_______________

4. My family did not go to the beach because there was a storm.

_______________

5. I washed my father’s car because he said it was dirty.

_______________

B. Read carefully the following essay about books and television as vehicles of knowledge. Fill
up the table on the next page by writing down the similarities and differences between books
and television.

Books are often called the “vehicles of knowledge.” This is because they carry much
information. Television does the same thing. Most students prefer watching television to reading
a book. No one can deny that books and television are both vehicles of knowledge. They both
convey information for people to digest or learn and understand. The knowledge people gain
from both books and television depends upon the kind of books they read and the kind of
television programs they watch.

Obviously, books and television have some differences. When reading a book, we usually
imagine the thoughts or ideas presented in it. In watching television, we do not need to imagine
because the thought or idea is clearly shown. That is why studies show that learning is more
effective with the use of television than with books.

Whatever the case may be, it is important that both books and television be used for
effective learning. Options should not be limited to either books or television alone.

2
 Similarities Differences

1. 1.

2. 2.

C. Read the following recipe for creamy cheese pimentos. Fill in the blanks with a word or
words to see whether you understand and remember the steps.

Creamy Cheese Pimentos

Preparing creamy cheese pimentos is very easy! Follow these simple steps.

The ingredients needed are:

4 1 whole 225-gram butter, partly melted

4 1 whole 225-gram cheese, grated
4 1 small can of evaporated milk
4 ½ cup red pimentos, sliced to small pieces
Combine the butter and cheese in a bowl and mix thoroughly. Pour the evaporated milk
and add the sliced pimentos. Mix until they blend completely. You can improve the taste of
your creamy cheese pimentos by adding more pimentos or a little amount of salt. You are
now ready to spread your creamy cheese pimentos on any piece of bread. Enjoy its
creamy taste!

Store in a refrigerator when not in use.

After you have prepared the ingredients, the first thing you need to do is to
(1)__________________ in a bowl. Then (2)_________ thoroughly. Afterward,
(3)___________________ and the sliced pimentos. (4)_________ until they blend completely.
If you would like to improve the taste of your spread, (5)_____________________. You are
now ready to spread the creamy cheese pimento on any piece of bread!

Well, how was it? Do you think you fared well? Compare your answers with those in the
Answer Key on page 28 to find out.
If all your answers are correct, very good! This shows that you already know much about
the topics in this module. You may still study the module to review what you already know. Who
knows, you might learn a few more new things as well.
If you got a low score, don’t feel bad. This means that this module is for you. It will help you
understand some important concepts that you can apply in your daily life. If you study this module
carefully you will learn the answers to all the items in the test and a lot more! Are you ready?
You may now go to the next page to begin Lesson 1.

3
 LESSON 1

Understanding Relationships

People tend to remember:

♦ what is pleasant;
♦ simple patterns; and
♦ materials that are interesting not only as a whole, but also in terms of their details.
Look at each of the following pictures for a few seconds. You may count from one to ten as
you look at each figure.
1234 1234
1234 1234
1234 1234

M
123456789012345678
123456789012345678
123456789012345678
123456789012345678
123456789012345678
123456789012345678
123456789012345678
123456789012345678
123456789012345678
123456789012345678
123456789012345678
123456789012345678
123456789012345678
123456789012345678
123456789012345678
123456789012345678 1234
1234
1234
1234

Now cover the pictures. Try to draw each from memory. Then check to see how many you
had correctly done from memory.
From this game, can you see how much easier it is to remember pictures that have a pattern
or design?
The same is true with written materials. Writers present their ideas in an orderly way. Once
you see the pattern or design of their ideas, you will remember more of what you read. Knowing
how to recognize writing patterns will make you a better reader. It will improve your ability to
comprehend what you read.
This lesson will guide you to do close reading. This type of reading is the opposite of
skimming and scanning. It requires the use of many skills, including skimming and scanning. It
requires you to:
♦ skim and scan a material to note its general outline and the writing pattern or style;
♦ carefully read and reread paragraphs to find the topic sentence and important details;
♦ find out the relationships, such as cause-effect and comparison-contrast, between key
points made; and
♦ identify cause-effect and comparison-contrast writing patterns.

4
 Let’s Study and Analyze

CAUSE–EFFECT PATTERN
Read the news item on the next page. Look at the development of the cause-effect
relationship in the article. But before you read it, why not do this mental exercise? Some words in
each of the following boxes have similar meanings. Read each sentence using a word in each box.
See if you can use all the words in each box. Have fun as you learn new words!

Seven were hurt in a clash over parking space.

quarrel
fight

An argument over parking space led to a violent confrontation between two families.
brutal conflict
A discussion
cruel crisis
A quarrel
A fight

The wounded members continued shouting invectives at each other.

criticisms
disapproval
curses
insults

Management deployed security men to prevent the outbreak of a second round of hostilities
among them. used conflict
setup fighting
spread out
utilized

The shouting match between the two protagonists caught the attention of their families.
characters
leaders
supporters

5
 You are now ready to do close reading of a news item. Carefully read the paragraphs in the
news article below. Note how each paragraph is related to the whole article.

7 hurt in clash over parking space

An argument over a parking space Rocio, 50, tricycle driver, and his sons The shouting match between the two
led to a violent confrontation between Jessie, 27, and Jeffrey, 21, all of protagonists caught the attention of
two neighboring families in Antipolo Barangay Dalig I, Antipolo City and their children who rushed to the side of
City yesterday, resulting to serious their neighbor Bernardo Gargavite, 45, their respective parents already armed
injuries to seven people. self-employed, and his children Wilson, with bolos. A bloody clash ensued.
Baby and Ondit.
The wounded members of the The feuding families were prevented
families continued shouting invectives Reports by the Antipolo police said from harming each other further with
at each other while being treated at a the free-for-all hacking incident took the arrival of policemen summoned by
hospital for hack wounds, prompting place around 12:33 a.m. after Jimmy alarmed neighbors.
management to deploy security men to and Bernardo exchanged harsh words
prevent the outbreak of a second round over a parking space near the latter’s Those wounded will be charged with
of hostilities among them. house. After spending the day plying frustrated multiple homicide, police
his tricycle, Jimmy became mad when said.
Those undergoing treatment at the he saw Bernardo’s tricycle parked on
Antipolo Community Hospital for his lot. A fuming Jimmy confronted
multiple hack wounds were Jimmy Bernardo and a heated argument ensued.

Paragraph 1 explains why a fight occurred. The following diagrams will help you understand
the cause-effect relationships clearly. Skim the news article to find out where each pair of cause
and effect can be found. Then review each cause and its effect as indicated in each of the
following boxes.
Cause Effect

1. an argument over parking violent conflict or crisis

space

Within paragraph 1, a second cause-effect relationship is introduced:

Cause Effect

2. violent conflict or crisis serious injuries to seven

people

Let us look at paragraph 2. Note that one cause produced two effects. Read the
cause, then the effects.

6
 Cause Effect

3. wounded members of the management used security

two families continued men
shouting curses or insults

prevented outbreak of a
second round of fighting

Let us look at Paragraph 5. Note that this time, one cause produced three effects.
Read the cause, then the effects.
Cause Effect

4. shouting match between the caught the attention of their

two leaders, Jimmy and families
Bernardo
the children rushed to the side
of their respective parents

a bloody clash took place

Did the diagrams or patterns help you remember and recall the main ideas and the important
details in what you read? Is the cause-effect relationship now clear to you? If not, review the
diagrams.

Let’s Try This

Read the following news item. Then describe the cause-effect relationship in each
paragraph. By noting this relationship, you will understand the news item more clearly.

Pipe laying in Caloocan will bring traffic woes

Expect traffic snarls in some It advised motorists and commuters The pipe-laying projects will
portions of Caloocan City from today to take alternative routes to avoid traffic increase the water volume of Quezon
until the end of the month due to pipe- buildup. City, Pasay, Muntinlupa, Parañaque,
laying projects of a water concessionaire Las Piñas and portions of Makati.
of the west zone. “Maynilad wishes to apologize for
whatever inconveniences the project
Maynilad Water Service Inc. will cause and asks the public for its
announced yesterday the stretch of 8th understanding and cooperation,” it said.
Street to Colonel Asistio Street, and 6th
Avenue (formerly Banal Street) to 9th Motorists going to Circumferential
and 7th Streets will be closed to traffic Road 3 are advised not to pass through
as it begins digging for the interconnection 8th Street or Quezon Street, 7th Avenue
of a new 2200-millimeter pipe to the as well as 6th Street from 7th Avenue
existing pipe in the areas. to C-3.

7
 Use the diagrams below to describe the cause-effect relationship in each paragraph. Fill in
each box with the correct answer. You may need to read the news item again to be able to
correctly describe the cause-effect relationship in each paragraph. Fill in each box with the
correct answer. Skim and scan the news item to note its writing pattern. Then, do close reading
to find out the effect of every cause identified.
Cause Effect

Paragraph 1

(1)
pipe-laying projects

Paragraph 2

digging for the (2)

interconnection of a new
2200-millimeter pipe

Paragraph 3

(3)
to avoid traffic buildup

Paragraph 4

(4)
inconveniences or troubles
the project will cause

Paragraph 5

(5)
pipe-laying projects

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 28 of this module.

8
 Let’s Study and Analyze

Here is another activity. Careful reading will improve your understanding of the material.
Your recall of the important details will be strengthened.

LTO urged to push drug

tests for PUV drivers
1. A House leader urged the Land
By JESS DIAZ 5. The LTO had stopped its
Transportation Office (LTO) 3. He said it is a fact that several mandatory drug testing for drivers
yesterday to resume its mandatory vehicular accidents in Metro Manila due to lack of funds needed to
drug testing for drivers of public and along the North Luzon and administer the test.
utility vehicles. South Luzon expressways involved
buses whose drivers were high on 6. “That is not sufficient reason to
2. Assistant Majority Leader Rodolfo drugs. discontinue the drug test and expose
Albano III (LAMMP, Isabela) said the riding public to danger,” Albano
it is necessary for LTO officials to 4. He said some drivers had told police said.
resume their drug testing for drivers authorities that they took drugs so
in the wake of reports that many they could remain awake during their
bus, jeepney and even tricycle night trips and so they could work
drivers take drugs when plying their continuously for several days.
routes.

Did you understand the article above? Did you do close reading? Now answer the following
questions to describe the cause-effect relationships shown in the article. Let us see if you
understood the article very well. In answering the questions, you can reread and skim the article
for the answers.
1. What does House leader Rodolfo Albano III want the Land Transportation Office to
do?
_________________________________________________________________
2. Why is there a need to resume its mandatory drug testing for drivers?
_________________________________________________________________
3. What caused several vehicular accidents in Metro Manila and along the North Luzon
and South Luzon expressways?
_________________________________________________________________
4. What are the effects of drugs on drivers who take them?
_________________________________________________________________
5. Why did the LTO stop mandatory drug testing?
_________________________________________________________________
6. According to Albano, what is the effect of discontinuing drug testing of drivers?
_________________________________________________________________
Were you able to answer the questions? How did you find the answers to the questions?
Did you reread the article and skim it for answers? Compare your answers with those in the
Answer Key on page 29.

9
 Let’s Learn

There are many methods of developing the central thought of a paragraph. One of these is
enumerating the reasons why a certain event took place.
How do you read paragraphs that present cause-effect patterns?
1. Pay close attention to the topic sentence. Can you still recall what a topic sentence is?
The main idea of a paragraph is the most important idea. It is usually expressed in
one sentence called ______________. Can you guess it? The correct answer is topic
sentence.
The topic sentence usually gives the cause-effect relationship that is described in
the remainder of the paragraph.
2. Look for the connecting word between the cause and the effect. Such words as due
to, because, thus, therefore, since and consequently are examples of such
connecting words.
Examples: The boy cried because he lost his schoolbag.
Since it rained, there was no ball game.
You can ask yourself:
What event happened as a result of a previous action? How did one event cause
the other to happen?
The cause-effect pattern is used to describe an event or action that is caused by another
event or action. Cause-effect patterns may be single cause-single effect, single cause-many
effects and many causes-single effect. Did you notice the single cause-many effects pattern in
questions 3 and 4 in Let’s Study and Analyze on pages 9 and 10? Read them again so you will
have a clear idea what a single cause-many effects pattern is.

Let’s Think About This

Many businessmen believe that lucky charms bring good business. Read each of the
following news articles on lucky charms or agimat. Answer the questions that follow. Read the
article for 1 minute and 30 seconds. That would be enough time for you to understand the news
item clearly. Time yourself. Do not forget to do close reading. When answering the questions, you
may skim and scan the article to find the answers.

10
 Do Lucky Charms Bring Good Business?
The Candidaza Restaurant has been around for 33 years, Fashion designer Flamingo Uy attributes his thriving
not only because it has maintained its reputation as one of business to a combination of hard work, prayer and good
the best Japanese restaurants in town, but also because of its feng shui.
gracious host and manager, Albert Brown.
He consults a feng shui expert every year. Based on the
Albert attributes the restaurant’s success and staying feng shui expert’s recommendations, he has moved his place
power to prayer and a white stone given to him by a of business (it was beside a creek, had a basement and an ill-
mysterious old woman. “We started out with three tables, 12 positioned gate—all said to be bad feng shui), dropped his
chairs and a staff of three girls and one Japanese chef. We first name on the signboard and name card (for better chi) and
were about to close so I prayed hard and the following day, keeps salt at the doorway to absorb negative vibes.
former First Lady Imelda Marcos dropped by with her friends.

T
They are regulars to this day,” he said. he New Orleans Hotel resident feng shui expert
Joseph Ong recently had the hotel’s stone lions
When restaurant sales are low, Albert relies on his lucky (yin) moved to the side entrance on Makati Avenue
stone and on his fortune-tellers who are as much a part of the (yang) to create balance and good chi. Since then, the hotel
restaurant as Albert. The fortune-tellers light incense, say has experienced an increase in banquet sales and good
prayers and magically, the diners start lining up. restaurant business.

One marketing executive who believes that horses are

lucky hung his favorite paintings of horses in the conference
room prior to meeting with a prospective client. He clinched
the deal and made a lot of money for the company.

1. To what does Albert Brown attribute the success of Candidaza Restaurant?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. According to one marketing executive, horses are lucky. What are the effects of the
horses on his business?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. To what does Flamingo Uy attribute his thriving business?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4. What happened when one feng shui expert moved the stone lions of New Orleans
Hotel to the side entrance and created balance and good chi?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Were you able to answer the questions correctly? Compare your answers with those in the
Answer Key on page 29. Did you do close reading? How about skimming and scanning?

11
 Let’s Learn

COMPARISON–CONTRAST RELATIONSHIP
In the previous pages, you learned that one way of building the main idea of a paragraph is
adopting a cause-effect pattern. You also learned how to recognize cause-effect patterns in a
reading material.
This section will help you understand a writer’s idea by identifying comparison-contrast
patterns in a reading material.
Comparison calls attention to similarities. Contrast emphasizes differences or variety. An
effective writer often uses comparison and/or contrast when discussing two or more things or
ideas.

Let’s Study and Analyze

To understand an article, it is helpful to understand how the writer presents his/her ideas. In
order to do this, you need to do close reading. Does the writer present only similarities between
two or more ideas? Or does he/she present differences between these ideas? Let’s try to analyze
the following paragraph.

As the Tamiya madness in the Philippines continues, these little toy cars have gained
remarkable popularity, maybe equal only to that of the world-famous Disney characters.
As a consequence, many Tamiya car race fans have gathered together to form different
racing clubs.

1. What items or ideas are compared or contrasted?

2. Describe the writer’s method of presenting his/her ideas. Which of these is your
answer?
a. comparison
b. contrast
c. comparison and contrast
3. If the items or ideas are similar, in what way are they the same? ______________
If the items or ideas are different, in what way are they different? ________________
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 29.

12
 Let’s Learn

Masuki Road Runner and RXL Patrol are two of the most sought-after car models today.
Both cars have good road performance. They also share the same features such as radial
tires, a clock, radio, power steering and brakes. However, they differ in gas mileage, body
shape, engine power and inside design.

If you are a prospective car buyer, what would you choose—Masuki Road Runner or RXL
Patrol?

Above is the introduction of an article comparing two car models. The writer named their
similarities in features such as radial tires, a clock, radio, power steering and brakes. The cars
differ in gas mileage, body shape, engine power and so forth. When comparing the Masuki Road
Runner and the RXL Patrol, the writer will focus on shared features, characteristics or qualities.
When contrasting the two cars, he/she will focus on their differences. The article can be illustrated
like this for easy understanding:

Masuki
RXL
Road
Patrol
Runner

(A) (B)
separate characteristics separate characteristics

shared
A and B characteristics

Did you understand the diagram? If you did, that’s good!

13
 When a writer compares, he/she points out the items to be compared. Then he/she lists the
ways in which they are similar. When a writer contrasts, he/she is concerned with the differences
between the items being compared.
Read closely the article below about Maribella Santos and Corazon Arguiles. Can you note
the similarities and differences between the two young women?

Maribella Santos and Corazon Arguiles are two of the hottest young stars in the showbiz
industry. They are both loved by the general public or masa and are indeed very popular.
The two have also recorded several albums.

The two young stars could never be more different from each other though. They differ in
body frame: Maribella is chubby while Corazon is slim. They also differ in the roles they
play in movies. Maribella has already done mature roles with some kissing scenes, while
Corazon prefers to project a totally wholesome image.

Did you understand the article? Did you do close reading? What are the similarities and
differences between Maribella Santos and Corazon Arguiles based on the article?
Is your answer the same as this? Maribella and Corazon are similar in that they are both hot
stars in the showbiz industry. They are both loved by the general public and are popular. They
both have recorded albums. However, they also have some differences. They differ in body
frame: Maribella is chubby while Corazon is slim. They also differ in the roles they play in movies.
Maribella has done mature roles while Corazon maintains a wholesome image.

Let’s Try This

Read this article in 30 seconds. Give the differences between the Moro-dominated
provinces and the non-Moro dominated areas. Remember to do close reading.

Moro quality of life

poor compared to rest
of RP, says study
DAVAO CITY — Disparities in the Paul Dominguez, PBSP Mindanao
quality of life between Moro-dominated board chair and former presidential
provinces and non-Moro areas are assistant for Mindanao, presented the
getting wider, according to a “peace and study to reporters Thursday.
development” study commissioned by He said Moro-dominated areas failed
the social arm of top corporations in to catch up with the pace of
the country. development in other parts of the island
The study, funded by the Philippine and of the country.
Business for Social Progress (PBSP),
said Moro-dominated areas posted the
highest poverty rates, the lowest
literacy rates and are way behind in
human development indicators (HDIs)
in the country.

14
 Describe the situation in Moro-dominated areas and non-Moro dominated areas. Write
your answer below.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Compare your answer with the one in the Answer Key on page 29.

Let’s Read

This activity will help you gain the skill necessary for clearly understanding written materials.
Do close reading of the article in the box below. Carefully read and reread the paragraphs.

When it comes to love, they say men are from Mars and women are from Venus.
Surely, when it comes to shopping, men and women are from different planets too!
According to a survey, men are indulgent shoppers, meaning they make purchases
regardless of the price. Women are bargain hunters, meaning they shop around for the
best price.

If you look at some of the purchasing or buying patterns of men versus those of
women, men seem to have a bigger budget.
Men and women shop differently. Women are “destination shoppers” who make a list
and visit specific stores to shop. “Last-minute shoppers” are more likely to be men.

Fill in the blanks below to see whether you understood the article well. You can reread,
skim and scan the article to get the correct words.
1. If men are from Mars, women are from __________.
2. Men are indulgent shoppers while women are __________.
3. Men are __________ while women are destination shoppers.
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 29.

15
 Let’s See What You Have Learned

A. Read the article below closely. Then answer the questions that follow.

There are many beauty pageants held yearly in the Philippines. We have the major
pageants such as the Ms. Philippines (formerly Mutya ng Pilipinas) and Bb. Pilipinas.
Aside from these major contests, there are also small pageants like the Ms. Manila,
Ms. Makati, Calendar Girl in the television show “Magandang Tanghali Bayan” and
She’s Got the Look in “Eat Bulaga.” Many young Filipinas aspire to win one of the
crowns at stake. However, to win a crown, you have to be physically fit, beautiful,
smart and wise. So what does it take to be beautiful and smart? Young women should
see to it that they maintain a healthy and balanced diet, exercise at least thrice a
week and be aware of social and environmental issues.

1. What is the effect on young Filipinas of the many beauty pageants held yearly in
the Philippines?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. How can young women become beautiful and smart?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

B. Read the newspaper article below. Identify the items being compared or contrasted.
Describe the writer’s way of discussing the items by completing the diagram that
follows. You can reread, skim and scan the article while completing the diagram.

A Guide to Healthy Eating Habits

Chicken Roasters, the country’s number one chicken restaurant chain, is changing
the notion that nutritious food cannot be delicious at the same time. The firm proves
that one can still stay healthy and fit without necessarily sacrificing one’s taste for
delicious food. Chicken Roasters is the real alternative to home-cooked meals that
are tasty and nutritious at the same time.

Chicken Roasters has tips on how to eat right and stay healthy.

The importance of healthy eating can’t be stressed enough. To illustrate, take the
metaphor of the engine. One needs the right fuel and maintenance. And this is
achieved through exercise and a healthy lifestyle. Put in the wrong fuel, or indulge
yourself on fat and cholesterol, and the engine—your body—will not work well.

What are the items being compared and contrasted?

1. _________________________
2. _________________________

16
 Complete the following diagrams:

Our Body Well-Oiled Engine

(3) right fuel

(4) maintenance

Our Body

fuel

right fuel wrong fuel

exercise too much (5)

(6) too much cholesterol

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 30. Did you get a perfect
score? If you did, that’s very good. If you did not, don’t worry. Just review the parts of the lesson
you did not understand very well before you proceed to Lesson 2.

Let’s Remember

♦ Carefully read and reread the paragraphs to find out the relationship of each paragraph
to the whole article.
♦ Find out the important details.
♦ Identify writing patterns used.

17
 LESSON 2

Follow Me: Step-by-Step

Paragraphs that explain how to do something usually list steps or procedures to be followed.
You learned in Lesson 1 that a writer uses some patterns or styles in writing. Such patterns are
comparison-contrast and cause-effect. In this lesson, you will learn another pattern used by
writers. It is the chronological order or process pattern. The most noticeable form is called
sequence of events or steps.
This lesson will provide practice in doing close reading. Specifically, this lesson will teach
you to:
♦ carefully read and reread paragraphs to follow a sequence of events or steps; and
♦ identify writting patterns used by the author to convey his/her ideas.

Let’s Read

Read this newspaper article. Pay particular attention to the sequence of events in terms of
time.

Water cutoff Aug. 29–31

Manila Water has announced a four- areas; Roxas District; Heroes Hill; Barangay West Crame; Barangay
hour water interruption in some parts Kamias and Kamuning areas; Projects 2, Corazon de Jesus, San Juan; Barangay
of Quezon City on Aug. 29, Tuesday, 3 and 4; Blue Ridge A and B; St. Ignatius; Little Baguio; North and West Greenhills
from 12 a.m. to 5 a.m. Aurora Boulevard and lateral streets; including Cardinal Santos Hospital;
This will be followed by a ten-hour Araneta Center; Barangay Socorro; Barangay Maytunas; Barangay Onse;
cutoff in some parts of San Juan, Barangay Obrero; Barangay Paligsahan; Barangay Tibagan; Barangay Hagdang
Mandaluyong City, Cubao and Quezon and Barangay South Triangle. Bato, Mandaluyong.
City from 8 p.m. on Aug. 30, On Aug. 30–31, Manila Water will Some areas of the Maynilad Water
Wednesday, until 6 a.m. the following insert a 200-millimeter valve along E. Services in the west zone will likewise
day. Rodriguez Avenue opposite De Los experience the same difficulties:
The water service interruption on Santos Hospital as part of its service Barangay Araneta; Sta. Mesa Heights;
Tuesday will enable the installation of improvement strategy in Metro Galas; España; D. Tuazon; Balic-Balic;
a butterfly valve with two pumps at Manila’s east zone. and Sampaloc.
the Cubao Pumping Station. This will The following streets/barangays will Residents in affected areas are
help boost the pumping station’s ability experience low to no water pressure advised to store enough water prior to
to push more water to its coverage areas during this activity: Barangay Kristong the scheduled interruption.
in Cubao, the Scout areas, Roxas Hari; Barangay Kalusugan; E. Rodriguez For affected areas in the east zone,
District and Kamias areas, as well as Sr. Street; Barangay Valencia; Barangay the number to call is Manila Water’s
Kamuning, St. Ignatius, Libis, Projects Horseshoe; Barangay Mariana; hotline at 1627. For the Maynilad areas
2, 3, and 4 and portions of Katipunan. Barangay Damayang Lagi; Barangay in the west zone, the hotline is 1626.
The following streets/barangays will New Manila; Barangay Pasadeña;
experience low pressure to no water Barangay Kaunlaran; Barangay
during the said four-hour period: Scout Kanluran; Barangay Pinagkaisahan;

18
 Let’s Learn

Use the diagram below to follow the order of action. This type of diagram helps to show
how ideas in an article are related.

Event or process Water interruption

1. Action 1. August 29, Tuesday, 12 a.m. to 5 a.m.

four-hour cutoff
2. Action
2. August 30, Wednesday, 8 p.m. to 6 a.m.
ten-hour cutoff
3. Action
3. August 30–31, Wednesday–Thursday, will
insert 200-millimeter valve along EDSA

A well-organized paragraph should present events in the order in which they occurred. That
is, the event that happened first should appear first in the paragraph and so on.
Process patterns show the steps or stages by which something is done.
When reading text materials that follow a chronological order or process pattern, pay
particular attention to the order in which the information is being presented.
Both chronological order and process patterns can be diagrammed as follows:

Event or process

Action or process

Action or process

Action or process

Becoming familiar with these patterns will improve your ability to understand reading
materials. Here are some pointers for you to remember when you read materials in which events
are sequenced.
1. Sometimes the author uses signal words like later, before and last to show the order
of events.
2. Dates are always used.
3. Look for other structural and logical clues in the paragraph.

19
 Let’s Study and Analyze

Read the following article. Identify the event being described. Then make a list of the
activities that took place, as well as the date when and place where each activity occurred.

Sambayan: A celebration of culture and arts

The National Commision for Culture and the Arts seminar in UP Diliman from Sept. 5–6; Pelikula at Kultura, a
continues with its project Sambayan, a Philippine celebration series of film screenings and symposia to include Anino,
of culture and the arts around the country. Among the series Asedilyo, Himala, Aguila, Noli Me Tangere, Banaue, Batch
of activities being conducted throughout the country for the ’81, Sister Stella L and Babae sa Bubungang Lata from Sept.
month of September are: Anthony Palomo’s 2T (2000), one 12–15 in Catbalogan, Samar, Sept. 16–20 in Cebu City and
of the artworks featured in Sungdu-an, an exhibition of Sept. 20–22 in Bacolod City; and Sandiwaan, Sambayan’s
emerging visual artists from the NCR, Luzon, Visayas and collaborative theater and multimedia productions which will
Mindanao. The event will be held in Tacloban City from be held in Iligan City from Sept. 22–23. The city will host the
Sept. 9–30 and will present the artists’ concepts of faith, performance of How The Women of Joaquin Met Lawanen, a
environment, urbanization, modern technology, human issues new Filipino opera which presents Filipinas of diverse milieus
and personal sentiments; Pamana, an in-depth look at and their relationships with themselves, the community and
Philippine architecture as a purveyor of order and articulation, men.
from Sept. 5–15 in Olongapo City, Sept. 16–28 in Lucena For more information, call the NCCA Sambayan office at
City and Sept. 28-Oct. 9 in Naga City; Pandayan, several 523-5382/523-5385.
capability-building workshops such as the ethnomusicology

The Ramon Obusan Folkloric Group performs for Sambayan.

Complete the following table. Write supporting information relating to each of the given
events.

Event (1)

Date Activities Place

(2) Sungdu-an (3)

Sept. 5–15 Pamana (4)

Sept. 16–28 (5) Lucena City

Sept. 28–Oct. 9 Pamana (6)

20
 Date Activities Place

(7) Pandayan UP Diliman

Sept. 12–15 Pelikula at Kultura (8)

Sept. 16–20 (9) Cebu City

(10) Pelikula at Kultura (11)

(12) (13) Iligan City

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 30.

Let’s Read

To practice what you have learned about processes and following given steps, read the
comic strip and answer the given questions.

In washing the laundry, the first Then soak the clothes in water to remove
thing you need to do, Maria, is to some of the dirt on them. Next, soap
separate the colored clothes from them. Make sure you use laundry soap.
the white ones. Start soaping or washing the white
clothes followed by the colored ones.

Finally, you are now ready to hang the

When all the clothes have clothes under the sun to dry. Isn’t washing
been soaped, you can clothes easy, Maria? I can now leave you to
now rinse them in water. do the laundry alone, can’t I?
You can do this three to
four times until the soap You bet! Thank you so
has been removed from much, Aling Nena.
the clothes.

21
 Match the items in Column A with those in Column B. Write the letters of the correct
answers only in the spaces provided.
A B
_____ 1. first step a. Soak the clothes in water to remove some dirt.
_____ 2. second step b. Hang the washed clothes under the sun to dry.
_____ 3. third step c. Separate the white clothes from the colored ones.
_____ 4. fourth step d. Rinse the clothes in water three to four times.
_____ 5. fifth step e. Soap the clothes using laundry soap. Soap the
white ones first then the colored ones.
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 30.

Let’s See What You Have Learned

A. Read the article below carefully. Pay particular attention to the sequence of events. Then
answer the questions that follow.

Brownouts in Different Areas of Quezon City

Due to the repair of a number of electrical lines of Meralco, there will be a series of
brownouts in different areas of Metro Manila. On May 18, Thursday, there will be a two-hour
brownout (from 10 a.m. to 12 noon) in Lagro and Novaliches. On May 19, Friday, Litex and
Fairview will experience a three-hour brownout from 8 a.m. to 11 a.m. On May 20, Saturday,
from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m., there will be a power cutoff in the UP Diliman area and Commonwealth
Avenue. Lastly, on May 21, Sunday, the areas of Quezon Avenue, West Triangle and South
Triangle will experience a two-hour brownout from 1 p.m. to 4 p.m.

1. What areas in Quezon City will experience a two-hour brownout?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. When will the brownout in UP Diliman and Commonwealth Avenue occur?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. How many hours will the brownout last in Lagro and Fairview?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

22
 4. When will the last schedule of brownout be in Quezon City?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
5. On May 20, what areas will experience a brownout?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
B. Your mother requested you to cook the dish corned beef-stuffed eggplant. Given below is
the recipe.

CORNED BEEF-STUFFED EGGPLANT Here’s how:

You will need: 4 Heat the oil and sauté the garlic until
golden. Add the onion, tomato and
1 150-gram can of Real Good Corned Beef potatoes and cook until tender. Add Real
1 teaspoon cooking oil Good corned beef and season with pepper.
1 small onion, chopped Set aside.
1 small tomato, chopped
2 potatoes, peeled and cubed 4 Flatten the eggplants. Place two to three
5 eggplants, grilled and peeled tablespoons of corned beef on each then
2 eggs, beaten dip in egg. Fry both sides until cooked.
oil for frying Serve with catsup. Serves five.
pepper
4 Preparation and cooking time: 20 to 25
catsup
minutes.

Without looking at the recipe, sequence the steps below in proper order. Write the number
of each step in the blank before the number. The first one has already been done for you.
_____ 1. Flatten the eggplants.
_____ 2. Serve with catsup.
_____ 3. Fry both sides until cooked.
_____ 4. Add corned beef and season with pepper. Set aside.
_____ 5. Heat the oil and sauté the garlic until golden.
1
_____ 6. Add the potatoes and cook until tender.
_____ 7. Add the onion and tomato.
_____ 8. Place two to three tablespoons of corned beef on each eggplant then dip the
eggplant in egg.
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 31.

23
 Let’s Remember

♦ Writers often present their ideas following a pattern or process. Recognizing this
pattern will help you remember what you read more.
♦ Reading takes practice. So if you want to be a good reader you must practice,
practice, practice!
Well, this is the end of the module! Congratulations for finishing it. Did you like it? Did you
learn anything useful from it? A summary of its main points is given below to help you remember
them better.

Let’s Sum Up

This module tell us that:

♦ You should carefully read and reread the paragraphs in an article to find out the
relationship of each paragraph to the whole article.
♦ Find out important details when analyzing articles.
♦ Identify writing patterns used.
♦ Writers often present their ideas following a pattern or process. Recognizing the
pattern the author used will help you remember what you read more.
♦ Reading takes practice. So if you want to be a good reader you must practice,
practice, practice.

24
 What Have You Learned?

A. Write the letter of the correct answer to each of the following in the blank before the
number.
_____ 1. If the idea gives the reason for and not the result of the action, what do you call
it?
a. cause
b. effect
c. comparison
d. contrast
_____ 2. This refers to the main idea of a paragraph.
a. complete sentence
b. single sentence
c. topic sentence
d. contrast sentence
_____ 3. This writing pattern points out the similarities of ideas or points in a paragraph.
a. contrast
b. comparison
c. sequence of events
d. effect
_____ 4. In reading paragraphs following a sequence of events, there are pointers to
remember such as (1)___________________, (2) using dates and (3) using
structural and logical clues.
a. signal words (such as later, before and last)
b. using causes and effects
c. using comparison and contrast
d. using a topic sentence
_____ 5. Writers often present their ideas through a _________ or order. Once you
recognize this you will understand and remember what you read better.
a. paragraph
b. sentence
c. pattern
d. contrast

25
B. Read the article below closely. Identify the date, the venue and the teams that will play in the
basketball games.

The Inter-Area Basketball League

The 23rd season of the Inter-area Basketball League starts this June 6, 2001. The
first game will be between Manila Takers and Quezon Players at the Maharlika
Gymnasium. On June 8, 2001, the game will be at the Regent Sports Complex
between Novaliches Walkers and Lagro Goers. The Quezon Avenuers will meet the
West Triangle Magic on June 13, 2001 at the PhilAm Complex, while the Diliman
Mavericks and Commonwealth Belters will meet on June 17, 2001 at the Maharlika
Gym.

Don’t miss these exciting games of the different teams in Quezon City. See you
there!

Complete the following table.

Date Competing Teams Venue

June 8, 2001 Novaliches Walkers and Lagro Goers (1)

June 13, 2001 (2) (3)

(4) (5) Maharlika Gym

C. Do you know how to wash dishes? Read the article below carefully to know the steps
involved in it.

Washing dishes is not a hard task like many people think. Almost everyone who
washes dishes has his/her own style of doing it. However, there are recommended
steps in washing dishes. The first thing that you need to do is to remove all the
remaining food on the plates, bowls and saucers. Empty the glasses too of any liquid.
Empty the used cooking pans also. Afterward, soap the glasses and cups first. This
is because glasses and cups are less dirty than plates, saucers and spoons. Then,
soap the spoons and forks. Afterward, soap the plates and saucers. You then soap the
used cooking pans last for they are the dirtiest kitchen utensils. Make sure that you
use dish-washing soap to make sure that all the oils and dirt are removed. After
soaping all the dishes, rinse them thoroughly. The same order in soaping the utensils
should also be followed in rinsing. After all the dishes are rinsed, get a dry, clean towel
and wipe all the glasses, plates, spoons, forks, etc. Neatly pile them up in the dish
rack. See, washing dishes is not hard. Next time your mother asks you to do the
dishes, you’ll already know what to do.

26
 _____ Soap the dishes—glasses and cups first, then the spoons and forks.
_____ Remove all remaining food on the plates. Empty the glasses and cups of any liquid.
_____ Soap the plates and saucers. Then soap all the used cooking pans.
_____ Get a dry, clean towel and wipe all the kitchen utensils.
_____ Rinse the dishes thoroughly.
_____ Neatly pile the dishes in the dish rack.
D. Read the article on the next page about Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio carefully. Note the
comparison and contrast between them.

Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio are both heroes. They both fought for our freedom
from colonial rule. They were both pillars of the Philippine Revolution.

However, they were very different from each other. Jose Rizal was born rich while
Andres Bonifacio came from a poor family. While Jose Rizal was able to learn in
educational institutions where only the rich could study, Andres Bonifacio learned
through his own initiative.

Jose Rizal was killed in Bagumbayan by Spanish friars while Andres Bonifacio was
killed by his fellow Katipuneros.

Answer the questions below briefly.

1. What are Rizal and Bonifacio’s similarities?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. What are their differences?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 31 and 32. Did you get a
high score? If you got most of the answers right, very good! You have learned a lot from this
module. If you only got a few correct answers, that’s okay. However, you need to review the
whole module again. Good luck!

27
 Answer Key

A. Let’s See What You Already Know (pages 2–3)

A. 1. cause
2. cause
3. cause
4. effect
5. effect
B.
Similarities Differences

1. They are both vehicles of knowledge. 1. With books, people imagine the
thoughts or ideas presented.
2. They both convey information to With television, there is no need
people to digest or understand for to imagine because the thought
learning. or idea is clearly shown.

2. According to studies, learning is

more effective with the use of
television than with books.

C. 1. combine the butter and cheese

2. mix
3. pour the evaporated milk
4. mix
5. add more pimento or a little amount of salt

B. Lesson 1
Let’s Try This (pages 7–8)
1. traffic snarls
2. streets will be closed to traffic
3. take alternative routes
4. Maynilad apologizes
5. increase the water volume of many places

28
Let’s Study and Analyze (page 9)

1. resume mandatory drug testing for drivers of public utility vehicles

2. many bus, jeepney and even tricycle drivers take drugs when plying their routes

3. drivers were high on drugs

4. several vehicular accidents

5. lack of funds

6. exposing the public to danger

Let’s Think About This (pages 10–11)

1. Albert Brown attributes the success of Candidaza Restaurant to prayer and a
white stone given to him by a mysterious old woman.
2. The horses helped him clinch the deal and he made a lot of money for the
company.
3. Flamingo Uy attributes his thriving business to a combination of hard work,
prayer and good feng shui.
4. There was an increase in the banquet sales of the hotel and it enjoyed good
restaurant business.
Let’s Study and Analyze (page 12)
1. The items compared are Tamiya cars and Disney characters.
2. a
3. They are both popular.
Let’s Try This (pages 14–15)
The Moro-dominated areas’ quality of life is poor compared to that of non-Moro
areas. Moro-dominated areas posted the highest poverty rates and the lowest literacy
rates. They are, in fact, way behind according to human development indicators.
Let’s Read (page 15)
1. Venus
2. bargain hunters
3. last-minute shoppers

29
 Let’s See What You Have Learned (pages 16–17)
A. 1. Due to the many pageants held yearly in the Philippines, there are many
young Filipinas aspiring to win one of the crowns at stake.
2. Women should maintain a healthy and balanced diet, exercise at least thrice
a week and be socially and environmentally aware.
B. 1. the human body
2. an engine
3. exercise
4. healthy lifestyle
5. fat
6. healthy lifestyle

C. Lesson 2
Let’s Study and Analyze (pages 20–21)
1. Sambayan
2. Sept. 9–30
3. Tacloban
4. Olongapo City
5. Pamana
6. Naga City
7. Sept. 5–6
8. Catbalogan, Samar
9. Pelikula at Kultura
10. Sept. 20–22
11. Bacolod City
12. Sept. 22–23
13. Sandiwan
Let’s Read (pages 21–22)
1. c
2. a
3. e
4. d
5. b

30
 Let’s See What You Have Learned (pages 22–23)
A. 1. Lagro, Novaliches, Quezon Avenue, West Triangle and South Triangle
2. on May 20, Saturday
3. three hours
4. on May 21, Sunday
5. UP Diliman and Commonwealth Avenue
B. 1. 5
2. 8
3. 7
4. 4
5. 1
6. 3
7. 2
8. 6

D. What Have You Learned? (pages 25–27)

A. 1. a
2. c
3. b
4. a
5. c
B. 1. Regent Sports Complex
2. Quezon Avenuers and West Triangle Magic
3. PhilAm Complex
4. June 17, 2001
5. Diliman Mavericks and Commonwealth Belters
C. _____
2 Soap the dishes, glasses and cups first, then the spoons and forks.
1
_____ Remove all remaining food on the plates. Empty the glasses and cups of
any liquid.
_____
3 Soap the plates and saucers. Then soap all the used cooking pans.
_____
5 Get a dry, clean towel and wipe all the kitchen utensils.
_____
4 Rinse the dishes thoroughly.
6
_____ Neatly pile up the dishes in the dish rack.

31
 D. 1. Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio are both heroes. They both fought for our
country’s freedom. They are both pillars of the Philippine Revolution.
2. Jose Rizal was born rich while Andres Bonifacio came from a poor family.
While Jose Rizal was able to learn in educational institutions where only
wealthy people could afford to study, Andres Bonifacio studied on his own.
Jose Rizal was executed by Spanish friars while Andres Bonifacio was
killed by his fellow Katipuneros.

References

The Writing Center. Guidelines for a Close Reading. <http://www.fas.harvard.edu/-

wricntr/close.html.> July 5, 2001, date accessed.
Kerr, Minott. (1996). Close Reading of Passages. <http://web.reed.edu/academic/
departments/Writing/close-reading.html.> July 5, 2001, date accessed.

32