1

Section A
[ 15 marks ]

Answer all questions in this section.

1 Which compound has the highest lattice energy ?

A Na2O C MgO
B NaCl D MgCl2 [7.1/II/E]

2 The enthalpy of formation of water is - 284 kJ mol-1. What is the enthalpy of

combustion of hydrogen ?

A +284 kJ mol-1 C -142 kJ mol-1

B +142 kJ mol-1 D -284 kJ mol-1
[7.2/I/A]

3 When one mol of sodium bromide dissolves in water, the enthalpy change is
- 8 kJ mol-1 . If the lattice energy of sodium bromide is -736 kJ mol-1 and the
hydration energy of the Na+ is - 406 kJ mol-1. What is the hydration energy
of the Br- ion ?

A -1150 kJ mol-1 C -322 kJ mol-1

B -338 kJ mol-1 D +1150 kJ mol-1
[7.4/II/D]

4 When molten calcium hydride is electrolysed using platinum electrodes

A hydrogen gas is liberated from the anode

B no gases are evolved
C hydrogen gas is liberated from the cathode
D no reaction takes places
[8.5/I/E]

5 The relationship between the electrode potential and concentration is given by

the Nernst equation :
[reduced form]
E = E - 0.06
Ɵ
lg
n [oxidised form]

The standard e.m.f. of the Daniel cell is +1.10V. If the concentration of the Cu 2+
is increased to 10.0 mol dm-3 and the concentration of Zn 2+ is reduced to
0.10 mol dm-3 , what will be the e.m.f. of the cell ?

A 1.22 V C 1.10 V
 2

B 1.16 V D 1.04 V
[8.3/III/A]
6 A current of 2.0 A is passed through iron (II) sulphate solution of 1.0 mol dm -3
for 520 s in a electrolysis process. What is the volume of gas produced at
room conditions at the anode.
[ 1 mol of gas occupies a volume of 24.4 dm 3 at room conditions ]

A 60.6 cm3 C 60.0 cm3

B 70.0 cm3 D 65.6 cm3 [8.5/II/D]

7 Which of the following oxides has the lowest melting point ?

A SO2 C P4O10
B SiO2 D Al2O3 [9.1/II/E]

8 The following graph shows the variation of a physical property of Period 3

elements (sodium to argon) in the Periodic Table

What is the physical property ?

A Electronegativity
B Electrical conductivity
C First ionisation energy
D Enthalpy of vaporisation [9.1/I/A]

9 The carbonates of the Group 2 elements (beryllium to barium) decompose

according to the equation:
MCO3 (s) MO (s) + CO2 (g)

Which of the following combination is correct when descending Group 2 ?

Lattice energy of Lattice energy of Decomposition

MCO3 MO temperature of
MCO3
A Increases Increases Increases
B Increases Decreases Decreases
 3

C Decreases Decreases Increases

D Decreases Increases Increases
[10.1/I/D]
10 The solubility of Group 2 sulphates decreases with increasing proton number of
the Group 2 elements because

A the lattice energy of the sulphates decreases

B the hydration energy of the cations decreases
C the ionic character of the sulphates increases
D the second ionisation energy of the elements decreases [10.1/II/E]

11 The first six successive ionisation energies (in kJmol -1) for four elements are
given bbelow. Which one is most likely to be a Group 14 element ?

A 790 1600 3200 4400 161200 19800

B 1260 2300 3800 5200 6500 9300
C 745 1500 10450 13600 18000
D 1400 2900 4600 7500 9400
[11.1/II/A]

12 Which one of the following statements about the tetrachlorides of the Group 14
elements is not true ?

A All the tetrachlorides are liquid at room temperature.

B The tetrachlorides become less stable from carbon to lead.
C All the tetrachlorides are hydrolysed by water except lead tetrachloride.
D The covalent bond in the tetrachloride gets longer from carbon to lead.
[11.2/II/A]

13 The volatility of the halogen decreases with increasing proton number because

A the enthalpy of vaporisation decreases

B the size of the X2 molecules increases
C the X -- X bond becomes weaker
D the oxidising power decreases [12.1/II/A]

14 When chlorine is bubbled through an aqueous solution of W and the resulting

solution is shaken with tetrachloromethane. The organic layer is coloured violet.
W could be

A sodium iodide
B potassium fluoride
C potassium bromide
D potassium nitrate(V) [12.2/III/E]

15 Excess aqueous silver nitrate is added to an aqueous solution containing

potassium iodide and potassium chloride. The precipitate is filtered an washed
 4

with distilled water. The precipitate is then shaken with excess aqueous ammonia
and filtered again. What is present in the final residue ?

A AgCl C AgI
B KCl D KNO3 [12.3/III/D]
 Marking Scheme
Section A
1 C Lattice energy is directly propertional to charge and
iversely propertional to ionic size.
Ionic size : Mg2+ < Na+ ; O 2- < Cl -

2 D The heat of combustion of H 2 is the same as the heat of

formation of H2O . H2 + ½O2 ---> H2O

3 B Δ H solution = - (lattice energy) + (hydration energy of Na+) +

(hydration energy of Br-)

- 8 = - (-736) + (-406) + (ΔH hydration)

Hence, Δ H hydration of Br = - 338 kJ mol
- -1

4 A CaH2(s) ---> Ca2+(l) + 2H-(l)

At the anode: 2H-(l) ---> H2(g) + 2e
At the cathode: Ca2+(l) + 2e ---> Ca(l)

5 B The cell reaction is :

Zn + Cu2+ ---> Zn2+ + Cu
Using
Ecell = Eɵcell - 0.06/2 log [Zn2+]/[Cu2+]
= 1.10 - 0.06/2 log 0.10/10
= + 1.16V

6 D 2 H2O ---> O2 + 4H+ + 4e

1 mol of O2 need 4 F
Q = It
= 2.0 x 520s
= 1040C

4 x 96500 C form 1 mol of O2

1040 C will form 1 x 1040/386000 mol of O 2
=2.69 x10-3 mol

Volume of O2 = 2.69 x 10-3 x 24.4 dm3

= 0.0656 dm3
= 65.6 cm3

7 A Al2O3 is an ionic oxide with strong ionic bonds, SiO 2 exists

as a giant molecule. SO2 and P4O10 are simple molecules.
The Van der Waals force between SO 2 is the weakest due
 to its smaller size as compared to P 4O10
8 D Si has the highest enthalpy of vaporisation among the elements
of Period 3 because of its giant molecular structure with strong
covalent bonding.

9 C Going down Group 2, the cationic size increases and the lattice
energy decreases. Increasing size of the cation decreases the
polarising power of the cation, hence the stability of the
carbonate increases.

10 B Going down Group 2, the lattice energy and the hydration

energy of the sulphate decreases. However, due to the very
large size of the SO42- ion compared to the much smaller M 2+
ion, the decrease in lattice energy is only very slight, while the
decrease in the hydration energy is more. This causes the heat
of solution to be progressively more endothermic.

11 A There is a large difference between the 4th and the 5th

ionisation energy in A.

12 C Carbon tetrachloride is the only chloride that is not hydrolysed

by water. This is because the carbon atom does not have empty
orbitals in its valence shell to form co-ordinate bonds with water
molecules.

13 B Volatility is related to the strength of the intermolecular forces.

the halogens are all simple molecules with van der Waals
forces between the molecules. Going down the group, the size
of, and the number of electrons in the molecules increases
leading to an increase in the van der Waals force and boiling
point. Hence, the elements become less volatile.

14 A The violet colour shows the presence of iodine.

Cl2 + 2I- ---> 2Cl- + I2
Iodine (I2) dissolves in organic solvent to give a violet solution.
Br2 on the other hand dissolves to give a dark brown solution.

15 C AgI is insoluble in ammonia

 Section B
[15 marks]

Answer all questions in this section.

16 a) Define standard enthalpy change of formation.

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________
[7.1/I/E] [1 mark]

b) The standard enthalpy changes of formation of dinitrogen tetraoxide

and nitrogen dioxide are + 9.70 kJmol -1 and + 33.9 kJmol-1 respectively.

(i) Write a thermochemical equation to represent the standard enthalpy

change of formation of dinitrogen tetroxide

_____________________________________________________
[7.1/I/A] [1 mark]

(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction:

N2O4(g) 2 NO2(g)

[7.2/II/D] [3 marks]

(iii) Based on the calculation in (ii), if the same experiment is carried out
at 120 0C, state qualitatively, giving your reasons, how the composition
of the equilibrium mixture would change?

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________
[7.4/III/A] [2 marks]
17 a) Define standard electrode potential

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________
[8.2/I/A] [1 mark]

17 b) The following cell was set up between a zinc electrode and an unknown
metal electrode, M. The standard e.m.f. of the cell is 1.56V. Zinc forms
the anode of the cell.

M(s) zinc rod

M+(1.0M) ZnSO4(1.0M)

(i) Give the name of a suitable substance to be used as the salt bridge.

_____________________________________________________
[8.2/I/E] [1 mark]

(ii) Write the shorthand notation for the cell

_____________________________________________________
[8.2/II/E] [1 mark]

(iii) Indicate the direction of electron flow through the voltmeeter.

[8.2/I/E] [1 mark]

(iv) Use the Data Booklet to calculate the standard electrode potential of
the system:

M+ (aq) + e M (s)
 [8.3/III/A] [2 marks]

(v) Explain qualitatively how the e.m.f. of the cell would change (if any) if
the zinc sulphate is replaced by zinc sulphate with a concentration of
0.20 M.

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________
[8.3/III/D] [2 marks]
 Section C
[30 marks]

Answer any two questions in this section.

18 a) The standard electrode potential of potassium, copper and bromine

are -2.92 V, +0.34 V and +1.07 V respectively. Compare and explain
the relative strengths of the oxidation - reduction properties of these
elements and their ions at standard condition (298K, 1 atm)
[8.2/I/E] [7 marks]

b) Chlorine gas is prepared in the laboratory through the reaction between

manganese(IV) oxide and hydrochloric acid. With reference to the Data
Booklet, predict the possibility of a reaction between manganese(IV)
oxide and hydrochloric acid at standard conditions.
[8.2/III/D] [4 marks]

c) A current of 2.50V is passed through a sodium chloride solution for 20

minutes at 25.0 0C using graphite electrodes. Calculate the mass of
gas evolved at the anode.
[8.5/II/A] [4 marks]

19 a) Use the data given in the table below to answer the following questions:

Enthalpy Change ΔH (kJ mol-1)

First ionisation energy of lithium +520
Enthalpy change of atomisation of lithium +159
Enthalpy change of atomisation of chlorine +121
Electron affinity of chlorine -364
The enthalpy change of formation of LiCl -409
The enthalpy change of hydration of Li + ion -519
The enthalpy change of hydration of Cl - ion -364

(i) Sketch the Born-Haber cycle for lithium chloride

(ii) Use this cycle to calculate the lattice energy of lithium chloride
(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change of solution for lithium chloride
(iv) Comment on the solubility of lithium chloride in water
[7.3/II/A] [8 marks]

b) All the elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table (except chlorine

and argon) react with oxygen under suitable conditions.
 (i) Name an element that gives a basic oxide that is soluble in water
and write balanced equations both for its reaction with oxygen
and to illustrate the basic nature of the oxide.
(ii) Name an element that forms an amphoteric oxide, and write
balanced equations to illustrate its amphoteric nature.
(iii) Phosphorus forms two principle acidic oxides. Give the name
and molecular formula of one oxide.
[9.2/III/D] [7 marks]

20 a) The graph below shows the variation of the first ionisation

energy for the elements sodium to argon.

first
ionisation
energy Ar

P
Cl
Mg S
Si

Na Al

proton number

(i) Define first ionisation energy. Illustrate your answer with

reference to chlorine.
(ii) Explain why the first ionisation energy shows a general increase
from sodium to argon.
(iii) The atomic radius of aluminium is smaller thant the atomic radius
of magnesium. However, the first ionisation energy of aluminium
is lower than that of magnesium. Explain why it is so.

[9.2/I/E] [6 marks]

b) The Group 14 elements include carbon, silicon, germanium, tin and

lead. Discuss the thermal stability of the tetrachlorides of the
Group 14 elements
[11.2/II/A] [4 marks]

c) KClO3 disproportionates to KClO4 and KCl when heated.

(i) What do you understand by the term disproportionation ?

(ii) What are the oxidation numbers of chlorine in KClO 3 and KClO4 ?
(iii) Write a balanced equation to illustrate the disproportionation of KClO 3.
(iv) Calculate the maximum mass of KClO 4 obtained from heating 25.0 g
of KClO3.
[12.3/III/D][5 marks]
 Marking Scheme for Sructured & Essay questions

Question Marks
16 a) The standard enthalpy change of formation, ΔH f , of a
Ɵ

compound is the heat absorb/release (change) when [1 mark]

1 mol of the compound is formed from its elements under
standard condition (298K,1 atm)

16 b (i) N2 (g) + 2O2(g) N2O4(g) Δ H = + 9.7 kJmol-1 [1 mark]

( show all states and enthalpy change)

(ii) N2O4(g) 2 NO2(g) [1 mark]

Ɵ
ΔH f +9.7 +33.9x2 [1 mark]

ΔH = (33.9 x 2) - (+9.7) = + 58.1 kJ [1 mark]

(iii) More N2O4 will dissociate to form NO2 because the forward [2 marks]
reaction is endothemic.

17 a) The standard electrode potential of an electorde is the potential

difference between the electrode and its aqueous ions of [1 mark]
1.0 mol dm-3 and the standard hydrogen electrode at 1 atm
and 298 K.

b(i) Saturated potassium chloride solution ( can accept KNO 3) [1 mark]

(ii) Zn (s) Zn2+(aq) M+(aq) M (s) [1 mark]

(iii) Show with arrow electron flow from the negative terminal (zinc) [1 mark]
to the positive terminal (metal M)

(iv) EƟ cell = EƟ (M) - EƟ (Zn)

1.56 V = EƟ (M) - ( -0.76 V ) [1 mark]
EƟ (M) = 1.56 - 0.76 = + 0.80 V [1 mark]

(v) The cell reaction is:

Zn(s) + 2M+ (aq) Zn2+ (aq) + 2M(s) [1 mark]

Decreasing the concentration of Zn 2+ would displace the

reaction towards the right hand side. Hence, the e.m.f. of [1 mark]
the cell would increase.

Total [15 marks]

 Marking scheme for Section C

Question Marks
18 a) K+ + e K E = - 2.92 V
Ɵ

Cu2+ + 2e Cu EƟ = + 0.34 V 1 mark

Br2 + 2e 2 Br- EƟ = +1.07 V

The strength of the reducing power in descending order is 1 mark

K > Cu > Br -

The strength of a reducing agent depends on the ability to 1 mark

release electrons,
the more negative the standard electrode potential, the higher 1 mark
the tendency of the metal or the anions to release electrons

The strength of the oxidising power in descending order is 1 mark

Br2 > Cu2+ > K+
The strength of an oxidising agent depends on the ability to 1 mark
accept electrons,
the more positive the standard electrode potential, the higher 1 mark
the tendency of the cations or the non-metal to accept electrons

18 b) MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e ---> Mn2+ + 2H2O EƟ = + 1.23 V 1 mark

2 Cl ---> Cl2 + 2e
-
EƟ = - 1.36 V
MnO2 + 4H+ + 2Cl- ---> Mn2+ + Cl2 + 2H2O

ΔEƟ = ( + 1.23 - 1.36 )V = - 0.13 V 1 mark

At standard conditions, the reaction between manganese(IV)

oxide and hydrochloric acid is non-spontaneous because the 1 mark
difference in the redox potential of the overall reaction is
negative (-0.13V). 1 mark

18 c) Q = It
=2.5 x 20.0 x 60
=3000C 1 mark

At the anode: 2H2O ---> O2 + 4H+ + 4e

4 x 96500C liberates 1 mol of O2 gas 1 mark

Number of moles of O2 gas liberated = 3000 1 mark

4 x 96500

=7.77 x 10-3 mol

 Hence, Mass of 02 gas = 7.77 x 10-3 x 32.0g = 0.249 g 1 mark
Total [15marks]

19 a) (i) Li+ (g) + Cl (g)

+121kJ
Li+(g) + ½Cl2 (g) - 364kJ

+520kJ
Li+(g) + Cl-(g)
Li(g) + ½Cl2 (g)

+159kJ 3 marks
Li(s) + ½Cl2 (g) Δ H6

- 409kJ
Li+ + Cl- (s)

All 6 enthalpy correct = 3 marks

4,5 correct = 2 marks
2,3 correct = 1 mark
0,1 correct = 0 mark

(ii) -409 = (+159) + (+520) + (+121) + (-364) + ΔH 1 mark

Hence, Lattice energy (ΔH6) = -845 kJmol-1 1 mark
(iii) Enthalpy change of solution = -lattice energy + enthalpy
change of hydration of
cation and anion
= -(-845) + (-519) + (-364) 1 mark
= -38 kJmol -1
1 mark
(iv) Lithium chloride is expected to dissolve readily in water
because the solution process is exothermic. 1 mark

b) (i) Sodium 1 mark

4 Na(s) + O2(g) ---> 2 Na2O (s) 1 mark
Na2O(s) + H2O(l) ---> 2NaOH(aq) 1 mark
(ii) Aluminium 1 mark
Al2O3(s) + 6HCl (aq) ---> 2AlCl 3(aq) + 3H2O (l) 1 mark

Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH (aq) + 3H2O(l)---> 2NaAl(OH)4(aq) 1 mark

(iii) Phosphorus(III) oxide ; P4O6 either one correct 1 mark

 Phosphorus(V) oxide ; P4O10

Total [15 marks]

20 a)(i) The first ionisation energy is the minimum heat energy 1 mark
required to remove one electron from each atom in
one mol of gaseous atoms in the ground state producing
1 mol of unipositive gaseous ions.
Cl(g) ---> Cl+(g) + e 1 mark

(ii) Going across the period from Na to Ar, the atomic radius 1 mark
decreases while the nuclear charge increases. Hence,
more energy is needed to remove the electron

(iii) The electron configuration of magnesium is [Ar]3s 2 while 1 mark

that of aluminium is [Ar]3s 3p
2 1

All the subshell of Mg are filled but the outer subshell of Al 1 mark
contains only one electron.
Hence, the electronic structure of magnesium is more stable
than expected. Extra energy is required to remove one electron
from Mg as compared to Al. This accounts for higher first 1 mark
ionisation energy of Mg.
[Alternative answer: The first ionisation energy of Al is lower
than expected because the electron removed from is from a
3p orbital which is of higher energy and at the same time is
shielded from the nucleus by 2 inner 3s electrons]

20b) The thermal stability of the tetrachloride depends on the 1 mark

strength of the covalent bonds in the molecule.
Going down Group 14, the size of the atom increases
causing the intramolecular covalent bonds to become 1 mark
weaker. Hence, the thermal stability of the tetrachlorides
decreases down the group. 1 mark
MCl4 MCl2 + Cl2 1 mark
Δ

c)(i) Disproportionation is a reaction where the same substance 1 mark

gets oxidised and reduced simultaneously
(ii) KClO3 : +5
KClO4 : +7 1 mark
(iii) 4KClO3 ---> KCl + 3KClO4 1 mark
(iv) (4 x 122.6)g KClO3 = (3 x 138.6)g KClO4 1 mark

Hence, 25.0g KClO3 = 25 x 415.8 g KClO4

490.4
= 21.2 g KClO4 1 mark

Total [15 marks]