A MARANAO DICTIONARY

Edited by

Howard P. McKaughan
Batua Al-Macaraya

DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY PRESS, INC.

SUMMER INSTITUTE OF LINGUISTICS
1996
Published in 1996
by De La Salle University Press, Inc.
2504 Leon Guinto St., Malate 1004, Manila, Philippines

Summer Institute of Linguistics

Box 2270 CPO
1099 Manila, Philippines

Copyright a:~ Howard P. McKaughan

Batua Al-Macaraya, 1996

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means,
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recording, or otherwise, without permission
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ISBN 971-18-0292-9

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Cover by Dogstar Designs

 Contents

Preface

Abbreviations

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . .... . . .. . . . . . . . .. ... . 1

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Part I . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Maranao Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Part II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

Englisb-Maranao Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

 Preface

This revision of A Maranao Dictionary has been undertaken to take advantage of current computer
technology. The 1967 edition, published by the University of Hawaii Press, was formatted on the ffiM
7040 and 1401 computers. The result was a large volume typeset in uppercase characters. Since that
edition has long been out of print, we set about to produce the dictionary in a more acceptable form with
software available from the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SlL).

The revision includes basically a reformatting in a more acceptable dictionary style. This has been
done with the help of staff from the Summer Institute of Linguistics. Barbara Altork of that institute typeset
the dictionary. Her assistance and that of the many others of the SIL is greatly appreciated.

Engracia Macaraya has been of immeasurable assistance in the preparation of this revision. Barbara
McKaughan has also helped with proof reading and general compilation. Charlotte Barnhart keyboarded
the entire dictionary, utilizing the coding system required for the typesetting. Many others have helped
with the mechanics. Batua Al-Macaraya and the undersigned gratefully acknowledge this assistance, apart
from which the revision would not have been completed.

The University of Hawaii Press has given pennission to publish the revision in the Philippines, a task
undertaken by the De La Salle University Press and the Summer Institute of Linguistics. The assistance
of the personnel in both institutions is also gratefully acknowledged.

This revision includes first the formatting mentioned above. In addition we have updated the spelling
of the Maranao words, included designations for the parts of speech, and specified the source for most
derivations. We have also listed many of the derivations under their sources. Another feature of the
revision is the additional information contained in the index. In this respect, we have added the glosses for
Maranao entries each time the entry occurs. This allows the user to compare Maranao words that overlap
semantically, though it results in redundancy.

The Introduction gives a grammar sketch, and indicates other devices to make the material as useful
as possible.

As in the first edition, we acknowledge the preliminary nature of this work. We have not expanded
the entries, nor have we augmented the glosses originally given. We believe that giving the prototypical
meanings of Maranao words is useful, and that the information in the index will help not only the
nonspeaker ofMaranao, out also the Maranao desiring to increase their knowledge of English.

It is our hope that additional research by others will someday produce a monolingual dictionary, fully
expanded, covering not only more of the richness of the language, but also fuller indications of the
meanings. We hope that this revision will prove as useful to others as it has been for us to compile it

Howard P. McKaughan
Abbreviations

adj. adjective

adv. adverb

conj. conjunction

derv. derivation

det. detenniner

excl. exclamation

fig. ligature

n. noun

part. participle

pro. pronoun

v. verb
 Introduction

1. General

Part I of this work contains over 18,500 Maranao entries glossed generally by two to four English words
or phrases. The goal has been to give the prototypical meaning of the Maranao rather than to give the full
semantic range of a word. These Maranao entries are either base words or derivations.

Most entries that are derivations indicate the root from which they are derived. The selection of derivations
has been difficult since word formation is very productive in Maranao. Basically, though not always, a
derivation has been selected if its meaning cannot be predicted from the base form. An attempt has been made
to avoid entries which are base words amplified by inflection. Further research is needed on derivation in
Maranao. As an aid to the user, we have cross referenced derivations by indicating them under their roots.
However, the user should tum to the basic entry of derivations for the full gloss thereof. We have also separated
homophonous forms with subscript numerals, without any particular order as to primacy of use.

Over 3,000 Maranao words have been illustrated by Maranao sentences freely translated into English. The
sentences are intended primarily to give the reader examples of Maranao syntax rather than a careful selection
of semantic values. Words chosen for illustration are from multiple entries ofMaranao words glossed by single
English words or phrases as noted in Part II of the dictionary. Time and space have not permitted us to illustrate
all such multiple entries, but enough have been given to afford the reader a sampling ofMaranao sentence types
as well as to distinguish some meanings otherwise obscure.

Over 700 popular Maranao plant names have been identified with their scientific equivalents. Lt. Col.
Demetrio Mendoza, then Chief Botanist of the National Museum of the Philippines was responsible for
identifications, which he made for the most part on a field trip with the first author in the summer of 1964. Dr.
George Gillet of the University of Hawaii checked the scientific entries for accuracy. The efforts of these men
have been appreciated. We had hoped to do a similar study of the names of animal life of Lanao del Sur, but
have been unable to do more than make a few identifications, using certain manuscripts available to us.

Because the Maranao entries are stems without inflectional affixes, the user will not find in the dictionary
every form he/she encounters in the language. Upon inspection of a form, the user must first locate the root
much as is the case for classical languages such as Greek or Latin. For example, pepaengo/og comes from olog
' fall'; kaepakitabasan comes from tabas ' cut';pepaenapo'on come:: from dapo ' 'alight'. We have included in
this introduction a sketch of the grammar of Maranao, to aid the user in identifying base forms.

Key English words and phrases have been cited as glosses for the Maranao. The glosses are separated by
semi-colons and appear in alphabetical order in Part II of the dictionary. The English indexed items are single
words or phrases followed by the Maranao entry found in the main body of the dictionary. The Maranao entry
after an English indexed item is then followed by its fulf gloss whether a single word or phrase, or multiple
words and/or phrases. Every Maranao entry which has been glossed by the particular English indexed item
appears after that English entry with its full gloss. This leads to redundancy in the English index. However, we
believe the added information in one place will be valuable for users, whether Maranao speakers wanting to
add to or improve their English vocabulary or English speakers wanting as much information as possible in one
place about Maranao word meanings.

It should be noted, however, that in this research we have worked from Maranao to English, and not from
English to Maranao. More extended definitions of the Maranao must be given eventually to augment the
usefulness of the dictionary. The authors, even with this revision, consider the work to be more a glossary than
a dictionary-an initial step to future monolingual Maranao dictionaries. We hope there will continue to be
expansions, changes, improvements, and other works that will replace this edition.
 2

The major differences in this revision from the flJ'St edition, published in 1%7, are as follows: a more
acceptable format due to the computer technology available now, but not in 1967; a spelling change due
to Maranao preferences; inclusion of parts of speech; inclusion of the principle voice affixes that occur
with verbs; the citation of the base forms of derivations and their cross referencing under the root; and
more information in the English to Maranao index.

2. Phonological Survey

The following symbols have been used for the Maranao alphabet: /a/, /b/, ldl, /ae/, lei, /gl, /hi, Iii, lk/,
/j/, IV, /rnl, In!, lngl, lot, /p/, /r/, lsi, It/, lwl, lyl. Most of the consonants are pronounced with their usual
phonetic value. The /'/ indicates the glottal stop (indicated with a /q/ in the frrst edition of this dictionary),
/ng/ the velar nasal as in sing, and /r/ a flap, as is the /t/ in later.

The vowel sounds, on the other hand, are not to be equated with English pronunciations. The letter
Ia! is usually pronounced as the /a/ of father (tabas 'cut'), though it may sometimes be heard by the
American a bit higher and thus as the /a/ of sofa. The letter Iii is usually pronounced as the Iii of machine
(lima 'five'), though in some positions (antepenultimate, or .even penultimate syllables) it varies almost to
the /e/ of met (lamisa'an 'table'). The /o/ varies between the /uil of suit, the /oo/ of soot, and the /oaf of
boat (dato 'chief, solotan 'sultan'). The pronunciation is often the high back sound [u], especially in
ultimate position, but the variation to the American ear is striking.

The digraph /ae/ in Maranao represents the Philippine pepet vowel for which the American has no
equivalent. It is technically a central high vowel and is pronounced with the tongue in a fairly high position
with considerable tension. It resembles the /u/ in just in the common rapid pronunciation Uist). The /e! in
Maranao is central like the schwa (Ia! in sofa), but it is mid tense, or perhaps high lax, a bit lower than the
pepet and not as tense. Examples of contrasts in Maranao include: baegi' 'fate', begi 'give·. bagi' 'divide',
begay 'gift', bagay 'peer', besaeg 'cheer', baeseg 'poke', baego 'new', bago 'body', begok 'non-barking
dog '. Unfortunately, the pepet and the schwa were not distinguished in the first edition of the dictionary.
We used the letter /e/ for both.

The /w/ and /y/ in Maranao are non-syllabic varieties of the /of and Iii respectively. In the first edition
of the dictionary, we wrote these sounds with the /o/ and Iii, but later, after an orthography conference and
more experience with Maranao readers and writers, opted for indicating the non-syllabic sounds with the
semi-vowels. The user will note that the semi-vowels occur in general non-adjacent to a consonant (aya
'this'). A more technical statement may be found in McKaughan 's The Inflection and Syntax ofMaranao
Verbs ( 1958).

3. Parts of Speech

Parts of speech may be defined morphologically, syntactically or semantically. For example, mor-
phologically defined parts of speech are determined by co-occurrence with or without affixes. Maranao
has three parts of speech defined in this way: particles, which are short words that never occur with any
affixes; pronouns, which are a closed list of forms to indicate person, number, and certain grammatical
relations; and full stems, which occur with or without affiXes. This last group forms the bulk of Maranao
words.

However, for dictionary purposes, morphological criteria are not sufficient. We use a combination of
morphological, syntactic and semantic criteria to define parts of speech for this revision. Maranao has the
following parts of speech: Pronouns, Nouns, Adjectives, Adverbs, Conjunctions, Exclamations, Determin-
ers, Ligatures, Particles, and Verbs. In this revision, we have indicated the most prominent parts of speech
for each entry, but users should be aware of the fact that the Maranao has a great deal of flexibility in this
respect. The same word base often may function as a noun in one context, a verb in another and an
adjective in another. For example, almost any noun can occur in the frame, ___ sekaniyan. 'He is a
_ _ .' Gordiya sekaniyan. 'He is a guard.' The noun, gordiya 'guard, watchman', functions here as a
syntactic verb. Adjective-like words also may function as syntactic verbs, and are often translated as
 3

English predicate adjectives. For example, datar means 'like', 'equal', 'same as', and is used in the following
sentence: So wata' na datar o ama' iyan. 'The child is like his father.' In this case datar again is a syntactic
verb. However, we do not believe the semantics needed in a dictionary can be captured by designating entries
relative only to their syl)taetic (or morphological) uses. Semantics must play an important part in the designa-
tions of parts of speech for the dictionary. Here, our primary aim is to give the user a semantic feel for the
Maranao entry rather than the grammatical categories of words. So designations of parts of speech in the
dictionary are meant as aids to the usual lexical meanings of the words rather than hard and fast grammatical
categories. We turn now to a brief characterization of the different parts of speech.

3.1 Pronouns

Pronouns (pro.) may replace noun phrases which are introduced by the determiners (so, o, sa, ko and
others; see Section 7.12). There are four sets of pronouns in Maranao.

Set I Set II Set III Set IV

a/CO aken raki!n saki!n 'I'
ka ngkalka reka seka 'thou, you'
sekaniyan myanliyan rekaniyan sekaniyan ' he she it'
kami milami rekami sekami 'w~-not:you'
tano tano rektano sektano 'we-all'
ta ta rekta sekta 'we-two'
kana niyo/iyo rekana sekano 'you'
siran rant iran kiran siran 'they'

In Set II, the first of two forms occurs after a word ending with a vowel, and the second after a word ending
with a consonant, except ran/iran, where the first follows a word ending in Iii or /y/, and the second follows
all other words.

The glosses indicate the differences in person and number. (See McKaughan, "Semantic Components of
Pronoun Systems.") Sets I, II, and III mark case-like grammatical relations which are also indicated elsewhere
by the determiners (Section 7.12). Set IV indicates emphasis as well as the same case marked by Set I.

3.2 Particles

Particles, or words which are not inflected with affixes, may be divided into several parts of speech
according to their meanings and their functions. We designate the following by their traditional names.

3.21 Adverbs (adv.) add to the meaning of phrases, or introduce certain clauses. Examples include anda
'where', peman 'again' , imanto 'now', den [emphasis], di' ' no'. Sentence illustrations are Anda ka
gomegenek. 'Where are you staying.' Ay arga' o maregas imanto. 'What is the price of rice now.'

3.22 Conjunctions (conj.) coordinate words, phrases or clauses. Examples include a go 'and', ka
'because' as seen in Boyanga ngka so apir ka a go (conj.) boyanga ngka mambo' (adv.) a lima ngka.
(open you det fan your and open you also Jig. hand your) 'Open you fan, and open your hand also.' Di'
(adv.) ngka tayongi so ngirong o Ieoda' ka (conj.) ababan ka niyan. (not you hold det nose det horse,
because bite you she/he) 'Do not hold the nose of the horse, because she will bite you.'

3.23 Exclamations (excl.) either may stand alone, or as parts of phrases in order to add some sort of
emphasis. Examples are adaday 'ouch', and ataga 'excuse me'.

3.24 Determiners (det.) mark grammatical relations in sentences and usually introduce noun phrases.
Examples are so, basically the subject marker, and o the actor (when not the subject) or the source marker.
(See sentence illustrations in 3.22 above for examples.)
 4

3.25 Ligatures (lig.) link words or phrases. For example, a links appositives, and na links subject
and predicate when the subject occurs first: bengis a taw 'clumsy person'.

3.26 Particles (part.) are all other words which cannot be inflected not specified above. The
interrogative marker ba is the primary example: Ba da' a arga' reka o kangginawa'i. (question-
marker negative Jig. value to-you det friendship) 'Is friendship of no value to you?'

3.3 Nouns

Word bases (roots) may function as nouns (n.). Even when inflected, they function substantivally
when preceded by the detenniners. That is, phrases introduced by determiners are substantival. For
example, so sipa' is 'the ball'; and so mama 'the man'. The roots sipa' and mama, 'ball' and ' man'
respectively, seem to be nouns in their very semantic value. On the other hand, tabas is the root for 'to
cut', seemingly a verb. Preceded by a determiner like so, the phrase so tabas becomes 'a cut', or 'a cutting
instrument'. The verb tomabas (tabas with the infiX -om-) in the phrase so tomabas becomes 'one who
cuts'. In dictionary entries, we have designated roots like sipa' and mama nouns, and those like tabas,
verbs. At times, in the body of the dictionary, we have designated a word as an adjective and a verb (adj/v.)
or a noun and a verb ( n/v.) to save space.

3.4 Adjectives

We have designated semantically descriptive words in this revision as adjectives (adj.). We include
words meaning things like 'smal~ big, agile, disabled, shy, crooked, lazy, clumsy,' and the like. Often
such words are syntactically verbs in Maranao and occur as predicate adjectives in English. Example:
Baraba' so manga lima niyan. {clumsy determiner plural-marker hand his) 'His hands are clumsy.' In this
sentence, baraba' describes or characterizes 'his hands' and occurs in a syntactic verbal position (unaf-
fixed). We have chosen to designate baraba' an adjective in the dictionary for semantic reasons.

Adjectives often stand in apposition with a noun. Note the phrase so bengis a taw. The words bengis
and taw are joined by the ligature a and are in apposition. Taw is a noun meaning 'person'. We have chosen
to designate bengis an adjective, meaning 'irritable, quarrelsome'. The phrase means 'an irritable or
quarrelsome person'.

Some examples of the semantic differences when the same Maranao word is used as a noun, adjective
or verb follow.

Noun Adjective Verb

barowang ape, belli pnmltlve behave hke an ape or bear
baego something new new renew, increase energy
benar truth true affirm, confirm
bensi' something cracked cracked to burst
benge/ deaf person deaf be deaf
beter something straight straight stretch
ba/i/id hill hilly roll down a hill
barasipat Psychologist sensitive, observant to discern

3.5 Verbs

Verbs (v.) are inflected and occur as the grammatical center of sentences in Maranao. For example
tomabas occurs as the verbal center in Tomabas ako sa dinis. (cut I det cloth) 'I'll cut cloth.' Semantically,
verbs predicate, and we have designated entries in the dictionary as verbs which express actions or states
of being, and which can be inflected with the verbal affixes.

The following summary of verb inflection is meant to assist the user of the dictionary in fmding
complex forms, since we are not currently in a position to give an analytical lexicon of all forms which
may occur.
 s

4. Verb Inflection

The inflection of verbs is complicated by the nwnber of categories marked and by certain conditional
changes in the appearance (spelling) of the inflected forms (the morphophonemics). Categories include the
indicative and obligatory modes; the general, aptative, distributive, causative, and aptative-causative aspects;
the neutral, past, immediate future, and present progressive tenses; and the active, objective, referential, and
instrumental voices.

4.1 Voices

Voice affixes mark the grwnrnatical relationship between the main verb of the sentence and the phrase
introduced by the determiner so (or a pronoun that will substitute for the so-phrase).

4.11 The active voice affix in the verb indicates that the so-phrase is the actor. (Parentheses within
Maranao words enclose items under discussion; following a Maranao illustration, a word-for-word
translation is given in parentheses with spaces to indicate the same word divisions as in the illustration,
and hyphens connecting translations for a single word.) Illustration: T(om)abas so mama sa dinis (cut
det man det coth) 'The man will cut cloth.' Note that the so-phrase is the actor of the action expressed
in the word tomabas, which is tabas plus the infix -om-. We call-om- the active voice marker.

4.12 The objective voice for Maranao is marked by the suffix -en. Thus Tabas(en) o baebay so mama
(cut-it det woman det man) 'The woman will cut the man;' or 'The man is the one whom the woman
will cut; ' or ' The man will be cut by the woman.' In this sentence the so-phrase is the direct recipient
of the action-the direct object of the verb.

4.13 A third grwnrnatical relation between the verb and a so-phrase, the referential voice, is indicated
by the suffiX -an: Tabas(an) o baebay so mama (cut-for det woman det man) 'The woman will cut it
for the man;' or 'The man is the one for whom the woman will cut it.' Here the action is performed on
behalf of the one designated by the determiner so. The so-phrase stands in an indirect relation to the
verb. It may indirectly receive the action, be the location of the action, or be the associate or beneficiary
of the action.

4.14 The fourth voice, instrumental, is indicated by the prefix i- : (l)tabas o baebay sa dinis so gelat
(cut-with det woman det cloth det knife) 'It is with the knife that the woman will cut cloth; ' or 'The
woman will cut cloth with the knife.' With this voice the so-phrase (or its substitute) is again indirectly
involved in the action, here either as the cause of it or the instrument used to bring it about.

We have avoided thus far characterizing the function of the so-phrase. Our position at this point is that
the so-phrase is the subject of the sentence. In earlier works we designated this phrase as the topic, but
we no longer hold this point of view. Arguments for and against the designation of the function of the
so-phrase are reserved for other avenues. We should perhaps emphasize again here that the primary
purpose of this grwnrnatical sketch is to stress the inflectional forms rather than give a complete
description of the Maranao syntax. We want to assist the user of the dictionary in locating complex
Maranao words.

Most verbs in Maranao may occur with any of the four voices outlined above. Some verbs, however,
are restricted to fewer than the four. When such cases have been observed, we indicate which of the
four voices are possible by placing the characeristic voice affiXes after the part of speech designation
(-om- or m- for active, -en for objective, -an for referential and i- for instrumental). For example, lala' 1
'to whip or beat' is limited to three of the four voices and is cited in the body of the dictionary as
follows: lala't v. -om-, -an, i- beat; whip. If no affiXes occur after a verb, it is asswned that it may
occur with any of the four voices. The user is warned, however, that not all verbs asswned to occur
6

with any of the four voices have been tested in frames to ascertain whether or not all four are
possible. A few verbs do not pennit any of the four voice affix forms. These are cited with none
in bold face type following the part of speech designation (e.g., aden v. none there is).

4.2 Mode

The obligatory mode is marked in combination with the referential and objective voices. That is, the
obligatory suffixes, -a and -i indicate both voice and obligation. The sentences Tabas(a) o baebay so dinis
(must-cut-it det woman det cloth) 'The cloth is the thing the woman must cut) and Tabas(i) o baebay sa
dinis so lamisa;an (must-cut-on det woman det cloth det table) 'It is on the table that the woman must cut
cloth' illustrate the obligatory mode with objective and referential voices respectively. The obligatory mode
also occurs with the active and instrumental voices, but with these voices it is very limited.

The indicative mode is marked by the absence of an obligatory mode marker (see Section 5.23).
When absent, the action is non-obligatory-i.e., indicative: Tomabas ako sa dinis (cut I det cloth) 'I'll cut
~~· .

4.3 Aspect

Aspect as used for Maranao refers to the kind of action found in the verb. Any of the aspects may be
indicated along with the various voices.

4.31 A preftx ka- indicates that someone has the ability or the aptitude to act or that the action is
possible. This aspect is called the aptative. Thus (Ka)tabasen o baebay so dinis (ObNAp-can-cut-it
o-det woman so-det cloth) 'The cloth is what the woman can cut' Warning: this preftx is
homophonous with a derivational prefix lea-, and thus can be confusing when trying to identify
forms. For the most part, the derivational form is used with derived nouns; while the aptative preftx
occurs only in a verbal construction. See the introduction to Section 5 for abbreviations for voices,
tenses, aspects, and modes.

4.32 An action may occur "distributed" over time, among several people or things, or in several
ways. For example, (Pan)abasan o baebay so dato sa dinis (RND-cut-for o-det woman so-det chief
sa-det cloth) 'It was for the chief that the woman cut up the cloth' or 'The woman cut the cloth for
the chief many times or into several pieces.' The prefix pang- (with variations in form) marks this
aspect, and is called the distributive marker. We will discuss the possible variations in form later
(5.34).

Additional emphasis for the distributive may be obtained by a combination of the infix -am- and
the preftx pang-: (P-am-an)abasan o baebay so dato (RN02-cut-into-many-pieces o-det woman
so-det chief) 'The woman will cut the cloth for the chief into tiny (many) pieces' or she will 'cut
and cut it', or she 'really cut it many times for the chief.'

4.33 The causative aspect is indicated by either the prefix paka-, or the preftx paki- and signifies
that someone permits or causes an action to take place. This aspect needs further study, since Robert
Ward, a colleague working with the Maranao, indicates (correspondence and discussion) that the
causative may be a system cutting across the paradigms as we present them in this sketch. We have
suggested a system in which modes, aspects, and tenses all occur with the various voices. We have
observed, however, that the causative and aptative may occur together, so the causative may not
actually be an aspect, but another separate category altogether.

The preftx palca- occurs only with the objective voice, indicating that the so-phrase is the one
caused to act: (Paka)tabasen o mama so wata' sa karatas (ObNC2-cause/pennit-cut-it o-det man
so-det child sa-det paper) 'The child is the one whom the man will cause/permit to cut paper' or
'The man will allow the child to cut paper.'
 7

The causative prefiX paid- may occur with any of the voices including the objective, and when it occurs
in this fonn, it indicates that the person caused to act is not the so-phrase. Note the following example:
(Pald)tabasen o mama ko wataj so lraratas (ObNC-cause-to-cut-it o-det man det ko-child so-det paper)
'The paper is what the man will have the child cut' or 'The man will have the paper cut by the child.'

4.34 As indicated above, the aptative and causative may occur1ogether. When they do, they signify either
a very polite or indirect way of requesting or describing an action, or they imply that it is possible to get
someone to do something. The following sentence illustrates: (Ka)(pald)tabasan o baebay so dinis
rekaniyan (RNAp-C-able-to-cause-to-cut-from o-dct woman so-dct cloth ko-him) 'It is possible for the
woman to get him to have some cloth cut' or 'It is from the cloth that the woman can get him to have it
cut' We refer to this aspect as the aptative-causative.

4.35 It is possible to indicate a general action without specifying an aspect. In other words, an aspect is
optional. If there is no aspect marker with the verb, then it is non-aptativc, non-distributive, non-causa-
tive, non-aptative-causative; a general aspect, as it were: Tabasen o baebay so dinis. 'The woman cuts
(or will cut) cloth.'

4.4 Tense

There are four tenses in Maranao, past, immediate future, present progressive, and what we call neutral.

4.41 An action that has been completed is indicated by the infix -iy- which precedes the first vowel in
the stem. A stem is either a root or an affixed root which acts as a base for further affiXation. The past
tense fonn does not occur with the obligatroy mode, but does occur with all voices and aspects. An
example is T(iy)abasan o mama (RPG-cut-it det man [where the subject is covert]) 'The man cut (past)
something for someone.'

4.42 The immediate future tense is marked by a replacive ae, indicating that an action will happen in
the immediate future and that that action is certain. This morpheme is called a replacive since it usually
takes the place of some phoneme of the word or affiX with which it occurs. For example, the word tabas
has /a/ replaced in T(ae)basen o mama. 'The man will cut it (the man is going to cut it right away and
for sure).

4.43 The present progressive tense is indicated by a combination of the prefix pe- and the immediate
future. It indicates that an action is going on at the time one is speaking. Thus we have, (Pe)t(ae)basen
o mama. 'The man is cutting it'

4.44 When tense markers are omitted, the verb is neutral as to time; it is not past, will not happen
immediately, and is not going on right now. It is then translated as a general future or general present:
Tabasen o mama so karatas. 'The man will cut paper' or 'The man cuts paper.' This neutrality as to
tense contrasts with the immediate future in that the action is not sure to happen right away.

5. Verb Paradigms

5.0 Introduction

We use paradigms to display the major features of affiXation in the Maranao verb system. We believe such
paradigms will be the most useful way to assist a user of the dictionary locate complex verb forms. The
following abbreviations are essential in presenting the paradigms.
 8

Voice

R - referential Ob - objective
Ins - instrumental Ac- active

Aspect

G- general Ap - aptative
D - distributive C - causative with paki-
D2 - emphatic distributive C2 - causative with paka-
Ap-C - aptative-causative

Tense

N- neutral p- past
IF - immediate future PP - present progressive

Mode

0 - Obligatory
Ind - Indicative

The indicative mode, general aspect, and neutral tense are all left unmarked by any affixes, but we
indicate their occurrence with the appropriate abbreviations.

5.1 Voice Paradigms

All verbs must be marked for voice. Studies in Maguindanao, a closely related language, indicate that
there may be a neutral voice marked by the prefix ka-, homophonous with the aptative marker ka- (Lee
1964). As noted earlier, we have analyzed the Maguindanao neutral voice marker as a derivational affix,
in Maranao, deriving nouns. Frequently the derived forms with ka- occur in dependent clauses, and are
translated in English as participles. In these instances, it may be possible that Maranao is exhibiting a
neutral voice without marking a grammatical relation to noun phrases in the same larger construction.
However, we prefer at this writing an analysis indicating that this prefix is derivational. It should be noted
that almost any base form in Maranao may occur with the derivational ka- prefix, which yields an " ing"
form in English translation. We have included a number of the derivations with ka- in the dictionary,
especially where meanings are not predictable from the stem: e.g., dakel 'many, plenty'; kadakel ' amount
of, number of, measure of. '

5.11 Referential voice. In the following paradigms, we use the root tabas ' cut' whenever possible.
The morpheme in question, in this case the referential voice, appears in parentheses.

G Ap

N tabas(an) katabas(an)
p tiyabas(an) kiyatabas(an)
IF taebas(an) kaetabas(an)
pp petaebas(an) pekaetabas(an)

D 02

N panabas(an) pamanabas(an)
p piyanabas(an) piyamanabas(an)
IF paenabas(an) paemanabas(an)
pp pepaenabas(an) pepaemanabas(an)
 9

Ap-C c
N palcitabas(an) kapakitabas(an)
p piyalcitabas(an) lciyapakitabas(an)
IF paekitabas(an) kaepakitabas(an)
pp pepaekitabas(an) pekaepakitabas(an)

5.12 Objective voice. The objective voice suffix -en zeroes out (indicated by#) whenever the past tense
or the aptative aspect occurs.

G Ap

N tabas(en) matabas(#)
p tiyabas(#) miyatabas(#)
IF taebas(en) kaetabas(#)
pp petaebas(en) pekaetabas(#)

D 02

N panabas(en) pamanabas(en)
p piyanabas(#) piyamanilbas(#)
rF paenabas(en) paemana.bas(en)
pp pepaenabas(en) pepaemanabas(en)

c c2 Ap-C

N pakatabas(en) pakitabas(en) mapakatabas(#)

p piyakatabas(#) piyakitabas(#) miyapakatabas(#)
IF paekatabas(en) paekitabas(en) mapaekatabas(#)
pp pepaekatabas(en) pepaekitabas(en)

5.13 Instrumental voice. The instrumental voice marker precedes all other markers except the aptative
aspect marker (ka-/ma-), which it follows. The instrumental prefix i- has not been recorded with the
immediate future or present progressive tenses of the emphatic distributive, with the present progressive
of the aptative-causative, nor with any fornis -with the causative aspect

G Ap 0

N (i)tabas m(i)tabas (i)panabas

p (i)nitabas m(i)nitabas (i)nipanabas
IF (i)taebas k#(i)tabas (i)paenabas
pp (i)petaebas pek#(i)tabas (i)pepaenabas

02 Ap-e

N (i)pamanabas k(i)pakitabas
p (i)nipamanabas m(i)nipakitabas
IF k#(i)pae/citabas

Note: We give the morphophonemic changes (variations in the spelling of forms) when the particular
paradigm with such a morpheme is cited. For example, for differences in the past tense morpheme (-iy-),
see Section 5.4.
10

5.14 Active voice. The active voice marker has a number of allomorphs (different spellings for
particular environments). The speaker of English is here reminded of the many different ways of
forming the plural (boy-boys, box-boxes, foot-feet, child-children. etc.). The distribution of the
different forms of the active voice morpheme is rather complicated, but systematic. Except for
-om-, the active forms occur first in any sequence before the word base. The following forms occur:
(I) rna-, (2) m-, (3) -om-, (4) #(zero, or no form).

( 1) Except with full stems having initial letters fbi, ldl, or lg/, rna- occurs with aspect markers either
if past tense or if no tense marker occurs.

Ap D

N (ma)katabas (ma)nabas (m-am-a) nabas

p (m-iy-a)katabas (m-iy-a)nabas (m-iy-am-a)nabas

c Ap-C

N (ma) kitabas (ma)#pakitabas

p (m-iy-a)kitabas (m-iy-a)#pakitabas

See Section 5.34 (2) for the distributive forms with the active voice where In! replaces It/ of tabas,
and Section 5.31 for the shape of the causative. Hyphens within the parentheses indicate that an
affix or affixes are included in the morpheme in question : e.g., in the past emphatic distributive,
the rna- for the active voice has infixed in it -iy- for the past and -am- for the emphatic distributive
(plus the distributive following the active voice prefix).

(2) The form m- occurs under the following conditions if the aspect markers are absent:

(a) with stems having initial vowels, except with the present progressive pe-: (m)olog
(AcNG), (m)iyo/og (AcPG), (m)agolog (AclFG, see 5.42(3)) from olog 'fall' ;

(b) with stems having initial/pi or lb/, except with the immediate future tense and the present
progressive (see (4) below). Them- with these stems replaces the initial consonant: (m)oto/
(AcNG), (m)iyoto/ (AcPG) frompoto/ ' break'; (m)adas (AcNG), (m)iyadas (AcGP) from
badas ' whip';

(c) with stems having initial lrl, Ill, lrnl, or In! before a vowel (/rnl and In! can occur before
homorganic consonants) with the immediate future marker: (m)aeropet (AciFG) from ropet
'break' .

The form m- also occurs when both the distributive marker and the past tense marker are present
in stems with initial lg/, or sequences of lmbl, lndl or lngg/: (m)inggakot (AcPD), (m)inggagakot
(AcPD2) from gakot 'tie'; (m)inditar (AcPD), (m)indiditar (AcPD2) from nditar 'clothe'.

(3) The form -om- occurs after the initial stem consonant when aspect markers are absent with
stems having initial It!, Is/, /kl, ldl, lg/, lrl, Ill, or In! if past tense or unmarked neutral tense also
occur. Examples follow.

sowa 'do' ka/ot 'dig' gakot 'tie' nayaw 'wait'

AcNG s(om)owa k(om)alot g(om)akot n(om)ayaw
AcPG s(om)iyowa k(om)iyalot g(om)iyakot n(om)iyayaw

(4) A zero form (#) occurs elsewhere: for example, it occurs with the present progressive, with the
immediate future, except as in (2) above, and with neutral tense forms with the distributive aspect
if these forms have initial lgl, lmbl, lndl, or lnggl. Examples follow.
 11

G Ap 0

IF (#)taebas (#)paekaJabas (#)paenabas

pp (#)petaeb;zs (#)pepae/catabas (#)pepaenabas

02 c Ap-C

IF (#)paemanabas (#)paekitabas (#)mapaekitabas

pp (#)pepaemanabas (#)pepaekitabas

0 02

N (#)nggakot (#)nggaga/cot from galcot 'tie'

N (#)nditar (#)ndiditar from nditar 'clothe '

5.2 Voice/Mode Paradigms

The suffixes -i and -a indicate both voice and mode, and are mutually exclusive with those above that
indicate voice.

5.21 Referential/Obligatory: -i.

G Ap 0

N tabas(i) katabas(i) panabas(i)

IF taebas(i) kaetabas(i) paenabas(i)
pp petaebas(i) pekaetabas(i) pepaenabas(i)

02 c Ap-C

N pamanabas(i) pakitabas(i) kapakitabas(i)

IF paemanabas(i) paekitabas(i) kaepakitabas(i)
pp pepaemanabas(i) pepaekitabas(i) pekaepakitabas(i)

5.22 Objective/Obligatory: -a.

G Ap 0

N tabas(a) katabas(a) panabas(a)

IF taebas(a) kaetabas(a) paenabas(a)
pp petaebas(a) pekaetabas(a) pepaenabas(a)

02 c c2
N pamanabas(a) pakatabas(a) pakitabas(a)
IF paemanabas(a) paekatabas(a) paekitabas(a)
pp pepaemanabas(a) pepae/catabas(a) pepaekitabas(a)

5.23 The active voice with the obligatory mode is indicated not only by the absence of the sutiJXes -i
and -a, but lllso by the absence of any voice marker. Verb forms that indicate contrast occur only with
the neutral tense. Since the active voice has a zero form with the immediate future or present
progressive tenses ((#)taebas, (#)petaebas), it is homphonous with the active/obligatory form without
12

the active (obligatory) marker (taebas, petaebas). With the past tense the objective voice -en is
zero (tiyabas(#)), so it is homophonous with the active/obligatory (tiyabas). Thus a sentence like
Taebas sekaniyan is ambiguous. It may be the active immediate future 'He will cut right away'
or the active/obligatory immediate future, 'He has to cut right away.' The active/obligatory forms
have not been observed with the aptative or the aptative-causative aspects. The following are
examples of verb forms which distinctively indicate active voice and obligatory mode.

G D c
N tabas panabas pamanabas pakitabas

5.24 The obligatory mode has been observed with the instrumental voice only with the neutral
tense in the general aspect. In this instance, the form is -en as in Tabas(en) ka so gepes ko dinis.
(cut you det-so knife det-ko cloth) 'Cut the cloth with the knife.'

5.25 It should be noted that the indicative mode, indicated by the absence of the obligatory/voice
markers, always retains a voice marker. The following paradigms illustrate verb forms marking
active voice and indicative mode.

G Ap D

N tomabas makatabas mana bas

p tomiyabas miyakatabas miyanabas
IF #taebas #paekatabas #paenabas
pp #petaebas #pepaekatabas #pepaenabas

02 c Ap-C

N mamanabas makitabas ma#pakitabas

p miyamanabas miyakitabas miya#pakitabas
IF #paemanabas #paekitabas #mapaekitabas
pp #pepaemanabas #pepaekitabas

Note that in the immediate future and present progressive forms, the # is the form of the active
voice marker (see 5.14( 4)). The #in the neutral and past tense forms of the aptative-causative are
the form of the aptative marker in these conditions (see 5.33).

5.3 Aspect Paradigms

5.31 Causative action is marked by two prefixes, paka- which occurs only with the objective voice,
and paki- which occurs with any of the voices including the objective (see 4.33). These prefixes
usually occur before the full stem. Alternates of the prefixes occur as p ...ka- and p .. .ki- with the
immediate future and the present progressive (because the ae replaces the /a/); just ka- and ki- with
the active voice alternant rna-; and the full forms paka- and paki- in all other places. The following
paradigms illustrate.

Referential Objective
c c
N (paki)tabasan (paki)tabasen
p (p-iy-aki)tabasan (p-iy-aki)tabas#
IF (p-ae-ki)tabasan (p-ae-ki)tabasen
pp pe(p-ae-ki)tabasan pe(p-ae-ki)tabasen
0 (paki)tabasi (paki)tabasa
OIF (p-ae-ki)tabasi (p-ae-ki) tabasa
 13

Objective Active
c2 c
N (pqka)tabasen ma(lci)tabas
p (Jriy-aka)tabas# miya(lci)tabas
IF (Jrae-ka)tabasen #(Jrae-ld)tabas
pp pe(Jrae-ka)tabasen #pe(p-ae-ld)tabas
0 {palal)tabasa (pald)tabas
OIF (Jrae-ka)tahasa (Jrae-ld)tabas

5.31 The aptative marker precedes the immediate future tense marker if the forms are ae or#, and/or
the instrumental voice marker. Otherwise, Ira- precedes the full stem. This marker takes the shape k- if
the IF tense is ae or #; ma- with the objective voice where k- does not occur; m- with the instrumental
voice where k- does not occur; and Ira- elsewhere.

Referential Objective
Ap Ap

N (ka)tabasan (ma)tabas#
p (k-iy-a)tabasan (m-iy-a)tabas#
IF (k)aetabasan (k)aetabas#
pp pe(k}aetabasan pe(k)aetabas#
0 (ka)tohasi (ka)tabasa
OIF (k)aetabasi (k)aetabasa
OPP pe(k)aetabasi pe(k)aetabasa

Instrumental Active
Ap Ap

N (m)itabas ma(ka)tabas
p (m)initabas miya(ka)tabas
IF (k)#itabas #pae(ka)tabas
pp pe(k)#itabas #pepae(ka)tabas

5.33 The alternants for the aptative-causative aspect are similar to those listed in 5.31 and 5.32 with
some differences noted in the following paradigms. Omissions indicate that the forms have not been
recorded.

Referential Objective
Ap-C Ap-C

N (ka)(paki)tabasan (ma)(paka)tabas#
p (k-iy-a)(pald)tabasan (m-iy-a)(paka)tabas#
IF (k)ae(paki)tabasan . (ma)(Jrae-ka)tabas#
pp pe(/c)ae(paki)tabasan
0 (ka)(paki)tabasi
OIF (k)ae(paki)tabasi
OPP pe(/c)ae(pa/ci)tabasi
14

Instrumental Active
Ap-C Ap-C

N (k)i{pa/ci)tabas ma(#)(paki)tabas
p (m)ini(paki)tabas miya(#)(paki)tabas
IF (k) #i(p-ae-ki)tabas #(ma)(p-ae-ki)tabas

5.34 The distributive marker has a complex set of alternants conditioned sometimes by the
following sounds, and sometimes by the presence of certain other affixes. We may describe some
of the shapes by writing paN-, the N representing a nasal sound (/m, n, ngl) at the point of
articulation of the initial consonant of the stern, which is in turn replaced. In general, this marker
has the following forms: (I) pang-/pan-/pam-; (2) p ... ng-lp...n-lp...m-; (3) #-lp-/e-lpe-. The flTSt
two groups generally occur with word bases having initial vowels, or with initial consonants lpl,
It/, Is/, lkl, fbi, or /df, the second occurring with the immediate future ae and prefrx pe- of the
present progressive. The third group occurs generally with stems having initial lrl, Ill, lm/, In!, lgl,
lmbl, lndf, or lnggl. Paradigms to illustrate these details follow.

(I) With initial vowels.

olog 'fall '

Referential Objective
D D

N (pang)o/ogan {pang)ologen
p (p-iy-ang)o/ogan (p-iy-ang)olog#
IF (p-ae-ng)o/ogan (p-ae-ng)ologen
pp pe{p-ae-ng)ologan pe(pae-ng)ologen
0 {pang)o/ogi (pang)ologa
OIF (p-ae-ng)o/ogi (p-ae-ng)ologa
OPP pe{p-ae-ng)ologi pe(p-ae-ng)ologa

Instrumental Active
D D

N i{pang)olog ma(ng)olog
p ini{pang)olog miya(ng)olog
IF i(p-ae-ng)olog #(p-ae-ng)olog
pp ipe(p-ae-ng)olog #pe(p-ae-ng)olog
0 (pang)olog

(2) With initial lpl, It/, Is/, /kl, fbi, or /df, but not lei as the first vowel: (a) p ... N- occurs with the
immediate future : (p-ae-m)otol frompotol'break', (p-ae-n)abas from tabas 'cut'; (b) N- occurs
with the active voice altemant ma-: ma(m)otol from potol, ma(n)abas from tabas; and (c) paN-
occurs elsewhere: (pam)otolan frompotol, (pan)abasan from tabas. The following paradigms are
typical.

tabas ' cut'

Referential Objective
D D

N {pan)abasan (pan)abasen
p (p-iy-an)abasan (p-iy-an)abas#
IF (p-ae-n)abasan (p-ae-n)abasen
 15

pp pe(p-ae-n)abasan pe(p-ae-n)abasen
0 (pan)abasi (pan)abasa
OIF (p-ae-n)abasi (p-ae-n)abasa
OPP pe(p-ae-n)abasi pe(p-ae-n)abasa

Instrumental Active
D D

N i(pan)abas ma(n)abas
p ini(pan)abas miya(n)abas
IF i(p-ae-n)abas #(p-ae-n)abas
pp ipe(p-ae-n)abas #pe(p-ae-n)abas
0 (pan)abas
OIF (p-ae-n)abas
OPP pe(p-ae-n)abas

(3) With initial /r/, !ll, /ml, In!, and stems with /ae/ as the fll'St vowel such as taero' ' speak', kaela'
' laugh': (a) a zero shape occurs if both the past tense and the ma- form of the active occur; (b) e- occurs
in forms without these morphemes if the active also occurs; (c) p- occurs if both past tense and either
the referential or objective voice also occur, or wherever the immediate future tense marker occurs;
and (d) pe- occurs elsewhere. The following paradigms illustrate these alternants and their distribution.

ropet 'break'
Referential Objective
D D

N pe)ropetan (pe)ropeten
p (p)iropetan (p)iropet#
IF (p)aeropetan (p)aeropeten
pp pe(p)aeropetan pe(p)aeropeten
OIF (p)aeropeti (p)aeropeta

Instrumental Active
D D

N i(pe)ropet m(e)ropet
p ini(pe)ropet mi(#)ropet
IF i(p)aeropet #(p)aeropet
pp pe(p)aeropet #pe(p)aeropet

taero' 'say'
Referential Objective
D D

N (pe)taero'an (pe)taero'on•
p (p)itaero'an (p)etaero'#
IF (p)aetaero'an (p)aetaero'on
pp pe(p)aetaero'an pe(p)aetaero'on
OIF (pe)taero'i (pe)taero'a

*Note: Objective -en becomes -on following the /o/ of the stem taero'.
16

Instrumental Active
D D

N i(pe)taero' m(e)taero'
p i(p)aetaero' mi(#)taero'
IF ini(pe)taero' #(p)aetaero'
pp ipe(p)aetaero' #pe(p)aetaero'

(4) With initial /mb/, lndl, or lnggl the distributive has shapes similar to those in (3) above, except
that with the neutral tense #- occurs, as it does also with the instrumental past. The following
examples illustrate.

nditar 'clothe'
RD ObD

N (#)nditaran (#)nditaren
p (p)inditaran (p)inditar#
IF (p)aenditaran (p)aenditaren
pp pe(p)aenditaran pe(p)aenditaren

InsD AcD

N i(#)nditar (#)nditar
p ini(#)nditar mi(#)nditar
IF i(p)aenditar (p)aendiar
pp ipe(p)aenditar pe(p)aenditar

(5) With initial/g), we have the following.

gakot 'tie'
RD ObD

N (ng)gakotan (ng)gakoten
p (p-i-ng)gakotan (p-i-ng)gakot#
IF (p-ae-ng) gakotan (p-ae-ng)gakoten
pp pe(p-ae-ng)gakotan pe(p-ae-ng)gakoten

lnsD AcD

N i(ng)gakot #(ng)gakot
p ini(ng)gakot mi(ng)gakot
IF i(p-ae-ng)gakot #(p-ae-ng)gakot
pp ipe(p-ae-ng)gakot #pe(p-ae-ng)gakot

Note the contrast between this paradigm and the one following, which has initial /d/.

dapo' 'alight'
RD ObD

N (pan)apo'an (pan)apo'on
p (p-iy-an)apo'an (p-iy-an)apo'#
IF (p-ae-n)apo 'an (p-ae-n)apo'on
pp pe(p-ae-n)apo'an pe(p-ae-n)apo'on
 17

InsD AcD

N i(pan)apo' #(pan)apo'
p ini(pan)apo' #(p-iy-an)apo'
IF ifP-oe-n)apo' #(p-ae-n)apo'
pp ipe(p-oe-n)apo' lfpe(p-ae-n)apo'

5.35 The emphatic distributive marker -am- occurs either as an infix included in the distributive marker
paN-, or as a reduplicative preceding the stem. The reduplicative occurs with stems having initial/d!,
lgl, lrl, Ill, In!, /mb/, /nd!, or /ngg/. The reduplication consists of the first vowel and preceding consonant
of the stem. The forms -m- or -am- occur with other words, the first with the immediate future marker
and the second elsewhere. The following are illustrative.

AcD2 AcD2 AcD2

olog 'fall' ropet 'break' nditar 'clothe '

N m(am)angolog me(ro)ropet n(di)ditar

p miy(am)angolog mi(ro)ropet min(di)ditar
[F pae(m)angolog pae(ro)ropet paen(di)ditar
pp pepae(m)angolog pepae(ro)ropet pepaen(di)ditar
0 p(am)angolog

5.36 The general aspect is illustrated by the following paradigms, showing the absence of other
aspect markers.

R Ob Ins Ac

N tabasan tabasen itabas tomabas

p tiyabasan tiyabas# initabas tomiyabas
IF taebasan taebasen itaebas #taebas
pp petaebasan petaebasen ipetaebas #petaebes
0 tabasi tabasa tabasen tabas
OIF taebasi taebasa taebas
OPP petaebasi petaebasa petaebas

5.4 Tense Markers

5.41 The past tense usually occurs preceding the first vowel of the stem (a form with or without affixes
to which another affiX may be added): t(iy)abasan 'cut-on/from', (in)olog 'fell' . If -om-, active, or i-,
instrumental, occur, then the past tense marker follows: tom(iy)abas, i(ni)tabas. The allomorph (variant)
of the past tense is -in- or -ni- when contiguous to /i/: (in)ilai 'saw', pom(in)ikir 'thought' from pikir
'think', i(ni)tabas 'cut-with' . If the past tense occurs next to /e/, that vowel is replaced: deke' +-om- +
-iy- gives domike' (not •domieke') 'requested'. If the past tense marker occurs before a consonant, the
allomorph is -i-: p(i)ropetan 'broke-from' (RPD). The form -iy- occurs elsewhere: t(iy)abas (ObPG).
 18

S.4Z Alternants for the immediate future tense follow.

(I) The most prominent allomorph (variant) of the immediate future is ae. This form replaces the
vowel of the aspect markers with the following qualifications. When aptative ka- precedes causative
paki-, in the referential voice, theae replaces the vowel ofthe aptative marker, but elsewhere (except
when ka- occurs with the active voice where it is not altered-see (2) below) it replaces the vowel
of the causative marker: k(ae)paldtabasan (RIFAp-C), but map(ae)katabas# (ObiFAp-C). Where
aspect is not marked. ae either replaces the frrst vowel of the word base if that is the phoneme /a/,
or is infixed after the frrst consonant if the vowel is not /a/ provided that the initial consonant is
one of the following: /p/, It/, /kl,lbl, ldl, lgl, lsi, or lml: #t(ae)b.as from tabas 'cut' (AciFG);p(ae)otol
from potol 'break, cut' (AciFG). In stems having /r/, /1/, or In! initials, ae replaces the vowel of the
active marker when it occurs: m(ae)ropet from ropet 'break, shatter' (AciFG).

(2) The immediate future takes the form pae- when the aptative ka- occurs with the active voice:
#(pae)katabas (AciFC).

(3) pag- occurs with stems having an initial vowel if ihe form does not include aspect markers.
This altemant of the immediate future tense also has variations: (a) ag- if active ma- is present:
m(ag)olog, m(ag)ilay; (b) g- if present progressive pe- occurs: pe(g)olog, pe(g)o/ogan; (c) pag-
elsewhere: (pag)o/ogan.

(4) A zero shape of the immediate future tense occurs when it precedes the instrumental voice; i.e.,
whenever the aptative also occurs (see 5.13): k(#)itabas from ka- + ae + i- + tabas (lnsiFAp--or
in the order of the affixes ApiFins).

5.43 The present progressive prefiX pe- precedes the ae of the immediate future and also the aspect
markers. The only markers that may precede pe- are the instrumental i- and the active voice in its
zero form. The following verbs illustrate: (pe)taebasen 'cut-it' (ObPPG), (pe)kaetabas# 'cut-it'
(ObPPAp), i(pe)paenabas 'cut-with' from tabas (InsPPD).

5.44 A verb form is neutral as to tense if no tense markers occur. Examples from the referential
paradigm are as follows : katabasan (RNAp), panabasan (RND), pakitabasan (RNC), kapaki-
tabasan (RNAp-C), tabasan (RNG)

6. Summary of Verb Inflection

The following diagrams represent the various categories of inflection and their relative order from
left to right

6.1 Categories

v otce
r--' · - r - - Tense A spec.-

--Stem - - - - - - - - - - - .

Voice
~

-Stem
- [
Voice/mode
Tense Aspect-
 19

6.2 Order of Inflectional Affixes

-om-L J (± pe- + ae ) LJ ka- ± (pald-

1---Stem - - - - - - - - .
i- __j l__ -iy- ___J L±-am-+ paN-

_f(paka-) -an

(± pe- + a e ] - [ lea-± l(paki-) 1--- Stem ___F:•

' - - - - - -iy- (±-am-+ paN-)----'"" t_a

In reading the diagram from left to right, the user may follow any line, moving up or down at intersecting
lines, or continuing in a straight line, but following the indications given with the + or + signs. The ftrst of these
signs indicates that the following affiX is obligatory if chosen. and the latter is optional. There are certain
limitations: (1) past tense -iy- does not occur with obligatory markers, (2) aptative ka- with immediate future
and present progressive markers, if they occur, precedes the instrumental voice marker i-, and (3) causative
with ka- occurs only with the objective voice. Not every form that can be derived from the diagrams has actually
appeared in the data from which this analysis has been done. Otherwise, the fact that some forms do not appear
is probably fortuitous.

6.3 Inflectional Paradigms Summarized

The affixes used in the inflectional paradigms may be summarized as follows, the dots indicating where
the stem occurs.

(I) Referential

G Ap D

N ...an ka... an paN... an

p .iy.. an kiya... an piyaN...an
IF .ae.. an kae... an paeN... an
pp pe.ae .. an pekae ... an pepaeN... an
0 ... i ka...i paN.. .i
OIF .ae.. i kae... i paeN... i
OPP pe.ae..i pekae...i pepaeN.. .i

D2 c Ap-C

N pamaN...an paki... an kilpaki... an

p piyamaN... an piyald... an kiyapaki... an
IF paemaN... an paeki... an kaepald... an
20

pp pepaemaN...an pepaeki...an pekaepaki... an

0 pamaN. .. i paki... i kapaki... i
OIF paemaN... i paeki... i kaepaki... i
OPP pepaemaN... i pepaeki...i pekaepaki...i

(2) Objective

G Ap D D2

N ...en ma... # paN... en pamaN...en

p .iy.. # miya...# piyaN... # piyamaN... #
IF .ae.. en kae... # paeN... en paemaN... en
pp pe.ae.. en pekae... # pepaeN... en pepaemaN. .. en
0 ...a ka... a paN. .. a pamaN... a
OIF .ae.. a kile... a paeN... a paemaN. .. a
OPP pe.ae.. a pekae... a pepa_eN. .. a pepaemaN...a

c c2 Ap-C

N paki... en paka... en mapa/ca. .. #

p piyaki...# piyaka...# miyapaka. .. #
IF paeki... en paeka... en mapaeka. .. #
pp pepaeki... en pepaeka... en
0 paki... a paka... a
OIF paeki... a paeka... a
OPP pepaeki... a pepaeki... a

(3) Instrumental

G Ap D

N i ... mi... ipaN...

p ini... mini... inipaN...
IF i.ae .. lc#i... ipaeN. ..
pp ipe.ae.. pelc#i... ipepaeN. ..
0 ... en

D2 Ap-C

N ipamaN... kipaki...
p inipamaN... minipaki...
IF lc#ipaeki...

(4) Active

G Ap D

N .om.. maka... maN...

p .omiy.. miyaka. .. miyaN. ..
IF # .ae.. paeka... #paeN. ..
 21

02 c Ap-C

N mamaN. .. ma#ki. .. ma#paki...

p miyamaN... miya#ki... miya#paki.. .
IF #paemaN... #paeki... #mapaeki.. .
pp pepaemaN. .. #pepaeki...
0 pamaN... paki...

7. Summary of Major Constructions

The parts of speech discussed in Section 3 of this introduction stand in various grammatical relations to
each other in the Maranao sentence. The most predominant sentence type is the verbal predication, a sentence
containing as its grammatical center a verb usually followed {though not obligatorily) by one or more
attributives manifested by noun phrases or their substitutes. The relations between noun phrases and between
noun phrases and verbs are indicated by particles (or the forms of the pronouns). A short discussion of such
phrases is important to an understanding of Maranao syntax.

7.1 Phrases

7.11 With adverbs. Adverbs such as lwgia ' when ', o 'if, and anday ' as soon as' introduce phrases tied
to the following phrase or clause by the ligature na. The phrases introduced by the adverbs are
subordinate to the major construction: 0 giya'i kandagang na ba ka den gegenek ' If this is business,
then you indeed had better stop right away.'

7.12 With determiners. The determiners so, o, sa, and ko, and their counterparts si, i, and ki, which
mark personal or proper names and titles, introduce substantive or noun phrases. The different
determiners mark various grammatical relations between nouns or noun phrases, and between verbs
and noun phrases.

(I) It has been noted that voice markers in the verbs indicate the relation obtaining between the verb
and the so-phrase. The determiner so, in tum, indicates that the phrase introduced by this determiner
is the subject of the sentence-the phrase that stands in the primary relation to the verb, whether actor,
goal, beneficiary, or instrument in the action. Note the following examples: Tomabas so baebay sa
dinis 'The woman is the one who will cut cloth'; Tabasen so baebay so dinis 'The cloth is the thing
the woman will cut' ; Tabasan o baebay so dato sa dinis 'The chief is the one for whom the woman
will cut cloth' ; and ltabas o baebay so gelat 'The knife is what the woman will use to cut it. ' The
determiner si marks the same relation as so, but indicates that the following word is a name or title:
Tabasen si Batua ' Batua will cut it. '

These determiners may also introduce a phrase in a position of special emphasis before the verb (in the
process oftopicalization, McKaughan 1970, 1973). For example: So baebay na tabasen iyan so dinis
'The cloth is what will be cut by the very woman.' The pronoun iyan (from Set II) following the verb
has the same referent as so baebay and is placed before the verb and marked by so, and tied to the rest
of the sentence by the ligature na.

Again, so may mark amplification : Tabasen o baebay ago so mama sa karatas 'The paper will be the
thing cut by the woman and the man.' A so-phrase always follows the conjunction a go 'and' . Thus
the grammatical relation of subject, special emphasis or amplification is marked by so, a relation we
may refer to as primary.
 22

(2) Determiners o and i indicate that the phrases introduced by them are in a source relation to either
a verb (as actor) or to another noun phrase (as possessor). The source ofan action may be illustrated
by the sentence Tabasen o baebay 'The woman wiD cut it' ~ben an ~phrase is related to another
noun phrase, it signifies possession (source): so sapij o dato 'the cow of the chief; or 'the chief's
cow'.

(3) The determiner sa does not have a personalizer counterpart. It marks a relation either between
noun phrases (so so/otan sa Mandaya 'the Mandayan Sultan' or 'the Sultan of Mandaya') or
between noun phrases and a verb (Tomabas so baebay sa dinis 'The woman cut cloth). In the latter
case, sa marks the object of the verb. When the object of a verb is also the subject (thes~phrase),
then sa may indicate the location or instrument of the action if it is indefinite: Linimod o mama so
karabaw sa torogan leo leowit (ObPG-gathered-it o-det man so-det carabao sa-det palace ko-det
stick) 'The man gathered the carabao to a palace with the stick.' Thus sa marks a close relation of
intimate association, or the indefinite goal of an action.

(4) Determiner lro (and the personal ki ) indicates a grammatical relation between noun phrases. or
between noun phrases and a verb as do the other detenniners under discussion. In this case the
relation is not as close as that marked by sa. Ko marks indirect object with verbs (see sentence
above where leo leowit is the indirect object), and location or the like between noun phrases: so ator
leo balintad 'the stone in the valley'.

The relations marked by the determiners , and also marked by the pronoun sets, may be dia-
grammed as follows (McKaughan 1958, 1962, 1973):

Relations Marked by Particles

primary non primary

0, i
Set II
source
SO, si
Sets I and IV
nonsource

close non close

sa ka, ki
Set III Set III

7.2 Sentences

There are a number of sentence types in Maranao. Examples are the single word or phrase without
a verb, such as those with exclamations: Di' 'No', So wata' 'It is a child;' and the equational
sentence in which two items are equated, again without a verb: So wata' na mama ' The child is a
boy.' On the other band, verbal predications must contain a verb with or without attributives (noun
phrases or the like). There are four predication types, determined by the voice of the verb and the
sequences of attributives governed by the verb. Word order is not faxed. Usually the verb stands
first and is followed by the actor, and then the other attributives. The four types of verbal
predication include active, objective, referential and instrumental.

7.21 The active sentences require a verb with active voice to indicate that the action originates
with the s~phrase: Tomabas so mama 'The man will cut' Up to three substantive phrases may
also occur with the verb: Tomabas (so baebay) (sa dinis) (ko gelat) 'The woman will cut cloth
with the knife. The verb may also occur alone: Tomabas 'Someone will cut. '
 23

7.22 Objective predications require a verb with the objective voice marker, indicating that the action
is directed toward the so-phrase: Tabasen so dinis 'He cut the cloth.' The following noun phrases are
possible (remembering that the proper pronoun can substitute for any of them): a-phrase as actor,
so-phrase as subject (the object in this kind of sentence), ko-phrase as definite or sa-phrase as indefinite
instrument or indirect object: Tabasen o baebay so dinis ko gelat 'The cloth is what the woman cut
with the knife' or 'The woman cut the cloth with the knife'; Tabasen o baebay so dinis sa gelat 'The
woman cut the cloth with a knife.' Another example is: Sombali'in iran ko lama' so karabaw
(ObNG-butcher-it o-they ko-det lawn so-det carabao) 'They will butcher the carabao on the lawn.'

7.23 The referential predication requires the referential voice in the verb which indicates that the
so-phrase is associated in the action as beneficiary, location, or indirect recipient of the action. The
possible phrases, though again the verb may stand alone, are o-phrase as actor, sa-phrase as object,
so-phrase as subject and referent, and, if the causative occurs, a ko-phrase as referent. An example is
Paeldlana'an o raga sa pamada so bok iyan ko ina' iyan (RIFC-put-on-oil o-det girl sa-det pomade
so-det hair o-her ko-det mother o-her) 'The girl will have her mother oil her hair with pomade' or 'It
is on her hair that the girl will have her mother put the pomade.'

7.24 The instrumental predications require the instrumental voice with the central verb, indicating that
the subject is indirectly involved in the action, either as the cause of it or the instrument used to effect
it: /nitagalen iyan so gorok sa ldlid o mama (InstPG-pierce-with o-he so-det dagger sa-det side o-det
man) 'He pierced the man's side with the dagger.'

The predicative types and possible sequences of attributives may be summarized as follows.

Type Actor Object Referent Instrument

c tve

Objective so-phrase/ ko-phrase ko-phrase

subject
Referential a-phrase sa-phrase so-phrase/ ko-phrase
subject
Instrumental a-phrase sa or ko- ko or sa- so-phrase!
phrase phrase subject

8. Conclusion

No summary is complete, and in this case it should be noted that (I) we have placed the emphasis on the
verb paradigms, and (2) the analysis of Maranao is still in progress. Even our verb paradigms may be lacking.

We hope that this beginning effort for Maranao will lead to more extensive lexical work, including the
phonology, grammar, and semantics.
 25

Bibliography

1. Unpublished Material

Laubach, Frank C. 1933. English-Maranaw dictionary. Dansalan City, Philippines.

- - . ed. 1934, 1935. Lanao Progress. Dansalan City, Philippines.
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Link, Francis L. 1923. Sulu-English vocabulary. I. Jolo, Sulu, Philippines.

Macaraya, Batua A. n.d. Darangen and baiok of the Maranao people. Marawi City, Philippines.
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Lee, Ernest W. 1964. "Non-focus verbs in Maguindanao." Oceanic Linguistics 3: 49-54.

26

List ofPhilippine flowering plants collected and preserved in the Philippine National Herbarium.
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