The document discusses several topics related to modeling for dynamic analysis of structures:
1) It describes two main analytical techniques - pushover analysis and nonlinear dynamic time-history analysis - to predict structural response and damage under earthquake loading.
2) It discusses modeling ground motion using 2D finite element analysis to obtain more accurate surface motions compared to 1D analysis, especially for structures on improved soil.
3) It covers modeling of reinforced concrete, including smeared crack modeling of uncracked and cracked concrete, tension stiffening effects, and modeling of damage and cyclic loading effects. Fiber element modeling is also discussed for modeling torsion in RC elements.
The document discusses several topics related to modeling for dynamic analysis of structures:
1) It describes two main analytical techniques - pushover analysis and nonlinear dynamic time-history analysis - to predict structural response and damage under earthquake loading.
2) It discusses modeling ground motion using 2D finite element analysis to obtain more accurate surface motions compared to 1D analysis, especially for structures on improved soil.
3) It covers modeling of reinforced concrete, including smeared crack modeling of uncracked and cracked concrete, tension stiffening effects, and modeling of damage and cyclic loading effects. Fiber element modeling is also discussed for modeling torsion in RC elements.
The document discusses several topics related to modeling for dynamic analysis of structures:
1) It describes two main analytical techniques - pushover analysis and nonlinear dynamic time-history analysis - to predict structural response and damage under earthquake loading.
2) It discusses modeling ground motion using 2D finite element analysis to obtain more accurate surface motions compared to 1D analysis, especially for structures on improved soil.
3) It covers modeling of reinforced concrete, including smeared crack modeling of uncracked and cracked concrete, tension stiffening effects, and modeling of damage and cyclic loading effects. Fiber element modeling is also discussed for modeling torsion in RC elements.
The document discusses several topics related to modeling for dynamic analysis of structures:
1) It describes two main analytical techniques - pushover analysis and nonlinear dynamic time-history analysis - to predict structural response and damage under earthquake loading.
2) It discusses modeling ground motion using 2D finite element analysis to obtain more accurate surface motions compared to 1D analysis, especially for structures on improved soil.
3) It covers modeling of reinforced concrete, including smeared crack modeling of uncracked and cracked concrete, tension stiffening effects, and modeling of damage and cyclic loading effects. Fiber element modeling is also discussed for modeling torsion in RC elements.
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IV.
DISCUSS THE RELATIONSHIP OF GROUND MOTION, LOAD AND
STRUCTURAL MODELLING AND SEISMIC LOAD COMBINATION IN RELATION TO THE DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE.
In implementing a performance-based design, it is required to select one or more
performance objectives associated with different severities of earthquake. To ensure that the
designed structure can meet these performance objectives, analytical techniques, which allow
one to predict degrees of damage in the various elements based on the inelastic demands
predicted for these elements, must be adopted. One method is the so-called pushover
approach which consists of performing a series of incremental nonlinear static analyses on
the structural model. It has been reported that if the response of the structure is dominated by
first mode, this approach can give a reasonable estimate of inelastic demand distributions and
damages in the structure; however, for long period structures, the estimate of damages made
using this approach is poor. The other method is the nonlinear dynamic time-history analysis
which is more complex to perform and time-consuming and is deemed to be able to give
accurate predictions if assumed constitutive relation for structural elements reflects their true
behavior.
In this study the seismic ground response is computed using the program which is a
two-dimensional nonlinear effective stress finite element program based on equations. In this
program the soil displacement and the pore pressure can be obtained directly from the
solutions of equations. In addition, viscous boundary accounting for two-phase nature of soil
is used to model the lateral infinite extent of soil stratum. The nonlinear dynamic analysis of
building in this study is performed using the program. This program is versatile and can perform the static analysis, linear and nonlinear dynamic time-history analysis, modal
analysis and static push-over analysis.
It is known that there are infinite number of artificial earthquakes which can be
generated to envelop the same design spectrum. In order to investigate effect of these
earthquakes on the seismic responses of buildings, we generate ten artificial earthquakes
using the following number as the seed numbers for the random number generator
subroutine. It can be seen that the time to reach the maximum acceleration varies
significantly with the seed number, indicating that the seed number plays an important
role in generating the spectrum compatible artificial earthquakes.
In the dynamic analysis of a building located on top of an improved soil zone, if
the input ground motion is computed using 1D analysis, then the structural response will
be underestimated. Thus, for such a case, the surface ground motion must be obtained
using 2D analysis if the design ground motion is specified at the engineering bedrock.
Also, the results of currently adopted averaging process given in the code are affected by
how the samples are chosen and a clear guideline should be developed. V. DISCUSS THE FRAMEWORK OF MATERIAL MODELLING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE (WITHOUT TORSION).
A material model for the analysis of reinforced concrete surface structures is
developed. The constitutive model employs the smeared crack concept, i.e. only average
stresses are considered at an integration point. While uncracked concrete is modelled with a
plasticity approach, the paper focuses on the numerical treatment of cracked reinforced
concrete in a state of plane stress. Special attention is given to the modelling of the tension
stiffening effect, the re-orientation of the principal tensile strain direction and the
compressive strength of cracked concrete.
When approached using nonlinear finite element techniques, structural analyses
generate, for real RC structures, large complex numerical problems. Damage is a major part
of concrete behavior, and the discretization technique is critical to limiting the size of the
problem. Based on previous work, the mu damage model has been designed to activate the
various damage effects correlated with monotonic and cyclic loading, including unilateral
effects. Assumptions are formulated to simplify constitutive relationships while still allowing
for a correct description of the main nonlinear effects.
A non-linear multi-fiber finite element model is developed for RC element under pure
torsion. In the elastic domain, the comparison of numerical results with the analytical
formulation is excellent. The warping phenomenon is fully represented at sectional level as
well as its influence on element deformations. Large rotation conditions have also been
investigated and included successfully in the proposed numerical model for RC members subjected to torsion. Regarding the research significance, the modification proposed by the
authors for the tensile behavior of concrete and the parametric formulation developed by the
authors for effective wall thickness shows a reasonable and correct influence in predicting
the torsional response in the inelastic domain. Although the model is developed with a
displacement-based formulation, the sectional model proposed is general enough to apply in
any finite element model or formulation, such as force-based or flexibility-based.
Finally, with the proposed model, the torsional response can be obtained in a simple
manner with reasonable computational efficiency. Moreover, the same sectional
discretization and constitutive material approach has to be applied in a more general model,
which is able to consider the effect of combined loading shear-bending-torsion. For future
studies, this model may be further developed with a larger calibration study and other new
formulations for different reinforcement repartitions may be proposed.
