Prolactin Hormone in Children, Female and Male .: Supervised By: Dr. Ohood Khalil

Republic of Iraq
Ministry of higher education & scientfic reserch
Uruk University
Collage of pharmacy
prolactin hormone in children , female

And male .
Made by : 1-shahad ayoob

2-tabark mudhfer
3- sulla Hussain
Supervised by : Dr. ohood Khalil
‫هـ‬1441 ‫م‬2020
Introduction :
Prolactin
Prolactin is a hormone produced in the pituitary gland, named because
of its role in lactation. It also has other wide ranging functions in the
body, from acting on the reproductive system to influencing behaviour
and regulating the immune system.
Prolactin is a hormone named originally after its function to promote

milk production (lactation) in mammals in response to the suckling of
young after birth. It has since been shown to have more than 300
functions in the body. These can be divided into a number of areas:
reproductive, metabolic, regulation of fluids (osmoregulation),
regulation of the immune system (immunoregulation) and behavioural
functions.
In humans, prolactin is produced both in the front portion of the pituitary
gland (anterior pituitary gland) and in a range of sites elsewhere in the
body. Lactotroph cells in the pituitary gland produce prolactin, where it
is stored and then released into the bloodstream. Human prolactin is also
produced in the uterus, immune cells, brain, breasts, prostate, skin
and adipose tissue
Prolactin affects many different hormones in the body. Present in both
men and women, it rarely causes problems, but those who are serious
about their health should understand what it is and how it impacts the
body’s overall health and well-being.
How is prolactin controlled?
One of the main regulators of the production of prolactin from the
pituitary gland is the hormone called dopamine, which is produced by
the hypothalamus, the part of the brain directly above the pituitary
gland. Dopamine restrains prolactin production, so the more dopamine
there is, the less prolactin is released. Prolactin itself enhances the
secretion of dopamine, so this creates a negative feedback loop.
Oestrogen is another key regulator of prolactin and has been shown to
increase the production and secretion of prolactin from the pituitary
gland. Studies have shown small increases in prolactin in the blood
circulation of women during stages of their reproductive cycle
where oestrogen levels are at their highest. This is also the case during
and after pregnancy, which makes sense, since a higher level of
circulating prolactin is needed to cause lactation to start.
In addition to dopamine and oestrogen, a whole range of other hormones
can both increase and decrease the amount of prolactin released in the
body, with some examples being thyrotropin-releasing
hormone, oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone.
What do prolactin do in human body?

Prolactin causes the breasts to grow and make milk
during pregnancy and after birth. Prolactin levels are normally high for
pregnant women and new mothers. Levels are normally low for
nonpregnant women and for men.
If prolactin levels are higher than normal, it often means there is a type
of tumor of the pituitary gland, known as a prolactinoma. This tumor
makes the gland produce too much prolactin. Excess prolactin can cause
the production of breast milk in men and in women who are not pregnant
or breastfeeding. In women, too much prolactin can also cause menstrual
problems and infertility (the inability to get pregnant). In men, it can
lead to lower sex drive and erectile dysfunction (ED). Also known as
impotence, ED is the inability to get or maintain an erection.
Prolactinomas are usually benign (noncancerous). But left untreated,
these tumors can damage surrounding tissues.
Prolactin functions :
The milk hormone has many functions and functions in the body of men
and women, including:
1- Helping to generate milk in a woman's breasts
During the process of producing milk in the mother’s body, prolactin

and other chemical compounds contribute to the production of breast
milk, and this hormone is produced here as a response from the body to
the baby's nipple resection and sucking during lactation.
As the sucking of the nipple, the child prevents the production of a

specific hormone in the body whose job is to inhibit the production of
the hormone milk.
2- Helping in the growth of breast tissue

The milk hormone works as one of the important elements among
several elements necessary for building and forming breast tissue, such
as estrogen, progesterone, thyroid hormones, and others.
Therefore, high levels of the hormone in the blood during pregnancy

causes flatulence of the breasts in pregnant women.
3- Promote feelings of warmth and tenderness and influence sexual

desire
High levels of the milk hormone are associated with feelings of warmth,
tenderness, and generally new parenting sensations. Its high levels also
increase the sexual desire of women, while it reduces the sexual desire in
men.
4- Promote fetal brain development
The milk hormone generally contributes to the growth and development

of the fetus while it is in the womb, in addition to its contribution to the
growth of brain cells specifically in the fetus.
5- Affects fertility
Although the regularity of milk hormone levels during pregnancy helps

to maintain pregnancy, abnormally high levels may cause miscarriage.
Therefore, high levels of the milk hormone during lactation play an

important role in reducing the chances of pregnancy occurring.
For males, high levels of the milk hormone may cause infertility, while
lowering it increases fertility in men.
Problems caused by high milk hormone:
High levels of the male hormone in men and women may cause a
number of problems, which we will list as follows:
1- In women
A woman's elevated milk hormone may cause the following problems:
Abnormal nipple secretions.

Fertility problems, or even infertility.
Reduction in progesterone and estrogen levels.
Pregnancy problems.
Fatigue and exhaustion.
Headache and headache.
Nausea and dizziness.
Problems with looking.
Note: In about a third of all cases of elevated milk hormone in women, it
was found in women with a benign tumor in the pituitary gland.
2- In men
A man's elevated milk hormone may cause the following problems:
Sterility.
Decrease in testosterone.
Reduced sexual desire.
Erectile dysfunction.
In fact, one of the studies found that some problems in spermatozoa had
disappeared when treating dysfunction of the hormone levels in some
men.
Problems associated with a decrease in the milk

hormone
It was found that the decrease in the milk hormone in men and women is
linked to a group of health problems, which we will list as follows:
1- In women
It was found that there was a link between decreased milk hormone and
ovarian problems in general.
2- In men
It was found that a decrease in the male hormone in milk was associated
with the following health problems:
Decrease in testosterone levels.

Erectile dysfunction.
fast ejaculation.
Reduced sperm count.
Dysfunction of the seminal vesicles.
General problems associated with dysfunction of the hormone levels
Refrence:
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Republic of Iraq

Ministry of higher education & scientfic reserch

prolactin hormone in children , female

Made by : 1-shahad ayoob

Supervised by : Dr. ohood Khalil

Prolactin is a hormone named originally after its function to promote

What do prolactin do in human body?

1- Helping to generate milk in a woman's breasts

During the process of producing milk in the mother’s body, prolactin

As the sucking of the nipple, the child prevents the production of a

2- Helping in the growth of breast tissue

Therefore, high levels of the hormone in the blood during pregnancy

3- Promote feelings of warmth and tenderness and influence sexual

4- Promote fetal brain development

The milk hormone generally contributes to the growth and development

Although the regularity of milk hormone levels during pregnancy helps

Therefore, high levels of the milk hormone during lactation play an

Abnormal nipple secretions.

Problems associated with a decrease in the milk

Decrease in testosterone levels.

society for endocrinology

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