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    Group IIIA - Aluminium

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    Awatif
    The document discusses aluminum and its compounds. It begins by introducing aluminum as the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust. It then describes two key processes for producing aluminum - the Bayer process which extracts aluminum from bauxite ore, and the Hall-Héroult process which uses electrolysis to produce aluminum from aluminum oxide. The rest of the document discusses various aluminum compounds like oxides, hydroxides, and halides - describing their structures, methods of preparation, and applications.

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    Group IIIA - Aluminium

    Uploaded by

    Awatif
    53 views25 pages
    The document discusses aluminum and its compounds. It begins by introducing aluminum as the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust. It then describes two key processes for producing aluminum - the Bayer process which extracts aluminum from bauxite ore, and the Hall-Héroult process which uses electrolysis to produce aluminum from aluminum oxide. The rest of the document discusses various aluminum compounds like oxides, hydroxides, and halides - describing their structures, methods of preparation, and applications.

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    7. Group IIIA - Aluminium

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    The document discusses aluminum and its compounds. It begins by introducing aluminum as the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust. It then describes two key processes for producing aluminum - the Bayer process which extracts aluminum from bauxite ore, and the Hall-Héroult process which uses electrolysis to produce aluminum from aluminum oxide. The rest of the document discusses various aluminum compounds like oxides, hydroxides, and halides - describing their structures, methods of preparation, and applications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    53 views25 pages

    Group IIIA - Aluminium

    Uploaded by

    Awatif
    The document discusses aluminum and its compounds. It begins by introducing aluminum as the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust. It then describes two key processes for producing aluminum - the Bayer process which extracts aluminum from bauxite ore, and the Hall-Héroult process which uses electrolysis to produce aluminum from aluminum oxide. The rest of the document discusses various aluminum compounds like oxides, hydroxides, and halides - describing their structures, methods of preparation, and applications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 25

    Group IIIA

    Aluminium and Its


    Compound
    Group IIIA
    Introduction

    Existence

    • Aluminosilicates (clay, kaolin),


    mica, feldspar
    • Bauxite ores: Al2O3.2H2O
    • Cryolite: Na3AlF6

    • Most abundance element in


    earth crust (8.8%)
    Group IIIA
    Preparation

    Preparation of Al
    a) BAYER PROCESS (Chemical Process)
    1. Bauxite is dissolved in NaOH (to separate Fe2O3/TiO2 = red mud)
    Al2O3(s) + 2OH−(aq) + 3H2O(l) → 2Al(OH)4−(aq)

    2. Precipitation of Al(OH)3
    Precipitation is carried out on concentrated Al(OH)4− solution by using
    crystal seeds of hydrated aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3.xH2O
    2Al(OH)4− (aq) → 2Al(OH)3(s) + 2OH−

    3. Heating aluminium hydroxide to obtain Pure aluminium oxide at


    400 – 600oC (-Al2O3) and 1200oC (-Al2O3).
    600oC
    Al(OH)3(s) → -Al2O3 + H2O
    1200oC
    -Al2O3 → -Al2O3
    Group IIIA
    Preparation

    b) HALL-HEROULT PROCESS (Electrolysis of Al2O3)


    • Al2O3 is dissolved in molten cryolite (Na3AlF6 ) and electrolysis
    was carried out at 900oC with graphite electrodes.
    (The function Na3AlF6 is to reduce the melting point of
    alumina, as solvent and as current carrier.)

    Electrolysis
    Cathode: Al3+ + 3e− → Al(l)
    Anode : 2O2− →O2 + 4e−

    About 6.2 kWH of electricity is required to produce 1 lb of Al from Al2O3


    Group IIIA
    Preparation
    Group IIIA Preparation
    Bauxite, Al2O3.2H2O
    (+ Fe2O3, TiO2, SiO2)

    Dissolution NaOH TiO2 , Fe2O3(red mud)


    Process
    Solution, Al(OH)4-, BAYER
    (+ solution SiO3-)

    Seeding Al(OH)3 SiO3− (aq) PROCESS


    (SEED)
    Process
    Solid Al(OH)3
    Heating 
    H2O
    Process
    Solid Al2O3
    Melting Na3AlF6
    CRYOLITE
    Process
    HALL-
    Molten Al2O3 HÉROULT
    Electrolysis PROCESS

    Al
    Group IIIA
    Preparation

    Chemical Properties
    • React directly with O2, N2, S and halogen on heating at high
    temperature.
    Al(s) + O2 →Al2O3(s)
    Al(s) + N2 → AlN(s)
    4Al(s) + 6S(s) →2Al2S3(s)
    2Al(s) + 3F2(g) →2AlF3(s)
    • React with HCl to give H2 gas.
    2Al(s) + HCl → 2AlCl3(s) + 3H2(g)
    • React with H2SO4 to give sulphate and SO2
    2Al(s) + 6H2SO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O
    • Do not react with HNO3 due to the formation of an oxide
    layer on the surface (HNO3 – oxidizing acid).
    Group IIIA
    Application

    Cont. Properties
    • React with base to give aluminate ion and H2
    2Al(s) + 2NaOH(aq) → 2Al(OH)4- + 3H2 + 2Na+
    Uses
    • Aluminium powder – a catalyst for dehydration of alcohol to
    olefin.
    • To prepare alloy with Cu, Mg, Si etc.
    • As wrappers/food container
    • In transports: such as engine component for cars airplane,
    space shuttle etc.
    • Alloy : molding alloy
    • In construction/building such window frames.
    • Electrical: Cable etc
    Group IIIA
    Cpds - Oxide

    Compounds of Al
    • Exist as Al2O, AlO and Al2O3

    Aluminium Oxide

    • Forms:  - alumina (natural occurrence - corundum)


     - alumina
    Preparation:
    1. Bayer Process
    2. Heating aluminium hydroxide
    Al(OH)3(s)  - alumina  - alumina
    ~450oC >1000oC
    Group IIIA
    Cpds - Oxide

    ALUMINA, Al2O3 STRUCTURE

    Octahedron
    Group IIIA
    Cpds - Oxide

    Applications
    •  - alumina the most stable at high temperature, used as
    refractory (very hard material), acid and hydration resistant,
    more dense.
    • Catalyst in dehydration (remove water) of alcohol to alkene.
    CH3CH2OH(l) CH2=CH2(g) + H2O(l)
    T=300oC
    •  - alumina
    ➢ *The catalyst - in defect spinnel structure → cation
    deficient → large surface area →easily adsorb
    water and soluble in acid.
    ➢ Used as support for transition metal heterogeneous
    catalysts. e.g: Pt, Cr, Rh, Fe, Ni etc
    ➢ As stationary phase (solid) in the column
    chromatography.
    Group IIIA
    Cpds - Oxide

    Cont. Applications
    • Germ Stones.
    ➢ Sapphire – Blue Stone
    - Fe2+, Fe3+ and Ti4+ impurities in  - alumina.
    Blue colour – charge transfer from Fe2+ to Ti4+

    ➢ Ruby – Red Stone


    - Red colour due to the impurities of Cr3+

    ➢ Oriental Topaz – Yellow Stone


    - Yellow colour due to the impurities of Fe3+

    # These germ stones can be synthesized by fusing


    alumina with other metal oxides
    Group IIIA
    Cpds - Oxide

    Gem Formula Color Origin of color


    Ruby Al2O3 Red Cr3+ replacing Al3+ in octahedral sites
    Emerald Be3Al2(SiO3)6 Green Cr3+ replacing Al3+ in octahedral site
    Alexandrite Al2BeO4 Red/Green Cr3+ replacing Al3+ in octahedral site
    Garnet Mg3Al2(SiO4)3 Red Fe2+ replacing Mg2+ in 8-coordinate site
    Yellow-
    Peridot Mg2SiO4 Fe2+ replacing Mg2+ in 6-coordinate site
    green
    Na3Li3Al6(BO3)3(
    Tourmaline Pink Mn2+ replacing Li+ and Al3+ in octahedral site
    SiO3)6F4
    Al6(PO4)4(OH)8 •
    Turquoise Blue-green Cu2+ coordinated to 4 OH¯ and 2 H2O
    4H2O
    Intervalence transition between Fe2+ and Ti4+
    Sapphire Al2O3 Blue
    replacing Al3+ in adjacent octahedral sites
    Intervalence transition between Fe2+ and
    Aquamarine Be3Al2(SiO3)6 Blue Fe3+ replacing Al3+ in adjacent octahedral
    sites
    Colorless,
    Color centers from nitrogen atoms trapped
    Diamond C pale blue or
    in crystal
    yellow
    Group IIIA Cpds - Oxide

    The soil contains such


    components as oxidized
    iron and different kind
    of metallic minerals,
    after a long period of
    oxidation, gradually
    added and mixed in the
    soil that produced this
    extra-ordinary reddish
    brown soil.

    It is located in the southwestern


    part of KUNMING, China, 2600 ft.
    above sea level, a remote area
    Group IIIA Cpds - Oxide

    BAUXITE MINING, PAHANG, MALAYSIA


    Group IIIA Cpds - Oxide

    Alumina Hydrate, AlO.OH

    • Exist in 2 forms:
    1.  - AlO.OH – diaspore (naturally)
    2.  - AlO.OH – boemite (naturally)

    • Preparation
    Al3+(aq) (boil) + NH3 → -AlO.OH
    Group IIIA Cpds - Hydroxide

    Alumina Hydroxide, Al(OH)3


    • Occurs naturally as Gibbsite

    Preparation
    1. Addition of ammonium hydroxide into Al3+ solution.
    Al3+(aq) + NH4OH(aq) → Al(OH)3(s)
    2. Acidification of aluminate solution with CO2
    Al(OH)4− (aq) + CO2(g) →Al(OH)3(s) + HCO3−(aq)

    Properties:
    White solid – amphoteric
    Acid : Al(OH)3 + H3O+(aq) → Al(H2O)63+(aq)
    Base : Al(OH)3 + OH−(aq) →Al(OH)4−(aq)
    Group IIIA Cpds - Hydroxide

    Application
    • As mordant – colour absorber for fabric (stronger
    bond between the colour molecule to the fabric)

    • Coagulating agent – to make the turbid (cloudy)


    water become clear → due to the ability to attract
    suspended particles to form bigger particles and
    precipitates
    Group IIIA Cpds - Halide

    Alumina Halide, AlX3

    • AlF3 (Monomeric)
    2Al(s) + 3F2(g) → 2AlF3

    • Ionic solid – F is too electronegative


    • Soluble in water
    • Forming salt with alkali metal. e.g. Na3AlF3
    (cryolite)
    Group IIIA Cpds - Halide

    • AlCl3 (Dimeric – Al2Cl6)


    Industrial Preparation
    1. Passing dry Cl2/HCl over hot Al metal /Molten Al
    2Al (s) + 3Cl2 (g) → Al2Cl6 (s)
    2. Reaction between Al and HCl/HBr
    2Al (s) + HCl (g) → Al2Cl6 (s) + 3H2 (g)
    3. Heating aluminium oxide with carbon and chlorine.
    Al2O3(s) + 3C(s) + 3Cl2(g) → Al2Cl6(s) + 3CO(g)

    Laboratory Preparation
    By using hot column reactor for preparation of anhydrous *Al2Cl6
    * easily hydrolyzed in moist air
    Group IIIA Cpds - Halide

    • AlCl3 (Dimeric – Al2Cl6)

    Laboratory Preparation
    By using hot column reactor for preparation of anhydrous *Al2Cl6
    * easily hydrolyzed in moist air
    Group IIIA Cpds - Halide

    Physical Properties:
    • White solid (pure)
    • Covalent, sublimes at 180oC, relative density
    measurements show that it exists as dimer up to 400oC
    in the vapour state. Above this temperature – dissociate
    into monomer, complete at 800oC.

    Structure:
    • Al2Cl6 – dimer

    Dative
    bond
    Group IIIA Cpds - Alum

    Alum
    • Name given to the double sulphates of monovalent
    and a trivalent metal ions having the composition as
    follows:

    M’2SO4.M”2(SO4)3.24H2O

    M’ = K+, Rb+, Cs+, Tl+ or NH4+ (not Li+ due to small size
    of the ions)
    M’’ = Al3+, Cr3+, Fe3+, Co3+ etc

    • Potash alum : Common alum KAl(SO4)2.12H2O


    Group IIIA Cpds - Alum

    Potash alum
    • Colorless hexagonal crystal
    • Soluble in water to form K+, Al3+, SO42-
    • Alum hydrolyze in water to acidic solution
    [Al(H2O)6]3+ + H2O [Al(H2O)5OH]2+ + H3O+

    Use as
    • purification of water
    • as a mordant in dyeing
    • for tanning leather and sizing paper (protective,
    filler or glaze)
    • in medical use as styptic to arrest the bleeding
    Group IIIA Cpds - Alum

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