Introduction To Computer Science History of Computer Technology

Introduction to Computer Science I ZU-019
Lecture 1
Introduction to Computer Science
History of Computer technology
What is Computer Science?

Computer science is the study of mathematical algorithms and processes. These
processes interact with data and represented as data. It enables the use of
algorithms to manipulate, store, and communicate digital information.
A computer scientist studies the theory of computation and the practice
of software systems.
Computer technology has great influence on all aspects of life. Almost all work
places and living environment are being computerized.
What is Computer?
A computer is a machine or device that performs processes, calculations and
operations. These operations are based on instructions provided by a software or
hardware program. It is designed to execute applications.
History of Computer Technology

The history has been organized using widely recognized generations.
 The Mechanical Era (1623-1940)
The first idea is to solve mathematical problems. So mathematicians created
calculators. These calculators were capable of addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. These mathematicians were Blaise Pascal, Gottfried
Leibniz, Charles Babbage etc.
The first calculating device was called abacus (or counting frame).
Abacus
Pascal’s calculator is a mechanical calculator invented by Blaise Pascal. Fırstly,
this device had performed addition, then it was expanded and carried out other
operations.
Pascaline (Pascal’s calculator)
Other inventors inspired of Pascal. Gottfried Leibniz invented his Leibniz

wheels.
Leibniz calculator
Then Thomas de Colmar designed his arithmometer, the first mechanical
calculator strong enough. It was used daily in an office environment.
Arithmometer
Charles Babbage was the great mathematician for this era. Charles Babbage
designed the first analytical engine. It was considered general-purpose
computer. But he failed to build it. The reason is that, the technology of the day
wasn’t reliable enough. Then his idea was the beginning for other inventors.
The first analytical engine (automatic computing device) consisted of arithmetic
logic unit, conditional branching and integrated memory. Now the frst analytical
device is stored in the museum in London.
The first analytical machine which was created based on Babbage’s idea.
 First Generation. Electronic Computers (1940-1956)

Electronic machine was designed by Alan Turing. He was young and talanted.
He was just 24 years. A Turing machine was a mathematical model of
computation. A Turing machine was a general example of a CPU. Turing
machine provided a powerful computational model for solving problems in
computer science. By using ENIGMA Turing cracked military codes during
World War II. The main focus of Turing’s work was in cracking the ‘Enigma’
code. The Enigma was a type of machine used by the German armed forces
to send messages securely. After this scientific revolution it was said, computer
was invented twice – once by Charles Babbage and once by Alan Turing.
Turing’s machine
The first computer systems used vacuum tubes for memory. They were often
enormous and taking up entire rooms. These computers were very expensive.
So only some governments could buy it. They used a great deal of electricity
and generated a lot of heat. First generation computers relied on machine
language, they could only solve one problem at a time. It would take operators
days or even weeks to set-up a new problem. Input was based on punched cards
and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.
The ENIAC and then UNIVAC computers are examples of first-generation
computing devices. The UNIVAC was an acronym for Universal Automatic
Computer. The ENIAC was an abbreviation of Electronic Numerical Integrator
And Computer.
UNIVAC
ENIAC
 Second Generation (1956-1963)

In the second generation computers used from transistors replace vacuum tubes.
After using transistors computers became smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-
efficient and more reliable than the first-generation computers. Second-
generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for
output. During this generation many programming language were introduced:
Fortran (Formula Transmission), Algol (Algorithmic Language), COBOL
(common business-oriented language).
 Third Generation (1964-1971)

In the third generation computers used from integrated circuit replace vacuum
tubes. The development of integrated circuits (IC) is like that: smal-scale IC,
medium-scale IC, large-scale IC and very large-scale IC. In this eve
semiconductr memory instead of magnetic cores. Instead of punched cards and
printouts, this generation computers
introduced keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system.
Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they
were smaller and cheaper than the second generations devices. Important
commercial machine of this eve include The IBM (International Business
Machine). The IBM was the first supercomputer.
Third generation computer
 Fourth Generation (1971-2010)

In the fouth generation the microprocessor was created. They replaced
integrated circuits. Day by day they developed and located all the components
of the computer - from the central processing unit and memory to input/output
controls. The size of computers was reduced and their reliability was increased.
In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in
1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the
realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more
everyday products began to use microprocessors. Fourth generation computers
also saw the development of GUIs (Graphical User Interface), the mouse
and handheld devices. Development in software include very high-level
programming languages. This generation computer saw the introduction of
WAN (Wide Area Network) and LAN (Local Area Network).
Example of the Fourth Generation computer

 Fifth Generation (2010-Present)

Fifth generation computers are based on artificial intelligence. They are still in
development. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input. This generation computers design based on
human brain and minds. They use from artificial intellegience. Computer types
of fifth generation are desktop, laptop, notebook, ultrabook etc.

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Introduction to Computer Science I ZU-019

What is Computer Science?

History of Computer Technology

Pascaline (Pascal’s calculator)

Other inventors inspired of Pascal. Gottfried Leibniz invented his Leibniz

 First Generation. Electronic Computers (1940-1956)

 Second Generation (1956-1963)

 Third Generation (1964-1971)

Third generation computer

 Fourth Generation (1971-2010)

Example of the Fourth Generation computer

 Fifth Generation (2010-Present)

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