1. Introduction to Islam Dr.

Hamidullah

2. Islam: its meaning and Message Khurshid Ahmad

3. Islam: The Misunderstood Religion Muhammad Qutub

4. Islam at the Cross-roads Muhammad Asad

5. Islam and the Economic Challenge Umer Chapra

6. A brief Survey of Muslim Science and Culture M. Abdur Rahman

7. Administrative Development an Islamic Perspective Muhammad Al-Buraey

8. Quranic Sciences Afzalur Rahman

9. Islamization of Pakistan Zafar Iqbal

10. Islamic Law and Constitution Abul A’ la Mawdudi,

11. Insan e Kamil Dr Khalid Alvi

12. Islami Tehzeeb Kay Chund Darakhshan Pehloo Mustafa Sabali

13. Islam Aur Tahzeeb -e -Maghrib Ki Kash Makash Dr Muhammad Ameen,

14. Aurat Maghrib aur Islam Serwat Jamal Asmai

15. Seerat-un-Nabi Vol. I Shibli Nu’mani

16. Islam and Secular Mind Edited by Tarik Jan

17. Khilafat-o-Malookiat Abul A’ la Mawdudi

HAJJ

#MosqueMeToo:
hajj four pillars:

entering ihram

standing in arafah

tawaf az ziayarah

sa'i

ihram at miqat

leave for mina on 8th day

9th day: sunrise to arafah

everning: to muzdalfah

10tday: mina before sunrise

tawaf al effadah

11 day: night in mina

12 day: mina and then for makkah

13 day: if sunsets and in mina, then rsest in mina

stone the 3 jamaarats

umrah on arival

mina
arafat

muzdalifa

pebbles

tawaf efada; saee

tawaf al wida

Today, however, because of the largely sectarian disputes, Muslims remain disintegrated, merely
watching the persecution going on from a distance.

In the Islamic world the tendency to blame the West for the troubles afflicting Muslims is prevalent; the
real blame, however, lies with the Muslim world that is unable to escape the trap of disunity.

This requires an intellectual revolution that distinguishes between religious principles and historical
terms and accentuates the basic values among Muslims such as loyalty to all Muslims regardless of their
affiliations. Loyalty to a Muslim is not to be revoked except if he or she rejects Islam in total.

Shah Waliullah,

an outstanding scholar-reformer and a thinker par excellence, of eighteenth century, emphasized the
need for Ijtihad in order to provide economic and social justice to Muslims at large He highly decried
closing its gates and criticized the contemporary Ulema for approving it.
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan,

(1817-1898- India), reformer par excellence, decried Taqlid (unthinking imitation) and closing the doors
of Ijtihad, which in his opinion was responsible for the decline of Islam. He gave a Call that the Muslims
could not progress without acquiring knowledge of modern sciences and technology

Dr. Ibrahim B. Syed,

President, Islamic Research Foundation, USA, "Only by the exchange of Ideas through Ijtihad, it will be
possible to safeguard the Muslim world from deterioration and empty westernization".

In this regard it may be suggested that Muslim legal experts like Law Professors , retired Judges, senior
advocates, Ulema of well-known Islamic Centres and learned persons of modern knowledge form a
Committee for Ijtihad in each country including India and take up the work of interpreting or amending
the Shariah according to the changing times. Interpretation of the Shari’a (Ijtihad) should not be
confined to legal scholars but should be open to those with creative imagination

It is important to note that Allama Iqbal had issued more or less similar appeal in 1932 which reads as ",
"I would recommend that an assembly of the religious scholars (ulema) be constituted, in which those
Muslim lawyers be included who have studied the modern principle of law, so that in the light of the
current situation, the Islamic Law (shariah) is protected and further expanded".

Within the Islamic tradition, tajdid (lit. regeneration, renewal) has been an important religious
concept.[1] Early on into the Islamic era, Muslims realized that they have not succeeded in creating and
maintaining a society that truly followed the principles of their religion
In the late 19th century, Jamal-al-Din Afghani, "one of the most influential Muslim reformers" of the era,
traveled the Muslim world, advocating for Islamic modernism and pan-Islamism.[11] His

is a well-known fact that 1.6 billion Muslims contribute a disproportionately smaller share to the
world’s knowledge. This global community – forming the majority population of 57 countries and
spanning virtually every single country of the world – has had only three Nobel laureates in science in
the history of this prestigious prize. The number of universities from the Organization of Islamic
Cooperation (OIC) member countries in the top 500 universities of the world is only a little better than
that.

In the Muslim world, particularly the Arab world, universities are a relatively recent phenomenon: three
quarters of all Arab universities were established in the last 25 years of the 20th century.

In the 2014-15 edition of the QS World University Rankings, no university of the Muslim world was in the
top 100, and only 17 ranked among the top 400 (11 between 300 and 400)
Another area of weakness in teaching of science in the Muslim world is the absence of philosophy and
even history of science from the university curricula.

The American University of Sharjah (AUS) is one such university that is an oasis in desert when it comes
to providing a holistic liberal educational experience to its students who have to take courses in
humanities, history, culture, and language regardless of their chosen disciplines. The university was
recently ranked among the top 10 in the Arab world. Other American universities in Beirut and Cairo
also follow a similar approach.

Habib’s science and engineering programs require students to undertake a rigorous liberal arts course
and seek to create scientists and engineers who can comprehend and tackle complex, interconnected
issues and develop sustainable solutions for the society. Students must take subjects such as
‘understanding modernity’ and ‘Hikma 1 and 2’ – a two-course sequence literally translated as
‘Traditional Wisdom 1 and 2’ – in addition to many others that seek to create holistic rather than narrow
disciplinary professionals. An extensive program of societal engagement that tests not only their
knowledge but also their ability to adapt and utilize is also a part of the student experience.

Inquiry-based science education (IBSE) is the new game in town and efforts are being made in several
Muslim countries to implement these within classrooms

The King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) in Saudi Arabia, Masdar Institute of
science and technology in United Arab Emirates, and several American University campuses in Education
City in Doha are bold experiments to achieve just this with some success, though the jury is still out on
whether this is sustainable in the long run

The greatness of the Muslim ‘Golden Age’ of science did not come from the fact that those scientists
were somehow better people, it was because they lived in a society that was open to rationality, inquiry,
and doubt, but above all, merit. The magic comes not from the scientists but from the society.
Transforming our universities into bastions of meritocracy for the society shall require some
fundamental re-engineering – not just holding them accountable

Institutions of higher learning have existed in the Muslim world at least since 859 CE, when Fatima Al-
Fihri created in Fes, Morocco, what is sometimes considered the world’s oldest university

Because of the danger of misuse, Ijtihad has always been a crucial, central, and “controversial concept”
and the need of the hour is to interpret Ijtihad in such a way that it can be used to justify the results—
for it has a great significance and relevance in the present prevailing conditions in the Muslim world.

Is suicide bombing justified? Can women lead prayers? Is there a feminist interpretation of Islam?

'Ijtihad' is an Islamic legal term that means "independent reasoning", which is used for defining an issue
in a way that does not contradict the teachings of the Holy Quran and the Sunnah.

The person making such a decision is required to have a thorough knowledge of theology, revealed
texts, legal principles and the Arabic language. Other qualifications include sincerity, goodness and
intellect.

A person qualified to do so is recognised as a mujtahid, one who can make ijtihad.

Both words are derived from a three-letter Arabic root, J-H-D, i.e. struggle. Thus ijtihad is a process of
“struggling with oneself” to interpret an issue through independent reasoning in the light of the
revealed text and the instructions of the Sunnah.

This need is even greater in the West where Muslims live in a social setup very different from their own.
Since 9/11, there has also been a steady increase in Islamophobia in the West.

Many Muslims believe that they must choose between Islam and modernity or

between Islam and democracy, but these are false choices. To reinterpret Islam for

the twenty-first century, the practice of ijtihad (interpretation and reasoning based

on the sacred texts) must be revived

there has been and continues to be substantial disagreement about

the meanings of certain verses and their application to different situations.

Fifteen years after the death of

Prophet Muhammad, Caliph Omar ibn-al-Khattab stopped cutting off the hands of thieves

because most of them were stealing out of necessity due to hunger, poverty, and drought.

While this contradicted a verse from the Qur’an, he justified his decision by stating that

the principles of justice and fairness were supreme

Similarly, in 2000, councils of Muslim

ulamas (scholars) in Europe and the United States decreed that it was permissible for

Muslims residing in the West to buy houses with mortgages and to pay interest on these

loans. This contradicted a Qur’anic teaching against charging and paying interest, but

respected Muslim scholars justified the ruling, arguing that such permission was necessary

for Muslims to meet their financial and social needs in the West.

Another example is a

case in which Imam Muhammad Ibn Idris al-Shafi’i, one of the founders of Islamic jurisprudence,

gave a certain legal opinion in Baghdad. One year later he moved to Cairo, and

in response to the same question he gave a very different opinion. Someone questioned

him, “Oh Imam, last year in Baghdad you gave a different answer,” and he replied, “That

was in Baghdad and this is in Cairo. That was last year and this is now.” When employing

ijtihad, scholars considered the time, place, norms, and prevailing conditions when they

rendered their religious advice and opinion

The Qur’an contains only

six hundred verses directly related to laws, and there are approximately two thousand

hadiths (sayings of the Prophet that were not published in the Qur’an) that deal

with laws.
Thus all statements in the Qur’an and hadiths can be divided

into four categories, those with

• definite source, definite meaning;

• definite source, probable meaning;

• probable source, definite meaning; and

• probable source, probable meaning.

The work of the interpreter of the text (the mujtahid) is to ascertain the authenticity

of the source(s) and then

• discover the laws through the interpretation of the sources;

• extend the laws to new cases that may be similar to the cases mentioned in the

sources for which the laws cannot be discovered through literal interpretation (this is

called the method of analogy, or qiyas); and

extend the laws to new cases that have not been covered by the previous two methods

by looking at the general principles and objectives of the sharia (this method is known

as istihsan or istislah—general interests of the community).

During the Abbasid Dynasty (750–1258 CE), the Abbasids

decided to outlaw all other sects in order to strictly control religion and worship, as

well as political matters.

all four panelists mentioned the lack of freedom and

democracy as serious impediments to ijtihad. Without freedom and democracy, which are

sharply limited in the Muslim world and particularly in Arab countries, ijtihad cannot be

performed. Democracy is the key to opening up ijtihad, and ijtihad is the key to solving

the principal problems confronting the Muslim world today

ijtihad to adres following issues:

role of women

sunis and shies

spirit of globalization

one world view

economics

unity among states

muslims in non-muslim countries

who r 1/3rd

Fareed suggested that ijtihad can be viewed in three different ways: as a legal tool, as

a form of legal reasoning, and as a creative impulse.

‘Modernism’—a movement to reconcile Islamic faith with modern values such as

democracy, rights, nationalism, rationality, science, equality, and progress—emerged in

the middle of the 19th century as a response to European colonialism, which pitched the

Muslim world into crisis

tafsir: with scientific inrepreations

turkey, egypt and malaysia: dem in muslim world

kyrgystan

Iran and the rest of the Muslim world from one end to the other suffer from a massive and structural
democratic deficit.

Right now the state-controlled media in Iran is broadcasting the TV series House of Cards. Indeed, House
of Cards is a magnificent series exposing the deep pathological corruption in US politics
Most experts cite Turkey, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Mali, and Senegal as democracies. (Indonesia, with 196
million people, is the world’s largest Muslim nation). Other countries, such as Malaysia, Nigeria, and
Iran, are nominally democratic, but to a greater or lesser extent lack many of the attributes of fully
functioning democracies, such as protections for civil liberties and legitimate opposition parties

On a spectrum from most to least democratic, these countries are: Morocco, Kuwait, Jordan, Egypt,
Bahrain, Algeria, Qatar, and Yemen.

This issue resurfaced once again after the unfortunate incident in Kasur in which a Christian couple were
lynched and burnt to death.

According to the Holy Prophet (PBUH),”He who tortures a dhimmi is like the one who has counteracted
him (the Prophet). I shall counteract against him (he who tortures a dhimmi) on the Day of Judgment
who has counteracted him

According to Article 22 of the Constitution, which provides safeguards as regards to educational

institutions in respect of religion, no educational institution can force the individual to receive religious
instruction or take part in any religious ceremony other than his own. This is the reason why it is not
compulsory for non-Muslims to study Islamic Studies while Muslims are compelled to study it.
According to Article 26 and 27 of the Constitution, there shall be no discrimination in respect of access
to public places and services respectively on the basis of religion. There is no such public place in
Pakistan where terms like “Non-Muslims and dogs are not allowed”, as was written during the British
Rule in India: “Indians and dogs are not allowed

Article 2 A of the Constitution bars the legislature from making any law repugnant to Islam as the
sovereignty of the entire world, including Pakistan, belongs to Allah. This implies that the government,
which fails to prove protection to minorities, is disobeying Allah’s orders.

"[The rights of] minorities should be taken into as much consideration as the rights of special needs
children are [in policy circles]," Justice Ejaz Afzal remarked as he concluded the case, initiated in 2014 on
the request of Dr Ramesh Kumar.

The bill, which was passed by the Sindh Assembly on Nov 24, made forced religious conversion a
punishable criminal act.

‘Some 23 per cent of Pakistanis belonged to the religious minorities when Pakistan came into being, but
now they are just 4pc’

We find this doctrine enunciated in the hadith pertaining to his companion Ma`az bin Jabal who was
appointed by the Prophet as governor of Yemen

Imam Abu Yousef*, in his famous book

(187) writes that during

period of the Prophet and Khilafat e

Rashida, Penal and Civil both Laws

provided equal status to the Muslims and

the non-Muslim minorities

In respect of the occupation, the nonMuslims

in an Islamic state are free to

adopt any type of occupation like that of

the Muslims (Constitution of Pakistan

1973, Article 18).

Topic: 004 - Worship Idols worshipped Sun, Moon, Fire and water, etc.

There were 360 idols in Ka'abah Shareef.

Birth o Born in Mecca in 571 AD. o Difference in date of birth (9th or 12th Rabi-
ul-awal). o

Belonged to the tribe of Koraish and family of Banu Hashim Father's name Was
Abdullah and Mother's name, Amina.

Another big reason was that she had a dream in which someone told her that
"she will have a son, who will be leader of mankind and she should name Him
Muhammad (S.A.W)".

Prophet (S.A.W) had four razai brothers and sisters.

) First of all Hazrat Amina fed the Prophet (S.A.W). Hazrat sobia, slave of Abu
Lahab also fed Prophet (S.A.W) before Hazrat Haleema Saadia.

Topic: 011 - Hazrat Haleema Saadia (R.A) Belonged to tribe of Hawazin (Bani-
Sa'ad)

No sooner she took Rasul-ullah (S.A.W) she observed blessings all around her.

Later she came to Mecca He (S.A.W) shouted with joy "Oh! my mother, Oh! my
mother" and embraced her. He (S.A.W) remained with her for 6 years.

Razai father, Haris Ibn-e-Abdul-Uza, later came to Mecca and embraced Islam.
His (S.A.W) four razaai brothers and sisters were Abdullah, Anisa, Hazifa and
Khuzafa (also known as Sheema). Sheema was most attached to Him (S.A.W).

At the age of 6 Hazrat Amina took Him (S.A.W) to Madina.

Passing away of Hazrat Amina (R.A) On return Prophet's (S.A.W) mother passed
away when they reached Abwar (a village which is 23 miles from Hajwa). She
was buried there.

Prophet (S.A.W) was 6 years old at that time. Umme-Aiman (R.A), Prophet's
(S.A.W) nurse, who accompanied them during the journey to Yathrib (Madina)
brought the Prophet (S.A.W) back to Mecca.

Topic: 015 - Brought up After passing away of His (S.A.W) mother, his
grandfather Abdul-Muttalib took charge.

Unfortunately he died after two years.

His (S.A.W) real uncle, Abu-Talib, now became his guardian.

Prophet (S.A.W) was 10 to 12 years old when Abu-Talib chalked out a plan to go
to Syria as usual.

He had no intensions to take Muhammad (S.A.W) with him , When Abu-Talib

reached Basra, a Christian monk named `Buhaira' met him and told him that the
Child (S.A.W) accompanying him was the last Prophet.

When Prophet (S.A.W) was 35 years old, Koraish decided to re-build Ka'abah
Shareef. Hajra-e-Aswad

After prolonged period an old wise man suggested that the first person who will
enter Ka'abah (next morning) will give the decision. It was none but the Prophet
(S.A.W). Everyone was happy to see him and shouted "Sadiq and Amin"
(Truthful and Trustworthy). Resolution of the issue When Prophet

Topic: 018 - Cave of Hira 3 Miles away from Mecca is Mountain of Hira.
Now known as Jabl-e-Noor (Mountain of light). On one side of Hira is `Cave of
Hira'. Prophet (S.A.W)

God does not speak direct to the person (Para 25).

Hazrat Ibrahim (A.S) rejected stars, moon and sun also as having any divine
relationship.

Ultimately Hazrat Ibrahim (A.S) said; `I don't want mortal things. I raise my face
to Him (Allah) who has created Earth and Sky'. (Surah Inaam: Verse 9)

Prophet (S.A.W) was hesitant to disclose that He (S.A.W) could not read.

Lesson No: 05 REVELATION OF WAHI Topic: 028 - Revelation of Wahi The angel
recited the first verses of the first Wahi. These five verses are of Surah Al-Alaq

The next morning Hazrat Khadija (R.A) took Him (S.A.W) to her own cousin
`Warqa Bin Nofal'. He was a learned Christian, and had studied the Bible. With
the reference of Bible, he knew that Allah has promised to send a new
messenger who would comfort mankind and preach good morals. He told both
of them "I think it is the same angel who earlier visited Musa (A.S) and other
prophets as well. It seems that Allah has chosen Muhammad (S.A.W) to be His

His (S.A.W) wife was the first lady who had this honour to embrace Islam.

At this,Rasul-ullah (S.A.W) invited 45 people of His (S.A.W) family on a feast.

After

Hazrat Ali (R.A) who was approximately 10 years old, "Though I am weak I am
with you." People laughed and Prophet (S.A.W) embraced Hazrat Ali (R.A).
Hazrat

Hazrat Zaid (R.A) was a slave. At the time of marriage Hazrat Khadija (R.A) gave
him to Rasulullah (S.A.W). Rasul-ullah (S.A.W) immediately freed him but he

At that time he (R.A) had 40 thousand dirhams. He devoted this money to Islam.
Hazrat Abubakar (R.A)was the first to endorse the event of Mirraj and Prophet
(S.A.W) titled him (R.A) "Siddique". Topic: 039 - Hazrat Abubakar (R.A) was very
Saad bin Abi Waqas (R.A) (conqueror of Iran)

Koh-eSafa is close to Ka'abah. Standing on the hill,He (S.A.W) addressed them,

"what do you think of me"? Everyone responded "al-Sadiq and al-Amin"
(truthful and trustworthy).

has become very sensitive. He called his nephew and said, "my son, you are my
life, don't put so much burden on me, which I can't bear". Prophet (S.A.W) was
very sad because apparently only AbuTalib was at His (S.A.W) back. Prophet
(S.A.W) had tears in His (S.A.W) eyes and said, "I swear on God even if these

The people of Madina (Yathrib) were kind to Muslims who had migrated to their
city.

Abu-Jahal said, a man should be selected from every tribe with a sword and all
should take life of Prophet (S.A.W) so that no single person is blamed and Banu-
Hashim will not be able to take revenge from a single tribe. His suggestion was

This was 13th year of Prophet-hood. Prophet (S.A.W) had been guided through
Wahi for migration. Keeping in view the circumstances and wahi Prophet
(S.A.W)

3 days earlier Prophet (S.A.W) went to the house of Abu-Bakar (R.A) and told
him "I have been permitted to migrate." Hazrat Abu-Bakar (R.A) very eagerly
desired to accompany the Prophet (S.A.W) which was accepted by the Prophet
(S.A.W).

Topic: 051 - Preparations to leave Mecca Hazrat Abu-Bakar (R.A) had prepared
four camels especially for the purpose and requested the Prophet (S.A.W) to
choose one.

surrounded by the Kuffar. He (S.A.W) recited the verse from Surah Yaseen, "And
WE (Allah) have covered them and they cannot see." (36:9). Kuffar's eyes were

Topic: 056 - Reaching Madina & Preaching at Shelter in the cave of Saur for 3
days madina They knew that in the morning kuffar would search for them. The
Kuffar
It is believed that food to them was served by Hazrat Asma (R.A), the elder
sister of Hazrat Ayesha (R.A). The young man Abdullah son of Hazrat Abu-Bakar
(R.A)

A spider wove many webs on the entrance of the cave of Saur which misled the
Kuffar that somebody could be possibly present inside the cave.

Topic: 058 - Tree grew up and a pigeon laid eggs in the nest In addition to the
spider web a tree of Babul also suddenly grew up and its branches covered the
un-matched personalities inside the cave. It's amazing that two pigeons
appeared suddenly, made their nest on the tree and laid eggs. It's strong
evidence to human wisdom that the place is lying vacant and barren since long.
Some writers believe that the pigeons now in the Harm are the same species.
Topic: 059 - Incident

Just by chance Suraqa-bin-Malik spotted the Prophet (S.A.W) when he was on

his way from the cave of Saur. Suraqa started moving towards Prophet (S.A.W)
to arrest Him (S.A.W) the feet of his camel bogged down in the ground. He again

Masjid-e-Qaba (First Mosque) Three miles short of Madina is a place called Aliya
and Qaba. There are many Insar families. The head of these families was Amro-
bin-Auf. When Prophet (S.A.W) reached this place the whole family shouted the

Prophet (S.A.W) stayed here for 14 days. The first Mosque was also built there
which has been mentioned in Surah Touba verse 13th. Prophet (S.A.W) worked

This land was property of Hazrat Kalsoom (R.A). When they were going to
Madina

Prophet (S.A.W) offered the first Jummah there and delivered the first Khutbah.

Ultimately it was the luck of Hazrat Abu-Ayub-Ansari (R.A). His house was
adjacent to where presently Masjid-eNabvi is located. Prophet (S.A.W) stayed
for

Masjid-e-Nabvi and Hujraat The first thing which Prophet (S.A.W) did was
construction of Masjid-e-Nabvi and then Hujraat. Hujraat were adjacent to
Masjid-e-Nabvi. That land of Masjid-e-Nabvi belonged to, two orphan boys.
Prophet (S.A.W) asked them for the price but they did not accept any price.
/Ultimately Hazrat Abu-Ayub-Ansari (R.A) paid the cost of the land to the
orphans.

all were rich and influential. One day the mother of Hazrat Anas (R.A) (umm-a-
Anas) came to Prophet (S.A.W) and presented her whole property to the
Prophet (S.A.W). Prophet (S.A.W) accepted it and immediately donated it to his
nurse Hazrat Umm-a-Aiman (R.A). He (S.A.W) Himself lived with poverty. The
beginning

Topic: 064 - Treaty with Jews and other tribes (Mesaq-e-Madina) Two tribes of
Insar that is Aus and Khazraj had been fighting and had become quite weak. The

Topic: 065 - Salient features of the treaty

Atonement and ransom will remain unchanged. Jews will have complete
religious independence and nobody will interfere. Jews and Muslims will remain
friendly with each other. If any third force attacks Jews or Muslims, they both
will help each other. No party would provide shelter to Koraish. If anyone
attacks Madina, both parties will join each other for defence. If one party
forgives an enemy the other will also do the same however, a religious battle
will be exception Topic:

Lesson No: 11 THE BATTLE OF BADAR Topic: 067 - Battle of Badar (2 A.H) Battle
of Badar was fought on 17th of Ramdan 2 A.H. Although most of the Muslims
had

which was mostly related to Syria. Topic: 068 - Place of Battle (Badar) Badar is a
village which is about 80 miles away from Madina. It was a very famous village

had no intentions of a war. Muakhaat had worked a lot in this war.Prophet

(S.A.W) had made Meccan Muslims and Muslims of Madina (Mahajar and
Insaar) brothers to each other, equivalent to blood relations. However, Muslim
army was
They had 313 men, 6 Swords, 70 camels and 2 horses only. There were only 82
Mahajreen and rest was Insaars. Topic: 070 - Non-believers Army Kuffar's army
comprised of 1000 men, 100 horses, 600 Jackets and hundreds of
camels.Apparently this appears to be too strong army. The Kuffar were very

the forces, the Muslims won the war. First of all Hazrat Ali (R.A), Hazrat Hamza
and Hazrat Ubaida-bin-Haris (R.A) went to fight three Kuffars

including, Uttbah, Sheebah and Waleed-bin-Uttbah. The Muslims killed them

instantly and then the general war started. Muslims displayed un-exampled
bravery and ultimately won the battle. Two young Muslims Maaz and Maouz
took lead and killed Abu-Jahal who was the commander of Kuffar's army
Ultimatley, 70 Kuffars were killed and 70 were made prisoners. 14 Muslims met
shahadat.

they could not pay Fiddiya then they should teach reading and writing to 10
Muslim children and get free. In this war, angels also helped the Muslims. This
war has the honour that in Surah Infaal tremendous material has been given

Lesson No: 12 THE BATTLE OF UHAD Topic: 072 - Battle of Uhad The second
Battle was fought on 07 Shawal 3 A.H among Kuffar and Muslims. The Kuffar
had been

Approximately 5 Km in the North of Madina there is a mountain named Uhad.

Since the war took place there, it is called battle of Uhad. Both sides had
infantry,

An uncle of the Prophet (S.A.W), Hazrat Abbas (R.A) was still present in Mecca
and informed the Prophet (S.A.W) about the departure of Kuffar's army to
attack Mad

Topic: 074 - Muslim Army After knowing about the Kuffar's intentions Prophet
(S.A.W) prepared an army of 1000 soldiers and started moving towards Uhad
after Asr prayers. But traitors were also there and eventually 300 people left the
Muslim army under the leadership of Abdullah-bin-Ubai who is known as
Leader of the hypocrites (Munafiq-e-azam). Now the Muslim army comprised of
700 soldiers out of which only 100 soldiers were armour-clad. Topic: 075 -

Non-believers Army After the preparation of one year Kuffar had prepared an
army of 3,000 soldiers, 3000 camels and 200 horses which was three times
greater in number than the army they had brought in the battle of Badar. Abu-
Sufyan was the leader of Kuffars army this time. On 6th of 3A.H the Kuffar

Ladies In this war the Muslim ladies had also played a great role. Hazrat Ayesha
(R.A) and Hazrat Umma-e-Saleem (R.A), mother of Hazrat Anas (R.A), performed

around the Prophet (S.A.W) Hazrat Umma-e-Ammara (R.A) reached near the
Prophet (S.A.W) and stood in front of Him (S.A.W) to protect Him (S.A.W). She
would stop the attacking Kuffar with her sword and arrow. She was also
seriously injured in this process by Ibne-Qammaya. Topic: 077 - Ultimately
Muslims won

come and attack from the back. On 7th of Shawal 3 A.H Prophet (S.A.W)
appointed 50 soldiers with arrows on that pass and strictly instructed them not
to

the flag holder of Kuffar named Talha came forward and challenged if any
Muslim could fight with him. Hazrat Zubair (R.A) accepted his challenge and
killed him. Then his brother came with the flag and Hazrat Hamza (R.A) killed
him. Hazrat Ali, Hazrat Hamza, Hazrat Zubair and Hazrat Abu-Dujana (R.A)

them left the pass and came down to collect booty. Only 10 bow holders were
left on the pass. In the meantime Khalid-bin-Waleed (who had not become
Muslim till now) attacked the Muslims through this pass. Hazrat Hamza (R.A)
was fighting very bravely when a slave named Wahshi took his life. Hazrat
Hamza (R.A) was nephew and Raza-e-brother of Prophet (S.A.W). A rumour was
also spread that

Muslims and started gathering under the flag of Abu-Sufyan. They tried to
exploit
already threatened and now due to Muslim influence in Najad and Daum-tul-
Jundal their trade was threatened towards Iraq also. This was another setback
to

Topic: 080 - Expulsion of the Jew Tribes Due to violation of treaty of Madina,
Jew tribes Banu-Qayanqua and Bau-Nuzair were expelled out of Madina. They
also

Koraish. Topic: 081 - Non-Believers Army Abu-Sufyan started from Mecca to

attack Madina with an army comprising 4000 people and other necessary things
required. Many people kept joining him enroute also. Ultimately this became a
very huge army, now comprising 10,000 people. They were all from different

they were also pro-Koraish and antiMuslims. Topic: 082 - Suggestion of Hazrat
Suleman Farsi (R.A) Madina was protected from three sides by difficult
mountains, built up areas and gardens. It was difficult to attack from all these
three sides. The only side was left towards the North which was open for
attack.Hazrat Suleman Farsi (R.A) suggested that a deep and wide trench should
be dug

completion of trench He (S.A.W) organized an army of 3000 Muslims and

distributed the area to them. Topic: 083 - Offender were Repulsed When Abu-

trench by all methods but they failed miserably. One famous wrestler named
Amru-bin-Abd-e-wadd succeeded to cross the trench and then challenged the
Muslims. Hazrat Ali (R.A) went ahead and killed him

. BanuQuraiza the Jew tribe was with the Muslims according to the treaty of
Madina. However, one of the leaders of exiled tribes came and convinced them
to leave Muslims and help Koraish.They were convinced. This tribe tried to
attack

the intension to attack but Hazrat Safia (R.A) an aunt of Prophet (S.A.W) killed
him and threw his head towards Jews. They ran away. Topic: 084 - Islam Won
the Battle Although Muslims lost 6 soldiers but they won the battle completely.
This
There is a Surah in Quran-e-hakeem tilted `Surah-e-Ahzab'. Verses 2 & 3 of this

Lesson No: 14 THE BATTLE OF HUNAIN Topic: 085 - Ghazwa-e-Hunain Hunain is a

valley which is situated almost 40 kilometers away from Mecca. There were two
tribes Hawazen and Suqaif who thought themselves very strong and powerful
and

instead of embracing Islam. The Leader of Banu-Hawazen, Malik-bin-Aouf

brought everything to a place called valley of Auotas, where they camped. It is
just near

preferred to March towards Hunain. It was 6th of Shawal 8 A.H. He (S.A.W) had
10,000 soldiers with Him (S.A.W) who had come with Him (S.A.W) for battle of
Mecca. 2000 more people joined Him (S.A.W) who had embraced Islam recently.
This army now comprised 12,000 people some of them became very proud that
with such a power they would definitely win. This was not liked by the Prophet

reached this place the Banu-Hawazen created a rain of arrows on the Muslim
army. The Muslims got flabbergasted and started running here and there. They

firmness and confidence. Only 10 men were around Him (S.A.W). Under such
circumstances of hue and cry He (S.A.W) was firmly moving ahead towards
Kuffars. Some writers have mentioned that He (S.A.W) was walking towards

enemy lost its strength and moral. Ultimately they were defeated. 70 people of
Banu-Suqaif were killed. Their things,

angels also came to help the Muslims. It is clearly mentioned in verse no. 26 &
27 of Surah-e-Touba. The lesson learnt is that never become proud of your
strength

Lesson No: 15 THE BATTLE OF TABOOQ Topic: 090 - Battle of Tabooq 9 A.H
Domination of Muslims had been accepted by entire Arab after Fateh Mecca.

(S.A.W) wrote letters to rulers of great powers to embrace Islam. The most
famous were Qaisar-e-Rome, Khusro-Pervez of Iran, Aziz-e-Misr (Egypt), king
Najashi of Ethiopia, influential and power holder of Yamama and Influential
people of Syria. Many powers were scared of growing strength of Muslims. The
ruler of Rome Herqul was on the top. He had got offended because he
considered

army and defeated the Iranians. He wanted to defeat the Arabs also. He
prepared an army of 40,000 people to defeat the Muslims. This army started
gathering on the frontiers of Syria. On the other hand Khusro-Pervez tore off the
letter written

King Najashi embraced Islam but Qaisar-e-Rome was bent upon combat action.

Roman army He (S.A.W) told the Sahabah to prepare for Jihad. This was a year
of Famine for the Muslims. Poverty prevailed all around. Under such
circumstances

Hazrat Abu-Bakar Siddeque (R.A) donated everything that he (R.A) had. Hazrat
Umar-e-Farooq (R.A) donated half of his property and Hazrat Usman-e-Ghani
(R.A) donated 900 camels, 100 horses, 1000 dinaars and 200 oukia silver. The

Muslim Army Sahabah voluntarily joined the army. Ultimately a force of 30,000
people was formed. Muslims had less mobility and more soldiers to travel. The
ratio was that 18 men had to use only one camel. The distance from Madina is

in their eyes. This has been mentioned in the Holy Quran in Surah-e-Touba verse
#

was a prideful victory. Prophet (S.A.W) along with His (S.A.W) army stayed at
Tabooq for 20 days and then came back to Madina. The residents of Madina

and Syrians decided not to fight. Many more people joined Islam. A number of
frontier tribes accepted to live under Muslims by paying `Jazia'. Topic: 095 - How

10 miles away from Mecca there is a well which is known as Hudabia. There is a

the intentions to go for `Umrah'. When it was discussed with Sahabah and in the
adjacent areas also, 1400 Muslims joined the Prophet (S.A.W) for Umrah. On 1st
Zee-Qad 6 A.H Prophet (S.A.W) left for Umrah with 1400 companions.
The Kuffar stopped them near Hudabia Topic: 097 - Rumor of Shahdat of Hazrat

convincing the Kuffar for 3 days but they did not listen to him (R.A). In the

At this Prophet (S.A.W) took `Baait' from the Sahabah (R.A). Prophet (S.A.W)
was sitting under a tree i.e. why it is also called Baait-e-Rizwaan. This incident
has

to remove the doubts they sent an ambassador to sign `no war pact'. This
ambassador was Sohail-bin-Amru who was known as spokes man of Koraish. He

a treaty. Ultimately a treaty was signed. Prophet (S.A.W) appointed Hazrat Ali
(R.A) from the Muslim side to write the treaty and Sohail was from the side of

However, Quran called it `Fateh-e-Mubeen'.

Lesson No: 17 TREATY OF HUDABIA Topic: 101 - Written Agreement Muslims

should go back this year without performing `Umrah'. Can come next year and
stay for only 3 days in Mecca and then go back to Madina. Topic: 102 - Written
Agreement There will be no demonstration of weapons. Muslims can only bring
swords which should not be displayed. The sword should be kept in the sheath
and the sheath should be put in a bag which tied up. No weapon, irrespective of
its kind, should be displayed publically. Topic: 103 - Written Agreement The

They should be happily permitted to stay at Mecca according to their desire. On

the other hand if any Muslim or nonbeliever goes to Madina he should be
returned to Mecca but if some Muslim comes to Mecca he will not be returned
to

referred this treaty as `Feth-Mubeen' in verse # 1 of Surah-e-Fateh. Apparently

it

Islam during this small era has never happened before. Hazrat Khalid-bin-
Waleed (R.A) (conqueror of Syria) and Hazrat Amru-bin-Aas (R.A) (conqueror of
Egypt) also embraced Islam during this era. Topic: 106 - Guidance of Holy Quran
about
resorting to migration. It is verse #10 Surah-e-Mumtahana "O you who have
believed, when the believing women come to you as immigrants, examine
them. Allah is most knowing as to their faith. And if you know them to be
believers, then do not return them to the disbelievers; they are not lawful
[wives] for them, nor are they lawful [husbands] for them. But give the
disbelievers what they have spent. And there is no blame upon you if you marry
them when you have given

Lesson No: 18 THE BATTLE OF MOOTA Topic: 108 - Battle of Moota (Location of
Moota) This battle took place in Jamadi-ul-Awal 8 A.H. Moota is a place in Syria
which is short of Balqaa (a famous place). Moota has been famous for preparing

sent as gifts to the other people also. Topic: 109 - Shahadat of Hazrat Haris (R.A)
Prophet (S.A.W) had written letters to the rulers around the world to embrace
Islam. On the borders of Arab and Syria Shurjeel-bin-Amru was one of the ruler
in the area of Balqaa. Shurjeel was a subordinate of Qaisar-e-Rome. He was also
sent a letter through Hazrat Haris-bin-Umar (R.A) by Prophet (S.A.W). No sooner
Shurjeel (from an Arab family) received this letter he became very angry and his
anger resulted into shahadat of Hazrat Haris (R.A). Topic: 110 - Muslim Army For
Qasas, Prophet (S.A.W) organised an army comprising 3000 soldiers to go
towards Syria. Hazrat Zaid-bin-Haris (R.A) who was a freed slave of Prophet
(S.A.W) was appointed as commander of force. He (S.A.W) also instructed that
in case Zaid (R.A) meets shahdat Jafar-eTayyar (R.A) will become commander
and even if he (R.A) meets shahadat then Abdullah-binRawaha (R.A) will be the
commander (an honouable Insaari and a famous poet). Many people had

need of war. Prophet (S.A.W) also accompanied the army till San-tul-wida. He
(S.A.W) instructed the commander to go the place where Hazrat Haris (R.A) had
laid his life. Topic: 111 - Opponents Army When this Muslim army left Madina
the

against the Muslims. He organised an army comprising at least 100,000 people.

On the other side Qaisar-e-Rome himself organised a huge army comprising
Arab tribes and camped at `Taab' which was located in the districts of Balqaa.
Hazrat Zaid (R.A) having known all this thought of informing the Prophet
(S.A.W) but Hazrat Abdullah-bin-Rawaha (R.A) stopped him by saying that "our
aim is not victory but shahadat." Topic: 112 - Bravery of Hazrat Khalid (R.A)

When the war started the Muslim army comprising 3000 people attacked an
army of 100,000 people. Hazrat Zaid (R.A) met shahadat right in the beginning.
Now the flag was taken by Hazrat Abdullah-bin-Umar (R.A) who also met
shahadat having 90 wounds on his chest. Now the command shifted to Hazrat
Jaffar (R.A) and after that Hazrat Abdullah-bin-Rawah (R.A) who also met
shahadat. Now Hazrat Khalid (R.A) became the commander and fought with
great bravery and courage. 8 swords were broken but he (R.A) courageously
fought with 3000 people against 100,000 people. Having appreciated the
situation he very safely withdrew his

strange that they were spread in a vast area and hardly any escape route was
left yet, Hazrat Khalid (Saif-Ullah) (R.A) successfully withdrew his army without
any great damage. That way the Roman plans were defeated.

Lesson No: 19 FATEH MECCA Topic: 114 - Fateh Mecca Fateh Mecca occurred in
Ramzan-ul-Mubarak of 8th A.H. Khana Kaabah is the house of Allah and it was
still

Topic: 115 - Three options offered by Prophet (S.A.W) to Koraish of Mecca

According to treaty of Hudabia Arab tribes could join anyone. Resultantly, tribe
of BanuKhaza'aa joined Muslims whereas tribe of Banu-Bakar joined Koraish of
Mecca. Due to old enmity Banu-Bakar attacked Banu-Khuza'aa in the darkness
of night. Compelled by the circumstance Banu-Khuza'aa took shelter in Khana-
kabah but Banu-Bakar entered Kabah and committed bloo shed. Koraish also
supported Banu-Bakar. Resultantly a delegation of BanuKhuza'aa went to
Prophet (S.A.W) for help. On this, Prophet (S.A.W) sent Hazrat Zamra (R.A) to
Koraish-e-Mecca and offered them following three options. 1. Pay Khoon-Baha
to Banu-Khuza'aa. 2. Withdraw any type of support to Banu-Bakar. 3. Withdraw
from treaty of Hudabia. Topic: 116 - The Koraish accepted to set aside "The
Treaty of Hudabia"
Abu-Sufiyan as their representative to Madina to convey the decision of Koraish
leadership to re-instate the treaty of Hudabia. Abu-Sufiyan went to Prophet
(S.A.W) and conveyed the request of Koraish to re-instate the treaty of Hudabia.

Meccans should not know about it. Ultimately an army of 10,000 people under
the command of Prophet (S.A.W) was ready to move towards Mecca. Topic: 118
-

moving towards Mecca on 10th of Ramzan 8th A.H. Many Arab tribes also
joined this army enroute. Ultimately about 10 miles short of Mecca this army
camped at a place called Marr-ruz-Zuhran. Prophet (S.A.W) ordered them to

what was in the making. Therefore, they sent three people i.e. Hakeem-bin-
Hazaam, Budiyal-bin-Warqa and Abu-Sufiyan to find out the exact situation.

Prophet (S.A.W) and was spotted by the guards of Prophet (S.A.W). They
arrested

was the strongest and that was forgiveness of the Prophet (S.A.W). That is what

Muslim. And in future in Ghazwa-e-Taif he (R.A) lost one eye and in the battle of
Yarmuk he (R.A) lost the other one also.

(S.A.W) started marching towards Mecca, He (S.A.W) told Hazrat Abbas (R.A) to
take Abu-Sufiyan on the peak of a mountain to see the scene of army of
Almighty Allah with his own eyes. Obviously it was a huge army scattered over a
very vast area. Having seen this Hazrat Abu-Sufiyan (R.A) quickly reached Mecca
and delivered the message of peace from Prophet (S.A.W) to the people of
Mecca. He

conditions which stand witness to His (S.A.W) kind heartedness. He (S.A.W)

announced that nobody will be harmed if they adhere to following condition.
Anyone taking shelterin the house of Abu-Sufiyan (Prophet (S.A.W) gave respect
to AbuSufiyan). Those who will surrender Anyone who will enter Masjid-e-
Haram Anyone who will close his door and stay inside the house Topic: 122 -
Prophet (S.A.W) entered Khana Kaaba Prophet (S.A.W) entered Mecca and
divided the army into three portions. Few young people of Koraish came to fight
against the force of Hazrat Khalid-bin-Waleed (R.A) but ran away very quickly
after leaving few dead bodies. After this Hazrat Khalid-bin-Waleed roamed in
the streets of the Mecca and did not find any resistance. Hazrat Khalid-bin-
Waleed (R.A) then joined the Prophet (S.A.W) at Koh-e-Safa. After this, Prophet
(S.A.W) entered Masjid-e-Haram with Insaar and Muhajreen. Topic: 123 -
Cleanliness of

camel. After this, He (S.A.W) got the key of Khana Kaaba from Hazrat Usman-
bin-Talha (R.A). At this time Prophet (S.A.W) had only one bow in His (S.A.W)
hand and there were 360 idols in the Khana Kaaba. He (S.A.W) threw down all
the idols with His (S.A.W) bow. Prophet (S.A.W) would drop an idol and recite
verse # 81 of

e-Bani-Israiel"The Truth has arrived and falsehood has vanished; indeed

falsehood had to vanish". Prophet (S.A.W) performed prayers and came out.
Topic: 124 -

Surah-e-Al-Hujraat. "'O people! We created you from one man and one woman
and made your branches and tribes so that you may recognize one another.

Koraish. Prophet (S.A.W) had not performed Hajj before, Surah-e-Nasr was
revealed and it says: "With the help of Allah and victory come. And you see men
entering the religion of Allah in troops. Then praise Allah glorifies Him and begs

performed Hajj in 10 A.H Mecca was cleaned in 8 A.H and in 10th A.H Prophet
(S.A.W) made up His (S.A.W) mind to perform Hajj. He (S.A.W) slowly and
steadily started preparing for Hajj and implemented His (S.A.W) plan in a very
befitting manner. Ultimately, He (S.A.W) performed Hajj as He (S.A.W) had
planned in 10th

written that in few days 1, 14000 Muslims got together to join Prophet (S.A.W)
for Hajj pilgrimage. Topic: 129 - Started from Madina on 26th Ze-Qaad Prophet

Him (S.A.W). They wore their Ahraam at Zul-Halifa which is hardly 6 miles from
Madina itself. Prophet (S.A.W) prayed the whole night at this place and in the
Topic: 130 - Reached Mecca on 4th Zil-Hajj Hazrat Jaabar (R.A) says that it was
an

entered Mecca Muazzma in the morning of 4th Zil-Hajj. He (S.A.W) had 100
camels for sacrifice. Topic: 131 - He (S.A.W) performed only one Hajj When

(S.A.W) saw the Kaaba, He (S.A.W) said, "Oh! God grant more and more respect
and honour to this house". After that He (S.A.W) performed tawaf of Kaaba,
then

He (S.A.W) then recited these words `Safa and Marwa are the symbols of
God'.Prophet (S.A.W) performed only one Hajj in His (S.A.W) whole life.

Topic: 132 - Hajja-tull Wida... {Last Sermon} Last sermon was held in the Arafat
Valley on 9th Zil-Hajj 10 A.H. Prophet (S.A.W) addressed His (S.A.W) companions

of the fundamentals (Islamic Pillars): "O People, listen to me in earnest, pray to

ALLAH, say your five daily prayers (Namaz), Fast (Roza) during the month of
Ramadan, and give your wealth in Zakat. Perform Hajj if you can afford to."
Racism and double standards: "All mankind is from Adam and Eve, an Arab has
no superiority over a non-Arab, nor a nonArab has any superiority over an Arab;
also a white has no superiority over black, nor does a black have any superiority
over white except by piety (taqwa) and good action. Learn that every Muslim is
a

Topic: 136 - Last Sermon....We are responsible for our deeds: "Remember, one
day you will appear before ALLAH and answer your deeds. So beware, do not

month of Ramzan. But during Ramzan of 10th A.H He (S.A.W) listened to the
Holy Quran twice. On the other hand He (S.A.W) used to sit for Aitkaaf for 10
days but in the Ramzan of 10th A.H. He (S.A.W) sat for 20 days. Some authors
say that at

(S.A.W) had given indication in last sermon also as, "O People, no Prophet or
Apostle will come after me and no new faith will be born." "I (S.A.W) leave
behind
prayers (Namaz) Himself (S.A.W). After 4 days the sickness became serious

prayer which He (S.A.W) led was Namaze-Magharib. The same day when the
time

people. The first man and the first Prophet was Hazrat Adam (A.S). As Quran
says, `man is created from a clinging substance'. What the man is born for and
what are

According to some authors: 10 Sahifay were revealed to Hazrat Adam (A.S).

30 Sahifay were revealed to Hazrat Idrees (A.S).

3 Sahifay were revealed to Hazrat Ibrahim (A.S). According to Dr. Ghazi, Divine
Books were revealed on 315 Prophets. Topic: 145 - Prophets Prophets are

(S.A.W). Topic: 147 - How was Quran Revealed? Quran-e-Hakeem was revealed
in piece meal form in over 23 years. Quran was not revealed sequentially as we
find

Appointed writers who used to record it (Katabeen). Trained the companions to

Continued The Meccan period was 13 years where, a substantial part of Quran
was revealed out of 114, 86 Surahs were revealed while stay at Mecca. Quran-e-
Hakeem has got: Total verses: Total Surahs: Macci Surahs: Madani Surahs: Total
Rakou: Manazil: 6666 114 086 028 540 007 (Revealed in Mecca) (Revealed in
Madina)

to existing needs, situations and guidance/reaction of Prophet (S.A.W). Meccan

Surahs deal with the fundamentals of Islamic believes and Islamic modality. No
detailed rules and laws are revealed here. Meccan Surahs are in short passages,
with very forceful language like a storming river. Emphasis is on Toheed,
Prophet-hood, and life after death and giving the answers to the questions
raised by

Quran covers individuals like Prophets as example Hazrat Adam (A.S), Hazrat
Moses (A.S) and 25 Prophets like that. It covers nations e.g. Aad-o-Samud, Jews
a very impressive example in Surah-e-Baqara Verse # 177: "Righteousness is not
that you turn your faces toward the east or the west, but [true] righteousness is
[in] one who believes in Allah , the Last Day, the angels, the Book, and the
Prophets and gives wealth, in spite of love for it, to relatives, orphans, the
needy,........the traveler, those who ask [for help], and for freeing slaves; [and
who] establishes prayers and gives zakah; [those who] fulfill their promise when
they promise; and [those who] are patient in poverty and hardship and during
battle. Those are the ones who have been true, and it is those who are the
righteous."

As Almighty Allah says in Surah-e-Al-Hijr verse # 9: "Indeed, it is we who sent

down the Qur'an and indeed, We will be its guardian". Topic: 157 - Life after

guardian". In those days paper was very costly and rarely available and was
imported from China hence, the main items, used for reading and writing were
wooden slabs, stone tablet and parchments. Whole Quran was recorded but not

written copies. When Prophet (S.A.W) passed away complete copies were held
by Hazrat Ali (R.A) Hazrat Zaid-bin-Sabit (R.A) and Hazrat Ayesha (R.A).
Hundreds of companions had memorized the whole book. During the Caliphate
of Hazrat Abu-Baqar (R.A) Hazrat Umar ibn-e-Khatab suggested that an official
copy should be made to take care of any chances of ambiguity. A commission
was formed and

That is how Quran was compiled and official copies were made. Two of those
copies are still available; one on parchment in Istanbul and one copy written by
Hazrat Zaid-binSabit (R.A) in Tashkent. Topic: 160 - Ardha

Ardha is a term which means a presentation. Since, Allah Almighty has declared

Almighty involving Hazrat Jibril (A.S) and Prophet (S.A.W). Ardha was done in
every Ramadan. Prophet (S.A.W) would collect His (S.A.W) companions, writers
of Quran and those who had memorized it. In this gathering Prophet (S.A.W)
used to recite the whole Quran so far revealed and Hazrat Jibril (A.S) used to
listen it. Then Hazrat Jibril (A.S) would recite the same so far revealed and
Prophet (S.A.W) would listen to it. When Prophet (S.A.W) recited to general
public, writers and

The commission which was formed under Hazrat Zaid-bin-Sabit was clearly
instructed to keep Ardha in view when the witnesses appeared. Topic: 161 -
Faith

Adab-ul-Nabi Verse # 12: "O you, who have believed, avoid much [negative]
assumption. Indeed, some assumption is sin. And do not spy or backbite each
other. Would one of you like to eat the flesh of his brother when dead? You

and the Last Day and [who] remembers Allah often." Surah-e-Ahzab Verse #
40:"Muhammad is not the father of [any] one of your men, but [he is] the
Messenger of Allah and last of the prophets. And ever is Allah, of all things,
Knowing." Topic: 170 - Adab-ul-Nabi Surah-e-Ahzab Verse # 56:"Indeed, Allah

Topic: 171 - Character Character of a person is real reflection of his personality.

Character involves countless things which comprise dos and don'ts. Almighty
Allah

According to "Mufti Ahmad Yar Khan Na'eemi"; Hadith is the reported speech of
the Messenger of Allah (S.A.W), whether this is: (a) explicit (sarih) or (b) implicit
(hukmi).

. a) Explicit (Sarih): In this type the witness has himself heard from the Prophet
(S.A.W) or seen Him (S.A.W) personally performing some act e.g. "I heard the M

b) Implicit (Hukmi): means that any companion who does not transmit anything
from the earlier books (such as from the People of the Book) informs of
anything in which there is no room for ijtihad.

At the time of passing away of Prophet (S.A.W) there were more than one lac
companions to transmit traditions. Maximum number has been transmitted by
Hazrat Abu-Huraira (R.A). Hazrat Abu-Huraira (R.A) had 9 students for recording
Hadith or tradition. Hazrat Anus-Bin-Malik (R.A) wrote 2286 Ahadith and 16
other persons wrote from him (R.A). He (R.A) was companion of Prophet
(S.A.W) for 10 years.
hadith. Keeping in view a number of factors he graded the ahadith into 65
categories however, the main categories were only four which are common a

present in a transmitter (Ravi). The main four ahadith are as under: 1) 2) 3) 4)

Hadith-os-Saheh Hadith-e-Hasna Hadith-e-Zaef Hadith-e-Mutwatar

Topic: 189 - Hadith-us-Saheh Hadith-us-Saheh is the one in which the

authenticity is assured by the continuance of the chain of Reporters or
Narrators (Ravis) is unbroken or uninterrupted from the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) to
the Compiler or Last

(b) Each reporter or narrator of the Hadith must be a person of righteous moral
excellence in all his sayings and deeds in all walks of life. No transgressor (Fasiq)
or one whose autecedents or past career is hidden and unknown cannot be
accepted as an authentic or qualified Ravi or Reporter of the Hadith. (c) A
narrator must possess `adalah' which means true man, mature, intellectual, free
and not a slave or sinful etc. (d) `Zabt' must be of highly intellectual level and
should not be mentally sick or with affected memory.

Topic: 190 - Hadith-e-Hassna (a) By this kind of Hadith is meant that its Narrator
or reporter may not possess the qualities required of a Ravi of Saheh Hadith; his
righteousness (Taqva) or memory may not be of the excellent level or which has
been impaired on account of sickness, senility or some accident. (b) (c) He may
not be extra ordinarily intelligent. He may not be among the intellectuals due to
some reasons or the others.

Hadith-e-Zaef: (a) The Narrator of such a Hadith is not righteous or whose

memory is not strong and healthy and reliable. (b) It has been further
subdivided into 65 sub-categories. In every category one thing or the other lacks
to an extent which may cause doubt in one's mind. Hadith-e-Mutwatar: (a) This
type of hadith is quoted by a large number of people.

However, some of the principles which we have already discussed need to be

ensured. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) The transmitter or narrator should be mentally fit
and intelligent. Should be proved for his righteousness. It should be established
that he was not sinful. His memory must be extra ordinarily good. There should
be no missing of link or chain from Prophet (S.A.W). It has to be initiated or first
transmitted by a companion of Prophet (S.A.W).

following three components are usually quoted and used. A. Chain of

transmitters (Isnad). Transmitter is the one who is the basic source of a hadith.
Usually when

B. Introduction (Taraf). The beginning sentence of a hadith or a part of it which

provides indication about the subject of the hadith, including sayings, actions,
decisions and characteristics. It is called Taraf. C. Text of the Hadith (Mattan).
Text of the hadith means the text of whole hadith without

We need to have through knowledge about these Muhadithein and their

writings.

For a proper understanding of the science of Hadith, it is necessary to know

precisely the difference between Hadith and Sunnah. Hadith: Hadith implies the
narration of a saying, or of an act, or of an approval of the Prophet (S.A.W),
irrespective of whether the matter is authenticated or still disputed. The
Muhaddithin (the scholars of Hadith) use the word Taqrir to express Taswib. It
implies that while doing something in the presence of the Prophet (S.A.W), a
Muslim acted in a particular manner and the Prophet (S.A.W) observed it and
did not disapprove it. In this way, that person received the tacit approval of the
Prophet (S.A.W) regarding that particular action. Sunnah: Literally, the word

Toheed & Rasaalat Oneness of God There are five pillars of Islam and the first
pillar is Toheed. One can

Iman-e-Mufassal: Iman-e-Mufassil or the Detailed declaration of faith;"I have

faith in Allah and His Angels, His Books and His Messengers, and the Day of
Judgment and that all good and evil and fate is from Allah and it is sure that
there will be resurrection after death".

Iman-e-Mujmal: Iman-e-Mujmal or the Summary declaration of faith;"I have

faith in Allah as He is known by His Names and attributes and I accept all His
commands, I confess it by saying from my mouth and core of my heart". Topic:
Farz prayers are compulsory for Muslims and are commanded by Allah. It has
two sub-divisions: Farz-e-ayn and Farz-e-kifayah Farz-e-ayn; which is
compulsory on all Muslims, for example offering Namaz five times a day, One
who performs he gets the reward but one who does not perform he is a sinner,
liable to be punished. One who rejects it altogether is a kafir (Unbeliever). Farz-
e-kifayah; which is not compulsory on all Muslims and even if a group of
Muslims perform it the responsibility of all Muslims would be fulfilled, for
example Namaz-i-janazah (Namaz for the dead). 2. Sunnah Prayers: The Sunnah
prayers are offered by Muslims because it was the practice of Prophet (S.A.W).
3. Wajib Prayers: These prayers are also obligatory but of some lessor
importance than the Farz prayers.

asked his companions, "If a stream is flowing in front of one's door and if he
bathes in it five times daily, will any dirt remain on him?" His companions
replied "No dirt will remain on him." The Prophet Muhammed (S.A.W)
explained "Similar is the case of offering Namaz five times a day, due to it Allah
wipes off the sins."

Islam The third pillar of Islam is generally known as the compulsory charity or
zakat. Giving charity to those who deserve, it is part of Muslims character and
one of the Five Pillars of Deen. Zakat is viewed as "compulsory charity"; it is an
obligation for those who have received their wealth from Almighty Allah to
respond to those members of the community who are in need. The Arabic word
`zakat' literally means "purification", because zakat is considered to purify one's
heart from greed.

it if it reaches the Nisab amount. The Nisab amount for Gold is twenty Mithqals,
or 92 grams. If the amount of Gold and Silver is less than these amounts, there
is

money only. Zakat is due at 2.5% on money that has been in one's possession
for over a year. Now consider this simple fact that only 600 richest individuals
who possess around $1.9 trillion dollars and if these 600 richest people in the
world paid Zakat, we would have had $47.5 billion dollars distributed among
the poor.
Dr. Kabir Hasan, professor of New Orleans University of USA mentioned; "If
Zakat fund is collected and managed properly, it can be used to create a pull of
funds, which can be used in financing development activities and can replace
government expenditures." In economic terms hoarding is a crime which causes

It has been practiced for centuries in connection with other religious

ceremonies like Christians, Jews etc. and Allah mentions this fact in the Quran
that Fasting was mandatory before Islam as Allah says in Surah-e-Baqarah verse
# 183: "O you

to be consumed before `Subeh-e-Sadiq' and after that nothing is to be

consumed.

Hajj is the Fifth Pillar of Islam Out of five pillars of Islam, Hajj is the fifth pillar.
Hajj is Arabic word which means `intention' or `making a mind'. It means to
make up your mind to travel for a religious purpose which is adopted by the
Muslims all over the world to go to Bait-ul-Allah shareef. These Muslims are
called `Aazmein-

To perform Hajj one has to be a Muslim. One has to be mentally fit and not
insane or suffering from any other mental disease. One has to be mature
(Baligh). One has to possess enough resources to fulfil all the expenditure for
travelling for Hajj, expenditures enroute and coming back. He must have
enough money to look after all those who are dependent on him according to
Shari'aa. One should not be under debt. One should not be guarantor to
anyone. If he is a guarantor, he cannot perform Hajj till the time the guarantee
is resolved. One should be free and not slave. One has to be physically fit to
perform Hajj e.g. God forbid if one is blind, limping and too old etc. He can
however, send somebody else for Hajj. The circumstances should be ideal for
safe travelling e.g. if there is any war enroute and any threat to one's life then it
is an exception.

on intentions". As taqbeer is intention of Namaz, Ihraam is also like taqbeer of

Hajj. After wearing Ihraam, one totally changes from worldly conditions to
spiritual conditions. There are set places called `Meeqat' to wear Ihraam. It is
action.Tawaf means roam around the Khana Kaabah and pray from Almighty

good and protect us from the punishment of the Fire." Respect to Hajar-e-
Aswad; It means black stone which is there forever. It is fixed in the wall of
Kaabah

Hajj Saai between Safa and Marwa; there are two famous hillocks which are no
more there in their original shape however, signs are there. The Hajj performers
first go to Safa and then Marwa and they pray to God for HIS mercy. As

At this place standing near `Jabal-e-Rahmat' the Ameer of Islam delivers

Khutbah and warns them to discharge their duties. This great congregation
reminds

brought the small bird kept them back in the nest and the big bird became very
happy. He (S.A.W) loved children as well. Once He (S.A.W) kissed Hazrat Hassan
(R.A) in the presence of a villagers named `Aqraa-bin-Haabis'. Seeing this he said
he had ten children but he has never loved them like this. The Prophet (S.A.W)
looked towards him and said, "if one is not kind to others, he never gets
kindness." He (S.A.W) also said,"the one who does not love small children, is
not from us." Topic: 242 - Patience Life is a combination of happiness and
worries,

This is an ideal example of steadfastness. In battle of Badar His (S.A.W) very

small force had won the war against a big and well equipped army. It was
nothing but His (S.A.W) steadfastness. In the battle of Uhad in-spite of the
difficult situation and war wounds, He (S.A.W) still remained steadfast. In the
battle of Trench people had crumbled but He (S.A.W) remained just normal and
steadfast. At the time of Treaty of Hudhabia, He (S.A.W) again displayed
excellent steadfastness and unexampled farsightedness. The terrible situation
of battle of Tabooq is either not a small example.

Lesson No: 42 MUSLIM SCIENTIST Topic: 247 - Muslim Scientists Al-Berooni Abu
Rehan Mohammad Ibn Ahmad Al-Berooni was one of the well-known figures
associated with the court of King Mahmood Ghaznawi, who was one of the
famous Muslim kings of the 11th century C.E. Al-Berooni was a versatile scholar
and scientist who had equal ability in physics, metaphysics, mathematics,
geography and history. Born in Iran in a village near a city of `Khuarzm "in 973
C.E.,he was a contemporary of the well-known physician Ibn-e-Sina. At an early
age, the fame of his scholarship went around and when Sultan Mahmood
Ghaznawi conquered his homeland, he took Al-Berooni along with him in his
journeys to India several times and thus he had the opportunity to travel all
over India during a period of 20 years. He learnt Hindu philosophy,
mathematics, geography and religion from Pandits to whom he taught Greek
and Arabic science and philosophy. He died in 1048 C.E. at the age of 75, after
having spent 40 years in thus gathering knowledge and making his own original
contributions to it. He recorded observations of his travels through India in his
well-known book Kitab al-Hind which gives a graphic account of the historical
and social conditions of the sub-continent at that time. At the end of this book
he makes a mention of having translated two Sanskrit books into Arabic, one
called Sakaya, which deals with the creation of things and their types, and the
second, Patanjal dealing with what happens after the spirit leaves the body.

His descriptions of India were so complete that even the Aein-i-Akbari written
by Abu-al- Fazal during the reign of Akbar, 600 years later, owes a great deal to
Al-Berooni's book. He observed that the Indus valley must be considered as an
ancient sea basin filled up with all uvials. On his return from India, AlBerooni
wrote his famous book Qanun-i Masoodi (al-Qanun al-Masudi, fi al-Hai'a wa
alNujum), which he dedicated to Sultan Masood. The book discusses several
theories of astronomy, trigonometry, solar, lunar, and planetary motions and
relative topics. In another wellknown book Al-Athar Al-Baqia, he has attempted
a connected account of ancient history of nations and the related geographical

His other scientific contributions include the accurate determination of the

densities of 18 different stones. He also wrote the Kitab-alSaidana, which is an
extensive materia medica that combines the then existing Arabic knowledge on
the subject with the Indian medicine. His book the Kitab-al-Jamahir deals with
the properties of various precious stones. He was also an astrologer and is
reputed to have astonished people by the accuracy of his predictions. He
developed a method for trisection of angle and other problems which cannot be
solved with a ruler and a compass alone. A

centuries before the rest of the world, the question whether the earth rotates
around its axis or not. He was the first to undertake experiments related to
astronomical phenomena. His scientific method, taken together with that of
other Muslim scientists, such as Ibn al-Haitham, laid down the early foundation
of modern scienceHe was the first to undertake experiments related to
astronomical phenomena. H

His investigations included description of various monstrosities, including that

known as "Siamese" twins. He observed that flowers have 3,4,5,6, or 18 petals,
but never 7 or 9. He has been considered as one of the greatest scientists of
Islam, and, all considered, one of the greatest of all times. His critical spirit, love
for truth and scientific approach were combined with a sense of toleration. His
enthusiasm for knowledge may be judged from his claim that the phrase Allah is
Omniscient does not justify ignorance.

Muslim Scientists Mousa Al-Kharzmi Al-Khwarizmi was one of the greatest

mathematicians ever lived. He was born in 780 A.D in Russia in an area which
was then known as Kharzm which is know called `Kheav'. He died in 850 A.D. He
was the founder of several branches and basic concepts of mathematics. He is
also famous as an astronomer and geographer.Al-Khwarizmi influenced
mathematical thought to a greater extent than any other medieval writer. He is
recognized as the founder of Algebra, as he not only initiated the subject in a
systematic form but also developed it to the extent of giving analytical solutions
of linear and quadratic equations. The name Algebra is derived from his famous
book Al-Jabr wal-Muqabilah. He developed in detail trigonometric tables
containing the sine functions, which were later extrapolated to tangent
functions. Al-Khwarizmi also developed the calculus of two errors, which led
him to the concept of differentiation. He also refined the geometric
representation of conic sections. The influence of Al-Khwarizmi on the growth
of mathematics, astronomy and geography is well established in history. His
approach was systematic and logical, and not only did he bring together the
then prevailing knowledge on various branches of science but also enriched it
through his original contributions. He synthesized Greek and Hindu knowledge
and also contained his own contribution of fundamental importance to
mathematics and science. He adopted the use of zero, a numeral of
fundamental importance, leading up to the so-called arithmetic of positions and
the decimal system. His pioneering work on the system of numerals is well
known as "Algorithm," or "Algorizm." In addition to introducing the Arabic
numerals, he developed several arithmetical procedures, including operations
on fractions.

Several of his books were translated into Latin in the early 12th century by
Adelard of Bath and Gerard of Cremona. The treatises on Arithmetic, Kitab al-
Jam'a wal-Tafreeq bil Hisab al-Hindi, and the one on Algebra, Al-Maqala fi
Hisab-al Jabr wa-al-Muqabalah, are known only from Latin translations. It was
this later translation which introduced the new science to the West "unknown
till then." This book was used until the sixteenth century as the principal
mathematical text book of European universities. His astronomical tables were
also translated into European languages and, later, into Chinese. The
contribution of Al-Khwarizmi to geography is also outstanding. He not only
revised Ptolemy's views on geography, but also corrected them in detail.
Seventy geographers worked under Khwarizmi's leadership and they produced
the first map of the globe (known world) in 830 C.E. Caliph Mamun-al-Reashid
had established a science academy called `Bait-ul-Hikmat'. When he heard
about this academy he went to Bagdad and he was made a member of its
management. He is also reported to have collaborated in the degree
measurements ordered by khalifah (Caliph) Mamun al-Rashid were aimed at
measuring of volume and circumference of the earth. His geography book
entitled "Kitab Surat-al-Ard," including maps, was also translated. His other
contributions include original work related to clocks, sundials and astrolabes. He
also wrote Kitab al-Tarikh and Kitab al-Rukhmat (on sundials).

Muslim Scientists Ibn-ul-Haytham Abu Ali Hasan Ibn al-Haitham was one of the
most eminent physicists, whose contributions to optics and the scientific
methods are outstanding. Known in the West as Alhazen, Ibn al-Haitham was
born in 965 C.E. in Basrah and lived till 1035, and was educated in Basrah and
Baghdad. Thereafter, he went to Egypt, where he was asked to find ways of
controlling the flood of the Nile. He also travelled to Spain and, during this
period, he had ample time for his scientific pursuits, which included optics,
mathematics, physics, medicine and development of scientific methods on each
of which he has left several outstanding books. He made a thorough
examination of the passage of light through various media and discovered the
laws of refraction. He also carried out the first experiments on the dispersion of
light into its constituent colours. His book Kitab-al-Manadhir was translated into
Latin in the middle Ages, as also his book dealing with the colours of sunset. He
dealt at length with the theory of various physical phenomena like shadows,
eclipses, the rainbow, and speculated on the physical nature of light. He is the
first to describe accurately the various parts of the eye and give a scientific
explanation of the process of vision. He also attempted to explain binocular
vision, and gave a correct explanation of the apparent increase in size of the sun
and the moon when near the horizon. He is known for the earliest use of the
camera obscura. He contradicted Ptolemy's and Euclid's theory of vision that
objects are seen by rays of light emanating from the eyes; according to him the
rays originate in the object of vision and not in the eye. Through these extensive
researches on optics,

he has been considered as the father of modern Optics. The Latin translation of
his main work, Kitab-al-Manadhir, exerted a great influence upon Western
science e.g. on the work of Roger Bacon and Kepler. It brought about a great
progress in experimental methods. His research in catoptrics centred on
spherical and parabolic mirrors and spherical aberration. He made the
important observation that the ratio between the angle of incidence and
refraction does not remain constant and investigated the magnifying power of a
lens.

Alhazen's problem. I

his book Mizan al-Hikmah Ibn al-Haitham has discussed the density of the
atmosphere and developed a relation between it and the height. He also
studied atmospheric refraction. He discovered that the twilight only ceases or
begins when the sun is 19° below the horizon and attempted to measure the
height of the atmosphere on this basis.

The list of his books runs to 200 or so, very few of which have survived. Even his

- Muslim Scientists Jabber Bin Hayyan Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan was born in
721 in Kufah,Iraq. He is known as the father of Arab chemistry. He was an Arabic
doctor and chemist. Jabber was the one who laid the foundations for modern
scientific chemistry. He studied under the great teacher Imam Jaffar Al-Sadiq.
Jabir ibn Hayyan is widely considered as the father of Chemistry but he was also
an astronomer, pharmacist, physician, philosopher and engineer. He is credited
for the discovery of nineteen different substances which we call element in
modern chemistry. He was the first person to introduce the experimental
method in chemistry. Jabir perfected the use of various chemical processes used
in the modern chemistry laboratory, such as distillation, crystallization and
sublimation etc. Using some of those methods he produced concentrated acetic
acid from vinegar. He synthesized hydrochloric acid by heating salt and sulfuric
acid and nitric acid by

heating with sulfuric acid. By mixing hydrochloric acid with nitric acid he
invented a supper acid called `aqua regia' which could dissolve even gold. He
also isolated citric acid from lemon and tartaric acid from the residual left after
wine making.

Jabir divided the substance into three categories; first group he called Spirits
substance which vaporize on heating, like sulfur, ammonium chloride, camphor
and arsenic etc, second group he called Metals like copper, silver, gold, iron and
lead etc the third group he called Non-malleable like rocks, charcoal.

According to "The Cultural Atlas of Islam" by Ismail al-Faruqi Jabir invented a

kind of paper that resisted fire, and an ink that could be read at night.

Jabir bin Hayyan defined chemical combination as union of the elements

together in small particles, too small for the naked eyes to see without loss of
their characteristics. This idea was not very far from idea of John Dalton about
the atoms, the English chemist and physicist who discovered it ten centuries
later. The writings of Jabir Ibn Hayyan can be divided into several categories.
The 112 books dedicated to vizier of Khalifa Harun al-Rashid include the Arabic
version of the Emerald Tablet, an ancient work that is the foundation of the
"spiritual" alchemy.

The seventy books, most of which were translated into Latin during the middle
Ages includes the Kitab al-Zuhra ("Book of Venus") and the Kitab al-Ahjar
("Book of Stones").

Omar Khayyam was one of the major mathematicians and astronomers of the
medieval period. He was acknowledged as the author of the most important
treatise on algebra before modern times. This is reflected in his Treatise on
demonstration of Problems of Algebra giving a geometric method for solving
cubic equations by intersecting a hyperbola with a circle. His significance as a
philosopher and teacher, and his few remaining philosophical work, has not
received the same attention as his scientific and poetic writings. Omar Khayyam
was born on the 18th of May, 1048 AD in Iran. Omar Khayyam's full name was
Ghiyath al-Din Abu'l-Fath Umar Ibn Ibrahim Al-Nisaburi al-Khayyami. He was
born into a family of tent makers. He spent part of his childhood in the town of
Balkh, northern Afghanistan, studying under Sheik Muhammad Mansuri. Later
on, he studied under Imam Mowaffaq Nishapuri, who was considered one of
the greatest teachers of the Khorassan region.

Khayyam was part of a panel that introduced several reforms to the Persian
calendar.

He has written about a thousand four-line verses or quatrains. In the English-

speaking world, he was introduced through the Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyam
which is rather free-wheeling English translations by Edward FitzGerald (1809-
1883).

Khayyam taught for decades the philosophy of Avicenna, especially in his home
town Nishapur, till his death. Khayyam, the philosopher can be understood from
two rather distinct sources. One is through his Rubaiyat and the other through
his own works in the light of the intellectual and social conditions of his time.

Topic: 252 - Bu-Ali Seena Bu Ali al-Hussain Ibn Abdallah Ibn Sina was a Persian
physician and philosopher. He was born in 980 A.D. at Afshana near Bukhara
then capital of the Samanid Dynasty. The young Abu Ali received his early
education in Bokhara, and by the age of ten had become well versed in the
study of the Quran and various sciences. He started studying philosophy by
reading various Greek, Muslim and other books on this subject and learnt logic
and some other subjects from Abu Abdallah Natili, a famous philosopher of the
time. While still young, he attained such a degree of expertise in medicine that
his renown spread far and wide. At the age of 17, he was fortunate in curing
Nooh Ibn Mansour, the Samanid King, of an illness in which all the wellknown
physicians had given up hope. On his recovery, the King wished to reward him,
but the young physician only desired permission to use his uniquely stocked
library. Bu-Ali Sina also suggested that the way to good health was in physical
exercise and diet, and not in magical remedies. He was a scholar in many
sciences. He wrote a book called The Book of Healing, which lays out many
principles of physics and geology. He

He also invented the refrigerated coil, which is important for distillation. He also
wrote books on philosophy, psychology, engineering, astronomy and theology.
He is also considered a great poet. Avicennism (European scholars call him
Avicenna) is the philosophy he founded, which emphasizes that knowledge is
gained by observation and experimenting, and rejects magic and miracles. In
997 A.D his skills came handy when the Emir of Bukhara fell dangerously ill. But
afterwards, his life was quite turbulent, because of war and politics. When the
ruling dynasty of Bukhara fell in 1007, ibn Sina had to flee. After wandering for a
long time, he settled down at Rai in Persia, where he wrote thirty of his books.

He spent his last days as physician to that ameer, till he died in 1037 A.D.

Topic:
Yakoob Al-Kindi Yaqub Ibn Ishaq al-Kindi was born in 800 in Iraq, Kufa which
was a place for Arab customs and learning in the 9th century. This was the ideal
place for him to get the most excellent education at that time. Al Kindi belonged
to the Royal Kindah tribe which derived from the southern

___________

Al-Mamun had selected him to work at a recognized centre for Greek

philosophical and scientific texts translation in Baghdad known as House of
Wisdom. Moreover, Al Kindi was acknowledged for his gorgeous calligraphy and
was also working as a calligrapher. His fame and position had faded away after
the accession of Al Mutawakkil. However, after he died in 873A.D.

Lesson No: 44 HAQOOQ-UL-ALLAH Topic: 255 - Haqooq-ul-AllahOneness and

worship only HIM Su

That is why, a number of times Quran has insisted upon offering Namaz. Zakat is
a wealthy prayer.When Zakat is paid; the wealth becomes pure and perfuming.
In Surah-e-Touba eight purposes of Zakat have been explained. Those who
deserve

for the once who have been fasting. Haaj is the next pillar which is physical and
wealth spending prayer. It is compulsory on every Muslim once in a life if he can

Lesson No: 45 HAQOOQ-UL-IBAAD Topic: 260 - Haqooq-ul-Ibaad Rights of

Human Beings Human rights are those rights which all human beings are
compelled to

priority goes to the parents who have given us birth. The parents spend their
whole energies and abilities to bring up their children, their promotion and
good training. To look after children the parents work hard day and night and
leave no stone unturned for their better and shinning future. Hence, they
deserve the best possible attention and welfare. Almighty Allah has said in the
Holy Quran Surah-e-

during hard times, help them financially and use to fulfil their needs. There is
tradition that when His (S.A.W) foster sister Hazrat Sheema (R.A) used to come
to see Him (S.A.W),........ He (S.A.W) used to stand up, spread a cloth on the
ground and tell her to sit on that till the time she used to remain with the
Prophet (S.A.W), He (S.A.W) used to keep talking to her and when she would
prepare to leave, He (S.A.W) used to help her to ride. He (S.A.W) used to give
her gifts and accompany her up to a fairly long distance to say her good bye.
Topic: 263 - Rights

(Estate)." Prophet (S.A.W) once said, "he is not a Momin, who eats well himself
and his neighbourer spends the night with hunger". Topic: 265 - How to teach

“faith in Allah is based on four premises”

1. Allah exists and nobody created Him.

2. He alone is the Lord of the whole Universe.

3. He alone is the Master and He alone is authorized to make any

modifications in the universe according to His will.

4. He alone is to be exclusively worshipped and He has no

associates.

“faith in the Prophets is based on three premises”

1. Islam does not discriminate between Prophets.

2. All Prophets are human beings.

3. Faith in the Miracles of Prophets.

 A century or two ago .if the greatest physicist was told that soon
people will fly in “ metallic machines” and that they will fly faster
than sound ,or that it will be possible to record somebody’s speech
,etc, which may be later reproduced at any time ,even after his
death ,even that scholar would have shaken his head in disbelief,
whereas, it has become a common thing today which all know .

Khalifa Abu Bakr proclaimed his principle in his first address after
becoming Khalifa, by saying.

Obey me as long I obey Allah and His Prophet If ever I should

disobey them, them, then you need no longer to obey me.

Salah, (Namaz) is a particular way of worshipping Allah and

offering devotions to Him which Allah and His Prophet (S.A.W) have
taught us.

It is reported that one day Hazrat Abdul Wahid Lahori,a

Khilafah , of Hazrat Mujaddid asked, Will there be Namaz in the
heaven ,The heaven is not the house of action , said someone ,It is
the house of recompense , Why should Namaz be there then ,On
hearing it the Hazrat b\observed with great anguish , How will it
then be possible to live in the heaven .

"Read, in the name of your Lord, Who created...?” [96:1]

Among the most famous names in the field of geography, even

in the West, are Ibn Khaldun and Ibn Batuta, renowned for their
written accounts of their extensive explorations. In 1166, Al-Idrisi,
the well-known Muslim scholar who served the Sicilian court,
produced very accurate maps, including a world map with all the
continents and their mountains, rivers and famous cities. Al-
Muqdishi was the first geographer to produce accurate maps in
color.

Khalaf Abul-Qasim Al-Zahrawi was a very famous surgeon in the

eleventh century, known in Europe for his work, Concession (Kitab
al-Tasrif).

Definition of Society

“Where a group of people live with same language and same

culture”

or

“A solid chain of human relation which create from practical and

its basic factor is to get benefits”

Elements of Society

1. Persons(Individuals)

2. Ranks(Tabaqat)

3. Family

Basic Factors of Society

 1. Family and Tribe

2. Area/Estate and Country

3. Ranks(Tabaqat)

4. Fundamental Article of Faith (Aqeeda)

Asmaa, the daughter of Abu Bakr, had a non-Muslim mother who

lived in Makkah, whereas she had migrated with her father and the
rest of the Muslims to Madinah. After the Treaty of Hudaybiya,
peace was established and they could visit each other. So her
mother came to Madinah to visit Asmaa. She wanted some gifts
and donations from Asmaa.
Religious concepts and practices include the Five Pillars of Islam, which are obligatory acts of

The Islamic Golden Age refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the
13th century, during the Abbasid Caliphate, when much of the historically Islamic world was
experiencing a scientific, economic and cultural flourishing

Indonesia,[33] the largest Muslim-majority country

South Asia: largest muslim region

six articles of faith: shirk is loathed, Al-Rahmān, meaning "The Compassionate" and Al-Rahīm,
meaning "The Merciful,

Quran revealed from 610 AD to 632 AD

death of prophet: 8 june 632

114 surah

6236 ayats
 maci surah: earlier, ethical and spiritual topics

madni surah: social and legal issues

tafsir: quranic comentary

tajwid: proper elocution of recitation

hadith qudsi: words of God quoted by the pophet and not part of Quran

hadith: 2 elements; sanad and matn

sahih authentic

hasan good

da'if weak

sahih al bukhari: Sunnis

The Four Books: Shias

surah al-zalzala: judgement

Qiyama: also yawm-ad din, as sa ah (last hour), al qari'a ( the clatterer)

five pillars of islam: shahada, salat, zakah, fasting, pilgrimage

masjid jami: gathering for Friday prayers

zakat: 15 times global humanitarian aid contributions

2.5 pc or 1/40 on capital assets

hajj rituals: mina, arafat, muzdalifa, jamarat

shariah: god's divine law

fiqh: scholarly intrepretation of shariah

four sources of sharia: quran, sunnah, qiyas, ijma

qiyas: analogical reasoning

ijma: juridicial consensus

rulings: any of 5: mandatory, recommended, permitted ,abhorerd, prohibited

4 schools of jurisprudence: hanafi, maliki, shafi, hanbali,

taqlid: following decisions w/o reasoning

ijtihad: intrepreting law with independent reasoning

riba: interest free loans

usury: rich getting rich

634: umar established bait ul maal

umar: child benefits and pernsions for elderly

7th day of chiild: aqiqa

animal sacrified: meat among th poor

head of child also shaved

child's hair weight money donated to poor

mahr: groom pays the bride;

prophet: at 40, 610 ad

after 12 yrs: hijrah

622 aad

battle of badr: 624 ad, 2 ah

battle of uhud: 625, 3 ah

batle of trench: 627, 5 ah

treaty of hudaiba: 628, 6 ah

aafter 2 yrs borken

630 ah

death at 632

caliphate and civil strife (632 to 750)

632-634

abu bakar
ridda wars

to quel rebelion

634-644

umar

assasinated by persians

644-656

usman

656-661

by khariites

tabiun: after death of muhammad and contemoraties of his comanions

tabi al tabiun: companions of tabiun

"the seven fuqaha of medina": umar ibn ab al aziz

headed by qasim ibn muhammad ibn abu bakr

earliest book: muwatta

mawali: non arab converts

abbasid dynasty: 750 ad

golden age (750 to 1258)

univ of al karaouine, 859 ad, oldest degree-granting univ

ibn al haytham: world's first sciencitst

al jahiz: theory of natural selection

shiah haadith collection: al kulyani and ibn badaway

shafi: ar risalah (9th century)

tafsir al tabari (9th c)

tafsir ibn kathir (14th c)

hasan al basri (tasawwuf)

 Qarmatians: ismaili groups, stole the black stone

oic: 1969

moulana rumi: konaya

The term "Islamic culture" could be used to mean aspects of culture that pertain to the
religion, such as festivals and dress code. It is also controversially used to denote the cultural aspects
of traditionally Muslim people. [332]

Finally, "Islamic civilization" may also refer to the aspects of the synthesized culture of the
early Caliphates, including that of non-Muslims,[333] sometimes referred to as "Islamicate".

The current Islamic year is 1439 AH. In the Gregorian calendar, 1439 AH runs from
approximately 21 September 2017 to 10 September 2018

haram (fighting is forbidden: rajab, dhu al qadah, dhu al hijah, muharam

Muharam, Safar, Rabi ul Awal, Rabi ul Sani, Jumadi al ula, Jumada al akhirah, rajab, shaban,
ramadhan, shawal, du al qadah, dhu al hijjah

year of elephant (abraha attacked kaaba) 571 ad, prophet was born

brahmo.samaji movement (all faiths in one); MOHAN DAS

deen: comprehensive system of life, all aspects of human life

religion is a set of doctrines, rituals and ethics

deen ' absolute sovereignty of allah

politico.socio.economic

deen also includes Religion

this day have I perfected your religion for you and completed my favor upon you and have
chosen for you islam as religion'

jugular vein distance etc

5 article of faith

tauheed

prophets

day of resurrection
 angels

revealed books

TAWHEED

Kinds of tauheed:

unity in person

unity in attributes

unity in actions

muawwhid :believer in one nes

shirk 3 crimes;

1. disbelief

2. violate just and perfect law

3. againt their master

fasiqin: transgressors

"I am leaving two things among you. The book of allah and my examples. Until
you keep both in your grasp, you will never be misled"

the faith of a person cannot be dependable unless, his love for me surpasses
his love for his father, son and other near relatives'

dar-al-amal

dar-al-jaza

logical arguments

scientists believe: sun cold and no life on earth

climate change and global warming

rebirth; as man advent here for the first time

deeds judged; sounds being recorded

four books

Taurat: musa
 injil: esa

zabur: dawood

quran: prophet muhammad saw

4 archangels:

jibrail (of revelation)

mikhail (rain)

israfil (advent of resurrection)

izrael (death)

kiram ul katibeenn

munkir nakeer

rizwan: of paradise

malik: of hell

munkir: good deeds

naker: wrong deeds

saiq: to protect one from comiting bad deeds; driver

shahid: witness

fundamental and obligatory prayers:

salat, saun, hajj, zakat

umar: a tree cut down beneath which the holy prophet

rules for performaning prayers

1. ease, comform and clamnes

2. no extra movements

3. proprly and quitelt

4. one must completed

5. no unintended thoughts
 6. endeavor to understand the words bebing uttered

7. prper time

Nisab

silver 52 1/2 tolas 200 dirhams

gold 7 1/2 tolas

camel 5 camels

goat 40 goats

cow 30 cows

merchandisse price of 52 1/2 tolas of silver

jewels and gems: no zakat

masarif of zakt

fuqara

masakin

mualafat ul qulub

whose hearts are to be reconciled

any non.muslim who has entered islam'

fir riqab

for emancipation of slaves

al-gharimin

those who are in debt

fi-sabililah

in the cause of Alla

ibn us sabil

wayfarer
 amilinealiaha

Hazrat Abu bakar: fought against rejector of Zakat

fitrana: before going to eid ul ftr

kaaba:

50 feet

40 ft: frong and babck

35 ft: other

hajr aswad: 5 feet: east side of the kaaba

northeast wall: open

al-multazim: wall between aswad and gate of kaba

eve: 2 nafals: 1 kafirun and 2 ikhlas

ihram at meeqat

maca: 7 times tawaf

baba-salam: gate through which the pilgrim enters

safa and marwa: 7 times (200 yards distance)

9 zul haj: arafat; listen to sermon

evening: muzdalifa: night stay

maghrib and isha together

10 zh: fajar then mina

7 stons: jamra aqba

after noon: mina: shave head

11 and 12: mina (stones 7 times a day)

12th everning or 13: makkah. Tawaf. Then run safa marwah

final tawaf

wuquf: stay at mina

 mina: 1 day

arafat: 2 day

5-6 days like a mujahid

rami jimar

ashab-i-fil (elephants and army to destroy kaba

jamrat:

tawaf-i-wada: 7 times in the end

"not legal to charge rent for the houses"

622: in madina

2 tribes: aus and khazraj; feud

constitution of medina

sliver seal

hilf al fudul

june 619

al-aqaba pledges

620

6 persons form pledges

first

12 men to obey

second

75 muslims:

arab: aus and khazraj

jewish: qaynuqa, nadir, qurayza

 battle of bu'ath: 617: aus and c defeated khazaraj and qaynuqa

residence with ayub ansari: when hijra in medin

events at hudaiyba (628)

pilgim intentions 1,400 pilgrims

quraish: 200 trops

to negotiate: usman ibn affan to quraish for signaling pece

a pledge

not to flee; pledge of good pleasure; pledge under the tree

8 ah: conquest of makkah (owing to such treaty

letters to rulers for invitation to islam

country foreign muslim response

abasynia ashama bin al abjar amr bin umaya acceepted

egypt maqawqis hatib venerated but did not

persia khosrau abdullah bin hudaifa tore apart and

did not

rome heraclilus dihyakalbi venerated but did not

bahrain munzir bin sawa alaibn al hadrimi acceepted

yamama haudah bin ali sulait bin amr al amiri venerated but did not

damascus harith bin shimr shuja bin wahib did not

 oman jaifer and bro abd bin al jualandi amr bin al as acepted

70 meetings

hamadan wafd: 120 tribes rep

persents to envoys:

500 dirhams donated to Ceaser's agen in Oman

waist belt of gold and silver: to Kisra's messagner

not torturing childre, elderly and women

after war plundering not allowed

envoys not to be killed

Objective of Warfare

. Against aggression

. Assistance of oppresed

. Eradication of mischief

. Elimination of oppresion

. Eradicate hindrance on way to islam

12 lak sq mies in 10 yr

. Minimum human losses

100 wars: 250 muslims martyred

789 non muslilms killed

8 yr and arabian pensula coverd

. Bravery

refuge behind him

. Loving and affectionate

husb and son martyred; still the lady kept asking for well being of the Prophet

MIITARY ORGANIZATION
tabuk: 30000 soldiers

military organizations

5 military units: khums (vanguar, rearguard, center, left, right)

rearguard: archers

army formation

safuf: column of 3 to 4 lines (miliaty unit)

lancer, archer, then a hand to hand

aftter retreat: cavalry booty

tribal basis

tribal banner

prophet banner: rallied

battle of dutch

tactics

good tactics and proven efficacies

changing philosophy of war

"jihad instead of war"

preparations of war

trained and

espionage and surveliance

deployed companions all over the arabian peninsula

innovative war strategies

trench; a new strategy

battlefield strategies

higher place in badr

earth leveld in case of rain

 sunlight: back while into eyes of enemy

uhd

archers to guard

ahzab

folloers thre in any circumstances

badr: 70 kuffars captures

conditions: become muslims, give ransom or teach 10 muslim children

1058 casualties in 8 yrs of wars

makkah: conquest; forgave all

"thre ought to be no compulson in religion"

shib e abi talib

valy where Banu Hashim and Bani Mutalib stayed for 3 yr threats from kuffar

unification of warring tribes of aws and khzraj

hujjat al wada

do no kill the monts in monasteries"

"do not kill the people who are sitting in place of worship:

"she was not fighting? How then she came to bekilled"

uhd: enemies cut of noses and ears of dead bodies; necks as trophies of war; hinda
chewed liver of hamza

the 100: a ranking of most influenctial: dr michael hart

"tolerance the defining charactericscs of islam" tny blair

 ALLAH sent the prophet for folloing purposes:

1. recite verses of quran

2. educate quran

3. taech of wisdom

4. purify his followers

"the ink of a scholar is more sacred that the blood of the martyrs"

schools under prophet

quba: suburb of madinah

suffa:

first islamic university

ashab e suffa (80 sahabs wh dedicated their llives for search of quranic and hadith
knweldge'

zayd bin that: persin, atin, greek and hebrew

prisoners of badr

4000 dirhams

or teach 10 children

"pondering fr a moment is better tan divine service fr whole night"

the perfect speaker

"…spoke in such a way tht if oen were to cunt his words, they could be
counted"

the last address

pauses, rise and flal of voice;

haquq ul abad

haquq allah
 "your blood and your property are as sacred as are this day and this month (9th zihaj)"

right to life safeguarded

"the blood revenge of the days of ignorance are remitted"

four months declared sacred

dhul qadah, dul hajja, muharam

rajab

magna carta (1215

SEVEN GLOBAL EHTICL PRINCIPLES OF ISLAM

. Principle of unity in life

. 'ad' or justice

"your nafs has a right on you"

. Protection of life

. "religious" freedom, tolerance and pluralism

"there is no compulsion in deen" (al baqarah)

. Dynamic role nd value of intellect

. Preservation of honor, dignity and lineage of humankind

. Santity of ownership and property

ESSENTIAL HUMAN RIGHTS IN ISLAM

. Equality of all humans

. Right to life

"the gretest sins are to associate somebody with Allah and to kill human beings"
Quran

. Right to religious freedom

. Right to basic needs

. Right to chastity, dignity, lineage

. Right to sanity and intellectual freedom

. Right to justice

. Right to property

"and eat not up you property among yourselves in vanity.."

. Right to protection of reputation

. Riht to privcy

. Right to enjoin virtue and eradicate evil

. Right to protest

. Right to peace making

. Right to conscieentious abstention

. Right to participate in public affais

. Right to social and legal equality

"thre is no superiority for an arab over non-arab and .."

except in piety

"all mankind is the progeny of Adams and Adam was fashioned out of clay…."

. Right to association

. Right to struggle for just social oroder

. Right to personal responsibility

. Right to life for an unborn child

. Right to identity for child

. Reight to reection of racism and ethinic discrimination

. Right to political power

. Right to inheritance for both women and men

. Right to brotherly treatmetn

. Right to protection of trust

. Right to refuse obedience to oppressive rulers

 "but fear allah and obey me; do not follo those ho are extravagant; who make mischief in the
land and mend not (their way)…"

RIGHTS OF NON-MUSLIMS

dhimmis (zimmis)

non-muslims: exemptd from jihad

3 kinds of zimmis

1. Contractees

treaty or agreement

"…a tribute; no more than a peny could be taken from them"

2. Conquered

after a defeat in war

when pay jizya or poll tax

also zimmis

protection of life nd property islamic state

3. Zimmis

no treaty or defeat in war

accept supremacy of islamci state

so also jizya and poll tax

protection to jews of medina and christains of najran

after the conquest of palestine

umar: protection to the christains of elia

"no injury to churches etc. or their crosses or property…"

blood of a zimmis is sacred as that of muslim: deceased relative recirproacte same harsh
treatment

. Freedom of religion and worship

if invitation then must be in a polite manner

"…..then to their lord is their return, so he will inform them of what they did'

. Exemption from military service

no obligation to participate in jihad

. Pavement of jizya

jizya is much lower tax than zakat

poor, priests, monks and widows, sick, old etc exempted from jizya

umar; old man beggin to pay jizya; so no for old men

. Protection of non-muslim places of worship

in some muslim coutnries: non muslim places of worship outnumbr mosques etc

STATUS OF WOMEN IN ISLAM

prior: indian, roman, athens no rights and women were dependent

periods and 40 days after childbirth:

no prayers or fasting

. As a wife

women can not be forced to marry

full right of mahr

degree: quiwama (maintenance and protection)

"the best of you is the best to his family and I am the best among you to my family…" propht

paradeise is at the feet of mothers'

it is the generous who is good to women, and it is the wicked who insults them"

ECONOMIC ASPECTS

share 1/2 of that of men

however equal in attenton and other rights

in uk: 1882: first maried woman property act passed

then after; women share in property of her husband

 mehr:

money: paid by groom to the bride (at the time of marriage);

can be anything: jewlery etc

human dignity on 8 interdependent values: respect, power, enlightenment, well-being, health,

skill, afffection and rectitude

. God's vicegerants on earth

adam: alos god like qualities

caring, responsible, kind, just, wise, forgiving, …

complaint by angels that choas etc

god: only know the best

the noblest of you in the sight of Allah is the best in conduct" quran

. Colelctive responsibilty

duety of islamic state toenforce rules etc

CIVILIZATION

complex society or culture group characterised by dep on agriculture, long distance trade,
state form of govt, occupational specialization, urbanism and class stratification etc

FOUR elements of civilization (will durant)

is a social order promoting cultural creation

economic provison

political organization

moral tradition

pursuit of knwolege and arts

CULTURE: MEANING AND ELEMENTS

All the knowledge and values shared by a society

sum of customs, rituals, artefacts, beliefs and values

 material culture: tech, art, archi, gmaterial goods and equipmentetc

non material culture: intellectual traditions, beliefs, myths , legends etc

3 dimensions:

normative system: contol in form of rules etc

expressive: music, art, literature

sys of ideas: members of society intrepert the world

institutionalization: the process by which culture influences a social system

culture is an organized body of conventional understanding manifested in art and art craft,
which persists through tradition and characteises a certain human group

ELEMENTS OF culture

. Belief

. Values

. Customs

. Rituals

. Langauge

. Symbol

. Stories

. Artifacts

. Layers of cultlure

3 layers

. Body of cultural tradition

. Subculture

. Cultural universals

another viewpoint: 6 levels

. National level
. Regional level

. Gender level

. Generatin level

. Social class level

. Corporate level

dimensions of cultural diversity

. Cultural values

. Religious beliefs

. Social norms

. Education

. Orientation towards life

. Status of gender

. Geography

. Language

. View points

. Political and eocnomic system

. Ethnicity

. Literary outlook

CULTURE: of partiular group or country

CIVILIZATION: state of human society, developed and organied

civilization gives birth to following:

. Political org

. Administ stys

. Legal sys

. Est of peace and harmony

 . Protection from hunger, shletr

. Tech innovatin

. Education and scientici advanceme

. Survival of mankind

. Interdependent nature of tasks and entities; ecnmy and dept etc

. Combined aciton of people

. Urban centers/ cities

. Survival of mankind

. Exploitatin of natural resources

. Aesthetic sense

. Langauge and wring

. Public orks

ISLAMCI CIVILIATION

. Tawhid

. Open and pluralist

. Balanced civilzatin

. Eternal civiliation

MOTIVES OF IC

1. belief system

2. man and universe

3. freedom of though and action

4. equality:
. Fulfilment of aesthetic sense

daf: for entertainemtn

DISTINCTION OF ISLAMIC C

1. tawhid

2. self purification

3. dignity of man

4. equality

5. Social Justice

6. Moral Values

. Respect for humanity

. Piety the parameter of high position

. Brotherhood of mankind

. Human personality implies responsibility

. Freedom

Tawhid-ul-Rububiyyah (oneness of Allah's lordship) and Tawhid-ul-Uluhiyyah (oneness

of worship)
 . Forces of Nature

"only that survives in the earth which is beneficial for entire mankind"

7. tolerance

"thre is no co-ercion in islam"

"o mankind! We creatd you from a single (pair) of male and female, and made you into
nations and tribes, that you may come to know one another. Verily the most honored among you in
the sight of God is the most righteous of you"

muslim spain: "the world is supported by four things only: the learning of the wise, the justice of the
great, the prayers of the righteous and the valor of the brave"

ic: save the greek civilization from annihilation and oblivion but also pioneered new discipliens

500 yr: muslim physicians the pioneers of medicines etc

al razi (encyclopedia of medicine)

ibne sina: 21 and all works in library; 'medical bible' qanon masoodi

muslim books

ali ibn rabben tabari ferdows ul hikma

zakaria razi al hawi

ibnesina canon of medicine

alexendria conquest 642 AD

ib ne haithan kitab ul manazir

khwarzimi mafatih ul ulum

musa ibn shakir kitab ul hiyal

zakaria razi sir ul asar

jabir ibn hayan kitab al kimya

ibn e batuta: 120 k km from moroco and back

navigational devices by arabs

w/o columbus and vasco couldn't do theier projects

muslim books

khurdadbeh al masalik a al mamalik

abuzaid balkhi surat ul aqalim

baghdadi marasid ul ittlia

yaqut himawi mujam ul bildan

muhamad ibn musa khwarzimi algebra and muaqbila

ibn faari kitab ul miqyas

ibn e rushd (averroes): cordoba

el-azhar university: oldest. 969 ad

3 different contacts betweek islam and west:

 1. during crusades between muslims and westerners

2. in sicily

3. spain

samuel p huntington

francis fukuyama: the end of history and the last man 1992

causes of clash of civilization:

1. cultural difference

2. globalization

3. economic modernity

4. rejection of western values

5. increased contacts among civi intensify the differnces

CHALLENGES

INTERNAL

1. political disunity of the muslim world

2. Rich in resouces but poor in management

3. fundamentalism and rise of extremism

4. middle east crises

5. unbidled materilams and moral decline

 6. lagging behind in scientific advancement

7. lack of education, science and tech

EXTERNAL

1. globaliation

modern form of colonization

"the generalized expansion of internatinal economic activity which includes increased intl
trade, growth of intl investemnt and intl migration, and incresed creation of tech among countries'

is incrasing orld wide integration of markets, capital aetc

2. IT, media warfare and cultural onslaught of thewest

MEASURES

1. unified response of ummah

2. rectifying themselves

3. scientific education and it

4. ijtihad

5. reintreprtign the whole edifice of islamic theology

6. media to counter cultural onslaught of the west

7. peaceful image of islam

8. oic need to play effective role

"neither pessimism nor optimism can play a role in determining the analysis of the evets. First
necessity: meaning of conjecture of historical forces leading to present day situation"

ted grant (veteran marxist)

jamaluddin afghani: father of pan islamisatin

CAUSES OF extremism

1. colonization of islamic world by west and muslim religious parties.

2. political use of religion

3. absolutist teachings of maududi and qutb

4. demise of arab nationalism and rise of religostiy

5. political use of jihad; as proxy of west against ussr and socialists

6. political use of muslim by certain muslim regimes

. Human nature has two distinct instinct: life and death; when life is burden then death may
relieve it from unaviodable; when pppl denied of basic necessities then death is aaialbel"

sigmund freud 'civlizatio nand its discontent'

every muslilm is not a terrorist but eery terr is muslim' karen armstrong (the pateer of global
terrosism

39 res agaknst israe: vetoed by us

6000

father: abdullah

mother: amina

four razai bro and sis

fed the prophet: amina, sobia, haleema, sadia

razai father: haris

4 razai sblings: abdulah, anisa, hazifa, khuzafa (sheema) , shema mostly attached

at 6 to madina with amina

nurse; ume aiman

on way back, amina died at abwar

grandfather: abdul mutalib tok him, died afte r2 yr

uncle abu talib

ten yr age to syria

bahira christain monk: stones bowing

warqa bin naufal

hazrat khadija: first to embrace islam

h zaid. Slave from khadija to muhamad, freed but refused

hazraat abubakar: 40 k dirham to prophet

first t o endorse mairaj: sideeqq

kohe safa: invitaation

13th yr: wahi to migrate

cave of sour: hid there

surqa bin malik: camel into mud

land of masjid nabvi belonged to 2 orphans

abu ayub ansari paid the price

mesaq e madina: muhaji and ansar

battle of badr 2 ah

17 amadhan

m army 313 m, 6 sw, 70 camel, 2 horses

k; 1000 m, 100 h, 600 jackets

maaz and maoz killed abu jahal

battle of uhd: 3 ah, 7 shawal

300 traitors from muslim army

non believer amry: 3000 soldiers, mislum 1000 sol

muslim ladies also partidipated: ayesha, ume saleem, ume ammara

ghazva e ahzab:

jew tribe banu qaynqa and banu nazir epeld of medina

so instigated quresh to atack medina

non believer army: abu sufyan led

10 k ppl

trench: on ad of salman farzi; 3000 on trench

kafir wresler: amro bin abd e wadd; crosed; kiled by h ali

banu kuraiza: retreated , per treaaty with muslims

batle of hunain

2 tribes: hawazen, suqaif

8th ah

malik bin auf:

unexpected situation; rain for uslim

mud and into kar

angles to help muslims

batle of taqook

9 ah

qaiser e room attacked on syrian border

jihad anounced despite famine

umar: 1/2
 usman: 900 camels, 100 horses etc

30,000 departed

romans demoralized aftere seeign muslism

treaty of hudaiba

1 zee qad,6 ah

for umra with 1400 comp

stoped nr hudaiba

usman to convince not for war: rumors

bait e rizwan; tree

sohail as ambassadro: to sign a treaty

muslim converst: khalid bin waleed, amra bin as

battle of moota

jamadi al wal, 8 ah

moota

sharjeel sub to qaisar

shahadit of haris

to qasas

3000

zaid comandar

sharjeel informed through spies

hazrat khalid: withdrew army w/o loss

shahadat: zaid, abdullah, jaffar..khalid

fateh makka

8 ah

banu khazara, banu bakar

 muslims and quresh

quresh: attacked in the darkness

and kiled sme of muslims

hazrat zamra sent: to 3 optinos

10 r, 8 ah

10 k muslim army

abu sufyan: arested but forginve by prophet and so embraced islam

batle of taif: lost one eye

yarmuk: lost 2nd eye

prophet muhammad saw

hajj in 10 ah

100 camels for sacrifice

last sermon: 9th zil haq, 10 ah

ramazan: 2 times listend quran

19th safar: 11 ah

4 days

left the world at age of 63 yr

hazrat adam: 10 sahife

idrees: 30 sahife

ibrhim: 3

315 prophets sahife

25 names of prophet in quran

23 yr quran revealed

114 surahs

mecan eriod: 13 yr, 86 surahs

madni: 28 surahs

verses: 6666

manazil: 07

roku: 540

abu bakr caliphate:

zaid bin sabit

copied of quran

ardha:

listened and recite quran

every ramadhan

mecan deals with fundmental

madni precede mecan

types of hadith

explicit, sarih

implicit, hukmi

anas bin malik: 2286 hadith

imam bukhari:

65 categoreis of hadith

4 main categoreies

hadith us sahih

hadith e hasna

hadith e zaef

hadith e matwater

sahih:

authentic
zabt. Not mentaly sick ettc

hasna:

not that auth as sahih

zaeef

doubts

weak

matwater

by a lrge no of people repeatd

diff to find the exact source

components of hadith:

asnad:

taraf:

matan:

imam e mufasil

imam e mujamil

HAJJ

ihram

tawaf

meeqat

saai

waqof e arafat: 9 zil haj

muzdalfa

meena

first address: from koh e safa: of preaching

al berunni
 20 yr travel in inda

1048 died

kitab al hind

translated sakoya and patamjal

qanoon e masoodi

f al athar al baqia

kitab al saidna

kitab al ajamahi

from king of ghaznavi

cont of ibn e sina

speed of light > speed of sound

mosa al khwarzini

kiev; khwarzim

780 ad

synthesizd greek and hindu knowledge

world map with hellp of geographers

member of 'bait ul hikma' lab of mamun ul rashid

ibn al haitham

965 ce in basra

kitab al manazir

vision and eye

defied euclid and tolmey

influenced kepler, and robet bacon

200 + books

jabir ibn hayan

 721 ad kufa iraq

teacher of imam jafar sadiq

aqua regia

into 3 groups: spirit, metal and non-maleale

omar khayam

mathematician and astronomer

1048 ad

5 steps toward islam

surrender

submission

obidience

sincerertiy

peace

hilf ul fudul

jainism: potatotes prohibited

largest fire worship place in iran at the time of brith of holy prophet saw

ume aiman: nurse acompanied with h amina

35 yr of age: the incident of stone in kaba

jabl e noor

warq bin naufal: k's cousin; first to identify

hazrat zaid: first slave

arqam: given property

ghar e saur

pigeon and egg

khutba e fatah makkah