Hans K. Larondelle: Barry Horner
Hans K. Larondelle: Barry Horner
Hans K. Larondelle: Barry Horner
Hans K. LaRondelle
A Judeo-centric Critique
Barry Horner
THE REFORMED ESCHATOLOGY
OF
HANS K. LARONDELLE
H ans K. La Rondelle is professor emeritus of theology at the Theological Seminary of
Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan. His most notable book in the area of
eschatology is The Israel of God in Prophecy, a volume that is highly esteemed by many
Reformed amillennialists, especially because of its explicit replacement theology.
Throughout the whole book, while there is that common token expression of responsibility
for Christians to witness to Jews as individuals, there is not the slightest expression of
Pauline compassion for them, this being difficult since in reality, the claims of legitimacy for
contemporary biblical Jewishness are denied. While as a Seventh Day Adventist scholar,
LaRondelle’s several quotations of Ellen White might be expected, it is important to
recognize that this author is upholding the standard replacement theology of his
denomination and its founder. Consider the recent summary statement taken from an
article in a special issue of the Adventist Review devoted to Bible prophecy. The employment
of “conditionality” here, coming from an Adventist source, should not surprise us. What
should surprise us is the embrace of this principle, as with LaRondelle, by Reformed
sympathizers.
Did Bible Prophecy Fail? As we read the Old Testament, we run up against certain prophetic
predictions that, especially in recent times, have led to questions. They have the form of
eschatological prophecies—prophecies relating to “the last things.” Did they find fulfillment? Or
were the prophets mistaken? The common element in these prophecies is that they begin with
the prophet’s circumstances (commonly the Babylonian exile), then look beyond immediate
events into the future. In that future, the prophets were shown what ancient Israel could have
become. They saw God’s people returning to their glorified land. They saw Jerusalem as an
exalted city—the world capital, in fact, into which people from all nations would stream,
seeking a knowledge of the true God. The exaltation of this land and the entire world was to
continue until it would become, in effect, a new earth. These prophecies about ancient Israel
were never literally fulfilled, however. Why? The humanistic answer is that the prophets were
not really recipients of divine foreknowledge and had simply guessed wrong. A completely
opposite answer, characteristic of some evangelical interpreters (known as dispensationalists
[more inclusively premillennialists]), is that, since these prophecies were inspired by God, they
must take place—in the literal, present country of Israel. Seventh‐day
Adventists take a third approach—one in the middle of the first two. Like the evangelicals, we
believe these “failed” prophecies were given by God and are true. But we agree with the
humanists that they will not be literally fulfilled in Israel. How do we reconcile these two
points of view? By considering these prophecies conditional. As Ellen G. White put it: “The
promises and threatenings of God are alike conditional.” Following her lead, we have placed
these prophecies in the category of promises—promises of what could have been if God’s chosen
people had cooperated fully with His plan for them. Unfortunately, they did not. We see the final
frustration of God’s plan in the New Testament. Here God’s own people reject the Messiah:
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THE REFORMED ESCHATOLOGY OF HANS K. LARONDELLE
“He came to his own home, and his own people received him not” (John 1:11, RSV). While
these prophecies will yet be fulfilled in reference to spiritual Israel, the Christian church (Gal.
3:15‐29), they no longer apply to a literal Israel in the Middle East.1
To begin with, at the core of LaRondelle’s eschatology is his Christological hermeneutic,
which subject occupies over one third of his book. This is his hermeneutical motif. His
stated overall critical response is to the literal interpretation of dispensationalism, though it
should be understood that most of his objections are really with regard to essential
premillennialism as represented by Bonar, Spurgeon and Ryle, etc. (FI 8‐14, 339‐348).
LaRondelle explains his Christocentricity as follows:
Those modern interpretations of the prophetic Word which exclude Christ, His saving grace,
and His new‐covenant people from the center of Israel’s end‐time prophecies basically miss the
divine mark and exalt a torch of false prophecy. Christ is “the Alpha and the Omega, the First
and the Last, the Beginning and the end” (Rev. 22:13) of the whole prophetic Word. Christ is
the shining Morning Star, who illuminates each covenant promise and prophecy with His
saving presence. Christ is “the Root and Offspring of David” (Rev. 22:16), which means that He
is the Lord of David as well as the Son of David. He represents Yahweh, the God of Israel, in all
that He says and does (John 12:44‐50). Christ, the Holy Spirit, and God the Father are united so
intimately that the christocentric focus is the inalienable hallmark of a biblical‐theological
exposition of Israel’s prophetic Word.2
Surely the inference here that dispensationalists and premillennialists “exclude Christ” is
simply extreme and unfounded. Such a charge is quite ironic when one considers the
weight of emphasis that the Seven Day Adventist denomination gives to evangelistic
outreach that employs dramatic and graphic prophetic scenarios. These could easily be
understood as obscuring christocentricity. Rather, in general, millennialists would claim to
be second to none in agreeing with the thoughts that LaRondelle has expressed concerning
the centrality of Christ in their prophetic understanding. Hence the explicit charge of a lack
of christocentricity is quite invalid, especially when the millennialist gloriously anticipates
that in the future, earthly Messianic economy, “the LORD [by means of His Son] will be king
over all the earth; in that day the LORD will be the only one, and His name the only one”
(Zech. 14:9). Shall that glorified King yet have nail‐prints in His hand? Will Jesus Christ also
return as a Jew? We would believe that both of these questions should be answered
positively, and this being the case, it would follow that this King will also remain King of
the Jews and manifestly so as the crucified Jew. Furthermore, as a consequence, He will
reign over the twelve tribes of Israel, even as He prophesied (Matt. 19:28). Even the Gentile
1 William H. Shea, “Making Sense of Bible Prophecy,” Adventist Review, March 29, 2001, pp. 25‐26. The
quotation is from, Ellen G. White, Selected Messages, book 1, p. 67. Also refer to Questions on Doctrine,
published by “Seventh‐day Adventist Leaders, Bible Teachers, and Editors, pp. 215‐227, and Douglas
Moran, Adventism and the American Republic, referencing a leading Adventist opinion in Signs of the
Times, 1947, that the Jewish people would never be re‐established in the land, and responses following
the Arab‐Israeli War of 1967, that culminated in La Rondelle’s substantial work, pp. 199‐201, 252.
2 Hans K. LaRondelle, The Israel Of God In Prophecy, pp. 9.
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THE REFORMED ESCHATOLOGY OF HANS K. LARONDELLE
nations will be ruled over by a Jew. To maintain that while this Messianic economy retains
a national and territorial distinction between Jew and Gentile, with resultant blessed
harmony between Jew and Gentile, there must necessarily be a lack of christocentric focus,
is patently illogical and unbiblical. LaRondelle further states:
Seventh‐day Adventists have received special counsel to draw all eyes to Christ as the center of
hope in their prophetic interpretations. . . .
We have learned that Christ and the New Testament are the Christian’s final authority and
highest norm for the theological understanding of Israel’s history, prophecy, wisdom, and
sacred poetry. . . . Our fundamental starting point in this work has been the axiom of faith that
the Bible is its own expositor by means of immediate and wider contexts. Because we accept
Jesus Christ as the true Interpreter of the Hebrew Bible, we take our stand with the Church of
the ages in confessing that the New Testament is God’s authorized interpretation and
authoritative application of the Old Testament.3
It should also be acknowledged that this author declares his acceptance of “the validity of
the grammatical, historical and theological principles of exegesis for all Scripture
interpretation,”4 as the bottom layer, so to speak, of his hermeneutical complex, though he
does this with a particular qualification. It is the inclusion in the preceding statement of a
“theological principle” that is drawn from amillennialist Louis Bekhof, who in turn gleans
from Abraham Kuyper and Herman Bavinck, all having similar eschatological leanings.
Even Berkhof admits, what we also believe at this point, namely that “[m]any writers on
Hermeneutics are of the opinion that the grammatical and historical interpretation meet all
the requirements for the proper interpretation of the Bible. They have no eye for the special
theological character of this discipline.”5 And of course such people would not all be
premillennialists. So LaRondelle concludes, referencing support from F. F. Bruce, though
with questionable applicability, “grammatico‐historical exegesis is not sufficient for the
interpretation of Holy Scripture. Theological exegesis [emphasis added] is also necessary.”6
However, it is not difficult to sense the necessity of this “theological” element for the
formation of a certain understanding of the Old Testament by means of the imposition
upon it of New Testament doctrine. And further we would enquire as to what doctrine is to
be incorporated here, and how is that choice of doctrine to be arrived at? The more one
considers answers here, the more one realizes that we move from objectivity to suitable
subjectivity. Thus in so upholding the necessity of the New Testament being the
3 Ibid., pp. 9, 60, 207.
4 Ibid., p. 32.
5 Louis Berkhof, Principles of Biblical Interpretation, p. 133.
6 LaRondelle, Israel Of God In Prophecy, p. 25. The footnote references Bruce for support as follows: “But
grammatico‐historical exegesis is not sufficient for the interpretation of the biblical documents in
relation to their place in the canon. Theological exegesis is also necessary, although it cannot override
grammatico‐historical findings.” Baker’s Dictionary of Theology, p. 293. We would agree with Bruce here
re canonicity in general, but our consideration is with reference to the exegesis of the biblical text,
which establishes our theology.
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THE REFORMED ESCHATOLOGY OF HANS K. LARONDELLE
hermeneutical crux for the interpretation of the Old Testament, the inevitable question must
be raised that LaRondelle hardly addresses. It is this. “What is the hermeneutic by which
we interpret the New Testament, especially its christology?” The answer must surely be the
“grammatical‐historical” methodology. But would LaRondelle add the “theological
principle” as well? And what theology would he import here? In reviewing LaRondelle’s
book, Willem VanGemeren makes some related criticisms at this point.
[LaRondelle] assumes a uniform interpretation of the NT. The fact is, however, the interpreters
of the NT are not in agreement concerning the meaning of many of the words of Jesus and the
apostles. There is even less agreement as to any “principles of interpretation which may be
derived from the NT and applied to the OT prophets. It is naïve to approach the OT prophets
from the perspective of the NT with the assumption that it lays down a system of
interpretation of the OT prophets.7
Thus, if we say that we interpret the Old Testament by the New Testament we are in danger
of employing a dual hermeneutic, namely the standard “grammatical‐historical” principle
for the New Testament, and then the imposition of the resultant derived theology upon the
“grammatical‐historical” interpretation of the Old Testament. Rather, we would suggest
that there is one, and only one “grammatical‐historical” heremeneutic for the whole Bible. It
is what William Tyndale described as the “literal sense,” that pertains to “the scripture,” as
quoted by J. I. Packer:
Thou shalt understand, therefore, that the scripture hath but one sense, which is but the literal
sense. And that literal sense is the root and ground of all, and the anchor that never faileth,
whereunto if thou cleave, thou canst never err or go out of the way. Nevertheless, the scripture
uses proverbs, similitudes, riddles, or allegories, as all other speeches do; but that which the
proverb, similitude, riddle or allegory signifieth, is ever the literal sense, which thou must seek
out diligently.8
Hence, this leads us to a further justifiable criticism by VanGemeren, who has warned that:
“[T]he ‘new’ Reformed hermeneutic is no longer ‘the Old is in the New revealed and the
New is in the Old concealed,’ but rather ‘the Old is by the New restricted and the New is on
the Old inflicted.’9 We believe this to be profoundly true. Consequently, VanGemeren
continues:
LaRondelle needs to look not only at the interpretation of the OT in the NT, but also at the
interpretation of the OT within itself. I greatly appreciate his emphasis on unity, harmony, and
progressive understanding of God’s word. However, within the OT itself, the words of promise
7 Willem A. VanGemeren, “Book Review,” Hans K. LaRondelle, The Israel of God in Prophecy,
Westminster Theological Journal, 45 (1983), p. 113.
8 J. I. Packer, ‘Fundamentalism’ and the Word of God, p. 104
9 Willem A. VanGemeren, “Israel as the Hermeneutical Crux in the Interpretation of Prophecy,”
Westminster Theological Journal, 46 (1984), p. 268.
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THE REFORMED ESCHATOLOGY OF HANS K. LARONDELLE
are being interpreted and reinterpreted; for that reason, it is necessary to pay attention to the
developments within the OT which also reflect unity, harmony, and progression.10
But furthermore, LaRondelle also defends the inclusion of a proper allegorical element in
his hermeneutic. His argument, being quite standard, is as follows. There are, in certain
instances, allegorical and illustrative usage of the Old Testament in the New Testament, as
with Sarah and Hagar of Genesis 21 in Galatians 4:24‐31, so that this justifies a legitimate
allegorical interpretation of other parts of the Old Testament. However, what the Bible
determines as being allegorical or illustrative, according to the inspiration of God, is one
thing. But for the interpreter to claim for himself the same prerogative of the Spirit of God is
quite another, even though LaRondelle distances himself from a history of such abuse in the
Church, using this principle. There are indicatives in the Bible that are in no way intended
as imperatives for the Christian (Acts 5:1‐6). Perhaps, more importantly, we also need to
appreciate the Hebrew mindset whereby the New Testament Jewish aurhor could reference
the Old Testament in a nuanced, applicatory or illustrative manner that in no way replaced
the essential literal meaning of the Old Testament passage (FI 179‐292).
Hence for LaRondelle we have a regulative, Christological, theological top layer that rests
upon the grammatical‐historical bottom layer or foundation. However, the proposal of this
layered hermeneutic, with which we strongly disagree, is one thing, while its outworking,
as we shall see, is quite another. After all, what Christian would deny that Christ is
redemptively central to the whole Word of God? Nevertheless this significance must be
kept in Trinitarian perspective with regard to the headship of the Father. This is not an
insignificant point since, as has been well pointed out by Thomas Smail in The Forgotten
Father, it is common today for an almost blind prominence to be given to the preeminence
of Jesus Christ, as though impossible to challenge, while in fact it is a biblical distortion.11
Hence we believe LaRondelle takes this legitimate Christological principle and gives it a
disproportionate, driving emphasis, notwithstanding his passing mention of the triunity of
God in a preceding quotation. Thus Bernard Ramm provides a more balanced approach
10 VanGemeren, “Book Review,” Ibid.
11 Thomas A. Smail, The Forgotten Father. Initially captivated by the Charismatic Movement, this author
became troubled by an unbiblical pneumatology that gave little emphasis to God the Father. He
explains that in reading a paper before European charismatic leaders, “Professor Francis Sullivan SJ,
of the Gregorian University in Rome, commented that I had said a great deal about the relationship of
the Holy Spirit to the person and work of Christ, but practically nothing about his relationship to the
Father, although the latter was as prominent as the former in the text I had been expounding (Acts
2:33) according to which Christ “has received from the Father the promised Holy Spirit and has
poured out what you now see and hear”. I could only admit the omission and plead that I was not
alone in being guilty of it—it was indeed characteristic of the kind of Reformed Christocentric
emphasis in which I had been grounded. Indeed when one widens the scope and looks at vital
modern Christian movements of any kind, one has to admit that emphasis upon and devotion to the
Father has not been a main characteristic of many of them.” Pp. 18‐19.
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THE REFORMED ESCHATOLOGY OF HANS K. LARONDELLE
when he recommends, for the interpretation of the prophetic segments of Scripture, five
principles, the last of which is, “Keep in mind the centrality of Jesus Christ.”12
As an indication of how the imposition of a “theological principle” upon the “grammatical‐
historical” heremeneutic, can be arbitrary, while at the same time the imposition of the New
Testament in the interpretation of the Old Testament does not necessarily lead to exegesis
that results in discovery of the truth of God, consider LaRondelle’s section titled, “‘The
Israel of God’ in the Context of Galatians.” We will focus on the exegesis of three passages
here, though at the outset it should be noted that the author avoids making any reference to
three of the most outstanding critical commentaries concerning Galatians, they being by F.
F. Bruce, Ernest De Witt Burton and Hans Dieter Betz, and the reason why may not be
unrelated to the fact that these authors do not offer sufficient support for LaRondelle’s
categorical thesis concerning Israel’s divine ethnic disqualification.
A. Galatians 3:26‐29.
There is such a constricted view here that one wonders if “in protesting too much,” the
intention is to convince the reader to believe that the stated point of view is quite
beyond question, while in fact the writer probably well knows that some of the most
careful and esteemed commentators do not agree with him. LaRondelle states:
The historical background of this epistle indicates that Paul is vehemently rejecting [in
6:16] any different status or claim of the Jewish Christians beside or above that of gentile
Christians before God. Baptized Jews and Gentiles are all one in Christ, are “all sons of
God through faith on Christ Jesus.” Consequently, “there is neither Jew nor Greek” in
Christ (Gal. 3:26‐28). “If you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham’s seed, and heirs
according to the promise” (Gal. 3:29). How could language state it any more conclusively
and unambiguously? . . . [T]o single out Jewish believers within the Church as “the Israel
of God” is a concept that is in basic conflict with Paul’s message to the Galatians. He
declares categorically that “there is neither Jew not Greek” within the Church, and that the
church as a whole—all who belong to Christ—is the seed of Abraham, the heir of Israel’s
covenant promise (Gal. 3:26‐69).13
The argument here is in absolute terms that disallow any diversity within unity. In
other words, in spite of the fact that the promise originally given to Abraham
distinguished between “a great nation” that would be a blessing to “all the families of
the earth” (Gen. 12:1‐3), that is the Hebrew nation being a blessing to the Gentile
nations, LaRondelle declares the end result to be the homogenous people of God,
which Galatians 3:29 does not declare. The obvious proof here is that upon conversion,
the Christian male and the Christian female do not lose their gender distinction,
12 Bernard Ramm, Protestant Biblical Interpretation, pp. 225‐253.
13 LaRondelle, Israel of God in Prophecy, pp. 108, 110.
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THE REFORMED ESCHATOLOGY OF HANS K. LARONDELLE
notwithstanding that both are “Sons of God” and “one in Christ Jesus” (Gal. 3:26, 28).
Thus Burton explains:
That he [Paul] is speaking of these distinctions from the point of view of religion is
evident from the context in general, but especially from his inclusion of the ineradicable
distinction of sex. The passage has nothing to do directly with the merging of
nationalities or the abolition of slavery.14
The same point is applicable with regard to the parallel passage in Colossians 3:11,
concerning which LaRondelle makes a similar categorical statement:
The apostle removes every theological distinction between Jew and Gentile before God,
because “Christ is all and is in all” Col. 3:11; cf. Gal. 3:26‐29).” However, this verse in full
describes, “a renewal in which there is no distinction between Greek and Jew,
circumcised and uncircumcised, barbarian, Scythian, slave and freeman, but Christ is all
in all.15
Surely the Sythian retains his ethnic identity within the unity that Paul has just
described. And it is particularly noteworthy that within this same unity, the Apostle
follows on by exhortation in his writing with regard to the hierarchical relationships
that subsume within this unity between wives and their husbands, children and their
parents, and slaves and their masters (Col. 3:18‐22).
Hence, to further suggest that Paul, in distinguishing between a Jew and Gentile in the
Church, would conflict with his essential thesis in Galatians is simply to fly in the face
of the Apostle doing that very thing in Romans 11:5 where he acknowledges that
“there has also come to be at the present time a remnant according to God’s gracious
choice,” comprised of Jewish Christians as distinct from Gentile Christians.
B. Galatians 4:21‐31.
Again LaRondelle is highly selective here in his exposition that makes no reference to
Burton, Bruce, Betz, and especially Lightfoot’s consideration of Hagar in 4:25, none of
whom consider this allegorical representation to be a denial of Israel ethnicity.
Paul does not want to be misunderstood and therefore has more to say [following on from
3:29] to those who still claim special promises for ethnic Israel. In Galatians 4:21‐31 the
apostle radically denies any claim of ethnic Israel to any covenant promise. This passage
has rightly been called “the sharpest polemic against Jerusalem and Judaism in the New
Testament.” Paul goes so far as to equate “the present Jerusalem,” the nation of Israel,
with the status before God of Ishmael, who was totally disinherited because he persecuted
Isaac.16
14 Ernest De Witt Burton, Galatians, pp. 206‐207.
15 Ibid., p. 128.
16 Ibid., pp. 108‐109. The quotation here is from J. C. DeYoung, Jerusalem in the New Testament, p. 106.
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THE REFORMED ESCHATOLOGY OF HANS K. LARONDELLE
Without doubt Paul is sharply denouncing “the present/now Jerusalem,” τῇ νῦν
Ἱερουσαλήμ, tˉe nun Ierousalˉem, that is the contemporary, political, carnal, Christ
rejecting Jerusalem of Judea (I Thess. 2:14‐16), but not the nation of Israel as a whole,
especially from an eschatological perspective of irrevocable disqualification. Rather he
anticipates “the [eschatological] Jerusalem above,” ἡ ἄνω Ἱερουσαλὴμ, hˉe anˉo
Ierousalˉem, which expression has tended to be misunderstood by some expositors
according to a Hellenistic rather than a Hebrew perspective. (FI 179‐202). The
distinction here between the Jerusalem “now” and “above” is not primarily one of
location or geography, that is of earth below and heaven above, of matter below and
spirit above, according to a Greco/Platonic mindset, but contrast between the present
Jerusalem that now is and the future Messianic kingdom that is to be, coming from
heaven to earth (Heb. 11:10, 16; 12:22; 13:14; Rev. 21:10‐27). Rabinnic understanding of
this terminology appears to be especially incorporated into the Hebrews references.17
C. Galatians 6:16.
Reference should first be made to Future Israel where a more detailed study of this
verse is included (FI 263‐269). However, La Rondelle declares:
Paul’s benediction in Galatians 6:16 becomes, then, the chief witness in the New
Testament in declaring that the universal Church of Christ is the Israel of God, the seed of
Abraham, the heir to Israel’s covenant promise (cf. Gal. 3:29; 6:16).18
F. Mussner (Galaterbrief, 417 n. 59) probably indicates the true sense when he identifies the
Israel of God here with πᾶς Ἰσραὴλ [pas Israˉel], of Romans 11:26. For all of his demoting
of the law and the customs, Paul held good hope of the ultimate blessing of Israel. They
were not all keeping in line with ‘this rule’ yet, but the fact that some
17 Alford, Greek Testament, III, p. 48; Lightfoot, Galatians, pp. 181‐182. Also J. C. DeYoung, Jerusalem in the
New Testament, just referenced by LaRondelle, provides a wealth of information that confirms the
Jewish understanding of “the Jerusalem above” terminology as being anticipatory of the coming
Messianic kingdom, pp. 109‐116. However we would disagree with his arbitrary comment: “Paul’s
thought of the heavenly Jerusalem must be distinguished from that of Judaism, not identified with it,”
p. 118. Converted Rabbi Paul and the author of Hebrews remained Hebrew Christians, though it is not
as easy for the Gentile Christian to comprehend this point.
18 LaRondelle, Israel of God in Prophecy, pp. 110‐111.
19 Hans Dieter Betz, Galatians, p. 323. He also footnotes support from Peter Richardson and Franz
Mussner.
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THE REFORMED ESCHATOLOGY OF HANS K. LARONDELLE
Israelites were doing so was in his eyes a pledge that this remnant would increase until,
with the ingathering of the full tale (πλήρωμα [plˉeroma]) of Gentiles, ‘all Israel will be
saved’. The invocation of blessing on the Israel of God has probably an eschatological
perspective.20
20 F. F. Bruce, The Epistle To The Galatians, A Commentary on the Greek Text, p. 275.