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Quercetin, encapsulated quercetin and its application- A review

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 Innovare International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Academic Sciences ISSN- 0975-1491 Vol 6, Issue 10, 2014

Review Article

QUERCETIN, ENCAPSULATED QUERCETIN AND ITS APPLICATION- A REVIEW

NATHIYA S, DURGA M, DEVASENA T*

Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India.
Email: [email protected]
Received: 23 Jun 2014 Revised and Accepted: 08 Aug 2014
ABSTRACT
Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolite shows a wide range of pharmacological and biological functions. Among the flavonoids, quercetin gained
special attention for its potential therapeutic activities. The aim of this work was to summarize the medicinal property of quercetin, role of
quercetin in synthesizing the silver and gold nanoparticles, pros and cons of quercetin, nanoencapsulation of quercetin and its advantages. This
review article summarizes the published experimental research and scientific literature from the databases including PubMed, Google and local
library searches. The results of these studies provide a complete understanding of the biological action of quercetin. Pharmaceutical effects of
quercetin such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-toxic and immunomodulatory effects prove that quercetin has potential
therapeutic value, though it has several beneficial effects on human health, it possesses some disadvantages like poor solubility, low bioavailability,
the hydrophobic nature and poor permeability. To overcome the disadvantages of quercetin, it is encapsulated in the polymers to enhance its
bioavailability and to increase its solubility. In this paper, a brief description about the encapsulation of quercetin and its application were focused.
Keywords: Quercetin, Encapsulated Quercetin, Nanoencapsulation, Flavonoid.

INTRODUCTION glycosides changes the coefficients of the distribution among the

aqueous and lipid phase, which is of immense implication in lipid
Quercetin is one of the major bio flavinoid and forms the backbone systems such as TEAC or β-carotene emulsion [8]. Molecular
of many other flavonoids [1]. It is frequently studied dietary Formula: C 15 H 10 O 7 , Molecular Weight: 302.2357, Common Name: 3,
flavonoid, distributed in onion, apple, berries, tea and brassica 5, 7, 3’, 4’-pentahydroxyflavon (quercetin), Quercetin 3-O-glucoside
vegetables, as well as many nuts, seeds, barks, flowers, and leaves (isoquercetin), Quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (quercetin), Quercetin 3-
[2]. It is also seen in medicinal botanicals such as Solanum O-rhamnozyl-(1→6)-glucoside (rutin), Quercetin 7-O- glucoside,
trilobatum, Ginkgo biloba, Hypercerium perforatum and in many Quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-glucoside, Quercetin 6-C-glucoside,
others. The predictable standard daily dietary intake of quercetin by Quercetin 3-(2’’-acetylgalactoside), Quercetin 3-sulfate-7-O-
a person in the United States is 25mg. In addition, Quercetin is a arabinoside, Quercetin 3-O-glucoside-3’-sulfate, Quercetin 5-methyl
major constituent of countless food supplements and other
ether (azaleatin), Quercetin 7-methyl ether (rhamnetin), Quercetin
nutraceuticals. Quercetin is an anti-oxidant, which very efficiently
3’- methyl ether (isohramnetin), Quercetin 4’-methyl ether
scavenges highly reactive biological species such as peroxynitrite
(tamarixetin), Quercetin 7-methoxy-3-O-glucoside, Physical State:
and hydroxyl radical [3].
Yellow crystalline powder, Melting Solubility: Slightly in diethyl
Quercetin belongs to the flavonoids family, and its IUPAC name is 3, ether; in ethanol acetone, Vapor Density: 8.1, Flash Point: 112˚C,
5, 7, 3’, 4’-pentahydroxy flavones. It consists of 3 rings and 5 Stability: Stable under moisture.
hydroxyl groups, two aromatic rings A and B, linked by oxygen
Potential uses of Quercetin
containing heterocyclic ring C (Fig. 1). There are number of hydroxyl
groups and the presence of a methoxy group in the B ring [4]. It is New researches of natural substances with pharmacological activity
also a building block for other flavonoids. have become a promising development in nutritional and
pharmacological research [9]. There has been growing interest in
quercetin in sports, science and athletic communities and
pharmacological activities of quercetin were presented in (Table 1).
Anti-oxidant effects
The anti-oxidant activity of this molecule is higher than other well-
known anti-oxidant molecules such as ascorbyl, trolox and rutin [22]
because of the number and position of the free hydroxyl groups in
the quercetin [36]. The flavonoid glycosides are vastly hydrolyzed in
Fig. 1: Structure of Quercetin
the small intestine or by bacterial activity in the colon, to produce
Inspite of the presence of five –OH, quercetin has lipophilic and lipo- the quercetinaglycones, and it’s metabolized into a glucuronidated
hydrophilic derivatives. The glands located on the surface of leaves, or sulfated form of quercetin [37]. Anjaneyulu & Chopra [20] studied
flowers or fruits of plants synthesize it. They can be easily isolated that the antioxidant activity of quercetin is well recognized as it
from hydrophilic compounds by immersing plant tissue in acetone possesses an appropriate structure for free radical scavenging and
[5]. Glycosylation of at least one hydroxyl group of quercetin ion chelation activity [38]. Calender [21] observed that the catechin
derivatives result in an increase of its hydrophilicity and it may be or quercetin plus CPF (Chlorpyrifos) treated groups in rats resulted
transported to various parts of the plant and stored in vacuoles [6]. in increased anti-oxidant activity. These protective effects may be
Widely investigated chemical property of phenolic compounds is due to anti-oxidant effects of catechin and quercetin. Boots [39]
their anti-oxidant activity, and it is capable of neutralizing free investigated the possible anti-inflammatory effects of physiologically
radicals, which are at all times there in the food within cells of the attainable quercetin concentrations. It increased the anti-oxidant
human body [7]. The anti-oxidant properties of phenolic compounds capacity in vivo and displays anti-inflammatory effects in vitro.
are connected with their capability to transport hydrogen or an Hollman [40] estimated the protective effect of quercetin against
electron, in addition to chelation of metal ions and inhibition of the oxidative neuronal injuries induced in primary cultured rat cortical
activity of oxidases [6-7]. The amplified hydrophilicity of quercetin cells and their anti-oxidant activities by using three different cell-
 Devasena et al.
Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 6, Issue 10, 20-26

free bioassays. These outcomes specify that quercetin. (+) - anti-cancer activity in two modified groups of Q-Cl and Q-OCH3 in
Dihydroquercetin, and quercetin 3-methyl ether possess the active quercetin compound. They conclude that the anti-cancer activity
anti-oxidant values. In addition, quercetin 3-methyl ether shows to observed in Q-Cl analogue, which is showing good activity in HepG2
be the mainly powerful neuroprotectant of the three flavonoids cell lines, compared to other cell lines and notably reduction in anti-
isolated from this plant. inflammatory activity in the structural modification.
The multidrug resistance (MDR) is the main causes in cancer
[

Table 1: Pharmacological Activities of Quercetin treatment failure; because it involves an increased activity of ATP-
binding cassette family transportors (ABC) [54]. The quercetin can
S. No. Pharmacological Activities References
inhibit P-group function and ABCB1 gene expression in many cell
1. Analgesia [10, 11]
lines [55, 56]. Quercetin has been investigated in a number of animal
2. Anti-bacterial [12, 13]
models and human cancer cell lines, and has been found to have
3. Anti-viral [14]
anti-proliferative effects in numerous cell types, including breast
4. Anti-diabetic [15]
[57], leukemia, colon [58], squamous cell [59], endometrial [60],
5. Anti-inflammation [16, 17]
gastric and non-small cell lung. Quercetin has also an
6. Anti-oxidant [18-28]
immunosuppressive effect on dendritic cells function [31]. Thus
7. Anti-cancer [23-28]
quercetin plays a major role in treating the cancer.
8. Coronary Functions [29]
9. Hypoglycemic [30] Anti-toxic activities
10. Immunosupressor [31]
11. Anti-thyroid [32] Apart from several therapeutic functions quercetin involved in
12. Anti-toxic [33, 34] scavenging toxic metabolites. Mi et al [33], concluded that quercetin
13. Photo protective [35] inhibited oxidative damage in spermatogonial cells exposed to 3-
methyl-4-nitrophenol, a toxic found in diesel exhaust. They analyzed
the intracellular anti-oxidant system of cells from embryonic
[

Anti-cancer effects chickens after treatment with 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol. The toxin

induced condensed nuclei and vacuolated cytoplasm, decreased
The mechanism responsible for the cancer-preventive effects of testicular cell viability, spermatogonial cell numbers and induced
quercetin are mediated by removing free radicals [41], inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Supplementation with quercetin restored these
enzymes that activate carcinogens, modification of signal parameters and showed anti-toxic effects.
transduction pathways, interactions with estrogen receptors [42],
transcription factors [43], and other proteins [25]. The quercetin protected kidney tissue against the nephrotoxic
effects of the antibiotic gentamicin. The clinical use of the antibiotic
Anti-cancer activity of quercetin including inhibition of cell is limited by its nephrotoxicity. The researchers theorized that
proliferation [44, 45], induction of apoptosis [46], fatty acid gentamicin acted by forming free radicals and the anti-oxidant
synthase (FAS) [47], decreasing metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and quercetin protects the cells against these free radicals. They found
metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression [26] was studied in that injection of rats with quercetin ameliorated histopathological
prostate cancer cells. The suppression of carcinogenesis is suggested changes and normalized biochemical parameters of the kidneys [34].
to be due to its radical scavenging activity [48] and quercetin is
reported to reduce CYP450 family of enzyme, which plays a key role Miscellaneous activities
in the activation of a number of suspected human carcinogens. Q-Cl
Giuliani et al [32] identified that quercetin may be a novel disruptor
and Q-OCH3 also show some activity against the breast cancer cell
of thyroid function, which has potential effects on, or use in, the
line MCF-7 with 50.3% and 24.9% cell survival, respectively and
therapy of thyroid diseases. Quercetin inhibited thyroid growth
active against prostate cancer.
acting, at smallest amount in part, by inhibiting PI3K/Akt activity
Quercetin can demethylate the p161NK4a gene promoter, whose and down-regulates NIS gene RNA levels. The action quercetin might
hypermethylation is present in human colon cancer cells [49]. be helpful to recognize the powerful use in anti-thyroid therapy.
Quercetin also activates histone deacetylase enzymatic activity, thus
The immunomodulatory activity of quercetin has been investigated
reducing the acetylation of histone H3 could be responsible for the
in NK cells (Natural Killer cells) [61]. Macrophages [62], mast cells
inhibition of surviving expression, and for the subsequent
[63], neutrophils [64], B cells [65], and T cells [66]. Dendritic cells
sensitization to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Tanigawa et al [28].
(DCs) play a vital function in linking innate and adaptive immunity.
Considered that the role of p53 in the anti-proliferative and
Quercetin efficiently repressed LPS (Lipopolysaccharide)-induced
proapoptotic action of quercetin on tumor cell lines. In HepG2 cells,
DCs activation by reducing the production of pro inflammatory
Quercetin causes cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis by inducing p53
cytokines and the expression of MHC class II and revoked the ability
phosphorylation and by stabilizing p53 both at the mRNA and
of LPS-stimulated DCs to induce Ag-specific T cell activation in both
protein level.
in vitro and in vivo. These results showed that quercetin might be
To eradicate the prospect that quercetin may cause any nonspecific, powerful immunosuppressive agent and helpful in the avoidance of
toxic effects on prostate cancer cell lines, Nair et al [50]. Resolute the chronic inflammation, autoimmunity and transplantation [31].
viabilities of PC-3 cells cultured with quercetin for 8 days and the
Huang et al [31] reported for the first time that quercetin is an
statistics found with viable PC-3 cells and demonstrated that
immune suppressor of DCs by inhibiting endocytosis and provided
quercetin is nontoxic at the concentrations used and does not affect
sturdy confirmation that quercetin may be a gifted agent for the
the constitutive expression of the β-actin housekeeping gene.
prevention and treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune
Quercetin inhibits expression of cell cycle genes, up-regulates the diseases. Muthian & Bright [67] stated that quercetin ameliorates
expression of tumor suppressor genes and down-regulates EAE (Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis) by blocking IL-12
expression of oncogenes in prostate cancer cell line. The androgen signaling and Th1 differentiation and utilized in the treatment of
receptor (AR) is concerned in the progression of prostate cancer and Th1 cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. Intimal type VSMC
the AR protein expression at the transcription level was reduced by (Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells) showed increased JNK (Jun amino
quercetin, which reduced the secretion of the prostate-specific, terminal kinases) activation, which was repressed by quercetin. This
androgen-regulated tumor markers, PSA and hK2 [27]. Nevertheless, might play a role in the anti-atherogenic and anti-hypertensive
many anti-cancer drugs are mitochondria toxic and provoke reactive effects of quercetin[68]. Saija et al [35]. stated that the quercetin is
oxygen species, which in turn can lead to cancer cell death [51, 52] renowned to have the strongest protective effect against UV light
and also induce activation of anti-oxidant and detoxifying enzymes, induced lipoperoxidation. The stability following UV light exposure
thus protecting cells against oxidative damage from carcinogenic of quercetin and its three esters was examined along with their
compounds [53]. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, Joshi lipophilicity and water solubility. They demonstrated that the
et al [38] studied the effect of anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and esterification with an opportune aliphatic side chain of the OH

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Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 6, Issue 10, 20-26

function located at C-3 position and thus may be good applicants as Nanotechnology
photo protective agents.
Nanotechnology is the disciple of science that deals with molecules
Biosynthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles - Role of of nanometric size i. e. 10-9 of a meter [84]. In the past three decades,
Quercetin the explosive development of nanotechnology has exploded into
difficult innovations in pharmacology, which is in the development
Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was found by an easy of revolutionizing the delivery of biologically active compounds. The
chemical reduction method by a plant-derived aglycone flavonoid, systems are exploited for therapeutic function to take the drug in the
quercetin, as a reducing agent. The aqueous chloroauric acid while body in a controlled manner from the site of administration to the
exposed to quercetin, it was reduced and changed to AuNPs in the therapeutic target. This involves the passage of the drug molecules
size range from 20 to 45 nm. AuNPs was distinguished by UV-visual and drug delivery system across numerous physiological barriers,
spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force which signify the most difficult goal in drug targeting [84].
microscopy and dynamic light scattering method. It has wide Preclinical characterization of nanoparticles intended for medical
biomedical and pharmaceutical applications [69]. applications is complicated due to the variety of materials used,
Quercetin, an anti-oxidant compound present in Medicago sativa, their unique surface properties and multifunctional nature.
contains the readily oxidized hydroxyl group in the C-ring next to Nanotechnology has to conclude and definitely pierced the empire of
the carboxyl group, which is involved in the synthesis of AuNPs [70]. drug delivery. Acts of intellectual drug delivery system are
It also was proposed that the Mentha piperita might decrease the constantly enhanced with the principle to exploit curative action and
silver and gold nanoparticle into metallic nanoparticles. It was to reduce adverse side effects. Now a days, the advanced drug
reported that the ketone is the main part in Cymbopogon flexuosus delivery system based on micelles, polymeric nanoparticles and
extract that renders the liquid similar to characteristics of the dendrimers, liposomes, nanotubes, quantum dots etc. for the
spherical gold nanoparticle [71]. manipulation of various diseases and their metabolic pathway [85].
Drug delivery is a main crisis in macrophage specific leishmanial Besides, the nano-size too permits for access into the cell and
parasite infections. Das et al [69], were effectively, evaluated that new various cellular compartments as well as in the nucleus.
quercetin conjugated gold nanoparticles against leishmanial Nanoparticles are also well thought-out to have the possible as new
macrophage infections. Nowadays, extensive consideration has been intravascular or cellular probes for both analytical and therapeutic
paid to the synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles; as they functions, which is predictable to produce novelty and play a
can be used in diverse chemical science and technologies [11]. Gold significant role in medicine. Target-specific drug/gene delivery and
nanoparticles are biologically static and cause no severe side effects in early verdict in cancer treatment is one of the main concern
genetic systems. In several studies, gold nanoparticles have been used research areas in which nanomedicine will play a vital role [86].
for drug delivery [73, 74]. Quercetin was conjugated with gold Nanoparticles
nanoparticle throughout synthesis of the particle by citrate reduction of
chloroauric acid. The conjugates were distinguished by various Nanotechnology and nanoparticulate carriers recommend unique
techniques like Atomic Force Microscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering, promises in many biomedical fields, such as in disease prevention,
Transmission Electron Microscopy, Absorption Spectroscopy, diagnosis and controlled drug delivery. Nano-sized particles have
Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis novel physiochemical properties, which have been developed for
[75]. Silver nano particles being most exploited and newer methods for plentiful applications in a variety of fields, especially in
synthesis of highly mono-disperse particles [76]. It has been intensively pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
focused of owing to their wide range of applications in catalysis, optics, The advantages of using nanocrystals like increased saturation
antimicrobials and biomaterials [77, 78]. Biosynthesis of silver solubility and dissolution velocity recognized to their higher surface
nanocubes was carried out using leaf extract of Peltophorum area and good adhesion to biological surfaces. Gupta [87] compared
pterocarphum containing Quercetin-3-O-β-d-galactopyranoside the efficiency of production, the size and quality of the products. The
compound. It shows the potential effect on antifungal activity against compensation in using this kind of materials in drug delivery lie in
commercial antifungal agent fluconazole [79]. the possibility of obtaining a target-specific delivery of drugs and
genes to various sites in the body, in the increase of the drug
Pros and Cons of Quercetin
residence at the target site and in the improvement of cellular
The main disadvantages of using quercetin in therapeutically are uptake and intracellular stability [86], and its renowned that the
poor solubility in water and instability in physiological medium, enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect of the tumor
which restricts the use of this flavonoid to oral administration [80]. vasculature allows the nanoparticulate carriers accumulate in
And it is not potential to solubilize these two compounds in a single cancer tissue and to release the loaded drug in the target site [88].
nontoxic solvent [81]. Over the last decade, there has been increase Sahoo et al [89] found that the dissolution of the drug nanocrystals
in the number of newly developed drug molecules that exhibit poor was much higher than that of the pure drug at pH 6.8 (quercetin
water solubility as well as poor availability. Most challenging tasks nanocrystals) and 1.2 (original quercetin) and increased antioxidant
in drug development are to improve solubility and oral activity of the quercetin nanocrystals were more effective than the
bioavailability of these novel drugs. original quercetin. Their studies found that the enhanced dissolution
rate was attributed to the increased effective surface area due to the
Ader et al [82] investigated the bioavailability of the flavonol decreased particle size.
quercetin after intravenous and oral application in pig by giving 0.4
– 5mg of quercetin in different time intervals and the blood samples Nanoencapsulation and its Advantages
were analyzed for quercetin in HPLC. The results indicate
Encapsulation is known as one of the “nature made” techniques for
absorption of the flavonol quercetin from the small intestine mainly
shielding biological organization. Encapsulation is used in product
in the form of glucuronides. The solid dispersion of quercetin with
formulation to trap important ingredients into a carrier, so as to
polyvinyl pyrrolidone kollidon® 25 (PVP K25) suggests an
pass on protection against oxidation, isomerization and degradation
interesting way to increase quercetin solubility, antioxidant activity,
and to broaden the shelf life of materials over a period of time and it
and consequently bioavailability by various techniques, and it was
is used for controlled/sustained delivery of functional substances
possible because of the quercetin solubility increasing due to the
when ingested in the body [90].
solid dispersion formation. Hu et al [83] experimented that the
instability of quercetin in the cell culture in which would manipulate Nanoencapsulation improve the solubility and pharmacokinetics
the in vitro studies. They observed the transport behavior of profiles of insoluble drugs. In many cases, targeted drug delivery is
quercetin in Neuro-2a (N2a) cells, as an exemplification to confirm greatly enhanced, bioavailability to the target tissues and cells are
quercetin stable conditions and the structure is steadier in weak significantly improved, while toxicity is reduced. It can considerably
acid and less stable in DMEM (Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium) increase the delivery of such drugs to tumor tissue and reduce their
than H 2 0 at the pH of 7, which will enhance the stability of quercetin. toxic side effects to normal cells. Several choices for polymers that

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Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 6, Issue 10, 20-26

can be selected to encapsulate the drug however it is significant that solubility of 25.50±1.11µg/ml, about nine times higher than coarse
the polymer have capability to bind the drug without altering its quercetin was obtained.
activity. Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) is appropriate carrier for drug
as the nanoparticle produced from a protein base is simply Tan et al [101] investigated lecithin-chitosan nanoparticles as a topical
adjustable to human body [91]. In general, the large particle is delivery system for quercetin. The quercetin-loaded nanoparticles
simply removed by liver and spleen. Reducing the size of colloidal showed higher permeation ability, and significantly increased
particle carriers; enhance the stability of the carrier nanoparticles. accumulation of quercetin in the skin, especially in the epidermis. The
The nanoencapsulation of quercetin, a strong antioxidant and radical interaction between nanoparticles and the skin surface changed the
scavenger, via methyl methacrylate miniemulsion polymerization, morphology of the stratum corneum and broke the close conjugation
using miglyol 812 as costabilizer and lecithin as surfactant was of the corneocyte layers, due to high permeability of quercetin into the
skin. It can be concluded that the obtained formulation of chitosan-
studied and the effect of the monomer/co-stabilizer ratio and
lecithin nanoparticles could be promising vehicle for topical delivery
different types of initiator, and redox pair composed of hydrogen
of quercetin. Song et al [102] investigated that antioxidant activity of
peroxide and ascorbic acid, was investigated. Higher quercetin
quercetin and β-carotene by co-encapsulation in nanoparticle, they
recovery was obtained for nanocapsules when compared with
observed that nanoparticles holding quercetin, had a faster rate of
nanospheres [92].
reaction when compared to β-carotene encapsulated nanoparticles.
The communication of the molecular memory to a polymer network Kouassi et al [103] studied that the linoleic acid (LA) was encapsulated
is called Molecular Imprinting, which is a very useful and in the presence or absence of quercetin into a dual polymer system of
straightforward method. Molecular Imprinted Polymers (MIP) has whey protein and Kappa-carrageenan using ultrasound. Anti-oxidant
been used in a wide number of research areas such as in activity of quercetin and the stability of encapsulated LA were
chromatographic separation and solid-phase extraction. Recently, examined and 83% of the LA was efficiently encapsulated. Bioactivity
researchers make attempts to obtain nano-sized imprinted of quercetin can be enhanced by nanotechnical encapsulation [104]
particulates to be used in drug delivery. Curcio et al [93] reported and that liposomes be capable of firmly and professionally deliver Ag
that the synthesis and characterization of imprinted nanospheres and quercetin for the Ag-specific suppression of inflammatory arthritis
with high swelling properties obtained using quercetin, MAA and [105]. Ghosh et al [106] proposed oral treatment with
ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as template, functional nanoencapsulated quercetin, it has a protective role against oxidative
monomer and cross-linking agent respectively. The removal of the damage by preventing the loss of pyramidal neurons from the
template leaves in the polymer organization binding cavities that hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subfields in ischemia reperfusion induced
sustain the size and shape of the template molecule present elevated young and aged rats. Nevertheless, shorter durations of reperfusion
selectivity for the release of quercetin and Curcio et al [93] produce considerably less damage. Ghosh et al [107]. investigated that
investigated the possibility of employing these monodispersed nanoencapsulated formulations with quercetin and DMSO alone or
imprinted nanoparticles as devices for the controlled/sustained coencapsulated in polylactide-co-glycolide [N (quercetin+DMSO)]
release of quercetin. The imprinted polymers to be used in drug were synthesized to investigate their healing function in a rat model of
delivery should possess a certain degree of flexibility, in order to chronic arsenic toxicity and DMSA may provide a more effective
minimize potential irritation to surrounding tissues and obtain a fast therapeutic strategy in the management of arsenic toxicity and also
equilibrium between the release and re-uptake of the template in presents a novel way of combining hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs
the cavity, but also maintain the conformation of the imprinted into a single delivery system. Gao et al [108] stated that quercetin
cavities also in absence of the template, to preserve their selectivity exhibited anti-cancer activity in A2780S ovarian cancer cells.
properties [94]. Flavin & Resmini [95] reported that the in vitro Encapsulation of quercetin in MPEG-PCL micelles, suppressed the
release studies in plasma simulating fluids and the cytotoxicity tests growth of established xenograftA2780S ovarian tumors through
indicated the suitability of these materials as devices for the causing cancer cell apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis in vivo. Thus
controlled/sustained delivery of quercetin in biological fluids and encapsulation of quercetin using polymers will improve the
anti-proliferative activity of quercetin were preserved after loading therapeutic effects of quercetin.
onto MIP materials. CONCLUSION
Kumari et al [96] studied the encapsulated the quercetin on poly D, L- In this paper, the complete study of the biological, physical and
lactide (PLA) nanoparticles by solvent evaporation method. The chemical properties of quercetin was discussed. The role of
nanoencapsulation efficiency of quercetin evaluated by HPLC and quercetin in the biosynthesis of silver and gold Nanoparticles was
antioxidant assay is showed 96.7%. PLA is extensively used for the also presented. Brief descriptions about the encapsulation of
encapsulation of many therapeutic agents due to its high quercetin were discussed.
hydrophobicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, low toxicity, strong
mechanical strength and slow drug release and have reported on CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
successful encapsulation of quercetin into liposomes [97] and chitosan
nanoparticles [98]. The quercetin loaded PLA nanoparticles have been Declared None
characterized by scanning electron microscope, atomic force ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
microscope, and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Effect of quercetin loaded
PLA nanoparticles on fluorescence quenching of BSA protein has also The first author would like to acknowledge DST, New Delhi for
been evaluated. The quantification of encapsulation efficiency, providing financial assistance under DST- INSPIRE Scheme,
antioxidant activity and in vitro release was also carried to improve its Proceeding No: 8946/ PD6/2010.
function in pharmaceuticals field. PLA encapsulated quercetin
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