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LING LIANG CHURCH M H LAU SECONDARY SCHOOL
S4 Bridging Course – English
Grammar Exercise 4
Defining and Non-defining Relative Clauses

We use relative clauses to give additional information.
A Defining relative clauses give essential information to the person or thing

we are talking about.
There is a girl talking to Tom. You want to know who she is. You’ll
ask: Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?
They live in the house. The house’s roof is full of holes. We’ll say:
They live in the house whose roof is full of holes.
*** Commas (,) are not used in defining relative clauses. ***
1
The following relative pronouns are used in defining relative clauses.
Person Thing Place Time Reason
Subject who which/that
Object who/whom which/that where when why
Possessive whose whose
B Non-Defining Relative Clauses give additional information, but the

information can’t help us to identify the person of thing we are talking about.
The clauses are put in commas.
Compare:
The Elephant that loves alligators is very unusual. (This tells us which elephant
we are talking about.)
Elephants, which are large and grey, can be found in zoo. (This gives us extra
information about elephant)
Relative pronouns in non-defining clauses

Person Thing Place
Subject who which
Object who/whom which where
Possessive whose
Exercise 1
Fill in the correct relative pronoun (who / which).
1. This is the bank which was robbed yesterday.
2. The man who robbed the bank had two guns.
3. He wore a mask which made him look like Mickey
Mouse.
4. He came with a friend who waited outside in the car.
5. The woman who gave him the money was young.
6. The bag which contained the money was yellow.
7. The people who were in the bank were very frightened.
8. The car which the bank robbers escaped in was orange.
9. The man who drove the car was nervous.
Exercise 2
Decide whether to use who or which.
1. The people who built Stonehenge lived several
thousand years ago.
2. The huge stones which are more than 6 metres high
weigh about 45 tons.
3. The smaller stones weigh about 4 tons and are from an area in Wales which
is 400 kilometres away from Stonehenge.
4. As Stonehenge lies in a large field, tourists who come to
this place can already see the stones from a distance.
5. Everybody who has visited Stonehenge says that it is
very impressive.
LING LIANG CHURCH M H LAU SECONDARY SCHOOL
S4 Bridging Course – English
Too Much, Too Many, Too Few, Too Little, Enough
A. too much, too many: more than necessary; use before nouns.
Miss Fatt eats too much food.
The green aliens have too many eyes.
B. too little and too few: less than necessary; use before nouns.
There is too little water in the desert.
There are too few candles to light up the room.
*** Remember***
More than necessary Less than necessary

Before countable nouns Too many Too few
Before uncountable nouns Too much Too little
Exercise 1
Correct the following lines.
1. Mary has too few money to buy all the pencils.

Mary has too little money to buy all the pencils.
2. There are too much bicycles on the road.

There are too many bicycles on the road.
3. I put too many sugar in my tea. It’s too sweet now.

I put too much sugar in my tea. It’s too sweet now.
4. Jerry bought too little eggs to make pancakes for us.

Jerry bought too few eggs to make pancakes for us.
C. We use enough to describe the quantity is as much as necessary.
(1) Enough + noun (enough money / enough people etc.)
Is there enough sugar in your coffee?
(2) Enough without a noun
I’ve got some money but not enough to buy a car.

= I need more money to buy a car.
(3) Adjective + enough (good enough / tall enough etc.)
Shall we sit outside? No, it isn’t warm enough. (Not ‘enough warm)
*** We say:
enough for (somebody / something) This pullover isn’t big enough for me. I
haven’t got enough money for a car.
enough to (do something) I haven’t got enough money to buy a car.
(not for buy a car)
enough for (somebody / something) to There aren’t enough chairs for
(do something) everybody to sit down.
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences. Use enough with one of these words:
Big eat fruit loud old practice sugar time tired
1. ‘Is there enough sugar in your coffee?’ ‘Yes, thank you.’

2. Can you hear the radio? Is it loud enough for you?
3. He can leave school if he wants – he’s old enough .
4. Did you have enough time to answer all the
questions in the exam?
5. This house isn’t big enough for a large family.
6. Tina is very thin. She doesn’t eat enough .
7. You don’t eat fruit enough . You should eat more
– it’s good for you.
8. It’s late but I don’t want to go to bed now. I’m not tired enough
.
9. Lisa isn’t a very good tennis player because she doesn’t
Practice enough .
Exercise 3
Fill in the blanks with too much, too many, too few, too little and enough.
The human body is like a machine. It needs fuel to work normally, to grow
and to repair body tissues, but many people in the west consume
1. Too much food and therefore 2. Too many
Calories. Excess food and energy is stored as fat in the body. Most of us don’t eat
3. Enough fibre and starchy carbohydrates, and possibly
4. Too few vitamins and minerals, which are all
essential for good health. We may not remove the toxins and waste from out
body if we drink
5. Too little water.
The diet in most western countries is too high in fat, particularly saturated fat. This
increases the risk of heart disease. We also tend to eat
6. Too much salt and sugar. Eating 7. Too many
Sugary food is a major cause of tooth decay, obesity and diabetes.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends eating at least five portions
of fruits and vegetables every day. This is an easy way to consume
8. enough vitamins and minerals, as well as fibre.
Relative clauses exercises (intermediate -)
www.vivquarry.com
Join the following sentences to make one sentence using a relative pronoun when
necessary.
If the relative pronoun is unnecessary, put it in brackets. You may sometimes have
to change the word order or change 'a' into 'the'.
There's the boy. He broke the window.

There’s the boy (who) broke the window.
The film star gave a party. It cost $10,000.

The film star gave a party (whose) it cost 10.000
That's the palace. The Queen lives in it.

That’s the palace (which) the queen lives in it.
You met a man at the party. He is a famous film star.

The man (who) you met at the party, is a famous film star.
My friend came to the party. He's a policeman.
My friend (who) is a policeman, came to the party
There are the policemen. They caught the thief.

There are the policemen (who) caught the thief.
What's the name of the lady? She was wearing the blue dress.
What’s the name of the lady (who) was wearing the blue drees?
I gave her a watch. It stopped after two days.

I gave her watch (which) it stopped after two days.
My car was very expensive. It's a Mercedes.

My car it Mercedes, (which) was very expensive.
You're reading a book. I wanted to read it.

I wanted to read the book (that) you reading.
There's someone at the door. He wants to speak to George.

There’s someone at the door (who) wants to speak to George
Here are the letters. They arrived this morning.

Here are the letters (which) arrived this morning.
I met Mr. Da Silva. He is President of Brazil.

I met Mr. da Silva, (who) is the president of Brazil.
It's very spicy food. I don't like it.

I don’t like the food (that) is very spicy.
That's the house. I was born in it.
That’s is the house (that) I was born.
That's the dictionary. Bill gave it to me for Christmas.

That is the dictionary (who) bill gave me for the Christmas.
Where is the lady? She ordered fish.

Where is the lady (who) ordered the fish?
Those are the cars. They only take unleaded petrol.

Those are the cars (which) only take unleaded petrol
The children went to New York. They speak English.

The children (who) went to New York speak English.
Do you know the children? They live in that house.

Do you know the children (who) live in that house?
Do you like the people? Sarah invited them to her party.

Do you like the people whom Sarah invited to her party?
The clothes come from C&A. They are good quality.

The clothes (which) have a good quality comes from c&a.

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LING LIANG CHURCH M H LAU SECONDARY SCHOOL

S4 Bridging Course – English

Defining and Non-defining Relative Clauses

A Defining relative clauses give essential information to the person or thing

B Non-Defining Relative Clauses give additional information, but the

Relative pronouns in non-defining clauses

Too Much, Too Many, Too Few, Too Little, Enough

Miss Fatt eats too much food.

The green aliens have too many eyes.

There is too little water in the desert.

There are too few candles to light up the room.

More than necessary Less than necessary

1. Mary has too few money to buy all the pencils.

2. There are too much bicycles on the road.

3. I put too many sugar in my tea. It’s too sweet now.

4. Jerry bought too little eggs to make pancakes for us.

C. We use enough to describe the quantity is as much as necessary.

(1) Enough + noun (enough money / enough people etc.)

Is there enough sugar in your coffee?

(2) Enough without a noun

I’ve got some money but not enough to buy a car.

(3) Adjective + enough (good enough / tall enough etc.)

Big eat fruit loud old practice sugar time tired

1. ‘Is there enough sugar in your coffee?’ ‘Yes, thank you.’

Sugary food is a major cause of tooth decay, obesity and diabetes.

Relative clauses exercises (intermediate -)

There's the boy. He broke the window.

The film star gave a party. It cost $10,000.

That's the palace. The Queen lives in it.

You met a man at the party. He is a famous film star.

There are the policemen. They caught the thief.

I gave her a watch. It stopped after two days.

My car was very expensive. It's a Mercedes.

You're reading a book. I wanted to read it.

There's someone at the door. He wants to speak to George.

Here are the letters. They arrived this morning.

I met Mr. Da Silva. He is President of Brazil.

It's very spicy food. I don't like it.

That's the dictionary. Bill gave it to me for Christmas.

Where is the lady? She ordered fish.

Those are the cars. They only take unleaded petrol.

The children went to New York. They speak English.

Do you know the children? They live in that house.

Do you like the people? Sarah invited them to her party.

The clothes come from C&A. They are good quality.

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