Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems

Lecture 4
ENERGY LOSSES IN HYDRAULIC

SYSTEMS
1
Laminar and Turbulent Flows
• Laminar flow: This is also known as streamline or viscous flow
• Turbulent flow: It is characterized by a fluid flowing in

random way. The movement of particles fluctuates up and
down in a direction perpendicular as well as parallel to the
mean flow direction.
2
Reynolds Number
• It can be shown experimentally and verified
analytically that the character of flow in a
round pipe depends on four variables: fluid
density ρ, fluid viscosity μ, pipe diameter D,
and average velocity of flow v.
3
Darcy–Weisbach Equation
• The prediction of friction loss is one of the important
problems in fluid power. It is a very complicated problem and
only in special cases, the friction factor is computed
analytically.
• Head losses in a long pipe in which the velocity distribution
has become fully established or uniform along its length can
be found by Darcy’s equation as
4
Frictional Losses in Laminar Flow
• Darcy’s equation can be used to find head losses in pipes
experiencing laminar flow by noting that for laminar flow, the
friction factor equals the constant 64 divided by the Reynolds
number:
5
Frictional Losses in Turbulent Flow
• Darcy’s equation can be used to find head losses in pipes
experiencing turbulent flow. However, the friction factor in
turbulent flow is a function of Reynolds number and the
relative roughness of the pipe.
• Effect of Pipe Roughness
– The relative roughness is the ratio of the pipe diameter D to the
average pipe wall roughness ε (Greek letter epsilon).
6
7
Frictional Losses in Valves and Fittings
• For many fluid power applications, the
majority of the energy losses occur in valves
and fittings in which there is a change in the
cross-section of flow path and a change in the
direction of the flow. Tests have shown that
head losses in valves and fittings are
proportional to the square of the velocity of
the fluid:
• Where K is called the loss coefficient of valve

or fittings. K factors for commonly used valves
are given in Table.
8
Equivalent Length Technique
• We can find a length of pipe that for the same flow rate
would produce the same head loss as a valve or fitting. This
length of pipe, which is called the equivalent length of a valve
or fitting, can be found by equating head losses across the
valve or fitting and the pipe:
• where Le is the equivalent length of a valve or fitting.
9
Example
For the hydraulic system shown in the Fig., the following data are given:
1. A pump adds 2.984 kW to a fluid (pump
hydraulic power = 2.984 kW).
2. The elevation difference between stations 1
and 2 is 6.096 m.
3. The pump flow rate is 0.00158 m3/s.
4. The specific gravity of oil is 0.9.
5. The kinematic viscosity of oil is 75 cS.
6. The pipe diameter is 19.05 mm.
7. Pipe lengths are as follows: 0.305, 1.22 and
4.88 m.
Find the pressure available at the inlet to the hydraulic motor. The pressure at the oil top
surface level in the hydraulic tank is atmospheric (0 Pa gauge). 10
Solution
• Kinematic viscosity = 75 cS = 75 × 10−6 m2/s
• Write the energy equation between stations 1 and 2:
• Since there is no hydraulic motor between stations 1 and 2,
• as oil tank is vented to the atmosphere. Now,
• The velocity at point 2 is
• The velocity head at point 2 is
• So the flow is laminar. The friction is

11
Solution
• We can now find the head loss due to friction between stations 1 and 2:
• Next use Bernoulli’s equation to solve for P2/ϒ
12
Solution
• The pump head is given by
• Now ϒ=8817 N/m3 and P=2984 W . So
• Finally, we solve for the pressure at station 2:
13
Example
• For the fluid power system shown in Fig. below,
– determine the external load F that a hydraulic cylinder can sustain while
moving in an extending direction. Take frictional pressure losses into account.
The pump produces a pressure increase of 6.9 MPa from the inlet port to the
discharge port and a flow rate of 0.00253 m3/s. The following data are
applicable. Kinematic viscosity 0.0000930 m /s 2
Weight density of oil 7840 3 N/m 3

Cylinder piston diameter 0.203 m
Cylinder rod diameter 0.102 m
All elbows are at 900 with K

factor = 0.75. Pipe length and
inside diameters are given in
Fig,
14
(a) Determine the heat generation rate.
(b) Determine the extending and retracting speeds of cylinder.
1. Velocity calculation:
15
2. Reynolds number 3. Now head loss can be calculated for each element:
calculation:
All flows are laminar.
4. Now external load F that a hydraulic cylinder can sustain while moving in an extending
direction can be calculated as
16
(a) Heat generation rate (power loss in watts) = Pressure × Discharge
Power loss = {(14000 +469000 +20300)(0.00253) +(46200+1230000)(0.00189)}
Power loss = 1740 + 2410 = 4150 W
(b) Now to calculate forward and retracting speed of the cylinder
Qpump= 0.00253 m /s3

Cylinder piston diameter = 0.2032 m
Area of piston
Knowing the area of piston and discharge we can calculate the forward velocity of piston as
17

Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Energy Losses in Hydraulic Systems

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 4

ENERGY LOSSES IN HYDRAULIC

• Turbulent flow: It is characterized by a fluid flowing in

• Where K is called the loss coefficient of valve

• where Le is the equivalent length of a valve or fitting.

• Since there is no hydraulic motor between stations 1 and 2,

• as oil tank is vented to the atmosphere. Now,

• The velocity at point 2 is

• The velocity head at point 2 is

• So the flow is laminar. The friction is

• Next use Bernoulli’s equation to solve for P2/ϒ

• Now ϒ=8817 N/m3 and P=2984 W . So

• Finally, we solve for the pressure at station 2:

Weight density of oil 7840 3 N/m 3

All elbows are at 900 with K

(b) Now to calculate forward and retracting speed of the cylinder

Qpump= 0.00253 m /s3

You might also like