‫‪Climate changes‬‬

‫ثامر عبد الرحمن حسن‬

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 Climate changes

Climate change is the periodic change of the

Earth's climate, which is caused by changes
that occur in the atmosphere, or because of
interactions between the atmosphere and other
geological, chemical, biological and
geographic factors within the Earth system,
and the change includes the usual weather in a
region, it may be a change in the temperature
of this The place is regular for a month, or for
a specific season, or it may be a change in the
amount of rain that falls on this place, or a
change in the temperature of the whole earth,
or a change in the places where rain and snow
falls, and it is possible to differentiate between
weather and climate in that the weather is a
change The weather is within a few hours,
while the weather may be smooth It sank
hundreds or millions of years to change.
:Causes of climate
change Burning fossil fuels Industrial
countries have been burning huge amounts of

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fossil fuels such as oil and gas over the past
150 years, and the gases released during
these combustions work in the air, and they
form something like the layer that is not
visible, so this layer works To confine the heat
coming from the sun, which raises its
temperature, which is known as global
.warming
Global warming (the effect of global warming)
is defined as the retention of the atmosphere
surrounding the Earth and some of the energy
that reaches it from the sun in the form of
heat, so this phenomenon occurs on the
surface of the earth and the troposphere - the
lower layer of the atmosphere - due to the
increase in the proportion of some gases in
them Such as carbon dioxide (CO2) gases,
water vapor, methane (CH4) and other gases,
and the effect of water vapor - among all the
causing gases - is the largest of its kind in this
phenomenon, and these gases are
characterized by being executing most of the

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wavelengths of solar radiation It allows it to
reach the surface of the earth But on the
other hand, it not implemented the
proportions of infrared, thermal radiation, as
it is Amtsasma in the atmosphere and on the
surface of the Earth, by these gases, then
changed to heat, and it becomes difficult to
.re-radiate from Earth to outer space again

:Human causes
Some human activities contribute to the
occurrence of global warming, and among
these activities comes the burning of fossil
fuels. The industrial revolution that began in
the mid-eighteenth century increased the
levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
very significantly from 280 to 387 parts per
million ( This is due to an increase in the use
of fossil fuels and an increase in combustion,
and the concentration of this gas in the
atmosphere increases by 2-3 parts per

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million / year. Million, due to an increase in
the concentration of greenhouse gases in a
Atmosphere is expected to increase earth's
.temperature between 1.4 ° -5.6 ° C
Methods of land use have changed
significantly over the past years, as forests are
currently being removed, especially in the
tropics, and used for other investments, and
this process contributes to increasing a third
of the amount of carbon dioxide emissions
into the atmosphere, which in turn leads to
.global warming
Animal husbandry plays an important role in
the occurrence of global warming, as it is
responsible for 18% of greenhouse gas
emissions in the world according to the
United Nations report, where animal
husbandry needs to remove forests in order
to use these lands as a pasture for livestock,
and this happened in the Amazon jungle,
where the About 70% of the deforestation
process was caused by livestock raising, and
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the emission of methane, which is produced
naturally from livestock, increases the
percentage of greenhouse gases, which in
turn exacerbates the problem of global
.warming
Industrial waste and landfills In general,
factories and industrial processes produce
many harmful gases that are released into the
atmosphere, which leads to an increase in
global warming. Also, landfills and landfills
increase the emission of methane and carbon
dioxide, which contribute significantly to the
.increase in the impact of greenhouse gases

The increase in the population The world’s

population increases from year to year, so the
demand for food, shelter, clothing, and many
industrial products increases, and this, in turn,
increases the number of factories and
industrial processes accompanying them,
which contributes to a high rate of emission

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of harmful gases into the atmosphere,
Consequently, the effect of greenhouse gases
increases, and on the other hand, an increase
in the population increases the use of fossil
fuels, which contributes significantly to the
.exacerbation of global warming

:Natural causes
There are a number of natural factors that
contribute to increasing the proportion of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, where
the proportion of greenhouse gases resulting
from natural processes has been relatively
balanced for thousands of years, but with the
change of time changed, and with some of
.these factors mentioned

Termites contribute through their digestion -1

.to increase methane emissions

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Wild ruminants and small herbivores -2
.contribute to increased methane emissions

Forest fires contribute to the emission of -3

many harmful gases, such as: carbon
monoxide, methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous
.oxide, and nitrogen oxides in general

Wetland ecosystems increase methane -4

.emissions

Land ecosystems such as pastures, forests, -5

and savannas contribute to increased nitrous
.oxide emissions

Fresh water such as lakes, streams, rivers, -6

and wetlands contribute to greenhouse gas
emissions such as methane, nitrous oxide, and
.carbon dioxide

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Deforestation Forest plants absorb massive
amounts of carbon dioxide which is a
greenhouse gas from the air, and release
oxygen to the air. The Amazon rainforest is
large and sufficient to do this, but many
rainforests are cut down to make wood and
palm oil, To pave the way for farmland, roads,
.oil mines, and dams
:Animal husbandry
The eating habits of cows represented in the
storage of greenhouse gases can contribute to
climate change on the surface of the earth.
When the cows eat their food, methane
accumulates in its digestive system and is
released in the form of a fart. This may seem
illogical, but Given that there are
approximately 1.5 billion cows in the world
that release these quantities of methane into
the atmosphere, the possibility of its impact
.on the climate becomes logical

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Climate change impacts There are many
impacts that have resulted from climate
:change, and the most important of them
Rising temperatures The global average
surface temperature has risen by about 1 ° C
since 1850, with the last three decades being
warmer than any previous decade, and since
2001 16 of the 17 times of the warmest years
.in history have been monitored
Changing Rainfall Observations have shown
that rainfall has increased in the northern
latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere since
the beginning of the twentieth century, and
there are changes between seasons in
different regions, for example, the average
annual summer rainfall in the United Kingdom
decreases on average, while precipitation
increases in a season Winter, and there is
evidence that torrential rains have become
.more severe, especially over North America

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Changes in nature Changes in seasons have
brought about changes in the behavior of
animal species. For example, butterflies began
to emerge earlier in the year, and birds
.diverted from their migratory patterns

Sea level rise Sea level has increased since

1900 by more than 20 centimeters, and the
rate of sea level rise in recent decades has
increased from about 1.7 mm per year during
the past century, to 3.3 mm per year since the
.early 1990s

Sea ice Arctic sea ice began to decrease since

the late 1970s, as it decreased by 4%, or 0.6
million square kilometers per decade, and the
minimum level of Arctic sea ice in the summer
decreased by 13.3% per decade since 1979,
and it was Sea ice in Antarctica is more stable,
although most regions have had very low
.levels since autumn 2016

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Climate is known as the average weather
condition. Although weather and climate refer
to the conditions in the atmosphere, the time
frame for each is different. Weather describes
the weather conditions in a specific location in
the short term - that is, next Monday it will be
hot and sunny in Timbuktu, Mali, or rainy, in
.Dhaka, Bangladesh

As for the climate, it is related to weather

conditions for a longer period - decades or
centuries: the weather in Timbuktu may be
like that of Dhaka one day, but the climate of
the two cities is very different: Timbuktu is
located in the desert and its climate is hot and
dry, while Dhaka is located in the monsoon
.region and its climate is hot and humid
The IPCC notes that mixing weather and
climate is common: scientists are often asked
how they can predict climate for 50 years in

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the future at a time when they cannot predict
.the weather a few weeks from now

Predicting the weather after a few days is

difficult, because the evolution of factors in
the atmosphere - such as precipitation, etc.
may be difficult to predict. The interpretation
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change is that although it is impossible to
predict the age at which a particular person
will die, the average age at which people
.living in industrialized countries can die is 75

What is the difference between climate

?change and global warming

People usually use the terms interchangeably,

assuming they denote the same thing. But
there is a difference between the two: global
warming indicates an increase in the average

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temperature near the surface of the earth,
and climate change indicates changes in the
atmosphere, such as temperature,
precipitation and other changes that are
.measured over decades or longer periods

The term climate change is preferred when

referring to the influence of factors other than
high temperature. According to the United
States Environmental Protection Agency,
:climate change may result from the following

Natural factors such as changes in the sun’s -1

density or slow changes in the Earth’s rotation
,around the sun

Natural processes within the climate system -2

,(such as changes in the ocean's water cycle)

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Humanitarian activities that change the -3
composition of the atmosphere (such as
burning fossil fuels) and the Earth's surface
(such as deforestation, reforestation,
.urbanization, desertification, etc)

?What is the greenhouse effect

The greenhouse effect is named in reference

to the traditional greenhouses (greenhouses)
in which the glass walls reduce airflow and
increase the temperature of the air trapped
.inside them

It is noteworthy that the Earth's climate

depends mainly on the sun, where about 30
percent of sunlight is scattered again in space,
and the atmosphere absorbs some of it while
the rest of the Earth's surface is absorbed.
The Earth’s surface also reflects part of the

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sun’s light in the form of mobile energy called
.infrared radiation

What happens is that the infrared radiation is

delayed due to "greenhouse gases" such as
water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone and
methane, which cause the infrared radiation
to bounce again, which raises the
temperature of the lower atmosphere and the
.Earth’s surface

Although greenhouse gases constitute only

one percent of the atmosphere, they form a
cover around the ground or a glass roof for a
greenhouse, which traps heat and keeps the
globe temperature at 30 degrees, which is
.higher than if it were otherwise

However, human activities contribute to

making this cover "thicker" because the

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natural levels of these gases are supported by
carbon dioxide emissions from the
combustion of coal, oil and natural gas,
through the emission of more methane and
nitrous oxide that results from agricultural
activities and changes in land use, And
through long-lived industrial gases that are
.not produced naturally

But if climate change is not new, why should

?we blame the human race

The Earth's climate has undergone many

changes. Changes in the balance of Earth’s
radiation were a major driver of climate
changes in the past, but the reasons have
varied as scientists have identified the
following causes of the changes that occurred
:before the industrial era (i.e. before 1780)

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Changes in Earth's rotation

Ice ages came and went on cyclical cycles for

nearly three million years, and the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
says that there is strong evidence that it was
associated with periodic changes in the
Earth’s orbit around the sun, which are called
Milankovic cycles, relative to the Serbian
mathematician Milutin Milankovic (1879 -
.1958). ) Who came up with this explanation

These orbital cycles mean that different

amounts of solar radiation are received at
each latitude during each season of the year.
There is still controversy over how the
beginning and end of these ice ages are, but
there are studies indicating that the amount
of sunlight falling in the summer on northern
continents plays a vital role: if it falls to less
than a certain degree, the snow formed from

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the previous winter does not melt in summer ,
And as snow builds up, the ice sheet begins to
.grow

According to climate change simulations, the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
says that the next ice age may begin in 30,000
years. Each ice age or ice cycle is followed by
.a warmer interstitial cycle

.Changes in the intensity of the sun

In 2001, using a new computer-based climate
model, NASA bolstered the well-established
theory that low solar activity set off the "Little
.Ice Age" from 1400 to 1700

During the Little Ice Age, the ice made its way
to Greenland between 1410 and 1720, the
canals froze in the Netherlands, the ice layers
increased in the Alps, and the ice in the seas

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increased to a degree that did not allow an
open waterway in any direction around
Iceland in 1695. It restored NASA's model
brings to mind the impact of the weak sun,
which brought about major regional climate
changes and the cold that ensued on
.continents during the winter

NASA also notes that from the mid-1600s to

the early 1700s, it appears that the Earth's
surface temperature in the northern
hemisphere has reached its lowest levels, or
near that, during the last thousand years, and
that winter temperatures in Europe have
.decreased from 1 to 1.5 degrees

The temperature drop was evident from

temperature readings from tree rings and ice
cores, and from historical temperature
records collected by the University of

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Massachusetts-Amherst and the University of
.Virginia

Aerosols are small particles in the atmosphere

that vary greatly in size, composition, and
chemical concentration. Volcanic emissions
produce dust particles that block out sunlight
and can cause temperature drops in the short
.term

In 1815, the eruption of the Tambura volcano

in Indonesia led to a global temperature
decrease of about 3 degrees, according to the
US Geological Survey. Even after a year of the
volcano, most of the northern hemisphere
experienced a sharp drop in temperatures
during the summer months. In 1816 it was
known in parts of Europe and North America
".as "a year without summer

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