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    MA 511: Computer Programming: Partha Sarathi Mandal

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    Naveen Gupta
    The document discusses macro definitions in C which allow single identifiers to be equivalent to expressions or statements and are treated differently during compilation than functions. It also covers storage classes in C like auto, static, and extern which define the scope and lifetime of variables and functions, with extern making a variable visible to all object modules but not initializing it, and static defining a variable that is only visible within the file it is declared in. Examples are provided of using macros and the extern and static storage classes.

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    MA 511: Computer Programming: Partha Sarathi Mandal

    Uploaded by

    Naveen Gupta
    15 views8 pages
    The document discusses macro definitions in C which allow single identifiers to be equivalent to expressions or statements and are treated differently during compilation than functions. It also covers storage classes in C like auto, static, and extern which define the scope and lifetime of variables and functions, with extern making a variable visible to all object modules but not initializing it, and static defining a variable that is only visible within the file it is declared in. Examples are provided of using macros and the extern and static storage classes.

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    LectureNoteMA511Nov16

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    The document discusses macro definitions in C which allow single identifiers to be equivalent to expressions or statements and are treated differently during compilation than functions. It also covers storage classes in C like auto, static, and extern which define the scope and lifetime of variables and functions, with extern making a variable visible to all object modules but not initializing it, and static defining a variable that is only visible within the file it is declared in. Examples are provided of using macros and the extern and static storage classes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    15 views8 pages

    MA 511: Computer Programming: Partha Sarathi Mandal

    Uploaded by

    Naveen Gupta
    The document discusses macro definitions in C which allow single identifiers to be equivalent to expressions or statements and are treated differently during compilation than functions. It also covers storage classes in C like auto, static, and extern which define the scope and lifetime of variables and functions, with extern making a variable visible to all object modules but not initializing it, and static defining a variable that is only visible within the file it is declared in. Examples are provided of using macros and the extern and static storage classes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    MA 511: Computer Programming

    Lecture 16: Macro & Storage Classes


    http://www.iitg.ernet.in/psm/indexing_ma511/y10/index.html

    Partha Sarathi Mandal


    [email protected]
    Dept. of Mathematics, IIT Guwahati
    Semester 1, 2010-2011
    Macro Definition
    • We have already seen that #define statement can
    be used to define symbolic constants within a C
    program.
    Ex: #define SIZE 100
    int Array[SIZE];
    • It can be used to define macros
    – Single identifiers that are equivalent to expressions,
    complete statements or groups of statements.
    – It looks like functions in that sense.
    – These are treated differently during the compilation
    process.
    Example: Macro
    #include <stdio.h>

    #define area length*width

    main(){
    int length, width;
    printf("Length = ");
    scanf("%d", &length);
    printf("width = ");
    scanf("%d", &width);
    printf("area = %d", area);
    }
    Example: Macro
    #include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
    main(){
    int c, i, n; #define loop(n) for(i=1; i<= n; i++){ \
    printf(“number of lines : ”); for(c=1; c<=n-i; c++) \
    scanf(“%d”, &n); putchar(' '); \
    for(c=1; c<=2*i-1; c++) \
    printf(“\n”);
    putchar('*'); \
    for(i =1; i <= n; i++){ printf("\n"); \
    for(c=1; c <= n-i; c++) }
    putcar(‘ ’); main(){
    for(c=1; c <=2*i-1; c++) int c, i, n;
    putcar(‘* ’); printf("number of lines : ");
    printf(“\n”); scanf("%d", &n);
    } printf("\n");
    } n=6 *
    loop (n)
    } ***
    *****
    *******
    *********
    ***********
    C Storage Classes
    • C has a concept of 'Storage classes' which are
    used to define the scope (visibility) and life time
    of variables and/or functions.
    – auto is the default storage class for local variables.
    – static is the default storage class for global variables
    – extern defines a global variable that is visible to ALL
    object modules.
    • When you use 'extern' the variable cannot be initialized as
    all it does is point the variable name at a storage location
    that has been previously defined.

    MA511: Computer Programming


    Partha S Mandal, IITG
    extern Storage Class
    f1.c f2.c
    void write_extern(void); int count=5;
    extern int count; main() { write_extern();
    void write_extern(void) { printf(“f2 count is %i\n", count++);
    printf(“f1 count is %i\n", count++); }
    }

    cc f1.c f2.c -o file


    ./file

    f1 count is 5
    f2 count is 6
    MA511: Computer Programming
    Partha S Mandal, IITG
    global variable static storage class
    Output:
    count2 is 6 count1 is 9
    #include<stdio.h> count2 is 7 count1 is 8
    void func(void); count2 is 8 count1 is 7
    static count1=10; /*Global variable -static is the default*/ count2 is 9 count1 is 6
    main() { count2 is 10 count1 is 5
    while (count1--) count2 is 11 count1 is 4
    count2 is 12 count1 is 3
    func(); count2 is 13 count1 is 2
    } count2 is 14 count1 is 1
    count2 is 15 count1 is 0
    void func(void) {
    /* ‘count2' is local to 'func' - it is only initialized at run time. */
    /* Its value is NOT reset on every invocation of 'func' */
    static count2=5;
    count2++;
    printf(" count2 is %d count1 is %d\n", count2, count1);
    }
    Summary of extern and static
    Objective How Achieved
    To access variable x external to all Declare x as extern in file j
    functions and defined in file i from file j
    To make a variable x external to all Declare x as static in file i
    functions and defined in file i not
    accessible to any other file
    To use a function f(x) defined in file i in No spl declaration needed
    file j
    To make a function float f(float x) defined Declare f(x) as: static float f(float x);
    in file i inaccessible to all other files

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