Excerpt From "Much Ado About Almost Nothing"
Excerpt From "Much Ado About Almost Nothing"
Excerpt From "Much Ado About Almost Nothing"
---------------------------------
Despite the political upheaval, Volta made progress on his research. He had found that a moistened piece of cardboard between the two metals
greatly enhanced their effectiveness. To the list of metals that produced electricity he added graphite and charcoal and he ranked all materials in
effectiveness. The further apart on his list the materials were, the more electricity was produced. Yet even the best of these combinations of materials was
not very useful. Their effect could be felt on the tongue, but it did not have the shocking power of a Leyden jar. So Volta stacked metal discs with
moistened cardboard on top of each other, the first embodiment of the modern battery. With 30 to 40 of these combinations in series he could now feel the
"tension" with his hands.
There was one remaining problem with Volta's invention. The cardboard discs soon dried out and the electricity disappeared. To counter this he put
plates of two different materials in glass cups and added salt water. If there was any tendency for the liquid to dry out, he could simply refill the cups.
What had Volta invented? Before his battery appeared, electricity was produced by rotating a globe or disc and could be stored in a Leyden jar.
After a spark was drawn, or the Leyden jar discharged with a wire or a finger, the electricity was gone. With Volta's battery the electricity remained; it
could be used many times, yet the electric "tension," as Volta called it (and for which we now use the term voltage in his honor) would remain strong. This
difference was so startling to Volta that he was convinced he had found perpetual motion. He was, of course, a little premature in his conclusion. As millions of users of transistor radios, flashlights and toys know,
batteries do wear out.
But Volta's battery had another and far more important feature: it produced a steady, continuous current. The term "current" was not known then in electricity and few people had any notion of what it was
or grasped the idea that there was something else beside "tension". But the evidence of electric current was there. One needed only to connect a thin wire to the battery: it would heat up and stay heated as long
as the battery had any charge in it.
-----------------------